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Costa Rica Prolades PROGRAMA LATINOAMERICANO DE ESTUDIOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS PERFILES DE NUEVOS MOVIMIENTOS RELIGIOSOS: COSTA RICA Editado por Clifton L. Holland Última revisión al 15 de julio de 2012 PROLADES Apartado 15242050, San Pedro, Costa Rica Teléfono: (506) 2838300; FAX: (506) 2347682 E-correo: [email protected] Internet: www.prolades.com 2 INDICE PRESENTACION - 7 INTRODUCCION – 9 PARTE I IGLESIAS CRISTIANAS: LAS VIEJAS IGLESIAS LITURGICAS (Tradiciones Ortodoxa Oriental y Romana Occidental) Movimiento Carismática Católica - 17 Iglesia Católica Reformada - 27 Iglesia Ortodoxa de Costa Rica (nexo con Iglesia Católica Vieja) - 34 ESPECIAL: Religiosidad Popular Católica - 44 PARTE II IGLESIAS CRISTIANAS: GRUPOS MARGINALES (Grupos fuera de las corrientes principales del Cristianismo que frecuentemente son llamados "sectas") Congregación Mita - 72 Cristadelfianos – 81 Ministerio Internacional Creciendo en Gracia - 90 Iglesia Pentecostal Dios es Amor - 101 Iglesia Luz del Mundo - 110 Iglesia de los Santos de los Ultimos Tiempos (Mormones) - 118 Iglesia Unidad (Unity School of Christianity) - 126 3 Iglesia de la Unificación del Cristianismo Mundial ("Moonies") - 137 Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios (Oración Fuerte al Espíritu Santo) - 146 Los Testigos de Jehová - 155 La Voz de la Piedra Angular - 166 Movimiento del Profeta Zacarías - 173 (Iglesia Roca de Pedernal) PARTE III RELIGIONES NO CRISTIANAS Antroposofía - 193 Asociación Cultural Nueva Acrópolis - 201 Asociación Holosófica Internacional (Luz y Sonido de Dios) - 215 Baha'i - 220 Budismo Tibetiano - 229 Budista Casa Zen - 239 Comuna Pacha Mama (Tradición Sant Mat) - 248 Corpus Hermeticum - 252 Francmasonería - 257 Gran Fraternidad Universal (Red GFU) - 266 Hari Krishna (ISKCON) - 273 Iglesia de Cientología (Dianética) - 281 Islam - 289 (Centro Cultural Islámica de Costa Rica) Kripalu Yoga - 301 4 Meditación Raja Yoga - 306 (Universidad Espiritual Brahma Kumaris) Movimiento Gnóstico Universal - 312 Órden Rosacruz (AMORC) - 330 Sociedad Teosófica - 346 Sri Sathya Sai Internacional - 354 Satanismo - 362 Wicca – 376 APENDICES - 385 1. Herramientas para la investigación – 387 1.1 Cuestionario - 387 1.2 Formulario guía para perfiles -389 2. Directorio de Grupos Religiosos en Costa Rica, 2011 - 397 5 6 PRESENTACION La mayoría de las muestras de Perfiles de Nuevos Movimientos Religiosos (NMRs) presentadas en este documento, un total de 40 actualmente, fueron escritas por estudiantes de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) durante el periodo 20012003, algunas como parte de las tareas del Trabajo Comunal Universi-tario (TCU) realizado bajo la supervisión del equipo de PROLADES. Estos estudiantes estaban en el último año de sus respectivos programas de Licenciatura: Antro- pología, Sociología, Psicología y Comunicaciones. Algunos perfiles fueron preparados más recién por otros investigadores bajo la supervisión de PROLADES. Estos perfiles, producidos por PROLADES, no son traducciones de perfiles existentes en inglés, sino fueron escritos en español por estudiantes de la UCR después de realizar entrevistas de campo de observación-participante con representantes de estos grupos religiosos en Costa Rica. Los estudiantes recibieron ayuda editorial del equipo de PROLADES. Tenemos la esperanza de que podamos motivar a otros estudiantes y profesores en America Latina y el Caribe para que realicen tareas similares en sus respectivos países. --Dr. Clifton L. Holland, Director de PROLADES 7 8 INTRODUCCION Durante los últimos cuarenta y tres años (19682011), el autor ha tratado de entender mejor el origen, la naturaleza y el desarrollo de los movimientos religiosos alrededor del mundo. Hemos utilizado la perspectiva de la misionología (la ciencia de la misión de la Iglesia Cristiana) para orientar nuestros estudios, especialmente en el campo de la fenomenología de la religión, con la ayuda de las ciencias sociales. Mucha de nuestra investigación ha sido en el campo de la sociología de la religión , y hemos concentrado nuestros estudios en las regiones culturales de América Latina y El Caribe. Uno de los primeros estudios realizados por el autor era sobre la Iglesia Evangélica Hispana del Condado de Los Ángeles, que fue publicado por William Carey Library (Pasadena, CA: 1974), titulado The Religious Dimension in Hispanic Los Angeles: A Protestant Case Study (La Dimensión Religiosa de Hispanos en Los Angeles: Un Estudio de Caso Protestante). Este estudio se realizó cuando el autor era estudiante en la Escuela de Misionología del Seminario Teológico Fuller en Pasadena de California (Programa de Maestría en Misionología, 19681972). En abril de 1972, el autor se trasladó a Costa Rica para empezar su carrera misionera con la Misión Latinoamericana (MLA), donde trabajó con el equipo del Instituto Internacional de Evangelización a Fondo (IINDEF). Después era uno de los fundadores y el primer director ejecutivo del Instituto Misionológico de las Américas (IMDELA) de 1981 a 1989. Entre 1974 y 1981, el autor sirvió como coordinador general de un estudio regional sobre el movimiento protestante de Centro América, bajo los auspicios de PROLADES (Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos). Al principio PROLADES era un departamento del ministerio de IINDEF bajo la dirección del autor, pero al nacer IMDELA en 1981, PROLADES fue incorporado al nuevo ministerio junto a la Escuela de Misionología. Un resumen de la información recopilada por PROLADES sobre la región fue incorporado a un libro editado por el autor y publicado en 1982 por MARC-World Vision, bajo el título World Christianity: Central America and the Caribbean (Cristianismo Mundial: Centro América y el Caribe). Pero la mayoría de la información fue utilizada en la tesis doctoral del autor, que fue presentado a la Escuela de Misionología del Seminario Teológico Fuller en 1985 bajo el título: "A History of the Protestant Movement in Central America" (Una Historia del Movimiento Protestante en Centro América). Aunque el texto original fue escrito en inglés, el autor ha producido una versión en español con texto y gráficos actualizados hasta el año 1990 para ambas versiones. Desde 1980 el autor ha participado en estudios similares en algunos diez países de América Latina y el Caribe, tanto estudios coordinados por él como de investigaciones auspiciados por otras organizaciones donde él fungió como asesor técnico. El proyecto más ambicioso en América Latina de este tipo ha sido el estudio "México Hoy y Mañana" sobre el área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México (AMCM), auspiciado por VELA (Visión Evangelizadora para América Latina) y PROLADES (19861996). VELA-PROLADES han publicados una serie de siete tomos sobre el AMCA: (1) Directorio Evangélico del AMCM (junio de 1987), (2) Estudios de Casos del Crecimiento de la Iglesia Evangélica del AMCM (agosto de 1989), (3) Manual de Recursos sobre el AMCM (agosto de 1990), (4) Reseña Historia de la Iglesia Evangélica del AMCM (julio de 1993), (5) Análisis Estadístico: El uso Evangélico del XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990 (1993); (6) 9 Bibliografía de los Evangélicos en México (octubre de 1996), y (7) Una serie de Estudios Analíticos sobre el crecimiento de la Iglesia Evangélica del AMCM (1996-1997). En los estudios hechos por el autor en América Latina y el Caribe, se ha tratado de lograr un acuerdo entre los líderes evangélicos sobre ¿quiénes son los grupos religiosos que pertenecen al movimiento protestante en la América Latina? y ¿cuáles son los grupos religiosos que no cabe adentro del marco de referencia del "movimiento protestante"? Los últimos forman parte de la categoría de "grupos cristianos marginales" que a veces algunas autores llaman "sectas" cristianas. Raras veces se han podido lograr un acuerdo sobre una definición adecuada de los grupos que forman parte el "movimiento protestante" (o la "familia evangélica") en las Américas. Pero, si no podamos definir el "movimiento protestante", ¿cómo podamos medirlo? Era urgente, entonces, definir los de adentro y los de afuera del "movimiento protestante". HACIA UNA TIPOLOGIA DE GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS POR FAMILIAS DE IGLESIAS Una de las contribuciones del autor ha sido la definición de un sistema de clasificación (o tipología) de grupos religiosos y la aplicación de éste sistema al mundo religioso de América Latina y el Caribe. Algunos de los elementos básicos de la tipología fueron adaptados del trabajo hecha por el Dr. J. Gordon Melton y publicado en su libro, The Encyclopedia of American Religions (La Enciclopedia de Religiones Americanas), segunda edición, dos tomos (Detroit, Michigan: Gale Publishing Company, 1978) y tercera edición, tres tomos (Terrytown, NY: Triumph Books, 1991); la octava edición se publicó en 20019 por Gale-Cengage Learning in Farmington Hills, Michigan, EUA. En lugar de usar la terminología y los conceptos tradicionales definidos por Ernst Troeltsch, en The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches (La Enseñanza Social de las Iglesias Cristianas), y sus discípulos que tiene su base en la dicotomía "Iglesia-secta" (véase los escritos de Weber, Wach, Becker, Yinger, Friedmann y otros de la misma tradición), hemos optado por seguir a Melton y una nueva tradición en la sociología de la religión que pone más énfasis en la naturaleza y el desarrollo de los grupos religiosos primarios. Los padrinos de esta nueva tradición son McComas, Clark, Wilson, Kopytoff, Piepkorn y Melton, con referencia especial al contexto religioso norteamericano. For reference, see the following documents: http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/cstheory.htm - http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Troeltsch.htm
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