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Water Reservoirs in South India. an Anthropological Approach

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Water Reservoirs in South India. an Anthropological Approach Water Reservoirs in South India An anthropological approach Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Bettina Weiz aus München Druck: Richard Schmelcher München Abgabe: 2005 Referent: Prof. Dr. Frank Heidemann, 1. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Matthias S. Laubscher 2. Korreferent: PD Dr. Ulrich Demmer Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. Februar 2006 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Water in the spotlight of international concern................................................................ 4 1.2 Water reservoirs in South India........................................................................................ 5 1.3 Method ........................................................................................................................... 13 1.4 The plan of this thesis .................................................................................................... 16 2. Setting................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 The region in general...................................................................................................... 17 Geography ........................................................................................................................ 17 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................... 19 Politics.............................................................................................................................. 24 History.............................................................................................................................. 25 2.2 Tirukkalukundram.......................................................................................................... 27 Size and setting................................................................................................................. 27 Castes ............................................................................................................................... 29 Mobility............................................................................................................................ 35 Religion ............................................................................................................................ 38 2.3 Oragadam ....................................................................................................................... 42 Size and setting................................................................................................................. 42 Castes ............................................................................................................................... 42 Mobility............................................................................................................................ 43 Religion ............................................................................................................................ 43 2.4 Irumbuli.......................................................................................................................... 45 Size and setting................................................................................................................. 45 Castes ............................................................................................................................... 45 Mobility............................................................................................................................ 46 Religion ............................................................................................................................ 47 3. øri: Shape.............................................................................................................................. 48 4. øri: Utilisation and management .......................................................................................... 57 5. øri: Religious aspects ........................................................................................................... 77 6. øri: Perception ...................................................................................................................... 90 7. øris in local politics — case study........................................................................................ 105 8. kuëam: Shape ...................................................................................................................... 134 9. kuëam: Utilisation and management................................................................................... 142 10. kuëam: Religious aspects .................................................................................................. 162 11. kuëam: Perception............................................................................................................. 195 12. kuëams in local politics — case study ................................................................................ 218 13. Notes on water.................................................................................................................. 247 14. Water reservoirs and energy............................................................................................. 267 14.1 øri ............................................................................................................................... 267 14.2 kuëam .......................................................................................................................... 273 15. Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 277 References .............................................................................................................................. 281 Summary in German /Zusammenfassung .............................................................................. 292 Lebenslauf .............................................................................................................................. 299 1. Introduction 4 1. Introduction 1.1 Water in the spotlight of international concern Water has arrived into the limelight of international concern in the past decade. Horrible figures are reiterated like mantras: “At the beginning of 2000 one-sixth (1.1 billion people) of the world's population was without access to improved water supply (...) Approximately 4 billion cases of diarrhoea each year cause 2.2 million deaths, mostly among children under the age of five. This is equivalent to one child dying every 15 seconds, or 20 jumbo jets crashing every day. These deaths represent approximately 15% of all child deaths under the age of five in developing countries. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions reduce diarrhoeal disease on average by between one-quarter and one-third.”1 This is connected with a call for action.2 There have always been droughts and shortages of water; perhaps the first to shock on an international level was that in South India in 1876 — 1878.3 The recently soaring international concern for water coincides with the move to include the fluid in the global market.4 In most countries of the earth, the supply of fresh water is — or has been until lately — the task of the state or of institutions, be they profit or nonprofit, that are rather localised. This nexus started crumbling at about the time when former socialist countries, entering into the global market economy, opened their doors (more precisely their mains and sewers) for international corporations. These identified water supply as a new market.5 Companies that are based in France, Germany and the USA have gained a say in the supply of water to people on the other side of the globe.6 1 WHO 2000. 2 In the frame of the goal of sustainable development formulated during the Earth Summit at Rio in 1992, the UN Millennium Declaration of 2000 set down targets in which the international community pledged, firstly, to halve by 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking water; and, secondly, to stop the unsustainable exploitation of water resources, by developing water management strategies at the regional, national and local levels, which promote both equitable access and adequate supplies. UNESCO 2003. The documents of the Earth Summit at Rio are available at http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/about/ftp/riodoc.htm. The latest call for action is based on the Resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations 58 /217 launching an “International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005 — 2015”. 3 Photographs taken during that drought, for example, by Willoughby Wallace Hooper, were among the first pictures of almost-starved disaster-afflicted people that reached Europe and North America, and they helped to create the generic image of poor India or generally the poor South. See Mesenhöller 1996. 4 Mirrored in the debates whether water is an economic good or a common good or a basic human right (there is no world wide legally binding document; according to the General Comment No. 15 on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 26,11,2002, water should be treated as a public good, a social and cultural good, and not primarily
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