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Providing Village-Level Energy Services in Developing Countries

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Providing Village-Level Energy Services in Developing Countries Providing village-level energy services in developing countries Meghan Bailey, Justin Henriques, John Holmes and Ruchi Jain Technical Report 1 October 2012 Key words: Off-grid energy, rural development, renewable energy Smart Villages We aim to provide policy makers, donors and development agencies concerned with rural energy access with new insights on the real barriers to energy access in villages in developing countries - technological, financial and political - and how they can be overcome. We are have chosen to focusing on remote off-grid villages, where local solutions (home- or institution-based systems, and mini-grids) are both more realistic and cheaper than national grid extension. Our concern is to ensure that energy access results in development and the creation of ‘smart villages’ in which many of the benefits of life in modern societies are available to rural communities. www.e4sv.org | [email protected] | @e4SmartVillages CMEDT – Smart Villages Initiative, c/o Trinity College, Cambridge, CB2 1TQ Publishing © Smart Villages 2016 The Smart Villages initiative is being funded by the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust (CMEDT) and through a grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust or the Templeton World Charity Foundation. This publication may be reproduced in part or in full for educational or other non-commercial purposes. PROVIDING VILLAGE-LEVEL ENERGY SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CONTENTS Table of Contents 3 Executive Summary 7 Chapter 1: Study aims and motivation 9 1.1 Study aims 9 1.2 Motivation for the Study 9 1.3 Conduct of the study 10 1.4 Report overview 11 1.5 References for Chapter 1 11 Chapter 2: Overview of present situation 12 2.1 The current position 12 2.1.1 Public Health 12 2.1.2 Local and National Development 12 2.1.3 Education 13 2.1.4 Inequalities 13 2.1.5 Environmental 14 2.2 Rapid urbanization 14 2.3 Using distributed energy for energy provision 16 Chapter 3: Survey of Technologies, Research Institutions, Financing Mechanisms and Models for Technology Transfer 18 3.1 Survey of Technologies 18 3.1.1 Energy production technologies 18 3.1.2 Key energy using technologies 22 3.2 Research and related institutions 23 3.3 Models for Knowledge & Technology Transfer 24 3.3.1 Social Businesses 24 3.3.2 Community Credit Systems 25 3.3.3 Opportunities to change international aid policy 25 -3- e4sv.org PROVIDING VILLAGE-LEVEL ENERGY SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 3.4 Risks to intervention failure 25 3.4.1 Supply chains considerations 26 3.4.2 Economic and financial considerations 26 3.4.3 Human resource considerations 26 3.4.4 Institutional considerations 27 3.4.5 Environmental and natural resource considerations 27 3.4.6 Socio-cultural considerations 27 3.5 References for Chapters 2–3 28 Chapter 4: Case studies from India 30 4.1 Introduction: Overview of India’s energy landscape 30 4.1.1 Overview of rural electrification policy in India 34 4.1.2 Decentralized power generation in India: 36 4.1.3 Grid versus off-grid 37 4.1.4 Case studies introduction 39 4.2 Biomass Energy 39 4.2.1 Introduction 39 4.2.2 Decentralized power based on biomass gasifiers 40 4.2.3 Improved cook stoves 41 4.2.4 Biogas energy 42 4.2.5 Introduction to biomass energy case studies 42 4.2.6 Case Study 1: Husk Power Systems 43 4.2.7 Case Study 2: DESI Power 45 4.2.8 Case Study 3: Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI) 49 4.3 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) 55 4.3.1 Introduction 55 4.3.2 Energy policy for PV 56 4.3.3 Case Study 4: Selco Solar (The Solar Electric Light Company) 57 4.3.4 Case Study 5: Barefoot College 62 4.3.5 Case Study 6: Mera Gao (My Village) 64 4.3.6 Case Study 7: ONergy, (Punam Energy Pvt.Ltd) 68 4.3.7 Case Study 8: Pragati Pratisthan 70 4.3.8 Case Study 9: TATA BP SOLAR 74 4.3.9 Case Study 10: Simpa Networks 76 e4sv.org -4- PROVIDING VILLAGE-LEVEL ENERGY SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 4.4 Hydro power 77 4.4.1 Overview of Small Hydro & Watermill Hydro in India 77 4.4.2 Case Study 11: Prakruti Hydro laboratories 80 4.5 Wind power: Case study 12 83 4.6 Cross-cutting Study: SPEED: Case Study 13 85 4.7 Conclusions and recommendations from case studies 86 4.8 References for Chapter 4 91 4.9 Interviewee List: 94 Chapter 5: Case studies from Tanzania & Ghana 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.1.1 Traditional Biomass Consumption 96 5.1.2 Energy and water security 96 5.1.3 Scale of energy service delivery: households vs. communities 97 5.1.4 Energy Research Capacity Building 98 5.1.5 Case study Countries 99 5.2 Ghana: Overview 100 5.3 Tanzania: Overview 101 5.4 Case Studies 102 5.4.1 Case study 1: Tanzania: Microbial Fuel Cells 102 5.4.2 Case study 2: Tanzania: Biogas 105 5.4.3 Case study 3: Tanzania: Battery powered ‘portable grid’ 107 5.4.4 Case study 4: Ghana & Tanzania: Solar Powered LED Lamps 109 5.4.5 Case study 5: Tanzania: Home Solar Systems 112 5.4.6 Case study 6: Ghana: Improved Cook Stoves 113 5.4.7 Case study 7: Select African Countries: Pay-as-you-go Solar Systems 116 5.5 Conclusions from case studies 118 5.6 References for Chapter 5 119 Chapter 6: Comparative analysis and discussion 121 6.1 Emerging approaches: Social businesses 121 6.2 Promising technologies 121 6.3 Synergistic opportunities 122 -5- e4sv.org PROVIDING VILLAGE-LEVEL ENERGY SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 6.4 Recurrent barriers to success 123 6.5 Further developments needed 124 6.6 Scaling up: Expanding from pilots to larger implementation 125 6.7 What are the similarities and differences between the three countries, and why? 125 Chapter 7: Recommendations for Phase 2 126 Annex 1: Study team short biographies 129 Annex 2: Energy and Climate Change Resilience (Meghan Bailey) 131 Annex 3: Indicative costs for energy technologies for village applications 133 Annex 4: Funding Schemes 134 e4sv.org -6- PROVIDING VILLAGE-LEVEL ENERGY SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A scoping study has been undertaken of the pro- sociated with the provision of sustainable energy vision of village-level energy services in India, services to these populations, who are largely Tanzania and Ghana, three Commonwealth coun- situated in rural villages, including an evaluation tries. The study has been funded by the Malaysian of appropriate energy technologies and a review Commonwealth Studies Centre and has arisen of the opportunities arising from access to energy, from discussions during 2011 between Malaysian not least to transform educational opportunities. Commonwealth Studies Centre and the European For each of the focal countries – India, Tanza- Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC). nia and Ghana – the current energy landscape Its aims have been to: is reviewed and the issues arising from village energy provision are explored through series of • evaluate the potential of candidate tech- case studies. nologies to meet the needs of rural com- munities in developing countries; A general conclusion from this scoping study is that while there are both Government-led and • review the social, economic, and policy/ NGO initiatives, village energy provision needs to regulatory factors influencing the uptake be higher up Governments’ agendas, which tend and implementation of alternative tech- otherwise tend to take a more centralised view, nologies; emphasising large-scale electricity generation and grid extension. Such approaches prioritise • identify the distinctive contribution of urban populations and often offer rural popula- a potential EASAC study in relation to tions little immediate prospect of reliable access other initiatives in the focus countries; to electricity. and with a view to a second phase study The case studies identify photovoltaic cells and • design workshops to be held in the focus biomass-based technologies as key options, but countries to inform, and bring together, small scale hydro and wind generators can also key stakeholders, and identify who those play a role according to local circumstances. stakeholders are. Choosing the most appropriate technology is only one of the necessary ingredients for successful ru- This scoping study report will inform a decision ral energy service provision. Indeed, institutional on a second phase study, which would be under- capacity, availability of an adequately trained taken by EASAC in collaboration with the relevant and technically proficient human resource, and national Academies, to inform key stakeholders the social context are often more important to in the focus countries on appropriate technolo- the sustainability of an energy service than the gies and the conditions necessary for their devel- technology selected. A consistent message is the opment and implementation, bring stakehold- effectiveness of social business (or social enter- ers together in those countries to stimulate the prises) as a model for knowledge transfer and establishment of appropriate development and development. A social business can be profit or implementation initiatives, and advise Europe- non-profit; it combines business methods and an policy makers concerned with international strategies to achieve philanthropic outcomes. development on the associated scientific and policy issues to inform development of EU policy. There are also opportunities emerging through the parallel development of technologies and The study’s concern is the 1.3-1.6 billion people initiatives which rely on a supply of sustainable in the world without access to electricity, and the electricity.
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