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The Origins and Application of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Origins and Application of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. — Preamble to the Constitution of the United States of America This preamble sets forth goals for the United States. But when? After adoption of the Constitution, nearly 100 years passed before emancipation, and that involved a civil war. It was more than two generations after that before women were allowed to vote. Our history is replete with discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. Historically, many societies have survived with homogeneity of race, ethnicity, or religion, but never with homogeneity of gender. Because of this one might expect gender based discrimination to be among the first to fall in a democratic society, rather than one of the last. And yet, the 200 year history of our high court boasts of only two female justices. Only a small percentage of the Congress are female and there has never been a female president or vice- president. England has had its Margaret Thatcher, Israel its Golda Meir, and India its Indra Ghandi. The American Democracy has certainly missed the opportunity to lead the world in gender equality in leadership, and without that how can we expect to see gender equality in society? There will never be complete equality until women themselves help to make the laws and elect lawmakers. -
Brownell-Herbert-Papers.Pdf
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS BROWNELL, HERBERT JR.: Papers, 1877-1988 Accessions 88-12 and 89-11 The papers of Herbert Brownell were deposited in the Eisenhower Library by Mr. Brownell in 1988 and 1989. Linear feet of shelf space occupied: 114 Approximate number of pages: 222,000 Approximate number of items: 100,000 An instrument of gift for these papers was signed by Mr. Brownell in June 1988. Literary rights in the unpublished writings of Mr. Brownell in this collection and in all other collections of papers received by the United States have been donated to the public. Under terms of the instrument of gift the following classes of documents are withheld from research use: 1. Papers which constitute an invasion of personal privacy or a libel of a living person. 2. Papers which are required to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and are properly classified. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE Herbert Brownell, lawyer, politician, and Attorney General of the United States, was born in Nebraska in 1904 of New England ancestry. His father, Herbert Brownell Sr., was a college professor who taught science education at the University of Nebraska for many years. His older brother Samuel also became a teacher and served as Commissioner of Education during the Eisenhower administration. Their mother, May Miller Brownell, was the daughter of a minister in upstate New York. Her uncle William Miller served as Attorney General during the Benjamin Harrison administration. After majoring in journalism at the University of Nebraska Brownell received a scholarship to Yale Law School. -
ELECTION SHOWS NO MAJOR TREND Duffy of Connecticut
Hartke holds slim edge Two of the contests that are vote margin. With 80% of the In the 3rd district of Inc.ia ta of special interest to the Notre vote reported, Vance Hartke had which includes South Bend, Dame campus are the Senatorial received 772,000 votes to John Brademas won an easy vic election between Vance Hartke Roudebushes 768,000 votes. tory over Donald Newman. and Richard Roudebush and the None of the networks had Brademas was projected to win Congressional race between John projected a winner at this lime by approximately 20,000 votes. Brademas and Donald Newman. and all of them believed that the This area is traditionally demo cratic and the Brademas victory Indiana is the scene of one of winner could not be declared un was expected. the closest of the Senate races. til the early morning. In it, Democratic incumbent Evidently the candidates lelt The Democrats swept all of Vance Hartke is battling Rep the same way Hirtke went to St. Joseph County. Among the resentative Richard Roudebush. bed at 1 a.m. and will not make casualties was former Notre The vote promises to go down to a statement until morning. Dame security chief Elmer Sokol the wire. Roudebush announced that he who was defeated in his bid for At 2 a.m. the two candidates re-election to the office of Coun will have nothing to say until the Sucessfully re-elected Congressman John Brademas were separated by only a 4000 morning. ty Sheriff. Vol. V., No. 40 THE Serving the Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College CommunityOBSERWednesday, November 4, 1970 ELECTION SHOWS NO MAJOR TREND Duffy of Connecticut. -
How Sex Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism As a Maker of Public Policy
Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality Volume 9 Issue 2 Article 1 June 1991 How Sex Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy Jo Freeman Follow this and additional works at: https://lawandinequality.org/ Recommended Citation Jo Freeman, How Sex Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy, 9(2) LAW & INEQ. 163 (1991). Available at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol9/iss2/1 Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality is published by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. How "Sex" Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy Jo Freeman* The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a milestone of federal legis- lation. Like much major legislation, it had "incubated" for decades but was birthed in turmoil. On June 19, 1963, after the civil rights movement of the fifties and early sixties had focused national at- tention on racial injustice, President John F. Kennedy sent a draft omnibus civil rights bill to the Congress.' On February 8, 1964, while the bill was being debated on the House floor, Rep. Howard W. Smith of Virginia, Chairman of the Rules Committee and staunch opponent of all civil rights legislation, rose up and offered a one-word amendment to Title VII, which prohibited employment discrimination. He proposed to add "sex" to the bill in order "to prevent discrimination against another minority group, the women . "2 This stimulated several hours of humorous debate, later en- shrined as "Ladies Day in the House," 3 before the amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. -
Appendix File 1958 Post-Election Study (1958.T)
app1958.txt Version 01 Codebook ------------------- CODEBOOK APPENDIX FILE 1958 POST-ELECTION STUDY (1958.T) >> 1958 CONGRESSIONAL CANDIDATE CODE, POSITIVE REFERENCES CODED REFERENCES TO OPPONENT ONLY IN REASONS FOR VOTE. ELSEWHERE CODED REFERENCES TO OPPONENT IN OPPONENT'S CODE. CANDIDATE 00. GOOD MAN, WELL QUALIFIED FOR THE JOB. WOULD MAKE A GOOD CONGRESSMAN. R HAS HEARD GOOD THINGS ABOUT HIM. CAPABLE, HAS ABILITY 01. CANDIDATE'S RECORD AND EXPERIENCE IN POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AS CONGRESSMAN. HAS DONE GOOD JOB, LONG SERVICE IN PUBLIC OFFICE 02. CANDIDATE'S RECORD AND EXPERIENCE OTHER THAN POLITICS OR PUBLIC OFFICE OR NA WHETHER POLITICAL 03. PERSONAL ABILITY AND ATTRIBUTES. A LEADER, DECISIVE, HARD-WORKING, INTELLIGENT, EDUCATED, ENERGETIC 04. PERSONAL ABILITY AND ATTRIBUTES. HUMBLE, SINCERE, RELIGIOUS 05. PERSONAL ABILITY AND ATTRIBUTES. MAN OF INTEGRITY. HONEST. STANDS UP FOR WHAT HE BELIEVES IN. PUBLIC SPIRITED. CONSCIENTIOUS. FAIR. INDEPENDENT, HAS PRINCIPLES 06. PERSONAL ATTRACTIVENESS. LIKE HIM AS A PERSON, LIKABLE, GOOD PERSONALITY, FRIENDLY, WARM 07. PERSONAL ATTRACTIVENESS. COMES FROM A GOOD FAMILY. LIKE HIS FAMILY, WIFE. GOOD HOME LIFE 08. AGE, NOT TOO OLD, NOT TOO YOUNG, YOUNG, OLD 09. OTHER THE MAN, THE PARTY, OR THE DISTRICT 10. CANDIDATE'S PARTY AFFILIATION. HE IS A (DEM) (REP) 11. I ALWAYS VOTE A STRAIGHT TICKET. TO SUPPORT MY PARTY 12. HE'S DIFFERENT FROM (BETTER THAN) MOST (D'S) (R'S) 13. GOOD CAMPAIGN. GOOD SPEAKER. LIKED HIS CAMPAIGN, Page 1 app1958.txt CLEAN, HONEST. VOTE-GETTER 14. HE LISTENS TO THE PEOPLE BACK HOME. HE DOES (WILL DO) WHAT THE PEOPLE WANT 15. HE MIXES WITH THE COMMON PEOPLE. -
Fair Employment, Voting Rights, and Racial Violence (Including Introduction) Timothy N
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass History Publications Dept. of History 2013 Fair Employment, Voting Rights, and Racial Violence (including Introduction) Timothy N. Thurber Virginia Commonwealth University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs Part of the United States History Commons Copyright © 2013 by the University Press of Kansas Recommended Citation Thurber, Timothy N. "Fair Employment, Voting Rights, and Racial Violence (including Introduction)" In Republicans and race: the GOP's frayed relationship with African Americans, 1945-1974. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013, Available from VCU Scholars Compass, http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/8. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Dept. of History at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Publications by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Republicans and Race The GOP's Frayed Relationship with African Americans, 1945-1974 Timothy N. Thurber o UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KANSAS VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY JK- ~35G .-\ ~B © 2013 by the University Press of Kansas ~O{3 All rights reserved Published by the University Press of Kansas (Lawrence, Kansas 66045), which was organized by the Kansas Board of Regents and is operated and funded by Emporia State University, Fort Hays State University, Kansas State University, Pittsburg State University, the University of Kansas, and Wichita State University. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thurber, Timothy Nels. Republicans and race: the GOP's frayed relationship with African Americans, 1945-1974/ Timothy N . Thurber. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. -
Post-Presidential Papers, 1961-69 1964 PRINCIPAL FILE Series
EISENHOWER, DWIGHT D.: Post-Presidential Papers, 1961-69 1964 PRINCIPAL FILE Series Description The 1964 Principal File, which was the main office file for Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Gettysburg Office, is divided into two subseries--a subject file and an alphabetical file. The subject subseries consists of a little over twenty-three boxes of material, and it is arranged alphabetically by subject. This subseries contains such categories as appointments, autographs, endorsements, gifts, invitations, memberships, memoranda, messages, political affairs, publications, statements, and trips. Invitations generated the greatest volume of correspondence, followed by appointments, messages, and gifts. Documentation in this subseries includes correspondence, schedules, agendas, articles, memoranda, transcripts of interviews, and reports. The alphabetical subseries, which has a little over thirty-four boxes, is arranged alphabetically by names of individuals and organizations. It is primarily a correspondence file, but it also contains printed materials, speeches, cross-reference sheets, interview transcripts, statements, clippings, and photographs. During 1964 Eisenhower was receiving correspondence from the public at the rate of over fifty thousand letters a year. This placed considerable strain on Eisenhower and his small office staff, and many requests for appointments, autographs, speeches, endorsements, and special messages met with a negative response. Although the great bulk of the correspondence in this series involves routine matters, there are considerable letters and memoranda which deal with national and international issues, events, and personalities. Some of the subjects discussed in Eisenhower’s correspondence include the 1964 presidential race, NATO, the U.S. space program, the U. S. economy, presidential inability and succession, defense policies, civil rights legislation, political extremists, and Cuba. -
WHORM Subject File Code: HO001 Case File Number(S): 028260
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections. WHORM Subject File Code: HO001 Case File Number(s): 028260 To see more digitized collections visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected] Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/ ~ 028260 .a I WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENCE TRACKING WORKSHEET 0 0 • OUTGOING 0 H • INTERNAL 0'°"1 • INCOMING - Date Correspondence 01/ oG:i I /.' 1 Received (VY/MM/DD) ~U~~-~-~~~- Name of Correspondent: ~ ff. iJl,./__~~ ~ Ml Mail Report User Codes: (A) (B) (C) ____ Subject: ~~ d~n~·u /--~JV Z2~Ld~ 1 11 &-v4 t {µ-1R ), J?r1. ROUTE TO: ACTION DISPOSITION Tracking Type Completion Action Date of Date Office/Agency (Staff Name) Code YY/MM/DD Response Code YY/MM/DD ORIGINATOR Referral Note: ----- Referral Note: Referral Note: Referral Note: ACTION CODES: DISPOSITION CODES: A - Appropriate Action I - Info Copy Only/No Action Necessary A - Answered C - Completed C - Comment/Recommendation R - Direct Reply w/Copy B - Non-Special Referral S - Suspended D - Draft Response S - For Signature F - Furnish Fact Sheet X - Interim Reply to be used as Enclosure FOR OUTGOING CORRESPONDENCE: Type of Response = Initials of Signer Code = "A" Completion Date = Date of Outgoing Keep this worksheet attached to the original incoming letter. Send all routing updates to Central Reference (Room 75, OEOB). Always return completed correspondence record to Central Files. -
June 16-30, 1969
RICHARD NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL RECORD DOCUMENT DOCUMENT SUBJECT/TITLE OR CORRESPONDENTS DATE RESTRICTION NUMBER TYPE 1 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 6/27/1969 A Appendix “A” 2 List St. Lawrence Seaway and Power 6/27/1969 A Development Seating, p. 2 – Appendix “C” 3 Manifest Helicopter Passenger Manifest – 6/27/1969 A Appendix “D” COLLECTION TITLE BOX NUMBER WHCF: SMOF: Office of Presidential Papers and Archives RC-3 FOLDER TITLE President Richard Nixon’s Daily Diary June 16, 1969 – June 30, 1969 PRMPA RESTRICTION CODES: A. Release would violate a Federal statute or Agency Policy. E. Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or B. National security classified information. financial information. C. Pending or approved claim that release would violate an individual’s F. Release would disclose investigatory information compiled for law rights. enforcement purposes. D. Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy G. Withdrawn and return private and personal material. or a libel of a living person. H. Withdrawn and returned non-historical material. DEED OF GIFT RESTRICTION CODES: D-DOG Personal privacy under deed of gift -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION *U.S. GPO; 1989-235-084/00024 NA 14021 (4-85) THE WHITE HOUSE PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON'S DAILY DIARY (See Travel Record for Travel Activity) PJ.ACE DAY BEGAi"l DATE (Mo., Day, Yr.) JUNE 16, 1969 TIME DA~ rrg F. W H ... f-lOTTSE - WashinQ'ton D. C 8:30 am MONDAY PHONE TIME P=placed R=Received ACTIVITY In Out Lo LD 8 :30 The President went to his office. -
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
, THE MISSISSIPPI· FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY Background InformaUon for SUppoMlve CampaIgns by Campus Groups repal"ed by STEV E MAX PolItical Education Project, Room 3091' 119 FIfth Ave., N .. Y.C. Associated with Students for a Democrattc Society THE MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY: BACKGROUND AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS by STEVE llJAX The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was founded April 26, 1964 in order to create an opportunity for meaningful political expres sion for the 438,000 adult Negro Mississippians who traditionally have been denied this right. In addition to being a political instrument, the FDP provides a focus for the coordination of civil rights activity in the state and around the country. Although its memters do not necessarily think in these -terms, the MFDP is the organization above all others whose work is most directly forcing a realignment within the Democratic Party. All individuals and organizations who understand that ' when the Negro is not free, then all are in chains; who realize that the present system of discrimi nation precludes the abolition of poverty, and who have an interest in the destruction of the Dixiecrat-Republican alliance and the purging of the racists from the Democratic Party are potential allies of the MFDP. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Mississippi Democratic Party runs the state of MisSissippi .with an iron hand. It controls the legislative, executive and judicial be nches of the state government. Prior to the November, 1964 elec tion all 49 state 3enators and all but one of the 122 Representa tives were Democrats. Mississippi sent four Democrats and one Goldwater Republican to Congress last November. -
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions of Remarks E 133 HON
January 19, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð Extensions of Remarks E 133 United States. Participants are expected to as- and gas income is shared under the terms of States as a whole. This is a critical problem in sist in planning topical meetings in Washing- ANCSA section 7(i). my home county of El Paso. The rate of ton, and are encouraged to host one or two Mr. Speaker, a version of this bill has been amebiasis, a parasitic infestation, is three staff people in their Member's district over the considered and passed the House in 1992. times higher along the border than in the rest Fourth of July, or to arrange for such a visit to Another version was approved by the Senate of the United States and the rate of another Member's district. Energy and Natural Resources Committee in shigellosis, a bacterial infection, is two times Participants will be selected by a committee 1994. But we have never been able to get the higher. These diseases don't check with immi- composed of U.S. Information Agency [USIA] bill all the way through the process. I hope to gration or customs inspectors for either coun- personnel and past participants of the ex- change that this year. try before crossing borders, nor do they re- change. I have made a few changes in the bill which main at the border. Once these diseases are Senators and Representatives who would I am introducing today. The major change is to in the United States they become a public like a member of their staff to apply for partici- delete the wilderness designations which have health problem for the entire country. -
Ford Congressional Papers: Films/Video, 1946-1973
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum 1000 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2114 www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov Gerald R. Ford Congressional Papers: Films/Video, 1946-1973 Series Descriptions Videotape, 1972 (30 minutes) The series consists of one 3/4" video cassette. The tape is a compilation of four separate programs originally recorded in 1972 on 2" tape. The House of Representatives film office produced three of the programs while the fourth came from WKZO-TV, Kalamazoo, Michigan. The programs are arranged chronologically with the exception of the last, which is undated. Motion Picture Films, 1946-1972 (196 reels) The series contains 196 reels of 16mm film, comprising nearly 55,000 feet. The majority are black and white with sound. Only 19 reels (8,300 feet) are in color. The films include Ford's reports to constituents, some of his campaign commercials, and documentaries relating to Space and Military programs. Among the subjects covered in Ford's "Reports from Washington" are discussions on legislation to alter the Social Security Act, create a G.I. Bill for Korean War veterans, provide appropriations for the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway, and revise the Internal Revenue Code. Other titles deal with the Korean War, Chinese Communist aggression in Southeast Asia, U.S. intervention in Cuba, the efforts of the Justice Department and the Immigration and Naturalization Service to remove subversives from the United States, and Defense Appropriations. The documentaries include subjects such as "Operation Ivy," the first above ground test of the hydrogen bomb; "Countdown to Polaris," and several NASA films on the Gemini and Apollo Space Programs.