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Is Genetic Variability of Coastal Species (Cakile Maritima) Due to Human Effect?

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Is Genetic Variability of Coastal Species (Cakile Maritima) Due to Human Effect? Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Volume 12 Issue 5 December 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Mhemmed G DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.12.555862 Is Genetic Variability of Coastal Species (Cakile Maritima) Due to Human Effect? Gandour M1,2, Taamalli W3 and Abdelly C1 1Laboratory of extremophiles plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia 2Faculty of sciences and technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, Tunisia 3Laboratory of olive biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia Submission: November 17, 2017; Published: December 13, 2017 *Corresponding author: Gandour M, Laboratory of extremophiles plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia,, Email: Abstract impactHuman of habitat impact disturbance on natural habitaton the genetichas significantly diversity increasedand population in the paststructure few decades. of Cakile Understanding maritima. Both how phenotypic plant populations and biochemical respond markers to such showeda phenomenon high levels is an ofimportant genetic differentiationaim of plant ecological within andresearch. between In the populations. present study, Populations we use phenotypic exhibited andstrong biochemical spatial structure markers as to indicatedexamine the by the large Pop-φST value of 0.31 (P<0.001) estimated with AMOVA, Indirect estimation of gene flow for the overall population is Nm=0.55. The estimates of population differentiation in quantitative traits (Qst) varied widely among the six quantitative traits (from 34% for fruit length and upper segment length to 37% for fruit form with an average value of 0.35 among all populations). and genetic differentiation). Conversely no correlation was found between genetic differentiations (Fst) and geographic distances based on the Mantelsignificant test indicating correlation that the(r=0.74, genetic P=0.026) distance was did found not necessarily between the correlate two matrices with the of pair-wise geographical genetic distance. differentiations Despite the (quantitative fragmentation trait process, values sustain of high genetic diversity suggests that there are some ecological factors determining population structure. Keywords: Cakile maritime; Genetic variation; Habitat fragmentation; Qst; Fst Introduction Understanding how plant populations respond to human roads and other infrastructure [11]. impact on natural habitat is an important aim of plant ecological recreation on flora may include vegetation clearance for resorts, research. Kelly et al. (2003) has shown that plant populations Thus, development of hotel and Edinburgh’s shoreline for strongly vary in space and time in response to the disturbance commercial and leisure purposes has led to the disappearance in their natural’s habitats. Because the continuous disturbance, of much of coastal species habitat and the plant’s subsequent the eventual fates of all populations is extinctions [1]. Thus, the decline by reducing both habitat area and the connectivity of the regional dynamics of plant species are usually a matter of both local extinction and colonization of new unoccupied sites [2,3]. Today fragmentation can lead to reduction of genetic variation: in many ecosystems, fragmentation and degradation of habitats remaining population fragments identified three ways in which have increased the extinction risk of populations of plant species (i) Increased losses of populations from genetic drift, spectacular recent growth of urbanism and tourism in coastal adapted to specific environmental conditions [4,5]. In particular, (ii) Increased rates of inbreeding and fragmentations. coastal plant decline [6-8]. Tourism has had a range of negative (iii) Reduced gene flow between remaining population areas were widely identified as the most important factor causing During the fragmentation process, distances between to the decline of some rare and threatened plant species and populations increase, progressively hampering the arrival direct and indirect impacts on native flora including contributing of immigrants from surrounding populations until complete communities [9,10]. In this context, direct effects of tourism and Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 12(5): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.555862 (2017) 00133 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal isolation is reached. The genetic consequences caused by regions, it colonizes beach and dune that are frequently disturbed habitat fragmentation are not yet well understood and further by surf and wind. According to, in Tunisia, this species is frequent investigation is needed [12,13]. One such susceptible species is along the coast from north to south. However these populations the Cakile maritima; a characteristic plant of Tunisian Coastal have been severely disturbed by urbanization and infrastructure developed for tourists in the past decade. Thus we asked what effect the fragmentation of coastal vegetation might have had duneC. vegetation maritima [14]. on the populations genetics of the C. maritima populations now was probably one of the first members of re- isolated from each other. To answer this question, we studied the invasion floras after successive glaciations [15]. It grows in sandy genetic structure and variability in nine C. maritima populations habitats along the North Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea that differ in the intensity of urbanism and tourism development. Materielcoasts, the and Canary Methods Island and southwest Asia [16]. In these Plant material collection and studied characters Table 1: Descriptive statistics of characters measured in 9 populations of C. maritima (Means, between population variance (VB), within population variance (VW), F statistic for characters which gave a significant result using ANOVA and Level of population differentiation in quantitative characters as determined by Qst and its 95% lower confidence limit (CL). Standard errors (SE) of Qst are in brackets. Variable Means Vb Vw Ddl F P Qst C.L. Fruit length 1850.9 1793.72 8 11.19 0 -0.118 Upper seg length 12.947.6 1325.75 8 6.58 0 0.34 (0.27) -0.205 Lower seg length 1348.611896 11127.5 8 18.05 0 0.340.35 (0.33)(1.17) -1.577 Fruit Form 7.341.56 0.338 0.297 8 25.65 0 0.37 (0.005) 0.356 10.01 1051.9 8 8.81 0 Ratio LengthWeight Upper/Length Seed Lower 1.06 3267 3079.76943.48 8 13.66 0.003 0.35 (0.47)(0.53) -0.424-0.535 Table 2: Broad-sense heritabilities for quantitative characters for each population of C. maritima. Hammamet Chaffar Tabarka Bkhalta Sousse Jerba Enfidha Raoued Bizerte Fruit Length 0.5 0.52 0.53 0.56 0.52 Length 0.5 0.46 0.61 0.51 0.56 0.490.53 0.48 0.48 Upper Segment Length 0.41 0.55 0.63 0.540.62 0.48 0.45 LowerFruit Segment Form 0.46 0.420.57 0.51 0.64 0.51 0.440.51 0.430.53 0.44 0.740.37 0.43 0.470.88 0.78 0.470.58 Ratio Upper length/Lower Weight Seed 0.58 0.580.44 0.64 0.48 0.46 0.570.43 0.6 Length Average 0.52 0.550.45 0.510.45 0.450.6 0.510.44 0.550.54 0.5 The plant material consisted of nine Tunisian0.48 populations Statistical analysis 0.49 of C. maritima. From each population, seed material from 15 randomly chosen individuals were collected and used as a source of genotypic data. Five morphological characters (total fruit Variation in phenotypic traits was analysed after running population) as random effect. varcomp was used to estimate length, lower segment length, upper segment length, fruit type, nested ANOVA including population and family (nested within seed weight) judged discriminate traits for Cakile [17] and one B B W proportion of genetic variance distributed among populations ratio were measured for twenty siliques per individual (Table 2) population differentiation Qst V /(V +V ), where VB is the so that 300 siliques per population. populations [18-19]. For each of the nine populations one-way and VW is the proportion of genetic variance distributed within distances between consecutive group of plants were kept to ANOVA was performed to estimate broad-sense heritability, h2 to 100m between groups was considered as weakly deteriorated estimate the degree of fragmentation. In fact, distance inferior = VG/(VG+VE). The within-genotype variance estimated the area (class 1), distance between 100m to 300m between groups environmental variance VE and the among-genotype variance was considered as a sign of area moderately deteriorated (class component analysis was conducted on standardized original provided an estimate of the genetic variance VG. Principal 2), distance between 300m and 700m between groups indicates a deteriorated area (class 3) and distance superior to 700 m values using the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP, Kovach, between groups of individuals were considered as a sign of population and the state of origin sites were calculated following 1999). Spearman’s correlations between variance within each correlation is the best-known procedure for studying the degree highly deteriorated area (class 4). appropriate procedures. It is worth noting that Spearman’s rank How to cite this article: Gandour M, Taamalli W, Abdelly C. Is Genetic Variability of Coastal Species (Cakile Maritima) Due to Human Effect?. Agri Res & 00134 Tech: Open Access J. 2017; 12(5): 555862. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.12.555862. Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal of relationship between 2 variables when there is sub-normality electrophoregrams, ranging from 13 to 150KDa. The degree of in both pairs of variables. variation of each population was analysed by comparing the Seed protein extraction and data analysis indicate two different phenotypes. A population was considered different phenotypes. Variation in at least one band was taken to polymorphic when at least one specimen, showed a different phenotype to the rest. Populations were composed of different Seed storage proteins were extracted from 0.8g of seeds genotypes. Populations exhibited strong spatial structure as with 800μl of Tris-HCl buffer (1M pH 8.8) and were centrifuged supernatant of each population was kept and was stored at -20 at 9100g for 10 min (centrifuge sigma; rotor 121154).
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