CULTURAL FILTER IN ENGLISH – INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF CHILDREN COMIC THE WIZARDS OF MICKEY: THE DARK AGES
A THESIS
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Pendidikan in English Language Education
Alrina Raras Tacazely
0203516010
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG
2019
APPROVAL
This thesis entitled “Cultural Filter in English-Indonesian Translation of
Children Comic The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages” by, name : Alrina Raras Tacazely
Student Number : 0203516010
Study Program : English Education / S2 has been examined and defended in front of board of examiners of Graduate
Program, Universitas Negeri Semarang on Monday, July 8th, 2019.
Semarang, July, 2019
Board of Examiners
Chairperson, Secretary/Fourth Examiner,
Prof. Dr. Totok Sumaryanto F., M. Pd. Prof. Dr. Abdurrachman Faridi, M.Pd. NIP. 196410271991021001 NIP.195301121990021001
First Examiner, Second Examiner,
Prof. Dr. Januarius Mujiyanto, M. Hum Dr. Rudi Hartono, M.Pd.
NIP. 195312131983031002 NIP. 196909072002121001
Third Examiner,
Dr. Issy Yuliasri, M.Pd. NIP. 196207131990032001
ii PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN
Dengan ini saya,
Nama : Alrina Raras Tacazely
NIM : 0203516010
Program Studi : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris S2 menyatakan bahwa yang tertulis dalam tesis yang berjudul “Cultural Filter in English-Indonesian Translation of Children Comics The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages” ini benar-benar karya saya sendiri, bukan jiplakan dari karya orang lain atau pengutipan dengan cara-cara yang tidak sesuai dengan etika keilmuan yang berlaku, baik sebagian atau seluruhnya. Pendapat atau temuan orang lain yang terdapat dalam tesis ini dikutip atau dirujuk berdasarkan kode etik ilmiah. Atas pernyataan ini saya secara pribadi siap menanggung resiko/sanksi hukum yang dijatuhkan apabila ditemukan adanya pelanggaran terhadap etika keilmuan dalam karya ini.
Semarang, 25 Juni 2019
Yang membuat pernyataan
Alrina Raras Tacazely
NIM. 0203516010
iii MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“… be grateful to Allah, and whoever is grateful is grateful for (the benefit of) himself. And whoever denies (His favor) – then indeed, Allah is Free of need and
Praiseworthy.”
(QS Al-Luqman 31:12)
Dedication :
This thesis is dedicated to my beloved family, especially for my parents and my brother, for all my best friends, and all of my collegues in Universitas Negeri Semarang.
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahhirrabbilalamin. I wish to praise Allah for giving me the inspiration, blessing, patience, strength, and spirit to accomplish this thesis.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Issy Yuliasri, M.Pd. as the first advisor and Dr. Rudi Hartono, S . S . , M.Pd. as the second advisor giving their time to guide, help, and advise me patiently during the consultation of this thesis. I also thank all the lecturers of Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Semarang who taught me during my study.
The deepest gratitude goes to my lovely mother, father, sister, and brother for their sincere love and prayer for my success and for giving everything for me.
My thanks to my dearest friends Nunung, and Sita who always share their laughter and support me in the last eight years. I also like to thanks my besties Tia Pertama,
Angga Karismawati, Wasis, and Viona who always give motivation and support.
Lastly, I would like to give my sincere thanks for all of my friends in English
Department, Wonk Kos, especially Wiwik and Anin, and everyone who has helped me in completing my final project.
Hopefully, this thesis will be beneficial and I welcome any suggestions for the improvement in the future.
v
ABSTRACT
Tacazely, Alrina R. 2019. Cultural Filter in English-Indonesian Translation of Children Comic The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages. A Thesis. English Language Education. Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Semarang. Advisor I: Dr. Issy Yuliasri, S.Pd., M.Pd., Advisor II: Dr. Rudi Hartono, M.Pd.
Keywords: cultural filter, English-Indonesian translation, children comic, functional equivalence
The demand for information in all over the world makes translation becoming an important part of our communication life. One of the translation products is children comics which can be found easily in bookstores and one of them is The Wizards of Mickey. It is translated from English to Indonesian by translator team of Gramedia. In translation, cultural differences become a huge obstacle for the translators to create a good translation. One of the way to overcome the problem is by using cultural filter. Thus, this study aims to explain the cultural filters in English- Indonesian translation of the children comic based on the dimensions proposed by House (2004, 2005). It also explains the functional equivalence achieved by the translation of the comic.
This study is a descriptive qualitative study. In collecting the data, I used transcription, table of cultural filters based on the dimensions of the cultural filters, and table of functional equivalence. The transcription and table of cultural filters were used to collect the data of the dialogues which contained the cultural filters. They were analyzed based on the dimensions of cultural filters in the terms of directness, orientation towards self versus orientation towards other, orientation towards content versus orientation towards addressee, explicitness versus implicitness, ad-hoc formulation versus verbal routines, and voice. Moreover, the table of functional equivalence was used to analyze the achievement of functional equivalence and the causes of non-equivalence.
The results showed that there were 310 cultural filters. Out of 310 cultural filters, 118 were explicitness versus implicitness, 85 were ad-hoc formulation versus verbal routines, 64 were orientation towards content versus orientation towards addressee, 15 were directness and orientation towards self versus orientation towards other, and 13 were voice. Relating to the functional equivalence, 287 of them achieved functional equivalence and 23 dialogues did not achieve functional equivalence. It could be concluded that cultural filters could help the translators to overcome the problems relating to cultural differences in both source language and target language. Besides, it also helps the translation to achieve functional equivalence.
vi
ABSTRAK
Tacazely, Alrina R. 2019. Penyaringan Budaya dalam Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris-Bahasa Indonesia Komik Anak The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages. Tesis. Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Semarang. Pembimbing I: Dr. Issy Yuliasri, S.Pd., M.Pd., Pembimbing II: Dr. Rudi Hartono, M.Pd.
Kata kunci: penyaringan budaya, penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris-Bahasa Indonesia, komik anak, kesepadanan fungsional
Kebutuhan informasi yang di seluruh dunia menyebabkan penerjemahan menjadi bagian penting dalam kehidupan berkomunikasi. Salah satu produk penerjemahan adalah komik anak yang dapat dengan mudah ditemukan di toko-toko buku dan salah satunya adalah The Wizards of Mickey. Komik ini diterjemahkan dari Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia oleh tim penerjemah dari Gramedia. Dalam penerjemahan, perbedaan budaya menjadi suatu hambatan dalam menghasilkan karya terjemahan yang baik. Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi hal tersebut adalah dengan adanya penyaringan budaya. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan penyarinagn budaya yang terdapat dalam penerjemahan komik anak tersebut sesuai dengan yang diungkapkan oleh House (2004, 2005). Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan tentang ketercapaian kesepadanan fngsional terjemahan tersebut.
Penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Dalam pengumpulan data, saya menggunakan transkripsi, tabel penyaringan budaya dan tabel kesepadanan fungsional. Transkripsi dan tabel penyaringan budaya digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data dari dialog-dialog yang berisi penyaringan budaya. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis sesuai dengan dimensi penyarinagn budaya yang dituturkan oleh House (2004, 2005), yaitu kelangsungan, orientasi terhadap diri sendiri versus orientasi terhadap orang lain, orientasi terhadap isi versus orientasi terhadap pembicara, eksplisit versus implisit, formulasi ad-hoc versus rutinitas berbahasa, dan kalimat aktif versus kalimat pasif.
Temuan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 310 penyaringan budaya. Dari 310 penyarinagn budaya tersebut, 118 adalah eksplisit versus implisit, 85 adalah formula ad-hoc versus rutinitas berbahasa, 64 adalah orientasi terhadap isi versus orientasi terhadap pembicara, 15 adalah kelangsungan dan orientasi terhadap diri sendiri versus orientasi terhadap orang lain, dan 13 adalah kalimat aktif versus kalimat pasif. Berkaitan dengan kesepadanan fungsional, 287 mencapai kesepadanan fungsional dan 23 dialog tidal mencapai kesepadanan fungsional. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyaringan budaya dapat membantu menyelesaikan permasalahan berkaitan dengan perbedaan budaya antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa transfer. Hal ini juga dapat membantu dalam ketercapaian kesepadanan fungsional.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ...... ii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ...... iii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... v
ABSTRACT ...... vi
ABSTRAK...... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii
LIST OF TABLES ...... xii
LIST OF FIGURES ...... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES...... xiv
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1
1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic ...... 7
1.3 Research Problems ...... 9
1.4 Objectives of the Study...... 10
1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 10
1,6 Scope of the Study...... 13
1.7 Definitions of Key Terminologies...... 14
1.7.1 Translation ...... 14
1.7.2 Comic...... 14
1.7.3 Cultural Filter ...... 15
viii
1.7.4 Overt and Covert Translation...... 15
1.7.5 Functional Equivalence ...... 15
1.8 Organization of the Report...... 16
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Reviews of Previous Studies ...... 19
2.2 Reviews of Theoretical Studies ...... 30
2.2.1 Translation ...... 30
2.2.2 Types of Translation ...... 32
2.2.3 Culture and Translation ...... 33
2.2.4 House’s Concept of Cultural Filter ...... 35
2.2.5 Overt and Covert Translation...... 39
2.2.6 Functional Equivalence ...... 42
2.2.7 Comics ...... 43
2.2.8 Comics in Translation...... 45
2.3 Theoretical Framework...... 46
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Assumptions...... 48
3.2 Research Design ...... 49
3.3 Roles of the Researcher ...... 51
3.4 Object of the Study ...... 51
3.5 Types of Data ...... 51
3.6 Instrument for Collecting the Data ...... 52
3.7 Data Collection Technique ...... 54
3.8 Data Analysis Procedures ...... 55
3.9 Technique for Reporting the Data ...... 57
ix
3.10 Triangulation ...... 58
IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Findings ...... 60
4.1.1 Cultural Filter in Terms of Directness ...... 63
4.1.2 Cultural Filter in Terms of Orientation towards Self versus Orientation
towards Other ...... 65
4.1.3 Cultural Filter in Terms of Orientation towards Content versus Orientation towards Addressee ...... 71
4.1.4 Cultural Filter in Terms of Explicitness versus Implicitness ...... 82
4.1.5 Cultural Filter in Terms of Ad-hoc Formulation versus Verbal
Routine...... 88
4.1.6 Cultural Filter in Terms of Voice ...... 91
4.1.7 Functional Equivalence ...... 94
4.1.8 Triangulation...... 98
4.2 Discussion ...... 99
4.2.1 Cultural Filter in Terms of Directness ...... 99
4.2.2 Cultural Filter in Terms of Orientation towards Self versus Orientation
towards Other ...... 100
4.2.3 Cultural Filter in Terms of Orientation towards Content versus Orientation towards Addressee ...... 101
4.2.4 Cultural Filter in Terms of Explicitness versus Implicitness ...... 103
4.2.5 Cultural Filter in Terms of Ad-hoc Formulation versus Verbal
Routine ...... 104
4.2.6 Cultural Filter in Terms of Voice ...... 105
4.2.7 Functional Equivalence ...... 106
x
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ...... 110
5.2 Suggestions ...... 114
REFERENCES ...... 116
APPENDICES...... 127
xi LIST OF TABLES
1. Table 3.1 Table for Analysing Cultural Filter ...... 55
2. Table 3.2 Table for Analysing Functional Equivalence ...... 56
3. Table 4.1 Cultural Filter Dimensions of English-Indonesian Translation ...... 61
4. Table 4.2 The Achievement of Functional Equivalence ...... 61
5. Table 4.3 Causes of Non-Equivalence ...... 62
6. Table 4.4 List of Pronoun Transformation ...... 66
xii LIST OF FIGURES
1. Figure 2.1 Theoretical Framework...... 47
2. Figure 3.1 The Original Comic ...... 52
3. Figure 3.2 The Translated Comic...... 52
xiii LIST OF APPENDICES
1. English-Indonesian Transcript of Children Comic The Wizards of Mickey: The
Dark Ages ...... 128
2. Cultural Filter Analysis of Directness ...... 183
3. Cultural Filter Analysis of Orientation towards Self versus Orientation towards
Other ...... 187
4. Cultural Filter Analysis of Orientation towards Content versus Orientation
towards Addressee ...... 193
5. Cultural Filter Analysis of Explicitness versus Implicitness ...... 215
6. Cultural Filter Analysis of Ad-hoc Formulation versus Verbal Routine ...... 248
7. Cultural Filter Analysis of Active Voice versus Passive Voice ...... 274
8. Functional Equivalence Analysis: Causes of Non-Equivalence of Children Comic
The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages ...... 282
9. Lembar Instrument Expert Judgement ...... 292
xiv CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the study, reasons for choosing the topic, problems of the research, objective of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, and definitions of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
In this century, people are demanding for information. With the advanced development of technology, they access information everywhere and every time they want. As a result, translation has become an essential part of our communication life. Baker (1992) argues that almost every aspect of life in general and of the interaction between speech communities, in particular, can be considered relevant in translation, a discipline which focuses on how meaning is generated within and between various groups of people in various cultural settings. It shows that translation cannot be separated from everyday interaction even though the intensity is low. House (2016) stated that translation can be seen as the replacement of something else, something that pre-existed, ideas, and expressions represented second hand, as it were. In language learning, the basic instruction is usually translating a text into another language, which means that the students translate text in English into Bahasa Indonesia or vice versa so that they can understand the text more easily.
1 2
Translation has strengthened its existence as part of our communication life as it is needed in many industries, such as mass media, food, tourism, politics, etc. The high demand of translation product makes the publication of translated books available in the bookstore, even in online market and e-library. The most common translated books which can be found in the bookstore is literature, whether it is a novel or comics. Children in Indonesia are usually introduced to literature by reading translated comics for children. As a result, most children section in the bookstore consists of translated comics, such as Donald Duck,
Mickey Mouse, etc. There are some children’s comic publishers whose books are translated into Indonesian; those are Disney (Donald Duck, Mickey Mouse,
Disney’s Princesses, etc), Marvel (Spiderman, Avengers, etc), Nickelodeon
(Rugrats, Avatar, etc) and DC comics (Superman, Batman, Teen Titans, etc).
Those comics are so popular in the world that most of them are adapted into TV series and movies. It may increase children’s curiosity to read the comic after seeing adapted TV series or movie. Furthermore, children can find comics easily.
There are many websites which are willing to scan the comic and publish it.
There are also official websites which sell digital comics. In Indonesia, some comics mentioned above can be found in bookstores and official websites.
Furthermore, many mobile applications have facilitated the publication of comics, such as webtoon, and google books. As a result, the need for translation increase significantly and it becomes important in the publication of comics worldwide.
Like many other translated literature, translating children comics or children literature can be challenging for a translator. A translator can face many 3
problems in the process of translation. Translating text is a complicated task
(Hartono, 2015). Translating is not only changing the language from a source language into a target language but also transferring message and cultural context.
Larson (1984) stated that translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, reconstructing the same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the target language and its cultural context after analyzing it to determine its meaning.
One of the problems in translating children comics can be the consideration of the target reader. Translating children text will be different from translating for adult or teenagers. For children audience, the complexity of translation will be more challenging. The translators should consider many things including diction, the complexity of sentences, and culture. Furthermore, the equivalence of the translation product often causes problems. Sousa (2002) stated that in translating the text for children audiences, the translation must take into account the cultural knowledge of the intended reader. Alongside with Sousa,
Mdallel (2003) argues that the way we write for children, in a given cultural group, governs to a great extent the way we translate for them.
Another issue related to translation will be cultural differences between the source language and target language. This concern is briefly explained by
Juliane House (2016). As stated before, one of the main issue in translating children’s text is the differences in cultures between both texts. Because of the issue relating to culture, as a result, the risk of translation will increase (Pym, 4
2004). The translator has to understand well about the culture in both target text and source text. Metcalf (2003) argues that understanding the text was only the precondition for the ensuing work on how best to capture the meaning and flavor of the text and to establish the context of the culture in which it had been situated originally and to replicate the culture in some way in the target language. This statement is strengthened by Newmark in Hartono (2012) who says that translators of literary works mainly have difficulties in translating the linguistic aspects, socio-cultural aspects, and moral aspects implicitly stated in the literary works (e.g. novels). House (2016) strongly emphasizes the relationship between intercultural communication in translation. “Culture and all those cultural differences celebrated the old, reductionists thinking about culture as well as intercultural communication are only relevant in an interaction and in the process of translation if and when it is made relevant” (House, 2016, p.3-4). In addition, she also states that cultural knowledge, including knowledge of various sub- cultures, has long been recognized as indispensable for translation, In addition, she also states that cultural knowledge, including knowledge of various sub- cultures, has long been recognized as indispensable for translation, as it is knowledge of linguistics applied in particular situations and social contexts in order to make translation possible. Based on those arguments, it can be seen that culture cannot be separated from translation. If the translators do not understand well about both source language culture and target language culture, the translation product might be misunderstood or misinterpreted. In translating for children, a translator should be aware of this issue since it may be difficult for 5
children to understand a complicated text. A translator can choose to keep the originality of the text or adapt the content to target text culture.
Another problem in translating is the consideration of equivalence.
Equivalence in translation is associated with a similar condition and situation of the source text and target text (Vinay and Dalbernet, 1995). From the statement, it can be seen that equivalence relates to context and context will always be associated with culture. House (2016), in relation to translation as intercultural communication, proposes functional equivalence as the most important aspect of translation. She stated that it is intercultural understanding which is the basis for the single most important concept in translation and interpreting studies, functional equivalence. It is a condition for achieving a comparable function of a text in another context; so intercultural understanding is a success with which the linguistic-cultural transposition has been undertaken. Functional equivalence was first mentioned by Nida. Nida’s theory of equivalence which consists of formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Nida in Munday (2016) explained that formal equivalence (formal correspondence) is keenly oriented towards the source text structure, which exerts strong influence in determining accuracy and correctness, while dynamic equivalence, later functional equivalence, is based on what so-called as equivalence effect, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. To achieve equivalence, the translator should be able to transfer a cultural context from source text into the target text. One important notion that becomes a concern among translation experts is how to 6
achieve equivalence through transferring culture in the source text and target text.
Moreover, many experts have also argued that equivalence is one of the most important aspects of translation. In order to avoid the ambiguity in translating a text, equivalence in translation should be achieved. This issue can be an obstacle for the translator to produce a good translation product. Children text always brings many values and these values relate to culture. Thus, to avoid misunderstanding so that these values and messages can be achieved properly by the reader, especially for a children audience, the text should be translated properly and carefully. Equivalence in translating children text preserves the content and message which is conveyed by the author.
To reduce the cultural gap between source text and target text and to achieve equivalence in translation, Juliane House (1977) in House (2016) proposes a concept namely cultural filter. The concept of cultural filter is a bit similar to domestication, which is introduced by Venuti in 1995. Most of House’s studies concern with the cultural gap in translation, especially in the implementation of pragmatic and discourse. The concept of cultural filter as stated in House (2015) is a means of capturing socio-cultural differences in expectation norms and stylistic conventions between the source and target linguistic-cultural communities. Alongside with House, Hartono (2015) also stated that translating expressions, especially idioms and figurative languages, should be socio- culturally acceptable. In comic, there is an interaction between the speaker and the addressee. The interaction is in the form of dialogues, which consists of many pragmatic aspects as well. Moreover, the use of cultural-filtering is strongly 7
attached to overt and covert translation. According to House (2015), a covert translation is a translation which enjoys the status of the original source text in the target culture, while overt translation is one in which the addressees of the translation text are quite ‘overtly’ not directly addresses, it is not a ‘second original’.
Based on the background of the study above, I am interested in conducting the research relating to cultural filter of English – Indonesian
Translation in Children Comic The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages.
1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic
I chose the topic because of some considerations. First, I found that there were many comics in Indonesia are the work of translation. It came in different genres; such as fantasy, science fiction, bedtime stories, and even humor. It might seem that books for children consist of simple structure, language form, and words. However, there were some considerations which should be taken into account by the translator. One of the main consideration was the age of the reader.
The target of the text is young people or children. Thus, the translator should make the translation product acceptable to the young reader. This issue could be an obstacle for the translator in finding equivalence words or context, then made it suitable for the children to read.
Second, translating a comic could be very complicated for it brought many socio-cultural aspects in the interaction between the speaker and addressee.
The dialogue in comics usually consisted of expressions used by a native. The 8
expressions might be different from one language to another language. The expressions in one language usually hold pragmatic aspects and routine formulae.
As a result, cross-cultural pragmatic aspects had a significant role in translation.
Cross-cultural pragmatic aspects cover socio-cultural aspect in the source language and the translator should be able to transfer it to the target language and adapted the culture in the expressions so it can be socio-culturally accepted. This issue could be a great deal for translators.
Third, translation could not be separated from cultural differences in both source text and target text. To reduce this gap, House (1977) in House (2015) proposed an interesting concept which was called cultural filter. Cultural filter focused on the adjustment of source text culture into target text culture. Moreover, cultural filter proposed by House focused on semantic, pragmatic, and discourse.
Translators had to be able to combine those three aspects of translation so the translation product could be socio-culturally accepted by the reader. As a result, the translation product would be easier to be understood.
Fourth, equivalence had become a concern in the translation process. In translating a text, a translator should be able to re-create the same or similar condition between source text and target text. It aimed to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding of the text. With the use of cultural filter, I wanted to know whether the translator would achieve equivalence or it would become a threat to equivalence.
Fifth, there were many studies about translation related to the cultural gap, but the objects of the study were usually novels. I had found many studies 9
which talked about the translation of classical literature for children such as Alice in Wonderland. For modern literature, usually, the researchers used Harry Potter as the object of the study. However, most of the objects of the study in this field took adventure and fantasy genre. The study about cultural filter in comic, especially for English – Indonesian translation product, was very limited and it was hard to find. Thus, I was interested in using comic as my object of the study.
Sixth, I chose children comic entitled The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark
Ages because it is the newest translated comic I found in a bookstore. It was published in 2017 by PT. Penerbitan Sarana Bobo under Kompas Gramedia
Group. Moreover, it was an official translation, so it was under license of The
Walt Disney Co. The translation product was the work of a team, so the translation product was gone through some processes before being published.
Moreover, the comic had many cultural words which were culturally filtered.
Based on those reasons, it would be very interesting to conduct a study about cultural filter of English-Indonesian translation in children’s comic The
Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages.
1.3 Research Problems
In this study, I formulated several research questions regarding the cultural filter and equivalence in the English-Indonesian translation of children’s comic; those are:
1. How is the cultural filter in terms of directness found in the translation of
the comic? 10
2. How is the cultural filter in terms of orientation towards self versus
orientation towards other found in the translation of the comic?
3. How is the cultural filter in terms of orientation towards content versus
orientation towards addressees found in the translation of the comic?
4. How is the cultural filter in terms of explicitness versus implicitness found
in the translation of the comic?
5. How is the cultural filter in terms of ad-hoc formulation versus verbal
routine found in the translation of the comic?
6. How is the cultural filter in terms of voice found in the translation of the
comic?
7. How is the achievement of functional equivalence of the translation of
children comic The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
Based on the research questions stated above, the objectives of the study
are:
1. To explain the cultural filter in terms of directness found in the translation
of the comic.
2. To explain the cultural filter in the terms of orientation towards self versus
orientation towards other found in the translation of the comic.
3. To explain the cultural filter in terms of orientation towards content versus
orientation towards addressees found in the translation of the comic. 11
4. To explain the cultural filter in terms of explicitness versus implicitness
found in the translation of the comic.
5. To explain the cultural filter in terms of ad-hoc formulation versus verbal
routines found in the translation of the comic.
6. To explain the cultural filter in terms of voice found in the translation of
the comic.
7. To explain the achievement of functional equivalence of the translation of
children comic The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The theory of cultural filter proposed by House (2015) is explained so that theoretically it contributes to the knowledge of the translations. Moreover, this study can be used as a reference for future researchers who have the same interest in this field. Besides, pedagogically, this study can be used to improve
English departments students’ understanding of cultural filter and functional equivalence.
Another significance is to give an explanation about cultural filter in terms of directness and its translations. Practically, this study can use as a reference for future studies with a similar topic. Moreover, pedagogically, English department students can get a better understanding of cultural filter in terms of directness and its translation. 12
In addition, this study discusses cultural filter in terms of orientation towards self versus orientation towards other. Theoretically, it will give further knowledge about the translation of both orientations. This study also gives practical benefit for the translators and researcher as a reference for further study.
Pedagogically, this study can give additional information about translating subject orientation.
Furthermore, theoretically, this study can give further knowledge about cultural filter in the term of orientation towards content versus orientation towards addressee. Practically, it will be beneficial for future researchers who will conduct a similar study. Pedagogically, the students, researchers, and translators can get a better understanding of the use of orientation towards content and orientation towards addressee in the translation of children comics.
Besides, the discussion of cultural filter in terms of implicitness versus explicitness can support the theory of cultural filter. In practice, the findings and discussion can be used as a reference for a similar study. This study can also provide more understandings about the use of explicitness and implicitness in translating children comic.
Additionally, the translation of routine formulae and ad-hoc formulation also discussed in this study. It will support the theory about cultural filter in translation. In practice, the discussion can be used as an additional source for the next researchers who have interest in the same topic. The discussion of routine 13
formulae and ad-hoc formulation will give additional information to the students, translators, and educators pedagogically.
Beside five dimensions of cultural filter mentioned by House, this study also discusses another dimension, that is cultural filter in terms of voice.
Theoretically, it will give additional information that will support the theory of cultural filter. Practically, this study will be beneficial for future researchers who want to seek a new point of view of cultural filter. Pedagogically, it will give deeper information about cultural filter in the translation of children comic for translators, students, and educators.
The next significance is, by explaining the relation of cultural filter and the achievement of functional equivalence, it provides the theoretical exp lanation of functional equivalence and its relation to cultural filter. In the practice, other studies with a similar topic can refer to this study as additional resources.
Pedagogically, students and translator can get a better knowledge of functional equivalence and how to achieve it.
1.6 Scope of the Study
In this study, I limit the scope of the study on dimensions of cross- cultural communication aspects between the English version and Indonesian version in order to analyze cultural filter. On the other hand, I limit the theory of functional equivalence to Nida’s and House’s since they are the ones who proposed the theory in the first place. Moreover, I also limit the literature used 14
which is focused on children comic. I choose Disney comic since it is well known and can be found in many bookstores in Indonesia. In addition, I decided to use
The Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages because it is the newest translated comic I found in a bookstore and I am interested to analyze the translated version.
1.7 Definitions of Key Terminologies
1.7.1 Translation
House (2015) defines translation as the result of a linguistic-textual operation in which a text in one language is re-contextualized in another language.
In line with that statement, Hartono (2013) also states that translation is an activity of transferring information from one language to another. Sousa (2002) stated that translation is a mediation process of a given historical, cultural, social and language group, interacting, where necessary, between an author and a reader in different language groups.
1.7.2 Comic
Eisner (1985) in Bramlett (2012) stated that comics employ a series of repetitive images and recognizable symbols; it deals with two major communicating devices, words and images. Moreover, McCloud (1994) also in
Bramlett (2012) said that words, pictures, and other icons are the vocabulary of language called comics. Based on those definitions, it can be inferred that comics is a set of language and images that form a story. 15
1.7.3 Cultural Filter
Cultural filter is a term of translation which is introduced by House in 1977.
“Cultural filter is a means of capturing socio-cultural differences in expectation norms and stylistic conventions between the source and target linguistic-cultural communities” (House, 2015, p. 68). House also calls this concept “Localization”.
1.7.4 Overt and Covert Translation
The notion of cultural filter always relates to overt and covert translation.
The quality assessment also proposed by House (2015) who defined overt translation as the translation in which the addressees in the translation text are not directly addressed. It is not a second original. Meanwhile, covert translation means that the translation enjoys the status of an original source text in the target culture.
1.7.5 Functional Equivalence
House (2016) defines equivalence in translation as a reproduction of something originally produced in another language. As proposed by House (2015,
2016), equivalence in this study refers to Nida’s theory of equivalence which consists of formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Nida in Munday (2016) stated that formal equivalence focuses attention to the message itself, in both form and content and it should be as close as possible to the original, while dynamic equivalence or functional equivalence is the naturalness of the translation. 16
1.8 Organization of the Report
This thesis consists of five chapters. Those are introduction, review of related literature, research methodology, findings and discussion, and conclusions and suggestions.
Chapter 1 is an introduction. It includes the background of the study, the reasons for choosing the topic, the research problems, the objectives of the study, the significance of the study, the scope of the study, the definitions of the key terminologies, and the organization of the report. The first subchapter is background of the study which is started with the importance of translation and the relation between translation and culture which affects the message conveyed in the English-Indonesian translation of children comic The Wizards of Mickey:
The Dark Ages. Then, it is followed by the culture that needs to be taken into account in translating children literature since children are still in the phase of learning. Moreover, there are two main research problems and six subproblems which lead to the objective of explaining the cultural filter and explaining the effect of cultural filter in achieving functional equivalence in children comic. By achieving the objective, this study is expected to contribute significantly in term of theoretical, practical, and pedagogical matters. The fifth subchapter is the scope of the study. It includes the dimensions of cultural filter and functional equivalence. As for the definitions of the study, there are the definitions of translation, comic, cultural filter, and equivalence. The details of the research problems and the objectives of the study are also presented in this chapter. In addition, it describes the significance of the study, the definitions of key 17
terminologies and the outline of the report. Lastly, the organization of the report presents how this thesis is organized from Chapter I to Chapter V.
Chapter II is review of related literature comprising three sections which are reviews of previous studies, reviews of theoretical studies and theoretical framework. The relevant previous studies are classified into five groups; those are translation and culture, translation of children literature, cultural filter, overt and covert translation, and functional equivalence. Each group is reviewed so that the researcher can find the similarities and the differences of this study with the previous ones. The second subchapter is review of theoretical studies. In this subchapter, I reviewed the theory of some experts relating to translation, translation and culture, cultural filter, overt and covert translation, comic, and functional equivalence. The main theories which are used in this thesis are proposed by House (2005, 2006) about cultural filter. Moreover, I also used
Nida’s (1964) and House’s (2016) theories of functional equivalence.
Furthermore, the theoretical framework is available in this chapter in the form of a figure and its description. It describes the analyzed data and the process of analyzing related to the implementation of the theories.
Chapter III includes research methodology. There are ten subchapters; those are research assumptions, research design, roles of researcher, object of the study, type of data, instruments, procedures for collecting the data, procedures for analyzing the data, technique for reporting data, and triangulation. The research design is the descriptive qualitative study conducted by the researcher who is as the data collector, the data analyst, and the data reporter. The object of the study is 18
English version and Indonesian version of children comic The Wizards of Mickey:
The Dark Ages which involves the dimensions of cultural filter and functional equivalence. The collected data was analyzed in line with the theoretical framework based on theoretical studies chosen.
Chapter IV consists of findings and discussion. The findings are arranged sequence based on research problems mentioned in Chapter I. The findings provide the types and number of cultural filter dimension which includes directness, orientation towards self versus orientation towards other, orientation towards content versus orientation towards addressee, explicitness versus implicitness, ad-hoc formulation versus verbal routine, and active voice versus passive voice. They are in the form of tables and description. Moreover, the achievement of functional equivalence is also analyzed. By those findings, the relation between cultural filter and functional equivalence is known. Meanwhile, the discussion gives a deeper explanation of the findings related to the previous studies and the underpinning theories.
Chapter V is conclusion and suggestions. This chapter consists of a drawn conclusion based on the findings in the chapter IV. Moreover, this chapter also includes suggestions for translators, English Department students, and educators.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents several previous studies which relate to the topic and theories by experts. They include translation, types of translation, culture and translation, cultural filter, covert and covert translation, Nida’s and House’s theories of functional equivalence, comics, and comics in translation.
2.1 Reviews of Previous Studies
The root of this study is about the relation between translation and culture. Thus, the following studies were done by some researchers in the area of culture in translation. The first study was done by Inggs (2003) conducted research about strategies for transfer culture and ideology in translation. The object of the study was two examples of fantasy stories and their translations into
Russian: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (Lewis 1950) and Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (Rowling 1997). This study aims to analyze how translators deal with transfer culture. The analysis shows that the approach to translation is quite different or random. In the translations of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, there found the use of simplification as a strategy and some confusion over the appropriate translation of cultural items in the translations of
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. The result showed that the translator of the two books did not attempt to adapt the context to the target culture. The strength of this study was the depth of the analysis. The researcher was comparing
19 20
two different translation books to analyze the ideology of the translator relating to cultural differences. The weakness of this study was that the researcher did not analyze the equivalence of the translation since equivalence was one of the most important issues in translation.
Another study of culture in translation also conducted by Mazi-Lezkovar
(2003) presented a study relating to domestication and foreignization in a prose translation. This study aims to describe and explore the examples of domestication and foreignization in translations of American prose read by Slovenian children.
The object of the study was Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The writer argues that a few of the earlier American books that have entered the children’s literature canon have been read by dual audience and among these Uncle Tom’s Cabin has the longest tradition. The result of the study shows that the two introductions by translators display a strong effort to domesticate the fundamental issues of the book. This study is similar to Inggs’ study in 2003. Both of the studies discussed how translators deal with cultural differences between source text and target text. The result of this study was the opposite of the study done by Inggs (2003) which resulted in foreignization. Similar with Inggs, the weakness of this study was that the researcher did not analyze the equivalence. It would be more beneficial if the researcher tried to analyze the equivalence of the domesticated words or utterances. However, this research was good enough to be used as a reference in the same field since the original version consists of many sensitive issues, so it brought many cultural differences. 21
Dabaghi and Bogheri (2012) discussed the issue of translating culture in literature. Here, a Persian novel entitled The Blind Owl [Bouf-e kour] by Sadegh
Hedayat was used as the object of the study. This study attempts at exploring the problems involved in the transferring of ‘cultureme’ in the translation of a literary text (Blind Owl) from Persian into English. Another research relating to this topic was done by Hilman (2015). Hilman focused on the translation of cultural lexicons in the novel from Indonesia to English. The study was aimed to explore and identify the manners used by the translator in translating Indonesian cultural lexicon into English and to find out which manners that contain the least semantic shifts concerning the problems related to cultural differences. The result showed that the translator tended to use addition technique in which the translator add some information in order for the reader to understand the context. In dealing with cultural differences, the result of Hilman’s research showed that the translator kept the cultural words as it was and tried to avoid confusion by adding information relating to the cultural words. These two studies analyze the books which were translated into English. Both of the studies showed different results.
These studies deeply discussed the problems in translating texts into English relating to the cultural differences. However, these studies did not provide some suggestions for the translators to solve the problems dealing with culture and translation.
With a similar result, but a different object, Zhao, Ma, and Du (2015) also conducted research relating to translation and cultural differences. The focus of this study was a translation of signs from Chinese into American English. The 22
result of the study showed that the translators translated the signs literally. As a result, the context was sometimes misunderstood by the reader. Moreover, the researchers found some mistakes and mistype in the translated signs. For instance, it can be concluded that the translator(s) of the signs did not adjust the cultural differences from Chinese into American English.
In addition, Fedora (2015) also brought up the issue of culture in translation. While the other studies focused on the translation of English to another language, Fedora took Indonesian to English translation of Laskar Pelangi as the object of the study to identify the procedures used in translating cultural words which is similar to the study of Hilman (2015). The objective of the study was to analyze the procedures which are used in translating the cultural words and to identify the shift in meaning that occurs in translating the cultural words. The study showed that the translator of the novel used cultural equivalence procedures and there are seven cultural words shifted in meaning in the translation. Similar to
Dabaghi and Bogheri (2012), in translating the novel, the translator used cultural equivalence procedures in dealing with culture-specific items.
Similar to the studies above, some researchers also conducted studies about translation and culture. Some of them are Pedersen (2007); Aveling (2008);
Sudarmoko (2011); Sudartini (2012); Hapsari and Setyaningsih (2013); Li and
Guo (2013), Ismawati (2013); Chidlow, Plakoyiannaki, and Welch (2014); Sari
(2014); SK (2014); Purwanti and Mujiyanto (2015); Kuncoro and Sutopo (2015);
Andayani (2016); Reilly (2016); Rahayu (2016); Ahmad (2016); Dameria (2017);
Mala and Tanjung (2017); Tiwiyanti & Retnomurti (2017); Rochmawan, 23
Yuliasri, and Fitriati (2018); and Setiawan, Astuti, and Sutopo (2018). The studies by the author mentioned above showed similar results in which the translators use domestication in dealing with cultural differences. However, some studies showed that the translator use foreignization in dealing with cultural words or utterances, such as Fuadi (2016); Van Poucke and Belikova (2016); Roosvall and
Widholm (2018) and Putrawan (2018). The studies above discussed about the relation between translation and culture in different languages.
The studies above are similar because they analyze the translation concerning cultural differences between the source language and target language.
The results may be different, but they indicate that the translators have their own choices and methods in translating texts. It shows that translators can choose to adjust the context to target culture (domestication) or translating the text as it originally is (foreignization). Moreover, the studies could be good references and resources for the researchers who are interested in conducting a research in similar field since there are many language culture discussed in the studies above.
However, the scope of those studies are very limited. Most of the studies discussed about similar object, which is novel. It would be better if the studies can take other kind of literature as object of the study.
The following are the review of related literature related to translating children literature since my study also focuses on children comic as one of children literature.
The first study relating to the topic was done by Alvstad (2003). It discussed the publishing strategies in translating children’s literature in Argentina. 24
The result of the study showed that the publisher of translated children’s literature chose to adjust source culture to target culture. A similar result was also found in
Inkyoung’s study (2015) whose research about translation strategies of Korean-
English children’s literature from domestication and foreignization perspective.
Inkyoung found that most of the children’s literature which were translated into
English used domestication strategies. However, the domestication only appeared in word level, not syntactic level. As a result, all aspects of text level are not achieved.
Yuliasri (2016) conducted research related to the translation of humorous utterances in Donald Duck comic. This study focuses on analyzing translation techniques and pragmatic equivalence in Indonesian translation of humorous utterances. The object of the study is Walt Disney’s Comic Donald Duck. The result of the study shows that translators used some translation techniques, such as generalization, established equivalent, linguistic compression, amplification, literal translation, compensation, linguistic amplification, variation, particularization, borrowing, transposition, description, and calque. Moreover, those techniques have resulted in equivalent pragmatic force between source text and target text. In addition, she argues that the use of the use of amplification, discursive creation, reduction, adaptation, and modulation techniques cause non- equivalent of pragmatic force.
In a different domain, Abed and Branch (2018) conducted research of children literature concerning with discourse. This study focused on a cultural element in children’s literature and its relation to discourse and domestication and 25
foreignization strategies. The study revealed that the universe/domain of discourse has changed several cases in translating children’s literature, in the translation of
Matilda, mostly when the translator has used domestication strategy. The researchers argued that the translation product was faithful enough.
Beside the studies above, some researchers also conducted studies in this area, such as Nord (2003); Bernal-Merino (2009); Bialy (2012); Ma (2014); Li and Yao (2015); Chifane (2015); Biria and Abadi (2016); Kaniklidou and House
(2016); Maulani and Tanjung (2017); Kurniawan (2017); and Tanku (2017). Even though they have different objects of studies, the results are similar. The results showed that domestication is the best to be used in translating children literature.
Moreover, there are some researchers who studied the challenges in translating children literature, such as O’Sullivan (2003); Vid (2008). From those studies, there are three major issues in children literature translation, those are cultural differences, equivalence, and readability.
Those studies discussed about the problems and translator’s perspective in translating children literature. The results showed the consistency of the findings, which stated that the culture is an important part in translating for children text and it became one of many challenges faced by the translators.
However, there is no suggestions offered by the researchers to solve the problem relating to culture, translating for children, and the quality of the translation.
Concerning the cultural differences, House (2015, 2016) proposed
‘cultural filter’ in translation. Below are some studies of cultural filter. 26
A study was done by Tempel and Thije (2010) whose study discusses the application of the cultural filter in multilingual audio tours. The study is aimed to discuss the question of whether House's (2000) theory of a cultural filter can be applied to the study of the appreciation of multilingual audio tours. This study analyzes the appreciation of British and German users of the Amsterdam
Rijksmuseum audio tour. After an institutional ethnographic investigation of the coming about of the German and English translation of the Dutch source text, three audio stops were selected of which made two alternative versions: one linguistic manipulation of the text and one content manipulation of the text. In linguistic manipulation, one of the five dimensions of cross-cultural differences
(House ibid) between English and German was manipulated, namely: orientation towards content versus orientation towards persons. All texts were presented to thirty British and thirty German visitors of the Rijksmuseum. The responses provided in the study were measured using questionnaires composed by a multicultural team of Dutch, English and German native speakers and translators.
The results of this experiment do not seem to confirm the hypothesis. Moreover, they argue that the differences found signify a trend that the linguistic adjustments are more appreciated and the content adjustments are appreciated less than the original version of the text.
Another study relating to cultural filter in translation was also conducted by Darbari, Sharifi, and Khanjan (2015). The aim of their study is to provide critical analysis of the application of cultural filter in Chris Lear’s and Soheila
Sahabi’s (2000) English translation of Houshang Moradi Kermani’s Bacheha-ye 27
Qalibafkhaneh [Carpet-Weaving Factory Children] (1980/2011) with a particular view to the short story “Razou, Asadou, and Khajijeh”. This paper specifically analyzes idioms in the short story. The study shows that there are four general strategies in rendering the source idiomatic expressions, including 1) omission, 2) cultural filtering through equivalent finding, 3) cultural filtering through equivalent making, and 4) literal transference of the source idioms to the target system. They argue that when confronted with radically culture-specific idioms, the translators tend to ignore the idioms in question altogether and have, accordingly, resulted in a relative loss of domestic rural culture intended by the author.
Relating to cultural filter, Fritella (2017) and Silima (2017) have done studies and found that the translator chose to apply cultural filter. The studies above had similar result, which was translator’s preferences of using cultural filter in the translation. Those studies could be very useful for researchers who want to conduct a research in similar area. However, those researches did not show t he result relating to the functional equivalence. This is very important because House
(2015) stated that the goal of cultural filter is to achieve functional equivalence.
The similarities between those studies and my study are it discusses culture in translation and how the translator deal with cultural differences in both source text and target text.
The use of cultural filter in translating comic result in translation quality assessment of House (2015). The result will show whether the translation belongs 28
to overt or covert translation. Below are some studies which discussed House’s approaches to translation quality assessment.
The first study was done by Tabrizi, Chalak, and Taherioum (2012) which aimed to assess the quality of Persian translation of Orwell’s (1949)
Nineteen Eighty-Four by Balooch (2004) based on House’s (1997) model of translation quality assessment. They argued that literary works should be translated overtly. However, the result of the study showed that the cultural filters were applied in translation and the second-level functional equivalence required for overt translation was not reached. Instead, the translation belongs to covert one.
Later, Tabrizi and Amiri (2017) conduct similar research entitled ‘The
Study of English culture-specific Items in Persian Translation Based on House’s
Model: The Case of Waiting for Godot’. The objective of the study was to discover proposed interpretation techniques connected in the two versions of the book which are translated by Aliakbar Alizard (2006) and Asgar Rastgar (2014).
The result shows that two translated versions differ from each other. Alizard’s translations belong to over translation, while Rastgar’s translation belongs to covert one. Similar to the studies above, the studies were done by Neubert (2004);
Shakernia (2014); Sharif and Abadi (2017) showed that covert translation was used in translating the text. However, the results of the studies done by Khorsand and Salmani (2014); Karnedi (2015); Arabiyat (2016); Abootorabi and
Moeinzadeh (2017); and Kargarzadeh and Paziresh (2017) indicated the use of overt translation. 29
Similar with the studies of cultural filter, the studies above showed that overt and overt translation could be determined by the identification of cultural filter. Those studies are good example of overt and covert translations’ analysis.
The analysis was deep enough. Moreover, a study by Tabrizi and Amiri (2017) was comparing two versions of the translated books, so it would be a good resources for the future researchers. However, the researchers above did not discuss about the functional equivalence or equivalence in general.
The use of cultural filter in translation also influences equivalence. House
(2015) argues that the purpose of translation and interpreting is to achieve functional equivalence. Thus, it relates to Nida’s and House’s theory of equivalence.
Liu in 2012 conducted research of dynamic equivalence and formal correspondence between Chinese and English. This study aimed to confirm the applicability of dynamic equivalence to English-Chinese translation. The result showed that Nida’s dynamic equivalence contributes a remarkable insight into translating and helps to create an atmosphere of treating different languages and culture. The writer proves that dynamic equivalence has a great contribution to translating the culture in intercultural communication. A similar result also showed by a research done by Fan (2018) who studies functional equivalence, later name of dynamic equivalence in business English translation. The result shows that Nida’s functional equivalence can be best applied in business English translation. Moreover, Zhang and Wang (2010); Mujiyanto (2011); Shakernia
(2013); Izquierdo (2014); Ren (2014); Valles (2014); Al-Saidi and Rashid (2015); 30
Yu (2015); Zhang (2016); Nugraha and Nugroho (2017); Lovihandrie, Mujiyanto, and Sutopo (2018); in their studies related to Nida's translation of equivalence also showed the similar results with the studies above. The studies conducted by the researchers relating to the equivalence above showed many kinds of literatures. Thus, it could be used by future researchers as references. However, the studies only limited to Nida’s theory. It would be better resources if there are comparison among some theories of functional equivalence by other experts.
The studies mentioned in this study have similar areas, which are translation and culture, translation of children literature, cultural filter, overt and covert translation, and functional equivalence. However, there are differences in the ibject of the study. While the researches above studied about novels, poetry and short text, this study took children comic as the object of the study. Even though it covered similar areas, it might show different results.
2.2 Reviews of Theoretical Studies
2.2.1 Translation
With the translation gaining its popularity, many scholars have defined translation in some ways. The first is the definition of translation which is explained by Nida and Taber (1982) compared two focuses of translation, those were old focus and new focus of translation. They explained that old focus in translating was the form of the message itself and translators took part in delight in being able to reproduce stylistic specialties, while the new focus has changed from the form of the message to the response of the receptor. Nida and Taber 31
argued that a new concept of translating focuses on the reader which means that translating should be acceptable and readable. Moreover, they also explained that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning secondly in terms of style. From the explanation, translation can be simply defined as the transfer of message and style that should be equal to the source language and it should be acceptable and readable for the readers. This statement was strengthened by Bell (1993) who stated that translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. The explanations above show the similarity between the concept of translation that translation relates to seeking the equivalences from a source language to target language.
Meanwhile, Venuti (1995) sees translation as a process by which the chain of signifiers that constitutes the source-language text is replaced by a chain of signifiers in the target language which translators provide on the strength of an interpretation. He explained that both foreign text and translation are derivative: both consists of diverse linguistic and cultural materials that neither the foreign writer nor the translators originate, and that make the work of signification unstable, inevitably exceeding and possibly conflicting with their intentions.
While Nida and Bell emphasized the equivalences in translation, Venuti emphasizes culture and social condition of the target language. “The viability of a translation is established by its relationship to the cultural and social condit ions under which it is produced and read” (Venuti, 1995: p. 17). 32
Newmark (1988) defined translation as rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Further, he explained that translation had been instrumental in transmitting culture, sometimes under unequal conditions responsible for distorted and biased translations. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that translation is not only about transferring language, from source language to target language, but also it brings culture. Similar to Venuti, Newmark also emphasizes culture in the theory of translation.
2.2.2 Types of Translation
Jakobson in Bassnet (2002), Hatim and Munday (2004) proposed three types of translation. They are:
1. Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs
by means of other signs of the same language.
2. Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of some other language.
3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
Munday (2009) explains that intralingual translation refers to a rewording or rephrasing in the same language, most explicitly introduced by phrases such as in other words or that is. Intralingual translation would occur when a translator produces a summary or otherwise rewrite a text in the same language, say a children’s version of the encyclopedia (Munday, 2016). Jakobson in Bassnet 33
(2002) further explained that intralingual translation often has to resort to a combination of code units in order to fully interpret a single unit.
Meanwhile, interlingual translation occurs when there are two or more languages involved. Jakobson in Munday (2009) explained that interlingual refer to ‘translation proper’ in which it constitutes the language into some other language, or, for the matter, same language. In addition, Venuti (2000) stated that interlingual translation occurs when there is no full equivalence between code- unit, while messages may serve as adequate. Here, Venuti gives an example that
English word ‘cheese’ cannot be completely identified with its standard Russian heteronym.
The third type of translation which is proposed by Jakobson is intersemiotic. Intersemiotic occurs when a written text translated into a different mode, such as music, film, or painting (Munday, 2016). In the relation of those three types of translation, Jakobson in Bassnett stated that “only creative transposition is possible: either intralingual transposition – from one poetic shape into another, or intralingual transposition – from one language into another, or finally, intersemiotic transposition – from one system of signs into another e.g. from verbal into music, dance, cinema, or, painting”.
2.2.3 Culture and Translation
Culture has become a great concern in the process of translation. Many researchers and scholars are putting culture as an important aspect of translation, especially in translating literature. Bassnet (2002) sees translation as a negotiation 34
process between texts and culture. Form the argument by Bassnet, it can be seen that translation is not only changing texts from one language to another language but it also mediation of culture. Furthermore, Whorf cited in Bassnet (2002, p. 22) argued that “no language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have in its center, the structure of natural language”. Those two arguments show that language is closely related to culture.
Thus, the translator should be aware that the translation cannot be done without putting cultural context into account. Culture is the content of language, and language is a thing that wraps cultural context.
Similar to Bassnet, Larson (1984) also regarded culture as one of the most important in translation. She stated that translation consists of studying lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language, then translator should analyze and reconstruct those aspects which has the same meaning and appropriate cultural context. In line with Larson,
House (2015) argues that translation is not only a linguistic act, it is also an act of communication across culture. She sees that language serves as a reflection of cultural reality and the meaning of linguistic units can only be understood when considered together with the cultural context in which they arise and be used.
In translating literacy, translators should consider culture as a great deal.
This issue arises because literature always brings culture to the story and it usually deals with many linguistic aspects. Moreover, many translators found some problems in dealing with culture in the translation process. Hartono (2012) stated that many translators made errors in translating literary works as they have 35
difficulties in linguistics, analysis, culture, and appreciation. In addition, he proposes that increasing the knowledge of both languages and culture can be one way to solve the problem of translating literary works. Moreover, Hartono and
Priyatmojo (2015) also stated that translation is full of specific cultural items that have deep meanings which are difficult for translators to render. Thus, in translating a text, translators should understand well about source language culture and target language culture.
In accordance to the Indonesian language culture, some sources provide some theories. Geertz (1960, 1973) argued that Indonesians tend to speak implicitly and in indirect manners. It means that they try to speak politely and try not to hurt other’s feelings. In line with Geertz, Communicaid, which also provided some information about Indonesian language culture, stated that
Indonesians speak in a subdued way and indirect manner, they try to put family and community concerns over business and individual, means that they focus on the addressee or interlocutors. Relating to the object focus, Pusat Bahasa Al-
Azhar, British Council, and Communicaid share the same theory. Indonesians like to use passive voice rather than active voice.
2.2.4 House’s Concept of Cultural Filter
With the arguments of the close relationship between culture and language and its effect on translation, House (2015, 2016) proposes a theory named ‘cultural filter’. She defines cultural filter as “a means of capturing socio- cultural differences in expectation norms and stylistic conventions between the 36
source and target linguistic-cultural communities”. Cultural filter is seen as one of the tools of translation quality assessment. It refers to the empirical bases of manipulations which are done by the translator which may reflect situational dimensions of texts. House (2016) argues that cultural filter as empirical manipulations of the original is needed in translation.
This notion of cultural filter arises because House (2016) sees translation as intercultural communication in which it is a popular area of research and a basis of judgment in translation assessment quality. The goal of cultural filter is to achieve functional equivalence. She believes that assumptions of cultural difference should be carefully examined before any change in the source text is undertaken. Furthermore, the result of applying cultural filter in translation process may possibly deliberate mismatches between original and translation along several situational parameters. This concept is related to covert translation.
Moreover, this concept mostly focuses on discourse and pragmatic aspects of language since those relate to the cultural context and communicative situation of texts. Below is the example of cultural filter stated of English to Germany:
Original text : “Would you get out of there, please” (Teacher to
students in swimming pool)
Translated text : “Raus hier jetzt”
Here one would need to take into account the generally more
direct conventions of requesting in comparable institutional contexts and
genres in order to assess the appropriateness of the cultural-filtering.
(Allabas, 2004) 37
Another example of cultural filter also can be seen in the sentence below which is translation of Germany to English
Sign at building site:
Damit die Zukunft schneller kommt!
[Such that the future comes more quickly!]
English translation:
We apologize for any inconvenience work on our building site is causing
you!
(House, 2018)
In addition, Hickey (1998) discussed cultural filter in its relation to
pragmatics and discourse. It is stated that cultural filter is often so expertly
integrated into fabric of the text that seams do not show. To achieve functional
equivalence, cultural filter is needed and the result may well be a real distance
from the original, which is the reason for the fact that covert translations are often
received as though they were original texts. In line with Hickey, Steiner and
Yallop (2001) also emphasize that cultural filter is essential to achieve functional
equivalence. “Since true functional is aimed at, the original may be legitimately
manipulated at the level of language/text and register via the use of cultural filter.”
Another theory of cultural filter also explained by Thoury (1987) who stated that cultural filter laid in pragmatic of intercultural communication. In addition, to balance the greater or smaller pragmatic differences between both source language and target language, and culture communities, there needs the application of cultural filter. Thus, the translation is able to achieve what so called 38
as ‘closest natural equivalence’ or functional equivalence which was proposed by
Nida (1969).
Further, House in Riccardi (2002) stated that if the translators want to achieve truly functional equivalence, in order to meet the needs of the target culture in their specific cultural setting and to achieve the effect of equivalence of the source language, cultural filter should be applied. Moreover, House also emphasized that cultural filter could be important and complicated since it deals with assessments and adjustments of social role relationships, social attitudes, author’s personal stance and attitudes that are difficult to diagnose. “An application of a cultural filter which lacks any intersubjectively verifiable evidence leads to the production of a covert version, which amounts to a culturally adequate translation” (House in Riccardi, 2002).
On the other hand, Hasselgard et al (2002) defined cultural filter as a construct in which pragmatic shift can be conceptualized, described, and explained. Pragmatic shift refers to the changes in cultural norms and conventionalization that become necessary as the textual materials. This cultural filter can be displayed as set parameters between speakers of two linguistic and cultural communications. Those parameters include directness, the focus of orientations, explicitness versus implicitness, and verbal routines versus ad-hoc formulation. Moreover, Munday (2001) stated that cultural filter is necessary in order to achieve the equivalence in the genre and individual text function. He also explained that cultural filter is an attempt in modifying cultural elements and giving impressions that the target text is original. Later, Munday and Hatim 39
(2004) argued that cultural filter is needed as it re-negotiates the source text function in terms acceptable to the target language users of the translation.
Further, Munday (2009) referred cultural filter as a modern-day concept of localization. It means that cultural filter focussed on the target culture has been passed through the original in the process of translation.
2.2.5 Overt and Covert Translation
Cultural Filter strongly attached to covert and overt translation. These notions are introduced by House (2015, 2016) in her theory of translation quality assessment. Cultural filter in a translation will determine whether it belongs to over translation or covert translation. Overt translation occurs when the translator chooses to keep the original when covert translation occurs when the translator chooses to adapt the content to target language culture without changing the message.
The distinction of overt and covert translation, as described by House
(2016), is: in an overt translation, the receptors of the translation are quite
‘overtly’ not being addresses; an overt translation is thus one which must overtly be a translation, not a ‘second original’; meanwhile, a covert translation is a translation which enjoys the status of an original source text in the target culture.
Further, House (2015), explains that there are two groups of texts that belong to overt translation; those are: 40
1. Overt historically linked source texts, i.e. those tied to a specific
occasion in which a precisely specified source language audience
is/was being addressed.
2. Overt timeless source texts, i.e. those transcending as works of art
and aesthetic creations a distinct historical meaning, while always
necessarily displaying period and culture-specificity because of the
status of addresser, who is the product of his time and culture.
Additionally, Aranda (2007) explained that a covert translation attempts functional equivalence and attempts to sound like the original. It was intended to recreate, reproduce, or represent the original text into the target text. Meanwhile, overt translation does not attempt to sound like the original. It may not achieve functional equivalence. Further, House (2016) referred overt translation as a quotation. Overt translation could achieve equivalence in the level of language/text, register, and genre. As for functional, overt translation may achieve functional equivalence, but it may not natural. “Since it is the translator task to permit target language culture members to access the original text and its culture impact on source language members, the translator put target culture members in a position to observe the text from the outside” (House, 2016). It meant that in overt translation, the target culture members are referred to an outsider who can only observe the context of the text.
On the other hand, covert translation is referred to an attempt of recreating an equivalent speech event. Its function is to achieve functional equivalence. House (2016) argues that covert translation is less complex and more 41
deceptive than overt translation, but it may be manipulative in the level of language/text and register. “The translator’s task is to betray the origin, to hide behind the transformation of the original, necessary due to the adaptation to the needs and knowledge levels of target audience” (House, 2016). From the statement, it can be concluded that in covert translation, there are needs to transform the course language culture into target language culture in order for the target audiences to understand well about the text. The translation might be very different from the original, but it has a similar function to the original text. Since the purpose of covert translation is to achieve functional equivalence, the equivalence in the level of the genre and individual textual function can be achieved as well.
House (2017) also emphasizes the distinction between overt and covert translation. She stated that overt translation occurred when the source text is tied in a specific manner to the source language culture. There are some texts which should be translated overtly; those are text which attached to the historical occasions, and timeless source text.
The theory of overt and covert translation is also discussed by Munday and Hatim (2004). They explained that overt translation is labeled as literal, semantic, foreignizing, and documentary. “This translation entails that signs are simply substituted for signs and that quite a portion of the cultural content is left for target reader to sort out” (Munday and Hatim, 2001). Meanwhile, they referred covert translation to adjustment, which conceals whatever betrays the origin of the translated text. In conclusion, covert translation defines as an attempt to recreate a 42
cultural model in the target language which is informed by the awareness of the differences that exist between source text and target language.
2.2.6 Functional Equivalence
Related to cultural filter as intercultural communication, House (2016) stated that it is very important to achieve functional equivalence.
“It is also intercultural understanding which is the basis for the sing le most important concept in translation and interpreting studies: functional equivalence. Functional equivalence is a condition in achieving a comparable function of a text in another context. So intercultural understanding is the success with which the linguistic-cultural transposition has been undertaken.” (House, 2016, p. 5)
House emphasizes that the purpose of translation is to achieve functional equivalence. In the theory of equivalence, functional equivalence is the later name of dynamic equivalence which is proposed by Nida in 1964. He proposed two kinds of equivalence; those are formal equivalence or formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence which is later called as functional equivalence.
Nida (1964) stated that formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, while dynamic equivalence is not concerned with matching the receptor language message with the source language message, but with the dynamic relationship, which meant that the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. Formal equivalence aims to get similar elements between the source language and target language, which means that the translation product should be as close as possible to the elements of 43
the source language, including culture and structure. On the other hand, dynamic equivalence aims to get the naturalness of the translation product. Nida claims that naturalization can be achieved by taking into account of three components; those are: 1) the source language and culture understood as a whole; 2) the cultural context of the message; 3) the target audience. In achieving dynamic equivalence, translators can try to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of their own culture. Relating to the functional equivalence, House (2016) argues that the translation should be functionally comparable to the source text.
Moreover, she also stated that translation should be the bridge of the reader between source text and target text, and it also has the same context of situation.
Thus, the functional equivalence could be analyzed through the analysis of function and context of situation.
2.2.7 Comics
Comics delivers messages through language and pictures. Merriam-
Webster dictionary defines comic as a series of drawings that tell a story or part of the story. This definition indicates that in comic, drawing or pictures and story cannot be separated. It is a set of pictures and with the help of language, it forms a story. Eisner (1985) in Bramlett (2012) said that when images and recognizable symbols in comics are used again and again to convey similar ideas, they become a language – a literary form. In addition, Chute and Dekoven in Glover and
McCracken (2012) argued that comics is a medium; it has been recognized as a powerful form of expression and communication which combines fashioning 44
words and images, and crucially, panels and ‘gutters’. Comics makers tell the story in the images which is drawn in panels. It will help the reader to read the comics and understand the story.
The development of comics comes from America, Western Europe, and
Japan. Those countries are assumed to help the growing popularity of comics worldwide. Couch (2000) wrote an article that explains the development of comics in America, Western Europe, and Japan. The publication of comics in those countries are similar in appearance but they have different styles. America is popular with the graphic novel. The development of comics in America is started with comic strips collection which then reprinted as a comic book. After a while, superheroes comics became popular and it becomes dominant up to now.
However, with the popularity of superheroes comics, comic strips remain superior since it is associated with journalism, family readerships, and publications in bookstores. Another influential marketplace for comics is Western Europe, including United Kingdom, France, and Belgium. While America is popular for its comic book, Western Europe is popular with its comic magazine. The first publication of comics in Western Europe is similar to America. It first started with comic strips. However, the development takes a different path. Western Europe seems to make a continuation story, which means that comics take different sets of stories.
When America and Western Europe began the development of comics with comic strips, Japan made its first comic publication with comic stories.
Comics in Japan has a strong relationship with traditions and art, calligraphy, and 45
painting. They named it Manga or Takobon. Like Western Europe, manga usually takes the form of a continuing story. It comes in a set of series. The publication of comics in Japan, until now, is in the form of a comic magazine. However, the compilations or collections of series can be found in a bundle at bookstores.
2.2.8 Comics in Translation
Comics conveys messages through the use of language and picture.
Comics has been developed for a long time ago in America. It started with a comic strip in which the content is humorous and amusing. Nowadays, different genres of comics have been translated into some languages, including Bahasa
Indonesia. With comics are usually associated with humor, translating comics might be a challenge for a translator. Some scholars have highlighted comics in translation. Zanetti in Chiaro (2010) stated that comics are often associated with humor and the ‘untranslatability’ does not depend exclusively or even predominantly on words. Moreover, it said that when comics are published in a foreign country will produce the same response to source language which will often depend on the target readers sharing the same set of cultural resources, including knowledge, assumptions, stereotypes, visual culture, etc.
Besides the influence of culture, readership and publications can also influence translator choices of techniques and strategies used in translating comics. Zanetti (2014) stated that when comics have translated a change of genre, readership, publication format (or combination of three) may be involved which will then govern primary translation choices. Zanetti used Jakobson’s theory of 46
translation to analyze translation of comics. He then stated that all the ‘languages’ used by comics (including words and sign languages) can be translated within and/or between semiotic system. Moreover, it is stated that the translation of comics into another language is primarily their translation into another visual culture, so that not only are different natural languages involved, but also different cultural traditions and different sets of conventions for comics. Similar to Zanetti,
Kaindl in Gambier and Doorslaer (2010) also stated that comic translation involves the transfer of culture, semiotic systems, and linguistic elements.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
In this study, I analyze the cultural filter and achievement of functional equivalence of English-Indonesian translation of children comics entitled The
Wizards of Mickey: The Dark Ages. There are six dimensions which are analyzed in this study. Furthermore, the result of cultural filter analysis determines whether the translation belongs to overt or covert translation. Overt translation is achieved when the translators translate the text as it is. On the other words, t he translators do not attempt to adapt the culture from the original text into target text. On the other hand, covert translation is achieved when the translators attempt to adapt the culture in theoriginal text into the target text which is called as seco nd original.
The theoretical framework of this study can be illustrated in figure 2.1. 47
Figure 2.1 Theoretical Framework
House (2015) proposes five dimensions of cross-cultural communications between English and Germany. Those are: 1) directness and indirectness, 2) orientation towards self and orientation towards other, 3) orientation towards content and orientation towards addressee, 4) explicitness and implicitness, and 5) ad–hoc formulation and verbal routines. Additionally, I add one more dimension of cross-cultural communication, which is the dimension of voice, House (2016) emphasizes that the aim of translation is to achieve functional equivalence.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the conclusions and the suggestions of the study based on the findings and discussions presented in the previous chapter. The conclusions cover seven sections in Chapter IV. The suggestions are provided theretically, practically, and pedagogically.
5.1 Conclusions
From the findings and discussions of this study, I concluded that there are
6 dimensions of cultural filter in the translation of children comic Mickey Mouse:
The Dark Ages. In other words, there were the dimensions of directness versus indirectness, orientation towards self versus orientation towards other, orientation towards content versus orientation towards addressees, explicitness versus implicitness, ad-hoc formulation versus verbal routines, and active voice versus passive voice. Those dimensions of cultural filter were found in 242 dialogues out of 513 dialogues.
The findings showed that the translator prefer to use cultural filter rather than using foreignization. From the number of cultural filter occurences, it could be concluded that the translation belongs to covert translation. It said so because the translators chose to use cultural filter rather than foreignization.
110 111
The first dimension proposed by House (2015, 2016) was directness.
There found two transformations; those are the transformation from directness to indirectness and transformation from indirectness to directness. Only 1 utterance did not meet the requirements of functional equivalence. The transformation of directness versus indirectness took place when the indirectness addressed to the speaker. On the other hand, the transformation of directness to indirectness occurred when the speaker was asking for help to show the sincerity. The analysis of the comic The Wizards of Mickey: The dark Ages showed that there were more transformations from indirectness to directness, while the culture of Indonesia showed that Indonesians tend to speak in an indirect way. The result was different from the theory. It meant that the translation did not follow the culture in
Indonesia because the subject was very clear even witout mentioning the utterance in indirect way.
Another dimension of cultural filter was orientation towards self versus orientation towards other. There are two kinds of transformations found in the translation of the comic. Those were the transformation from orientation towards self to orientation towards other and transformation from orientation towards other to transformation towards self. This dimensions did not occured often in the translation and only some utterances consisted the dimension. The transformations were intended to make the context clearer and to avoid confusion since the target reader was children. The analysis showed that the topic of the utterance was put into focus. It was in line with the culture of Indonesia in which the people put family and community concerns over business and individuals. Thus, their 112
communication style would likely to focus on the subject matter rather than oneself. The result was in line with the theory. It showed that cultural knowledge of the translator would likely to influence the preference in translating text.
Besides, there was also cultural filter in terms of orientation towards content versus orientation towards addressees. There found two transaformation, which were the transformation from orientation towards content to orientation toards addressee and vice versa. The analysis showed that the translator preference toward orientation towards content. It was proven by the occurences of the transformation from orientation towards addressee into orientation towards content was higher than the transaformation from orienattion towards content to orientation towards addressees. The translator chose to use orientation towards addressee when the context was already clear enough. Meanwhile, when the context was not clear enough and rather ambiguous, the translator chose to add pronoun. The analysis was in line with the culture of Bahasa Indonesia in which it usually omitted the subject when the subject was coverable from the context. The result was in line with the theory of Indonesian language culture.
Regarding the terms explicitness versus implicitness. Among six dimensions of cultural filter analyzed in this study, the dimension of explicitness versus implicitness occurred the most. There are the transformation from explicitness to implicitness and the transformation from implicitness to explicitness. The number of occurences was quite similar. Similar to the previous dimensions of cultural filter, the transformations were intended to make the context clearer and avoid confusion. The analysis showed the translator’s choice 113
to use explicitness rather than implicitness which was different from the culture of
Bahasa Indonesia.
The fifth dimension of cultural filter was the dimension of ad-hoc formulation versus verbal routines. This transformation appeared quite often. The utterances found belonged to transformation from verbal routines into ad-hoc formulation. It was likely because Bahasa Indonesia has limited vocabularies which cause the limitation of expressions in a certain situation.
The last dimension was voice. This dimension did not occurred often in the translation. There ere two transformations found; those are the transformation from active voice to passive voice and the transformation from passive voice to active voice. There was 1 utterance belonged to the transformation from passive voice to active voice. It showed that the target langauge preferred using passive voice rather than active voice. It was intended so that the readers would understand the context easily and could get a better view of someone or something which was in the case. The analysis represented the culture of
Indonesia in which the people often used passive voice rather than act ive voice.
The result of the cultural filter analysis showed that there were many transformations which used the dimesnions of cultural filter found in the translation. Moreover, most of the findings were in line with the langauge culture of Indonesia. It showed that the translation of the comic belonged to covert translation, which enjoyed the culture of the target text. 114
Furthermore, the functional equivalence analysis showed that most of the translation with the use of cultural filter achieved functional equivalence. It was proven by the amount of functional equivalence achieve in the English-Indonesian translation. Even though there were some translation which did not achieve the requirements of functional equivalence, most of the utterances which used culturalfilter achieved functional equivalence.
In accordance to the theory of functional equivalence, as long as the transformations of the cultural filter were acceptable in the terms of function and the context of situation, the functional equivalence could be achieved. In short, based on the analysis, the translation contaned many cultural filter, so it belonged to covert translation, Moreover, the translation achieved functional equivalence.
Thus, it could be concluded that the use of cultural filter is effective to achieve functional equivalence.
5.2 Suggestions
The suggestions given in this study include theoretical suggestion, practical suggestion, and pedagogical suggestion.
Theoretically, the cultural filter could help the translator to achieve functional equivalence since House (2015, 2016) argues that the translation should achieve functional equivalence. Moreover, the translator should have enough knowledge about the differences of cultures between the source language 115
and target language, so that the translation could be accepted by the target reader easily.
Practically, for the next translation project, especially in the same field which is translation of children literature, should consider the functional equivalence, cultural filter, and target readers’ language competence. It is important to evaluate the translation before being published. The translation can also be used for the teacher to introduce the language culture between English and
Indonesia.
Pedagogically, the reader should be more familiar with the cultural differences between English and Indonesia. This can improve their language skill, especially on a daily basis since the comic was using daily language to delivering the message.
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