JDRAS

10.5005/jp-journals-10059-0051 REVIEW ARTICLE

Review on Ethnomedicinal Claims, Pharmacological Activity, and Phytochemical Constituents of Samarakhadyam (Byttneria herbacea Roxb.) 1Tarun Sharma, 2Rabinarayan Acharya

ABSTRACT basis of herbal medicine systems, which have been used for thousands of years. Use of for various health Background: Byttneria herbacea Roxb., family , a branched herb with perennial woody rootstock, known as Samara- purposes have been reported through ethnobotany, khadyam, is available in India. It has been provided with copious ethnomedicine, and ethnopharmacological survey therapeutic claims in Indian traditional medical systems as some of studies. One species of the Byttneria of the family them are well-documented as “ethnomedicinal uses”. Single hand- Malvaceae viz. B. herbacea Roxb., considered as the compiled data on its ethnomedicinal uses are scarcely available. botanical source of Samarakhadyam, has been provided Materials and methods: In the present review, an attempt with copious therapeutic claims in Indian traditional has been made to congregate all available data from available medical systems, especially for its ethnomedicinal and 9 books and published 24 research articles. economical uses.1 Result: It is found that there are almost 65 tribes in and around The genus Byttneria was first described by Hooker2 India who use either the whole of B. herbacea Roxb. or its and brought to light the information and a critical look different parts (leaves, roots, seeds, and stems) in 32 different in the Indian subcontinent. There are nine species of disease conditions. Among these, maximum are indicated in the treatment of wounds, sprains, cuts, boils, cholera, Byttneria reported in the Indian subcontinent. B. herbacea leucorrhoea, etc., through internal and external applications. occurring in the Western Peninsula; not common in The phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence Karnataka, Odisha, and Konkan while B. crenulata and of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, phenols, B. aspera reported in Nepal; B. jackiana from Penang; and flavonoids. B. herbacea Roxb. showed a broad range of B. elliptica, B. uncinata, and B. maingayi from Malaka; pharmacological actions, such as antioxidant, anti-edemogenic, B. andamanensis from Andaman Islands; and B. pilosa anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, and antitubercular activities. from Eastern Bengal including Burma and Chittagong in Conclusion: Easy availability of B. herbacea Roxb., with single Bangladesh.2 In India, the genus is represented by four hand information on its potential ethnomedicinal uses, may lead species viz. B. pilosa, B. aspera, B. herbacea, and B. anda- to new research on this plant. manensis2 and is mainly distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Keywords: Byttneria, Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicinal, Folklore, Assam, Karnataka, Nagaland, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Samarakhadyam. Pradesh, and West Bengal.3,4 How to cite this article: Sharma T, Acharya R. Review B. herbacea Roxb. is a branched herb with a perennial on Ethnomedicinal Claims, Pharmacological Activity, and woody rootstock. Its leaves are distant, ovate-lanceolate, Phytochemical Constituents of Samarakhadyam (Byttneria acuminate, toothed, paler beneath, 2.5 to 6 cm long, base herbacea Roxb.). J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci 2018;3(3):173-180. cordate or rounded, 3 to 5 nerved, petiole 4 mm long, and Source of support: Nil stipules linear, equaling the petiole (Fig. 1). The flowering 5 Conflict of interest: None and fruiting time is June to November. Its flowers are small, purplish, and in axillary cymes. Sepals are linear- INTRODUCTION lanceolate and reflexed. Petals are with long slender tips and 2-fid appendages. Fertile filaments are very short Plants have been an indispensable part of the health of and staminodes are ovate and capsule is softly spiny and mankind since time immemorial and have formed the 6 mm in diameter6 (Fig. 2). 1PhD Scholar, 2Professor and Head Due to its easy availability, the plant has been a part

1,2 of traditional use for healthcare purposes. India has more Department of Dravyaguna, Institute for Postgraduate 7 Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, than 300 tribal communities. Many claims have been Jamnagar, Gujarat, India reported during surveys in the tribal regions of various Corresponding Author: Tarun Sharma, PhD Scholar, Department states of India. Single-hand information about the ethno- of Dravyaguna, Institute for Postgraduate Teaching and Research medicinal uses of the species B. herbacea, is still lacking. in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, Hence, in the present article, an attempt has been made Phone: +91 9887701733, e-mail: [email protected] to collect the ethnomedicinal uses from ethnobotanical

Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, July-September 2018;3(3):173-180 173 Tarun Sharma, Rabinarayan Acharya

Maharashtra), North India (Bihar), South India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu), and Central India (Madhya Pradesh) (Table 1). This shows the wide availability and use of this plant throughout India. In the neighboring countries of India like Bangladesh, Malaka, Nepal, and Burma, Byttneria species has also been reported.2

Tribes The present review reports about the use of B. herbacea by 65 tribes to combat various disease conditions. These are as follows: in East India (Odia tribes of Bolangir, Odisha; Chamar, Dom, Ganda, Ghasi, Dhoba, Mahar, Panik, Bhunja, Kandha, Gand, Banjara, Sabar, Bhottada, and Dal tribes of the Kalahandi district of Odisha; Bonda, Koya, Poraja, and Fig. 1: B. herbacea Roxb. plant Didayi tribes of the Malkangiri district of Odisha; tribes of Baliguda sub division, Phulbani, Odisha; Oraon, Munda, Kisan, Gond, Bhuiya, Paudi Bhuiya, Kolho, Khadia, Shabar, Binjhal, and Kandho tribes of the Deogarh district, Odisha; Santhal, Bhumija, Munda, Oraon, Birhor, Mal Paharia, Kharia, Kharwar, and Gond tribes of the Purulia district, West Bengal; Birhor tribes of Jharkhand), in West India (Rabari, Koli, Bhil, and Jat tribes of the Dhinodhar hill, Kachchh region of Gujarat), in North India (Santhali tribes of Bihar), in South India (Mannedora, Kondadora, Jatapu, and Savara tribes of Kotia hills, Andhra Pradesh; Chenchu and Nakkala tribes of Japali Hanuman Theertham, Tirumala hills, Andhra Pradesh; Gond, Koya, Konda, Reddi, Kolam, Naikpod, Pardhan, Thoti, Mannewar, Dadve, Gowari, and Raj Koya tribes of Northern Telangana; Koya tribes of Fig. 2: B. herbacea Roxb. in its natural habitat Nalgonda and Warangal districts of Telangana), and in and ethnomedicinal books, research journals, and survey Central India (Baiga, Gond, Bharia, Oraon, Kol, Korku, study reports. Muria, Kunwar, and Uikey tribes of the Achanakmar- Amarkantak biosphere reserve, Madhya Pradesh) (Table 1). MATERIALS AND METHODS Local Names Information reported about the ethnobotanical, ethnome- Details of the local names attributed to B. herbacea dicinal, and ethnopharmacological uses of B. herbacea Roxb. have been presented in Table 1. The plant is known by from available 9 books on ethnobotany and published 24 Adaaubol and Dekusindoor by the tribes of Odisha, ethnomedicinal research articles has been compiled from Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madras; Bir-sindur and Sarka- various web based search engines during July 2017 to March pired by the tribes of Sikkim, Bengal, and Bihar; Kambraj 2018. The obtained data are arranged in a tabular form, and Deku sindur by the tribes of Bihar, Jharkhand, and with regard to various local names, names of the tribes Gujarat; Samarkhoi, Samarkhai, Sambarkai, and Samar and their area of reporting, the mode of administration, kayee by the tribes of Odisha; Hanju, Vagdaubalbuvaro, i.e., whether external or internal including the dosage form and Pordhol by the tribes of Gujarat; Idelsanga by the and the major indicated disease conditions, and lastly the tribes of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka; Yerra katla teega by textual references. the tribes of Karnataka; Magasirigadda, Eraa teega, and Rudraksh by the tribes of Andhra Pradesh; and Kamraj RESULTS AND DISCUSSION by the tribes of Madhya Pradesh. Area of Reporting It is observed that B. herbacea is being used as medicine Parts Used across 12 states of India viz. East India (Odisha, West It is observed that, though it is a small herb, the plant as Bengal, Sikkim, and Jharkhand), West India (Gujarat and a whole or almost all individual parts of B. herbacea are 174 JDRAS

Review on Ethnomedicinal Claims, Pharmacological Activity, and Phytochemical Constituents of Samarakhadyam

Table 1: Ethnomedicinal claims of roots, leaves, stems, seeds, and the whole plant of B. herbacea Roxb. Dosage form: external application (E); internal Therapeutic S. No. Local names Tribes/areas administration (I) claims/uses References 1 — — Root powder with honey (I) Tuberculosis 8 2 Samarkhai Niyamagiri hill, Kalahandi, Root paste (I) Body pain 1 and 8 Odisha 3 Pordhol, Deku Santali Root Gynecological 6 and 9 sindur disorders 4 Adaaubol, Gujarat, Santhali Leaf Cholera and 10 Dekusindoor diarrhea 5 Adaaubol, Odisha, Madras state, N. Root stock is ground and then Swelling of legs 6, 9 and 10 Dekusindoor circars, Deccan, Bombay, and rubbed (E); leaf paste Konkan; Gujarat, Santhali rubbed (E) 6 Bir-sindur, Sikkim, Bengal, Bihar, and Root Boils, Stomach 11 Sambarkhai, Odisha discomfort, and Sarkapired veterinary medicine 7 Bir-sindur, Sikkim, Bengal, and Odisha Whole plant Dysentery 11 Sambarkhai, Sarkapired 8 Kambraj Peninsular India from Gujarat Root Spermatorrhea, 12 southwards to Tamil Nadu sprain, aphrodisiac, and Bihar and loss of libido and health tonic 9 Kambraj Peninsular India from Gujarat Whole plant Diarrhea, lacta- 12 southwards to Tamil Nadu tion complaints, and Bihar amenorrhea, and induction of lochia 10 Kambraj Peninsular India from Gujarat Seed (I) Laxative 12 southwards to Tamil Nadu and Bihar 11 Kambraj; Peninsular India from Gujarat Root Fractures and 11 and 12 Bir-sindur, southwards to Tamil Nadu and dislocations Sambarkhai, Bihar, Sikkim, Bengal, and Sarkapired Odisha 12 Kambraj; Peninsular India from Gujarat Whole plant Sores, cuts, 11 and 12 Bir-sindur, southwards to Tamil Nadu and wounds, syphilis, Sambarkhai, Bihar, Sikkim, Bengal, and cholera, cough, Sarkapired Odisha and menorrhagia 13 Kambraj; Peninsular India from Gujarat Stem Swelling and 11 and 12 Bir-sindur, southwards to Tamil Nadu and fractures Sambarkhai, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Sarkapired Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh 14 Kambraj, Peninsular India from Gujarat Root Gynecological 3 and 12 Idelsanga, southwards to Tamil Nadu disorders Deku sindur and Bihar 15 Kambraj, Bangalore, Hassan, Kolar, Pulverized rootstock, root Cholera 3, 6, 12 Idelsanga, Mysore, Tumkur and South combined with Bael fruit, hesel and 13 Deku sindur India, Bihar, Odisha, Madras gum, and Banyan root (I) state, N. circars, Deccan, Bombay, and Konkan 16 Kambraj, Karnataka, Odisha, Madras Pulverized rootstock Diarrhea 3, 6, 12 Idelsanga, state, N. circars, Deccan, and 13 Deku sindur Bombay and Konkan, Bihar 17 Yerra katla Northern Telangana, Karnata- Rootstock is ground and then Swelling 3, 13 and teega; Kambraj, ka, and Peninsular India from rubbed (E) 14 Idelsanga, Gujarat southwards to Deku sindur Tamil Nadu and Bihar 18 Hanju, Kachchh region of Gujarat Rootstock Swelling 15 Vagdaubal- buvaro 19 Hanju, Kachchh, Gujarat Leaf decoction (I) Expulsion of dead 15 Vagdaubal- fetus in cattles buvaro 20 Kamraj Achanakmar-Amarkantak Root powder (5 gm) mixed with Seminal 16 Biosphere, Madhya Pradesh one cup of milk and given twice weakness a day for 10 days (I) Contd...

Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, July-September 2018;3(3):173-180 175 Tarun Sharma, Rabinarayan Acharya

Contd... Dosage form: external application (E); internal Therapeutic S. No Local names Tribes/areas administration (I) claims/uses References 21 Kamraj; Achanakmar-Amarkantak Root powder (5 gm) mixed with Leucorrhea 12 and 16 Kambraj Biosphere, Madhya Pradesh; one cup of milk and given twice Peninsular India from Gujarat a day for 10 days (I) southwards to Tamil Nadu and Bihar 22 Kamraj, Deku Santhal Pargana, Bihar Whole plant paste (I) Leucorrhea 17 Sindur 23 Kamraj Birhor tribes of Jharkhand Leaf paste Leucorrhea 18 24 Kamraj, Deku Birhor tribes, Jharkhand; Root pounded and powder Swelling of legs 17 and 18 Sindur Santhal Pargana, Bihar applied (E) 25 Kamraj, Purulia, West Bengal; Sikkim; Root paste (E) Wounds 11 and 19 Idel sanga; Bihar; and Odisha Bir-sindur, Sambarkhai, Sarkapired 26 Magasirigadda Tirumala hills, Andhra Root powder (I) Diarrhea and 20 Pradesh nerve disorders 27 Rudraksh; Kotia hills of Vizianagaram Root mixed with Piper longum Asthma 21, 22 and Samarkhoi district, Andhra Pradesh; L., Piper nigrum L., and 23 Eastern Ghats of Andhra Trachyspermum ammi L. Pradesh; and Nrusinghanath, sprague in equal proportions, Bolangir, Odisha and 5 gm of this powder is given twice daily (I) 28 Samarkhoi Nrusinghanath, Bolangir, Root with Plumbago zeylanica Chest pain 23 Odisha L., bark of Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd., dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Piper nigrum L. mixed in equal proportions, and 5 gm of this powder is given twice daily (I) 29 Samarkhoi Harishankar, Bolangir, Odisha Whole plant paste (E) Sprains 23 30 Samarkhoi; Bolangir, Odisha; Sikkim; Whole plant paste (E) Fractures 11, 12 and Bir-sindur, Bengal; and Peninsular India 23 Sambarkhai, from Gujarat southwards to Sarkapired; Tamil Nadu and Bihar Kambraj 31 Samarkhai, Deogarh, Odisha Roots are pasted with water Cuts 24 Samar Kayee and applied (E) 32 Samarkhai, Deogarh, Odisha 15 gm of whole plant decoction Ulcers 24 Samar Kayee is applied twice a day for 15 days (E) 33 Samarkhai, Deogarh, Odisha Leaves and tubers (Kanda) are Edible 24 Samar Kayee cooked and eaten as vegetable (I) 34 Samarkhai, Deogarh, Odisha Tuber paste is applied exter- Bone fracture 24 Samar Kayee nally after slightly warm (E) 35 Sambarkai Baliguda, Phulbani, Odisha Root pounded and mixed with Wounds 25 roots of Holarrhena antidysen- terica (Roth) Wall. ex A. DC. (E) 36 Sambarkai Baliguda, Phulbani, Odisha Root paste (I) Flatulence and 25 acidity 37 Samarkai Malkangiri, Odisha Whole plant paste (E) Fractures of limbs 26 38 Erra teega Koya tribes of Nalgonda and Leaf (I) Dysentery and 27 Warangal, Andhra Pradesh impaction claimed, either as a single drug or along with other drugs, among them 3 are used externally and 1 internally. to have medicinal values (Table 1). Its root is used to Its leaves are used to treat seven disease conditions in treat 22 disease conditions in two dosage forms (powder two dosage forms (paste and decoction), among them and paste), among them 4 are used externally and 11 one is used externally and three internally. Its stem internally. The whole plant is used to treat 16 disease is used to treat two disease conditions. Its tubers are used conditions in two dosage forms (paste and decoction), to treat only one disease condition in the form of paste 176 JDRAS

Review on Ethnomedicinal Claims, Pharmacological Activity, and Phytochemical Constituents of Samarakhadyam through external use and its seeds are also used to treat in methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, and acetone one disease condition through internal administration. extracts of leaves and stems and in petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of roots. Phenols were present in Therapeutic Uses methanol, ethanol, and water extracts of leaves and roots and in ethanol and methanol extracts of stems. Tannins B. herbacea is reported to be used in 32 different disease were present in ethanol, methanol, and water extracts conditions (Table 1). These include tuberculosis,8 body of all samples (leaves, stems, and roots). Saponins were pain,1,8 gynecological disorders,3,6,9 cholera,3,6,10–13 boils,11 present in water extracts of leaves and roots. The outcome stomach discomfort,11 cough,11,12 syphilis,11,12 sores,11,12 of the study concludes that B. herbacea has the potential menorrhagia,11,12 spermatorrhoea,12 loss of libido,12 lacta- to act as a medicine, which can be used to improve the tion complaints,12 induction of lochia,12 amenorrhea,12 con- health status of consumers.28 stipation12, diarrhea,3,6,10,12,13 swellings,3,11,12,14,15 seminal weakness,16 leucorrhea,12,16 swelling of legs,6,9,10,17,18 Anti-edemogenic Activity wounds,11,12,19 nerve disorders,20 asthma,21–23 chest pain,23 sprain,12,17,18,23 ulcers,24 cuts,11,12,24flatulence,25 acidit y, 25 The anti-edemogenic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract fractures and dislocations,11,12,23,24,26 impaction,27 and of the roots of B. herbacea was evaluated against carra- dysentery.11,27 geenan- and histamine-induced rat paw edema, acetic Among these, major indications include wounds, acid-induced writhing, and histamine-induced vascular swellings, fractures, asthma, and leucorrhea. It is used permeability in mice. B. herbacea exhibited significant to combat eight gastrointestinal diseases (diarrhea, flatu- dose-dependent inhibition (*p < 0.05) against carra- lence, acidity, cholera, stomach discomfort, impaction, geenan- and histamine-induced rat paw edema. Similar dysentery, and constipation); six musculoskeletal disor- significant dose-dependent inhibition was also observed ders (fractures and dislocations, sprain, swelling of legs, against acetic acid-induced writhing and histamine- chest pain, body pain, and swellings); five gynecological induced vascular permeability in mice. Moreover, H1R and obstetrical problems (leucorrhea, menorrhagia, lacta- specific mRNA expression was also significantly p(* < 0.05) tion complaints, amenorrhea, and induction of lochia); suppressed by the hydroalcoholic extract of the roots of five types of skin disorders (wounds, boils, cuts, ulcers, B. herbacea.29 and sores); three male sexual disorders (spermatorrhea, seminal weakness, and loss of libido); three respiratory Anti-inflammatory Activity diseases (tuberculosis, asthma, and cough); one nervine In this study, various fractions of the B. herbacea root disorder; and one sexually transmitted disease (syphilis). extract have been compared against capillary perme- The plant is also used as veterinary medicine11,15 to treat ability, an important feature of inflammation mediated animal disorders (Table 1). by histamine and histamine receptor type I. The quanti- tative estimation of alkaloids and saponins was done for Recent Research n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions. Simulta- Phytochemical Evaluation neous comparison of the three fractions was performed by in vivo experiments like acetic acid (dye leakage)- and The qualitative phytochemical screening for the detec- histamine-induced capillary permeability followed by tion of important secondary metabolites from the leaves, development of high performance liquid chromato- stems, and roots of B. herbacea was done in different graphy (HPLC) chromatogram for the fractions. The extracts (ethanol, methanol, water, petroleum ether, results indicate n-butanol fraction with a maximum chloroform, and acetone). Alkaloids were present in the amount of alkaloid exhibiting the highest significant chloroform extract of leaves; in methanol, water, chloro- inhibition at a dose of 200 mg/kg followed by aqueous form, and acetone extracts of stems; and in methanol, and ethyl acetate fractions.30 water, and chloroform extracts of roots. Cardiac glyco- sides were present in ethanol, water, and petroleum Anti-asthmatic Activity ether extracts of leaves; in water, petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts of stems; and in ethanol, methanol, In a study, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of B. herbacea petroleum ether, chloroform, and acetone extracts of were evaluated for anti-asthmatic activity in rats by roots. Flavonoids were present in methanol, water, petro- studying its effect on mast cell stabilization and isolated leum ether, chloroform, and acetone extracts of leaves and goat tracheal chain preparation. The data from this stems and in methanol, ethanol, water, petroleum ether, study confirmed that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of and chloroform extracts of roots. Steroids were present B. herbacea roots at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt. p.o.

Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, July-September 2018;3(3):173-180 177 Tarun Sharma, Rabinarayan Acharya exhibit significant anti-asthmatic activity. Treatment REFERENCES with extracts reduced mast cell degranulation in sensi- 1. Bikram KM, Panda T, Rabindra NP. Traditional Herbal tized rats by mast cell stabilization and antagonized the Practices by the Ethnic People of Kalahandi District of Odisha, histamine-induced contraction in isolated goat tracheal India. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012:988-994. chain preparation.31 The outcome of the study concludes 2. Hooker JD, The Flora of British India. London: L. Reeve & Co. that B. herbacea, used for the treatment of bronchial 1872, Vol. 1. p.376. 3. Anonymous. The Wealth of India: A dictionary of Indian raw asthma, may be effective due to its antihistaminic and materials & industrial products, Raw Materials, Vol.-2:B. New mast cell stabilizing properties. Delhi: Publications & Information directorate, CSIR; 1988. p.49-350. Antioxidant Activity 4. Sharma BD, Sanjappa M. , Flora of India; 1993, p.426. A study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant 5. Saxena HO, Brahmam M. The Flora of Orissa, Vol. 1. activity of the aqueous extracts of leaves, stems, and Bhubaneswar: Orissa Forest Development Corporation Ltd; roots of B. herbacea by using three favorable in vitro 1994, p.174-175. test methods, i.e., nitric oxide, catalase, and superoxide 6. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants, Vol. 1. Dehradun: International book distributors; 2008, p.360-384. dismutase assays. The result indicates that B. herbacea 32 7. Kamble SY, Patil SR, Sawant PS, et al. Studies on plants used exhibits a good antioxidant activity. in traditional medicine by Bhilla tribe of Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2010;9(3):591-598. Antituberculosis Activity 8. Mani P. Plant diversity analysis in Thalaimalai hills, a part of Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. PhD thesis. Tiruchirappalli: Active fractions exhibiting antituberculosis activity from Bharathidasan University; 2009. the plant B. herbacea (family—Malvaceae) are described. 9. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal The methanol extracts of the aerial part of B. herbacea Plants. New Delhi: NISCAIR press, CSIR; 2006; p.43. exhibited activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 10. Anjaria J, Parabia M, Bhatt G, et al. A glossary of selected indig- glutamine synthetase (MtbGS) in the primary screening of enous Medicinal Plants of India, second edition. Ahmedabad: Sristi Innovation; 2002. p.17. biosynthetic assays. Subsequent fractionation was carried 11. Jain SK. Dictionary of Indian folk medicine and ethnobotany. out in organic solvents. Out of all these, two fractions New Delhi: Deep publication; 1991. p.40. (fractions D and K) exhibit inhibitory activity against 12. Gupta AK, Madhu S, Neeraj T. Reviews on Indian Medicinal M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase activity. This dis- Plants, Vol. 4. New Delhi: ICMR, Ansari Nagar; 2004. p.512-513. closure describes a composition comprising an extract 13. Yoganarasimhan SN. Medicinal plants of India, Karnataka, of Byttneria species. The extract is useful for inhibiting Vol. 1. Bangalore: Interline publishing private limited; 1995. p.81. M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase enzyme of bacterium 14. Suthari S, Sreeramulu N, Omkar K, et al. The climbing plants 33 M. tuberculosis causing tuberculosis. of Northern Telangana in India and their ethnomedicinal and economic uses. Indian J Plant Sci 2014;3(1):86-100. CONCLUSION 15. Rabari H. Ethnomedicinal value of plants found in Dhinodhar hills of Kachchh region of Gujarat. Int J Pharm Bio Sci The present review, through various available literature 2016;7(2):60-163. studies, shows that B. herbacea is used traditionally in 16. Tiwari AP, Sikarwar RLS, Dubey PC. Documentation of 12 states of India, through 16 internal administration, and ethnomedicinal knowledge among the tribes of Achanakmar- Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, Central India. Indian J Nat 9 external applications by 65 tribes. The plant as a whole Prod Resour 2014;5(4):345-350. or its individual parts, i.e., roots, leaves, stems, seeds, and 17. Varma SK, Shriwastava DK, Pandey AK. Ethnobotany of tubers are used, to combat 32 different disease conditions Santhal Pargana. Delhi: Narendra Publishing House; 1999. p.24. like wounds, sprain, cuts, boils, cholera, leucorrhea, 18. Mairh AK, Mishra PK, Kumar J, et al. Traditional botanical etc. Some unique folklore claims made for B. herbacea, wisdom of Birhore tribes of Jharkhand. Indian Journal of including the management of tuberculosis, asthma, Traditional Knowledge 2010;9(3):467-470. 19. Dey A, Gupta B, Nath De J. Traditional phytotherapy leucorrhea, wounds, fractures, swellings, diarrhea, etc., against skin diseases and in wound healing of the tribes can be taken as leads for further research. The plant of Purulia district, West Bengal, India. J Med Plants Res possess anti-edemogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti- 2012;6(33):4825-4831. asthmatic, antioxidant, and anti-tuberculosis activity with 20. Savithramma N, Yugandhar P, Linga Rao M. Ethnobotanical good convincing results due to the presence of certain Studies on Japali Hanuman Theertham–A Sacred Grove phytoconstituents. The present review would further help of Tirumala hills, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Pharm Sci Res 2014;6(2):83-88. for the renaissance of other pharmacological activities of 21. Chandra Babu N, Tarakeswara Naidu M, Venkaiah M. the plant and can also give a lead to take clinical studies Ethnomedicinal plants of Kotia hills of Vizianagaram district, based on the present reported activities. Andhra Pradesh, India. J Phytol 2010;2(6):76-82.

178 JDRAS

Review on Ethnomedicinal Claims, Pharmacological Activity, and Phytochemical Constituents of Samarakhadyam

22. Sai Murali RS, Nageswara Rao G, Basavaraju R. Looking 28. Somkuwar SR, Chaudhary RR, Chaturvedi A. Preliminary through the lens of a conservation biologist: life of medicinal phytochemical screening of Byttneria herbacea Roxb. IJSAR plants in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J 2014;1(2):100-106. Conserv Sci 2017;8(2):333-347. 29. Sarkar L, Bhuvaneswari N, Samanta SK, Islam MN, Sen T., et 23. Das S, Dash SK, Padhy SN. Ethno-medicinal Informations from al. A report on anti-oedemogenic activity of Byttneria herbacea Orissa State, India, A Review. J Hum Ecol 2003;14(3):165-227. roots-possible involvement of histamine receptor (type I). 24. Singh H, Dhole PA, Baske PK, et al. Ethnobotanical J Ethnopharmacol 2012;140(2):443-446. Observations On Deogarh District, Odisha, INDIA. J Econ 30. Sarkar L, Bera R, Sen T, et al. Comparative study of the Taxon Bot 2015;39(2):223-265. fractions of a relatively unexplored plant-Byttneria herba- 25. Maheshwari JK, Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants of cea on histaminergic inflammation. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci Indian Subcontinent, Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers, 2003. 2013;5(3):862-866. p.517. 31. Bharathi KN, Vidyashree N, Raju HV. Evaluation of antiasth- 26. Prusti AB, Behera KK. Ethnobotanical exploration of matic activity of root extracts of Bytteneria herbaceae. Indo Am Malkangiri district of Orissa, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets J Pharm Sci 2016;3(5):456-461. 2007;11:122-140. 32. Subhash RS, Utpal JD, Chaudhary RR, et al. In vitro screening 27. Sreeramulu N, Suthari S, Ragan A, et al. Ethno-botanico- of an Antioxidant Potential of Byttneria herbacea Roxb. Int J medicine for common human ailments in Nalgonda and Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014;3(8):622-629. Warangal districts of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ann 33. Sarkar et al. Antituberculosis composition of Byttneria species. Plant Sci 2013;2(7):220-229. Patent US 9028893 B2. New Delhi: CSIR; 2015

Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, July-September 2018;3(3):173-180 179 Tarun Sharma, Rabinarayan Acharya

180