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Treesoutsideforests Annotated Trees outside Forests Annotated Bibliography FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2005 i The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission from the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be adressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2005 ii Trees outside forests : annotated bibliography PREFACE Everybody today recognizes the urgent need to safeguard and conserve resources, particularly trees ; trees outside forests undoubtedly represent one of the pillars of strategies for conserving ecosystems and combating food insecurity. Trees outside forests, which are found both on agricultural land and in urban and peri-urban zones, represent an extremely varied resource, with orchards, home gardens, agroforestry systems, and trees planted along roads and waterways, in oases and on grazing land. Although they are part of the daily life of men and women in every region, supplying a wide range of products and services, they have not received so far the attention they deserve from managers and policy-makers in the various sectors concerned. Today, policy-makers and planners are realizing that they have to take greater advantage of the contribution of this resource, if they are to face the challenges of forest and soil degradation and desertification, meet the needs of growing populations for wood and non- wood products, and combat food insecurity. Since trees outside forests are found on agricultural land and in urban and peri-urban areas, they fall within the spheres of agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry as well as urban development, while concern is felt both within communities and local government as well as in the context of discussion meetings and international negotiations. In order to give off- forest tree resources their own place within integrated development of rural and urban zones, common action guidelines are to be discussed, proposed, and a whole range of information is needed, corresponding to the aims of the different users. Some will be interested in economic aspects, while others will focus on the contribution to erosion control in mountain or desert zones. Some people collecting information look for simple, effective methods in order to monitor the dynamics of the resource and assist communities, decision-makers and political powers in the decision-making process. Some people analyse data with a view to immediate action, while others do so with a view to the year 2025. Unfortunately, even where information does exist, it is often scattered and does not always meet needs. For example, a bibliographical study and a critical analysis of inventory or evaluation projects for trees outside forests undertaken by CIRAD-Forêt in 2000 highlighted the absence of any overall assessment of trees outside forests and their products. The available information comes from sectorial and often geographically limited projects, and is based on a variety of methods, so that it is hard to evaluate its quality. iii Trees outside forests : annotated bibliography In view of the need for information expressed by both countries and institutions, FAO felt an initial annotated bibliography should be produced, covering the various aspects of this vast issue and encompassing over one hundred countries. This first bibliography on trees outside forests will be made available on the Internet and can be updated and expanded according to users’ needs. We therefore invite readers to inform FAO of any other references that could enrich and fill out this work. The project was supervised by Michelle Gauthier, under the general direction of Tage Michaelsen, Chief of the Forest Conservation, Research and Education Service of the Forest Resources Division. The bibliographical research was carried out by Isabelle Amsallem, with the support of CIRAD-Forêt, France. The work was completed by Mattia Biasioli and Matthieu de Carbonnel, who also supervised actual publication and page layout. The bibliography is part of the FAO Conservation Guides Series and is intended for all those involved in rural development, both in practical terms and in the research field, as well as those responsible for political decisions regarding agriculture, forestry and land-use planning. This work will be followed by a FAO Conservation Guide entitled “Trees outside forests - Towards better awareness", which is a first reflection on the whole concept of trees outside forests. The aim of these works is to give these trees and shrubs in rural, peri-urban and urban environments their own place in land management, resource conservation and development and the alleviation of food insecurity and poverty. El-Hadji Sène Director Forest Resources Division iv Trees outside forests : annotated bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This version was originally published in French in 2001 under the title of “Arbres hors forêts – Bibliographie annotée”. The English version of this document has been finalized under the direction of Mr. José Antonio Pardo, Director, Forest Resource Division. It was revised and coordinated by Mrs. Michelle Gauthier, Forestry Officer, Forest Conservation Service. Mrs. Aurélie Vuillermoz, FAO volunteer programme, assisted in the final editing revision and in the make-up of this document. v Trees outside forests : annotated bibliography CONTENTS PREFACE................................................................................................................................................. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................VIII TREES OUTSIDE FORESTS..................................................................................................................IX CHAPTER 1: DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: THE IMPORTANCE OF TREES OUTSIDE FORESTS .............................................. 4 2.1 ROLES AND FUNCTIONS ........................................................................................................ 4 2.2 EVALUATION .......................................................................................................................... 34 2.3 RESOURCE DYNAMICS ......................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 3 : MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF TREES OUTSIDE FORESTS......... 71 3.1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS........................................................................................................... 71 3.2 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASPECTS ............................................................. 99 3.3 POLITICAL AND LEGISLATIVE ASPECTS....................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 4: EDUCATION AND RESEARCH................................................................................. 133 CHAPTER 5 : GENERAL WORKS..................................................................................................... 144 ANNEX 1 : INDEX OF CONFERENCES............................................................................................ 158 ANNEX 2 : GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX .............................................................................................. 161 ANNEX 3 : INDEX OF KEY WORDS ................................................................................................ 165 ANNEX 4 : INDEX OF AUTHORS .....................................................................................................184 ANNEX 5 : INDEX OF JOURNALS .................................................................................................... 190 vi Trees outside forests : annotated bibliography vii Trees outside forests : annotated bibliography INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY This first annotated bibliography on trees outside forests lists a selection of works produced mainly since 1980. The aim is to present the whole issue of the development, both conceptual and methodological, of this resource. The bibliographical research was carried out with a very broad field of key words in order to take account of the variety of the subject and of readers. Over one hundred countries from every part of the world are represented. The selected entries are reports, books and articles by scientists, researchers, students and resource users and managers. The French documentary sources used were the Agritrop and FRANCIS databases, while the multilingual (mostly English) databases used were CAB ABSTRACTS, AGRICOLA and CAB, as well as the FAO Online
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