Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84050-7 — Negotiating The

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84050-7 — Negotiating the Paris Agreement Edited by Henrik Jepsen , Magnus Lundgren , Kai Monheim , Hayley Walker Index More Information

Index

Accountability, 311 establishment of, 31–32, 72 ACT. See Agreement for Climate legitimacy and, 89 Transformation (ACT) Lima Call for Climate Action and, Adaptation 36–37, 38 generally, 39 meetings of, 32–33 Adaptation Committee, 31 Paris Conference and, 39–40, 41 Adaptation Global Goal, 174 “party-driven process” and, 72 addressing at Paris Conference, 84 scheduling and, 75 African Adaptation Initiative, 188–189 transition to COP at Paris Conference, African Group of Negotiators perspective 82–83 on, 174–175, 177 Adoption of Paris Agreement Agreement for Climate Transformation generally, 1, 20, 95–96, 106 and, 252–253 implementation versus, 339–340 capacity building and, 177 statements of support, 93 European Union perspective on, 131 ADP. See Ad Hoc Working Group on the ﬁnance and, 177 Durban Platform for Enhanced Geneva negotiations and, 39 Action (ADP) Global Commission on Adaptation, 131 African Adaptation Initiative (AAI), 188–189 G77+China on, 177 African Group of Negotiators (AGN). See also High Ambition Coalition perspective speciﬁc country on, 223 on adaptation, 174–175, 177 Like-Minded Developing Countries African Adaptation Initiative, 188–189 Group perspective on, 165–166, African Renewable Energy Initiative, 188 176–178, 296 coalition building and, 300 loss and damage versus, 165–166, insider accounts, 3 203–204 on nationally determined mitigation versus, 296 contributions, 125 National Adaptation Plans, 165–166 Paris Agreement and, 53–54 Obama on, 296 on “principles and provisions” of Small Island Developing States UNFCCC, 174–175 perspective on, 204 African Renewable Energy Initiative technology transfer and, 177 (AREI), 188 text of Paris Agreement, 349–351 Agnefjäll, Peter, 274 Adding negotiating issues with opposite Agreement for Climate distributional implications, 296 Transformation (ACT) Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban adaptation and, 252–253 Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) analysis and informal diplomacy, ambition and, 41 250–254 closing plenary, 38 China and, 250 drafting of Paris Agreement and, creation of, 299 88–89 European Union and, 250

383

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84050-7 — Negotiating the Paris Agreement Edited by Henrik Jepsen , Magnus Lundgren , Kai Monheim , Hayley Walker Index More Information

384 index

(ACT) (cont.) United States perspective on, 139, global stocktake and, 252 156–157 Long-Term Goals and, 252, 253 “We Mean Business” Coalition and, Mexico and, 250 277–278 mitigation and, 252–253 Amendments, text of Paris Agreement, 363 overview, 246 Angola, Informal Ministerial Group (IMG) Philippines and, 250 and, 228 “thought sessions,” 250–251, 252 Annexes United States and, 250 Annex I countries, 23–26, 28, 140, ALBA countries, Like-Minded Developing 145, 223 Countries (LMDC) Group and, 161, text of Paris Agreement, 363 162, 168, 180. See also speciﬁc country Anthony, Kenny, 205 Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) AOSIS. See Alliance of Small Island States Cartagena Dialogue and, 220 (AOSIS) emergence of, 119 Apple Computers, 274, 298 High Ambition Coalition and, 206–207, Argentina on Long-Term Goals, 208 222–223, 236–237 Arrhenius, Svante, 20–21 Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 Australia on Long-Term Goals, 231 carbon emissions by, 223–224 Small Island Developing States and, 119, Cartagena Dialogue and, 119–120 208–209, 217, 218–219 climate denial in, 242 Ambiguity, 195–196 common but differentiated Ambition responsibilities and respective generally, 39 capabilities and, 219 ADP and, 41 High Ambition Coalition and, 207 Ban Ki-moon and, 80 Informal Ministerial Group and, 230 Brazil and, 319 on Long-Term Goals, 259 business community and, 266 Authentication of Paris Agreement China–France Joint Statement and, 99–100 generally, 95–96 China–United States Joint Statement on text of Paris Agreement, 364 Climate Change and, 35–36 Avaaz (NGO), 224, 225, 232, 257, 260 civil society and, 320 Copenhagen Accord and, 116 Baker, Anne, 267 countries falling short of, 339–340 Balakrishnan, Vivian, 37 European Union and, 115, 136, 137 Bali Conference (COP 18) (2007) French Presidency and, 49–50 Bali Road Map, 26–27, 140–141, future success, keys to, 340–341 219 global stocktake and, 61 (See also Global perceived failure of, 277 stocktake) Bangladesh, Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) High Ambition Coalition (See High and, 236 Ambition Coalition (HAC)) Ban Ki-moon informal consultations and, 84, 103 ambition and, 80 Kyoto Protocol and, 196 on business community, 274 Long-Term Goals and, 157 Climate Action Summit (2014) and, mitigation and, 124–127 34–35, 80, 257, 298, 319–320 Paris Agreement as standard for, 1 diplomatic activities of, 106 Small Island Developing States informal consultations and, 29, 42–43 perspective on, 207–209, 211, 212, Informal Ministerial Group and, 229 214–215 on Long-Term Goals, 78 UNFCCC Secretariat and, 78–79 mobilizing support by, 27

index 385

Nicaragua and, 309 common but differentiated on Paris Agreement, 1, 44 responsibilities and respective at Paris Conference, 101, 105 capabilities and, 141–142 Bank of England, 303 Fabius and, 302 Barbados, Small Island Developing States “Friends of Rules” Group and, 130–131 (SIDS) and, 204, 205 High Ambition Coalition and, 135, 237 Barlett, Nicky, 232 Mission: Innovation and, 304 Bartholomew, Patriarch, 55–56 nationally determined contributions BASIC countries. See also speciﬁc country and, 125 China and, 104, 106–107 populist nationalism in, 318–319 coalition building and, 300 Breakthrough Energy Coalition, 304 Copenhagen Accord and, 115–116 Brexit, 2, 318–319, 333 economic growth in, 316 Brin, Sergei, 268 European Union and, 119 British Petroleum (BP), 268, 272 High Ambition Coalition and, 236–237 Brokering balance, 191–193 nationally determined contributions and, Brown, Gordon, 115, 119 156–157 Brown, Jerry, 277 on rules, 130 Browne, John, 268, 272 Beckett, Margaret, 267 BSR, 273 Berlin Conference (COP 1) (1995), 140, B-Team (NGO), 232, 259, 273 142 Burden sharing, 60–61, 269, 275 Betts, Pete, 9–10, 13, 228, 315–316 Bush, George W., 23, 27, 114–115, 140, 318 Bialek, Dean, 221–222, 232–233, Business community. See also Non-state 236–237, 240 actors (NSAs) Biden, Joe, 243, 318 ambition and, 266 Biniaz, Susan Ban Ki-moon on, 274 generally, 9–10, 13–14 in California, 267–268 China–United States Joint Statement on “carbon-dependent” businesses, 271–272 Climate Change and, 148–149, 150, “carbon-intensive” businesses, 271–272 156, 316 changes in, 281 High Ambition Coalition and, 221, civil society and, 262–263 232, 233 “climate-solutions” businesses, 271–272 Informal Ministerial Group and, on Copenhagen Accord, 268–270 229 European Union and, 136 legally binding instrument, Paris future steps, 283 Agreement not seen as, 52 G8 and, 266 at Paris Conference, 123 insider accounts, 3 Blair, Tony, 266, 268 Kyoto Protocol and, 273 Bloomberg, Mike, 274 overview of perspective, 17–18, 265–266 Bolivia public education and awareness in, Copenhagen Accord and, 29 282–283 Like-Minded Developing Countries role in success of Paris Conference, Group and, 162, 300 292–293, 298, 311–312 Bolsonaro, Jair, 318–319 solar energy and, 282 Bottoms, Isabel, 224, 238 technological development and, 282 Branson, Richard, 268 transparency and, 281–282 Brazil types of businesses, 271–272 ambition and, 319 “unconstrained” businesses, 271–272 China, joint statement with, 100 in United Kingdom, 266–267 coalition building and, 300 voluntary actions by, 281

386 index

Business community (cont.) Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for “We Mean Business” Coalition (See International Aviation “We Mean Business” Coalition) (CORSIA), 158 Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 198, California 200, 202, 204, 206–207 business community in, 267–268 Caribbean Community Climate Change Environmental Protection Agency Center (CCCCC), 200, 201–202 (Cal-EPA), 267–268 Caribbean Development Bank, 201–202 Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 Caribbean Youth Environment Network (AB 32), 267–268 (CYEN), 201, 215 mitigation efforts in, 158–159 Carney, Mark, 58, 303 Callendar, Guy, 20–21 Cartagena Dialogue (CD) Cameron, Ed, 278 Alliance of Small Island States and, 220 Canada Colombia and, 119–120 backsliding by, 286–287 European Union and, 227 common but differentiated High Ambition Coalition and, 16 responsibilities and respective informal consultations and, 328 capabilities and, 219 informal process of, 13 High Ambition Coalition and, 207 Least Developed Countries and, 220 Kyoto Protocol and, 23, 32 overview, 119–120, 220–221 on Long-Term Goals, 259, 260 preparing ground for Paris Cancún Conference (COP 16) (2010) Conference, 325 Cancún Agreements, 30–31, 78, 79 transparency and, 226–227 informal consultations at, 184 United Kingdom and, 119–120 Cañete, Miguel Arias, 104–105, 114, 222, Cavalier, Isabel, 225 237 CBDR/RC. See Common but differentiated Capacity building responsibilities and respective cap- generally, 20 abilities (CBDR/RC) adaptation and, 177 CD. See Cartagena Dialogue (CD) Geneva negotiations and, 39 CDP, 273–274 Like-Minded Developing Countries Center for Climate and Energy Solutions Group perspective on, 165 (C2ES), 154, 295 text of Paris Agreement, 355 Central Africa Forest Commission UNFCCC Secretariat and, 68 (COMIFAC), 186, 190 “Carbon-dependent” businesses, 271–272 Centre for Multilateral Negotiations, Carbon dioxide 336–337, 338 carbon offsets, 218–219 C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, effect on climate, 20–21 265–266, 292, 303 greenhouse gas sinks, 51–52, Chairperson ability, role in negotiation, 8 245–246, 347 Change in negotiation objective as factor in mitigation (See Mitigation) success, 285, 293–297, 312 net-zero target for emissions (See Net- Charts, use in negotiation, 153–154 zero target for emissions) Chasek, Pamela, 9, 10–11 peaking of emissions (See Peaking of Chile emissions) European Union and, 119 REDD+, 30, 31, 204, 213 Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 science and, 157, 158 China speciﬁc commitments to phase out Agreement for Climate Transformation emissions, 35–36 and, 250 “Carbon-intensive” businesses, 271–272 BASIC countries and, 104, 106–107

index 387

Brazil, joint statement with, 100 Mission: Innovation and, 304 carbon emissions by, 223–224, 294 on mitigation, 108, 307 China–France Joint Statement (2015), nationally determined contributions and, 99–100, 103, 104, 108 125, 156–157, 249–250 China–United States Joint Statement on Nicaragua and, 106 Climate Change (See China–United overview of perspective, 12–13, 97 States Joint Statement on Climate at Paris Conference, 97–100 Change (2014)) political momentum from leaders and, coalition building and, 300 100–101 commitment to phase out carbon portrayal as largest polluter, 170–171 emissions, 35–36, 291 raised ambitions in, xxv common but differentiated on rules, 130 responsibilities and respective second joint statement with United capabilities and, 98–99, 141, States, 99 148–149, 318 on “shall” versus “should,” 42–43, Copenhagen Accord and, 28–29, 115, 117 105–106 coverage by Paris Agreement, 310 solar energy in, 282 developing countries and, 106–108 on transparency, 99, 108, 307 on differentiation, 135–136 Tubiana and, 102, 318 diplomatic activities of, 105–106 Tuvalu and, 106 on diplomatic wisdom of COP China–United States Joint Statement on Presidency, 101–102 Climate Change (2014) European Union, joint statement ambition and, 35–36 with, 100 Biniaz and, 148–149, 150, 156, 316 Fabius and, 51 compromise and, 98, 104, 299–300, 317 on ﬁnance, 104–105, 108 differentiation and, 317 ﬁnding common ground and, 97–100 effects of, 37 fossil fuels in, 35–36 geopolitical context of, 316–317 “Friends of Rules” Group and, 130–131 as groundwork for Paris Conference, 123, on global stocktake, 99–100, 103 147–150, 299–300 greatest common denominator, seeking, G77+China and, 299 108–110 as indispensable to success of Paris Group of 77 and, 106–107 Conference, 314–315 G77+China (See G77+China) Kerry and, 147–148 High Ambition Coalition and, 238 “landing zones” and, 156 India, joint statement with, 100 legitimacy and, 317 informal consultations and, 103 mitigation and, 99–100 Informal Ministerial Group and, 229–230 nationally determined contributions and, insider accounts, 3 97–98 Kerry and, 102, 103–104 overview, 35–36, 97–98 Kyoto Protocol and, 32, 312 Paris Agreement and, 51, 103, 104, 108 on “landing zones,” 102–104 Stern and, 148–149, 150 Least Developed Countries and, 106–107 sustainable development and, 99 legally binding instrument, Paris transparency and, 317 Agreement not seen as, 127, Xie and, 102, 148–149, 150, 317 128–129, 296 Chruszchow, Tomas, 117 Like-Minded Developing Countries Cities, role in success of Paris Group and, 106–107, 161, 162, 168, Conference, 292 180, 300 Civil society. See also Non-state actors on Long-Term Goals, 253, 307 (NSAs)

388 index

Civil society (cont.) Clean Development Mechanism, 31 Agreement for Climate Transformation Climate Action Day, 80 (See Agreement for Climate Climate Action Network (CAN), 224, Transformation (ACT)) 261–262 ambition and, 320 Climate Action Summit (2014), 34–35, 80, analysis and informal diplomacy, 248, 233, 257, 298, 319–320 250–256 Climate Analytics, 200, 214–215, 224, bringing voices of people into 225–226, 231 negotiations, 256–261 Climate and Development Knowledge “bursting the bubble,” 248, 256–263 Network (CDKN), 224 business community and, 262–263 Climate change. See also speciﬁc topic communication and, 329 carbon dioxide, effect of, 20–21 Copenhagen Accord, lessons learned carbon offsets and, 218–219 from, 255 China–United States Joint Statement on creativity of, 260 Climate Change (See China–United depth of, 246–247 States Joint Statement on Climate European Union and, 136 Change (2014)) faith groups and, 262–263 fossil fuels, relation to, 258 fossil fuels and, 245 greenhouse gas sinks and, 51–52, on global stocktake, 248–249 245–246, 347 G-20 and, 249 science of, 157, 158 high trust networks and, 254–256 UNFCCC (See United Nations inclusiveness and, 249–250 Framework Convention on Climate insider accounts, 3 Change (UNFCCC)) legitimacy and, 329 Climate Change Summit (2009), 27 lessons learned from Paris Conference, The Climate Group, 265–266, 267, 255–256, 263–264 273–274, 319 Like-Minded Developing Countries Climate Seven, 273 Group and, 168 “Climate-solutions” businesses, 271–272 on Long-Term Goals, 248–249, Climate Solver Initiative, 260–261 258–261, 320 Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF), 16, 217, media and, 59, 261–262 222, 225–226, 236 on nationally determined contributions, Climate Week (2014), 272, 273–274, 275–276 248–250 Clinton, Bill, 140, 318 net-zero target for emissions and, Closing Plenary 320, 321 High Ambition Coalition and, 216, overview of perspective, 16–17, 58–59, 238–240 246–247 “shall” versus “should” in, 213, 214, 318 People’s Climate March and, 257–258 Turkey and, 308 public education and awareness and, Coalition building 261–263 African Group of Negotiators and, 300 role and functions at Paris Conference, BASIC countries and, 300 247–250 Brazil and, 300 role in success of Paris Conference, China and, 300 311–312 compromise and, 118–122 Small Island Developing States, European Union and, 113, 118–120, engagement with, 199, 200–201, 134–135 257–258 as future approach to negotiation, 313 “tipping points” and, 249 High Ambition Coalition (See High transparency and, 247, 249–250, 329 Ambition Coalition (HAC))

index 389

India and, 300 Commonwealth Heads of Government Least Developed Countries and, 300 Meeting, 234 Like-Minded Developing Countries Communication Group and, 300 “back-room machinery,” 85 role in success of Paris Conference, 8, civil society and, 329 299–300 French Presidency perspective on, 59 Small Island Developing States and, 300 heads of delegations, with, 192–193 South Africa and, 300 ministers, with, 193 Colombia Operations Centre and, 85–86 Cartagena Dialogue and, 119–120 transparency in, 326–327 European Union and, 119 UNFCCC Secretariat and, 67–68, Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 79–80 Comité de Paris Complexity as impediment to success, drafting of Paris Agreement and, 91, 92 285–286 French Presidency and, 41, 90 Complex landscape of multilateral inclusiveness and, 209 negotiations informal consultations and, 83, 305 geopolitical factors, 316–317 negotiating text and, 305–306 from global to regional, 332–334 overview, 12 individual agency in, 322–323 Small Island Developing States and, 209 institutional memory, 336–338 transparency and, 326–327 macroeconomic factors, 315–316 Common but differentiated responsibilities norms and discourses, 319–322 and respective capabilities (CBDR/ from on-site to online, 334–336 RC). See also Differentiation overview, 314–315 Australia and, 219 populist nationalism and, 318–319 Brazil and, 141–142 process management in, 323–324 Canada and, 219 from regime-building to implementation, China and, 98–99, 141, 148–149, 318 331–332 Copenhagen Accord and, 28 Compromise Durban Conference and, 148 China–United States Joint Statement on European Union perspective on, 112, 129 Climate Change and, 98, 104, as “firewall” in climate regime, 219 299–300, 317 French Presidency perspective on, 51 coalition building and, 118–122 High Ambition Coalition perspective on, Copenhagen Accord as, 29 236–237 on differentiation, 129 India and, 141 efficiency of process and, 121 Japan and, 219 European Union and, 136 Kyoto Protocol and, 23 on finance, 104–105 Like-Minded Developing Countries French Presidency and, 194, 211 Group perspective on, 164 Geneva negotiations and, 39–40 Lima Call for Climate Action and, 38 High Ambition Coalition and, 322–323 New Zealand and, 219 informal consultations and, 326, 328 overview, 14–15 Kyoto Protocol and, 23 Russia and, 219 in Lima Conference, 36–37 Small Island Developing States on Long-Term Goals, 126–127 perspective on, 203 on loss and damage, 178 United States perspective on, 141, Paris Agreement as, 44 148–149, 219 on Paris Agreement as legally binding Common objectives in negotiation, 294 instrument, 128–129 Common public register, 311 people versus countries, 153

390 index

Compromise (cont.) informal consultations and, 84 preparing ground for Paris Conference, Kyoto Protocol and, 25 124, 126, 324 obstruction of, 319 in run up to Paris Conference, 135 on Paris Agreement as legally binding Small Island Developing States and, instrument, 285 199, 203 on principles and framework, 97 theoretical perspective, 296 Small Island Developing States and, trust building and, 229 199, 206 UNFCCC Secretariat and, 211 technology transfer and, 191 United States and, 307 in UNFCCC, 293–294 Conference of the Parties (COP). See also Convergence strategies, 329–330 specific Conference Cook, Tim, 274 Bureau, 67 Coomber, John, 265–266 consensus rule in, 289 Coordination COP 21 (See specific topic) “back-room machinery,” 85 Copenhagen Accord (See Copenhagen coordination meetings, 107, 190 Accord (2009)) UNFCCC Secretariat and, 67–68, 86 French Presidency of COP (See French COP. See Conference of the Parties (COP) Presidency) COP 15. See Copenhagen Accord (2009) Kyoto Protocol (See Kyoto Protocol COP 21. See specific topic (1997)) Copenhagen Accord (2009) meeting format as impediment to success ambition and, 116 of negotiations, 289 areas of agreement, 30 Paris Conference (See specific topic) BASIC countries and, 115–116 rules of procedure, 67, 72 Bolivia and, 29 text of Paris Agreement, 359–360 business community on, 268–270 transition from ADP at Paris Conference, China and, 28–29, 115, 117 82–83 civil society, lessons learned by, 255 Conflicting preferences and priorities as collapse of negotiations, 1, 115–116 impediment to success of common but differentiated negotiations, 286–287 responsibilities and respective Congo, Democratic Republic of (DRC), Like- capabilities and, 28 Minded Developing Countries as compromise, 29 (LMDC) Group and, 168 consensus and, 28–29, 323 Conjunctural causality, 18–19 Cuba and, 29 Consensus Danish Presidency (See Danish adoption of Paris Agreement by, 93 Presidency) “battles of wording” and, 172–173 European Union and, 112 challenges in, 314 heads of state, role of, 184 China–United States Joint Statement on historical background, 10–11 Climate Change (See China–United inclusiveness, lack of, 183–184 States Joint Statement on Climate India and, 115 Change (2014)) industrialized versus developing in Conference of the Parties, 289 countries, 28 convergence strategy and, 329 mistrust of developed countries in, 287 Copenhagen Accord and, 28–29, 323 negotiating text and, 71, 120–121 European Union and, 120, 134 Nicaragua and, 29 French Presidency and, 101–102 Obama and, 29, 115–116, 219–220 High Ambition Coalition and, 207 objections to, 29 “Indaba” negotiations and, 41, 210 opposition to, 29

index 391

perceived failure of, 28, 71, 116–117, Informal Ministerial Group and, 183–184, 268–270 227–228, 229–230 scholarly literature regarding, 7 on Long-Term Goals, 258 speciﬁc commitments under, 157 on loss and damage, 233 substantive achievements of, 116 as Paris Conference, 239–240 “taking note” of, 29, 116, 184 pavilion at Paris Conference, 224–225 transparency, lack of, 183–184, 326, 328 Small Island Developing States and, United Kingdom and, 116–117 205–206 United States and, 28–29, 115, 117, 141, de Chalendar, Pierre-André, 185 142, 219–220 Declaration on the Right to Development, Venezuela and, 29 163, 168 Copenhagen (city), mitigation efforts in, Deductive approach to negotiation, 293 158–159 Deese, Brian, 102, 103 Corporate Leaders’ Group (CLG), 273 Deﬁnitions, text of Paris Agreement, 343 Costa Rica Deforestation, 298, 304 European Union and, 119 Delbeke, Jos, 114 High Ambition Coalition and, 207, Denmark 218 Copenhagen Accord (See Copenhagen Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 Accord (2009)) COVID-19 pandemic Copenhagen (city), mitigation efforts in, generally, xxv, 137 158–159 climate change and, 109, 242 Danish Presidency (See Danish impact on negotiation, 334 Presidency) as opportunity, 340 Depositary of Paris Agreement as opportunity for change, 243 generally, 95 vaccines and, 333 text of Paris Agreement, 364 vulnerability and, 283 Dieschbourg, Carole, 228 Crane, David, 272 Differentiation. See also Common but differ- Creativity entiated responsibilities and respect- of civil society, 260 ive capabilities (CBDR/RC) leveraging of, 329 generally, 39 of non-state actors, 8–9 addressing at Paris Conference, 84 of UNFCCC Secretariat, 69 China–United States Joint Statement on Cuba, Copenhagen Accord and, 29 Climate Change and, 317 Cutajar, Michael Zammit, 66 Chinese perspective on, 135–136 compromise on, 129 Dalai Lama, 55–56 European Union perspective on, 129 Danish Presidency Kerry on, 43 consultations and, 184 Like-Minded Developing Countries inclusiveness, lack of, 183–184, 325, 326 Group perspective on, 164 lessons learned from, 326, 336–337 overview, 43 transparency, lack of, 183–184, 326 Paris Agreement as legally binding Davey, Ed, 138 instrument and, 127 de Brum, Tony United States perspective on, generally, 233 135–136, 142 death of, 16, 241 Dimitrov, Radoslav, 5, 308 High Ambition Coalition and, 134–135, Diplomatic activities at Paris Conference, 206–207, 213, 216, 221–222, 236–238, 105–106 321–322 Dispute settlement, text of Paris individual agency of, 18–19 Agreement, 363

392 index

Dixon-Decleve, Sandra, 232 BASIC countries and, 119 Djoghlaf, Ahmed, 39 bilateral engagement and, 112 Documentation of negotiation, 2 Brexit, 2, 318–319, 333 Doha Climate Gateway, 32–33 business community and, 136 Doha Declaration, 332 carbon emissions by, 223–224, 294 Doha Round, 332 carbon neutrality and, 52 Drafting and Advisory Team, 74, 91 Cartagena Dialogue and, 119–120, 227 Drafting of Paris Agreement, 73–74, 88–93. Chile and, 119 See also Negotiating text China, joint statement with, 100 DSM, 273 civil society and, 136 Duke Energy, 272 coalition building and, 113, 118–120, Du Pont, 268, 272 134–135 Durban Conference (COP 17) (2011) cohesiveness of, 113–114 common but differentiated Colombia and, 119 responsibilities and respective on common but differentiated capabilities and, 148 responsibilities and respective Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, capabilities, 112, 129 31–32, 36, 38, 77, 141, 142–143 compromise and, 136 European Union and, 223–224 consensus and, 120, 134 Figueres and, 101 contributions of at Paris Conference, “Indaba” negotiations at, 41, 84–85 133–136 mitigation and, 142–143 Copenhagen Accord and, 112 negotiation process at, 152 Costa Rica and, 119 Paris Agreement as legally binding developing countries, support for, 113 instrument and, 127–129, 134, on differentiation, 129 143–144 Durban Conference and, 223–224 transparency and, 144 on efficiency of process, 120–122, 135–136 Earth Negotiations Bulletin, 297 exertion of influence, 111–114 Earth Summit (1992), 62 on finance, 132–133 Economic factors in multilateral “Friends of Rules” Group and, 130–131 negotiations, 315–316 on global stocktake, 126 Egypt, Like-Minded Developing Countries Green Climate Fund and, 133 (LMDC) Group and, 161 Group of 77 and, 119 The Elders (NGO), 259 High Ambition Coalition and, 207, 217 Entry into force of Paris Agreement Informal Ministerial Group and, 229–230 generally, 45, 95–96 insider accounts, 3 text of Paris Agreement, 362–363 institutional memory and, 337 Environment and Development Conference Kyoto Protocol and, 23, 112, 307 (1992), 62 Least Developed Countries and, 119 Espinosa, Patricia, 10, 220–221 legally binding instrument, Paris Estrada Oyuela, Raul, 73 Agreement not seen as, 127–129, E3 G (NGO), 224 134, 296 European Union. See also specific country on Long-Term Goals, 126–127 on adaptation, 131 on loss and damage, 131–132 Agreement for Climate Transformation Major Economies Forum and, 122–123 and, 250 Marshall Islands and, 203 Alliance of Small Island States and, 119 Mexico and, 119 ambition and, 115, 136, 137 on mitigation, 124–127, 133–136, 137 assessment of Paris Conference, 136–138 moral suasion by, 112

index 393

nationally determined contributions and, informal consultations and, 42–43 125–126, 156–157 “Lionesses” and, 225–226 negotiating team, 117–118 on mitigation, 294 on net-zero target for emissions, 126, 307 negotiating text and, 306 New Climate Economy and, 112–113 optimism and, 34 objectives at Paris Conference, 123–124 on Paris Agreement, 45 overview of perspective, 13, 111 at Paris Conference, 101 raised ambitions in, xxv Small Island Developing States and, 212 relationships and, 114, 221 teamwork and, 325 renewable energy in, 112 “We Mean Business” Coalition and, 273 on rules, 129–131 “year of the sponge” and, 33 structural negotiation challenges, 333 Fiji, conflicting preferences and on transparency, 134 priorities, 286 United States compared, 112 Filling gaps, 312–313 Evolution in climate governance, Paris Final Plenary. See Closing Plenary Agreement as, 43 Finance Extinction Rebellion, 242 generally, 20, 39 adaptation and, 177 Fabius, Laurent. See also French Presidency addressing at Paris Conference, 84 generally, xxiii–xxv, 10, 65, 279 Chinese perspective on, 104–105, 108 Brazil and, 302 compromise on, 104–105 China and, 51 developed versus developing diplomatic activities of, 106, 309–310 countries, 179 France–Oceania Summit and, 234 European Union perspective on, 132–133 India and, 302 Geneva negotiations and, 39 individual agency of, 18–19, 322 India on, 307–308 Kerry and, 102 Like-Minded Developing Countries Leaders Event and, 87 Group perspective on, 179–180 Lima Call for Climate Action and, 40, Preamble, finance provisions in, 44 42–43 Small Island Developing States Nicaragua and, 309 perspective on, 204 at Paris Conference, 105, 124 text of Paris Agreement, 352–354 personal engagement of, 123 UNFCCC Secretariat and, 68 preparing ground for Paris Conference, United States and, 132 324–325 “We Mean Business” Coalition on, South Africa and, 302 276–277, 280 Facilitators, 42, 304–305 The Financial Times, 260, 261, 276 Faith groups Finland, mitigation efforts in Helsinki, civil society and, 262–263 158–159 net-zero target for emissions and, 321 Fletcher, James, 9–10, 15, 228 role of, 56 Flexibility, importance of, 318 “Family spirit,” 191 Focus on negotiation, 8 Figueres, Christiana Formula-first approach, 313 generally, 66, 96 Fortune (magazine), 266 on credibility of UNFCCC, 30 Fossil fuels Durban Conference and, 101 in China, 35–36 as Executive Secretary of UNFCCC, 101 civil society and, 245 High Ambition Coalition and, 218, climate change, relation to, 258 220–221, 225–226, 232 insufficient alternatives to phasing individual agency of, 322 out, 242

394 index

Fossil fuels (cont.) means of implementation and, renewable energy versus, 113 48–49 Trump and, 241 on media, 59 “We Mean Business” Coalition and, 273 on mediation, 59, 301–303 Foundation for Nature et Mankind, 185 ministerial meetings and, 40 France on mitigation, 49–50 China–France Joint Statement (2015), multilateralism and, 209 99–100, 103, 104, 108 negotiating text and, 305–306 France–Oceania Summit, 234 on net-zero target for emissions, 50–51, French Presidency at COP 21 (See French 59–60 Presidency) non-state actors, perspective on (See India and, 123 Non-state actors (NSAs)) on Long-Term Goals, 259 overview of perspective, 11, 46 Mission: Innovation and, 304 “party-driven process” and, 72 Francis (Pope), 53, 309, 330 personal engagement of, 123 French Presidency. See also Fabius, Laurent process management by, 323 ambition and, 49–50 on “ratchet mechanism,” 61 burden sharing and, 60–61 retrospective look, 64 Comité de Paris and, 41, 90 role of leadership in success of Paris common but differentiated Conference, 285, 300–303, 312 responsibilities and respective scheduling and, 75 capabilities and, 51 science, perspective on, 55–56 communication, perspective on, 59 Secretariat-Presidency relationship and, compromise and, 194, 211 70–71, 326 consensus and, 101–102 on “shall” versus “should,” 52–53, 54, consultations and, 184–186 173, 194, 214, 309, 317–318 convergence strategies and, 330 on shared vision, 46–47 Danish Presidency, lessons learned from, Small Island Developing States and, 206, 336–337 209, 211, 212–213 diplomatic wisdom of, 101–102 steps to ensure success of Paris efﬁciency of process, 135–136 Conference, 40 on ensuring ambition and ownership of transparency, promoting, 40–42, 71–72, Paris Agreement, 49–50 102, 184–186 facilitators and, 42, 304–305 on trust building, 63 faith groups, perspective on, 56 UNFCCC Secretariat, relationship with, four “pillars,” 47–48, 71, 302 70–71, 326 on global stocktake, 61 on working as “one team,” 62–63 on greenhouse gas sinks, 51–52 Fridays for the Future, 159, 242 High Ambition Coalition and, 216 “Friends of Rules” Group, 130–131 “high-level equilibrium” and, 50 Future success, keys to, 340–341 inclusiveness, promoting, 40–42, 102, 184–186, 323–324 Gambia, Informal Ministerial Group (IMG) “Indaba” negotiations and, 41 and, 228 as indispensable to success of Paris Gates, Bill, 304 Conference, 314–315 Gaveling, 106, 239–240, 279, 310 informal consultations and, 202–203, GCF. See Green Climate Fund (GCF) 327, 328 G8, business community and, 266 insider accounts, 3 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Lima–Paris Action Agenda and, 329 (GATT), 332 on Long-Term Goals, 78, 261 Geneva negotiations, 39–40

index 395

Geopolitical factors in multilateral Group of negotiations, 316–317 China and, 106–107 Germanwatch, 339 European Union and, 119 Germany G77+China (See G77+China) deforestation and, 304 G7 Mission: Innovation and, 304 Long-Term Goals and, 249, 260 solar energy in, 282 United Nations agreements Giza Martin, Gasper, 237 compared, 129 Glasgow Conference (COP 26) (2012), xxiv, G77+China xxv, 126, 137, 242–243, 318–319 on adaptation, 177 Global Climate Coalition, 273 China–United States Joint Statement on Global Commission on Adaptation, 131 Climate Change and, 299 Global Compact, 270–271 Like-Minded Developing Countries Global stocktake Group and, 169–170, 181 Agreement for Climate Transformation on mitigation, 307–308 and, 252 Monitoring, Reporting and Veriﬁcation ambitious nature of, 311 System and, 165 Chinese perspective on, 99–100, 103 at Paris Conference, 190 civil society perspective on, 248–249 unity of, 106 European Union perspective on, 126 Warsaw International Mechanism on French Presidency perspective on, 61 Loss and Damage and, 172 High Ambition Coalition perspective G-20 on, 217 civil society and, 249 Like-Minded Developing Countries practical lessons from Paris Group perspective on, 177–178 Agreement, 2–3 overview, 43 United Nations agreements text of Paris Agreement, 358 compared, 129 “We Mean Business” Coalition on, The Guardian, 262 277–278 Guerrara, Andrea, 238 Goldman Sachs, 268 Guilanpour, Kaveh, 130 Google, 268, 274, 277, 298 Guzman, Manny, 236 Gore, Al, 259 Gorissen, Norbert, 118 HAC. See High Ambition Coalition (HAC) Green Climate Fund (GCF) Haites, Erik, 230–231 European Union and, 133 Hare, Bill, 225–226 historical background, 30–31, 35 Harris, Kamala, 243 overview, 14–15 Hart, Selwyn, 212 Greenhouse gas sinks Heads of delegations, communication with, French Presidency on, 51–52 192–193 peaking of emissions, balance with, Heads of state 245–246 Copenhagen Accord, role in, 184 text of Paris Agreement, 347 importance of, 326 Greenpeace, 260–261, 273 Hedegaard, Connie, 32–33, 114, 222, 227 “Green” recovery plans, xxv Heggenes, Per, 273 “Green-washing,” 266, 275 Heine, Hilda, 240, 241 Grenada Helsinki, mitigation efforts in, 158–159 High Ambition Coalition and, 207 Hendricks, Barbara, 237 Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 High Ambition Coalition (HAC). See also Grieve, Callum, 273–274, 278 speciﬁc country “Groundswell” project, 80 on adaptation, 223

396 index

High Ambition Coalition (HAC) (cont.) Lima Call for Climate Action (2014), Alliance of Small Island States and, 36–39 206–207, 222–223, 236–237 overview, 9, 10–11, 20 BASIC countries and, 236–237 timeline, 22 Cartagena Dialogue and, 16 UNFCCC (See United Nations Closing Plenary and, 216, 238–240 Framework Convention on Climate at closing plenary of Paris Conference, Change (UNFCCC)) 238–240 Hohne, Niklas, 230–231 coalitions, building, 224 Hollande, François on common but differentiated crucial role of, 326 responsibilities and respective diplomatic wisdom of, 101, 102 capabilities, 236–237 France–Oceania Summit and, 234 compromise and, 322–323 Leaders Event and, 87 consensus and, 207 Nicaragua and, 309 demise of, 240–242 at Paris Conference, 100–101, 105 diplomatic strategy and, 321–322 personal engagement of, 123 French Presidency and, 216 Xi and, 99–100 on global stocktake, 217 Holliday, Charles O., 268, 272 individual agency and, 322–323 Howard, Stephen, 9–10, 17–18, 315–316, Informal Ministerial Group, 226–230 319, 320 insider accounts, 3 “Huddles,” 152–153, 192 Least Developed Countries and, 217, Huhne, Chris, 138 222–223 Hulot, Nicolas, 185 legacy of, 242–244 Huq, Saleemul, 225–226 “Lionesses,” 225–226, 229 Hurd, Nick, 138 on Long-Term Goals, 217, 218, 222–223, “Hybrid” approach, 143–144, 145–146 230–235, 238–239, 259 on loss and damage, 217, 218, 223, IKEA, 274, 279, 298, 319 233–235, 238–239 IKEA Foundation, 273, 276 on net-zero target for emissions, 217, 218, Inclusiveness 230–235, 238–239 civil society and, 249–250 origins of, 203, 206–207, 235–238 Comité de Paris and, 209 overview of perspective, 16, 216–218 Copenhagen Accord, lack of in, 183–184 pavilion at Paris Conference, 224–225 Danish Presidency, lack of, 183–184, relationships and, 224, 225–226, 240, 325, 326 322–323 French Presidency promoting, 40–42, resources, 224 102, 184–186, 323–324 Small Island Developing States and, legitimacy and, 328 213 lessons learned from negotiations, Historical background 327, 328 Bali Road Map, 26–27 Lima Call for Climate Action and, 37 Cancún Agreements (2010), 30–31 parallels in other areas of negotiation, 337 Copenhagen Accord (See Copenhagen process management and, 323–324 Accord (2009)) UNFCCC Secretariat perspective on, 69, Doha Climate Gateway, 32–33 71–72 Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, Incomplete information as impediment to 31–32, 36 success of negotiations, 287–288 Geneva negotiations, 39–40 “Indaba” negotiations Kyoto Protocol (See Kyoto Protocol consensus and, 41, 210 (1997)) at Durban Conference, 41, 84–85

index 397

French Presidency and, 41 French Presidency and, 202–203, 327, 328 Small Island Developing States and, importance of, 327–328 210–211 Kerry and, 42–43 UNFCCC Secretariat and, 84–85, 90 at Lima Conference, 40, 184 Independent Diplomat, 228 Major Economies Forum and, 203, 328 India Marshall Islands and, 203 carbon emissions by, 223–224 online negotiation and, 335 China, joint statement with, 100 relationships and, 325, 327 coalition building and, 300 role in success of Paris Conference, 295, common but differentiated 304–305 responsibilities and respective Small Island Developing States and, capabilities and, 141 202–203 Copenhagen Accord and, 115 topics discussed, 84 Fabius and, 302 UNFCCC Secretariat and, 84 on ﬁnance, 307–308 Informal Ministerial Group (IMG), 226–230 France and, 123 Information sharing High Ambition Coalition and, 238 “back-room machinery,” 85 International Solar Alliance and, 123, 304 institutional memory and, 337 Kyoto Protocol and, 32, 312 UNFCCC Secretariat and, 67–68 legally binding instrument, Paris World Trade Organization and, 337 Agreement not seen as, 127, Insider accounts, 3–4, 8, 9–10 128–129, 296 Institute for Sustainable Development and Like-Minded Developing Countries International Relations (IDDRI), 154, Group and, 161, 162, 168, 180, 300 230–231, 232, 295 on Long-Term Goals, 261 Institutional memory, 336–338 nationally determined contributions Insurance, role in success of Paris and, 125 Conference, 292 Paris Agreement and, 53 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United States and, 123 (IPCC) Individual agency. See also speciﬁc person assessment of threat from climate in complex landscape of multilateral change, 290 negotiations, 322–323 establishment of, 21 of de Brum, 18–19 Fifth Assessment Report, 51, 55, 109, of Fabius, 18–19, 322 194, 242 of Figueres, 322 Kyoto Protocol and, 25–26 High Ambition Coalition and, 322–323 on Long-Term Goals, 339–340 of Obama, 18–19, 322 overview, 185 role in negotiation, 6, 7, 8 Paris Agreement and, 56 of Tubiana, 322 International Civil Aviation Organization Inductive approach to negotiation, 293 (ICAO), 158 Informal consultations International Institute for Environment and ambition and, 84, 103 Development (IIED), 224 Ban Ki-moon and, 29, 42–43 International Maritime Organization, 240 at Cancún Conference, 184 International Politics and Policy Initiative Cartagena Dialogue and, 328 (IPPI), 224 China and, 103 International Relations, institutional Comité de Paris and, 83, 305 memory and, 336–337 compromise and, 326, 328 International Solar Alliance, 123, 304 consensus and, 84 International Trade Union Confederation Figueres and, 42–43 (ITUC), 273

398 index

IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Kyoto Protocol (1997) Climate Change (IPCC) Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Isolationism, 2 Commitments from Annex I Parties Issue linkage, role in success of Paris under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), Conference, 306–308 25–26 Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Japan Cooperative Action, 26 backsliding by, 286–287 ambition and, 196 common but differentiated amendment of, 73 responsibilities and respective Annex I countries, 23–26, 28, 140, capabilities and, 219 145, 223 High Ambition Coalition and, 207 business community and, 273 Informal Ministerial Group and, 230 Canada and, 23, 32 Kyoto Protocol and, 23, 32 China and, 32, 312 on Long-Term Goals, 260 commitment period, expiration of, 24–25 Mission: Innovation and, 304 common but differentiated raised ambitions in, xxv responsibilities and respective Jarju, Pa Ousman, 237 capabilities and, 23 Javadekar, Pravesh, 53, 107 compromise and, 23 Jetnil-Kijiner, Kathy, 222 consensus and, 25 Johnson, Sharon, 232 Dialogue on Long-Term Cooperative Jo-Jikum (NGO), 259 Action to Address Climate Change Jones, Hannah, 273 by Enhancing Implementation of the Journalists. See Media Convention, 25, 26 Jouzel, Jean, 185 efforts to extend versus change in negotiation objective, 312 Kantzelis, Ana, 224 elevator analogy, 196 Katowice Conference (COP 24) (2018), 331 emissions targets in, 23 Keith, Ian, 232 enforcement mechanism, lack of, 281 Kerry, John European Union and, 23, 112, 307 China and, 102, 103–104 extension of, 31–32, 33, 128 China–United States Joint Statement on historical background, 10–11 Climate Change and, 147–148 India and, 32, 312 on differentiation, 43 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate diplomatic activities of, 106, 123 Change and, 25–26 Fabius and, 102 Japan and, 23, 32 High Ambition Coalition and, 237 Like-Minded Developing Countries informal consultations and, 42–43 Group and, 163 personal engagement of, 145 Meeting of the Parties of the Kyoto “shall” versus “should” and, 53, 54, 105, Protocol (CMP), 25 214, 309 mitigation under, 196, 294 Small Island Developing States and, 211 New Zealand and, 32 “We Mean Business” Coalition and, 277 Paris Agreement compared, 43, Key factors and dynamics in negotiation, 2, 279–280, 310 6, 8 perceived failure of, 186 Kigali Amendment, 158, 240 ratiﬁcation of, 23–24 Kinley, Richard, 9–10, 11–12, 53, 54 Russia and, 23–24, 32, 73 Kiribati, Small Island Developing States scholarly literature regarding, 7 (SIDS) and, 205 as signiﬁcant achievement, 279–280 Kumarsingh, Kishan, 36 signing of, 23

index 399

specific commitments under, 157 not deemed to be, 44 United States and, 23, 26, 32, 114–115, “shall” versus “should” (See “Shall” ver- 140, 287, 312 sus “should”) Kyte, Rachel, 229 United States perspective on, 127, 128–129, 296, 307, 317 LaCamera, Francesco, 114 Legitimacy Lacascade, Jean Yves, 201–202 ADP and, 89 “Landing zones” “battles of wording” and, 172–173 China on, 102–104 challenges of, 135 China–United States Joint Statement on China–United States Joint Statement on Climate Change and, 156 Climate Change and, 317 Informal Ministerial Group and, civil society and, 329 226–227, 229 inclusiveness and, 328 Major Economies Forum and, 13, UNFCCC Secretariat and, 94, 95 146, 325 Lessons from negotiation mediation and, 334–335 communication and expectation Paris Agreement as, 280–281 management, transparency in, “We Mean Business” Coalition on, 326–327 280–281 convergence strategies, 329–330 Laudato Si (Pope Francis), 55–56 heads of state, importance of, 326 LBI. See Legally binding instrument (LBI), inclusiveness, importance of, 327, 328 Paris Agreement as informal consultations, importance of, LDCs. See Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 327–328 Leaders Event, 73, 86–88 non-state actors, importance of, 328–329 Least Developed Countries (LDCs). See also overview, 2–3, 8–9 specific country preparing ground, 324–325 Cartagena Dialogue and, 220 teamwork, 325–326 China and, 106–107 transparency, importance of, 327, 328 coalition building and, 300 Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) European Union and, 119 Group. See also specific country High Ambition Coalition and, 217, on adaptation, 165–166, 176–178, 296 222–223 agenda, deployment of, 166–170 insider accounts, 3 “battles of wording,” 172–174 on Long-Term Goals, 231, 258–259 on capacity building, 165 on loss and damage, 108 civil society and, 168 Paris Agreement and, 53–54, 55 coalition building and, 300 Lee, Bernice, 230–231 on common but differentiated Leem, Selina, 239–240 responsibilities and respective Legally binding instrument (LBI), Paris capabilities, 164 Agreement as Declaration on the Right to Development Chinese perspective on, 127, and, 163, 168 128–129, 296 on differentiation, 164 compromise on, 128–129 emergence of, 161 consensus and, 285 on equity, 164 differentiation and, 127 on finance, 165, 179–181 Durban Conference and, 127–129, 134, on global stocktake, 177–178 143–144 G77+China and, 169–170, 181 European Union perspective on, 127–129, incentives to ally with, 162 134, 296 insider accounts, 3 India on, 127, 128–129, 296 Kyoto Protocol and, 163

400 index

(LMDC) Group (cont.) Alliance of Small Island States on loss and damage, 172, 178 perspective on, 231 on means of implementation, 165 ambition and, 157 mistrust of developed countries, 287 ambitious nature of, 310 on mitigation, 164–165, 176, 306–308 Australia on, 259 Monitoring, Reporting and Veriﬁcation Canada on, 259, 260 System and, 165, 176 Chinese perspective on, 253, 307 on nationally determined contributions, civil society perspective on, 248–249, 164–165, 176 258–261, 320 negotiation process, 166–170 compromise on, 126–127 non-structured nature of, 161 countries falling short of, 339–340 overview of perspective, 14, 160, 180–181 European Union perspective on, 126–127 political inﬂuence of, 162 France on, 259 position on Paris Agreement, 162–164, French Presidency perspective on, 78, 261 180–181 G7 and, 249, 260 poverty eradication and, 167, 174–175, High Ambition Coalition perspective on, 176, 177 217, 218, 222–223, 230–235, on “principles and provisions” of 238–239, 259 UNFCCC, 174–175 India on, 261 public exposure of non-accomplishment, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 170–171 Change on, 339–340 “rewrite, replace or reinterpret” Japan on, 260 UNFCCC, determination not to, Least Developed Countries perspective 175–176 on, 231, 258–259 on “shall” versus “should,” 172–174 Malaysia on, 261 sustainable development and, 174–175, Obama on, 321 176, 177 in Paris Agreement, 1, 20 Sustainable Development Goals and, pressure to include in Paris 163 Agreement, 321 symbolic battles and tactics, 170–172 public pressure regarding, 258–259, on technology transfer, 165, 180–181 260–261 Third World Network and, 168 renewable energy, linkage with, 260–261 UNFCCC and, 163 Saudi Arabia on, 253, 261 Warsaw International Mechanism on Small Island Developing States Loss and Damage and, 172, 178 perspective on, 203, 208, 211, 213, Lima Conference (COP 20) (2014) 258–259 compromise in, 36–37 solar energy, linkage with, 260–261 as groundwork for Paris Conference, text of Paris Agreement, 343–344 275–276 UNFCCC Secretariat perspective on, informal consultations at, 40, 184 78–79 Lima Call for Climate Action, 36–39, 198 United States perspective on, 223, 253, Lima–Paris Action Agenda, 263, 259, 307 275–276, 329 Loss and damage negotiating text at, 36, 38 generally, 39 LMDC. See Like-Minded Developing adaptation versus, 165–166, 203–204 Countries (LMDC) Group addressing at Paris Conference, 84 Loeak, Christopher, 234, 235, 236 compromise on, 178 Long-Term Goals European Union perspective on, 131–132 Agreement for Climate Transformation High Ambition Coalition perspective on, and, 252, 253 217, 218, 223, 233–235, 238–239

index 401

Least Developed Countries perspective Mars, 274 on, 108 Marshall Islands Like-Minded Developing Countries conflicting preferences and priorities, 286 Group perspective on, 172, 178 European Union and, 203 Obama on, 321 High Ambition Coalition and, 259, pressure to include in Paris 321–322 (See also High Ambition Agreement, 321 Coalition (HAC)) Small Island Developing States informal consultations and, 203 perspective on, 108, 203–204, 205, Small Island Developing States and, 205 206–207, 213 Martinez, Adrian “Doc,” 205 text of Paris Agreement, 352 Martinique, Small Island Developing States United States perspective on, 151 (SIDS) and, 201–202 Warsaw International Mechanism on Mashabane, Maite, 152 Loss and Damage, 38, 44, 172, 178 Mazria, Ed, 232 Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 115 McKenna, Catherine, 193 Luxembourg, Informal Ministerial Group McKinnon, Matthew, 225–226 (IMG) and, 228 Means of implementation generally, 39 Macroeconomic factors in multilateral adoption versus, 339–340 negotiations, 315–316 capacity building (See Capacity building) Macron, Emmanuel, 334 finance (See Finance) Madrid Conference (COP 25) (2019), 318–319 French Presidency and, 48–49 Maersk, 158 Like-Minded Developing Countries Major Economies Forum (MEF) Group perspective on, 165 European Union and, 122–123 regime-building versus, 331–332 informal consultations and, 203, 328 technology transfer (See Technology informal process in, 13 transfer) “landing zones” and, 146, 325 text of Paris Agreement, 358–359 preparing ground for Paris UNFCCC Secretariat and, 68 Conference, 325 Media shape of negotiating table and, 151–152 French Presidency perspective on, 59, “two-fingered interventions,” 153 301–303 United States and, 146–147 public education and awareness and, Major Economies Meeting on Energy Security 261–262, 292 and Climate Change (MEM), 140, 146 role in success of Paris Conference, 292 Major Groups of Stakeholders (MGoS), 62 “We Mean Business” Coalition, media Malaysia briefings, 303 Like-Minded Developing Countries Mediation Group and, 161, 168, 300 Fabius and, 301–303 on Long-Term Goals, 261 “landing zones” and, 334–335 mistrust of developed countries, 287 Mediation Support Unit, 337 negotiation rhetoric of, 166–167 role in success of Paris Conference, Mali, Like-Minded Developing Countries 300–303 (LMDC) Group and, 168 MEF. See Major Economies Forum (MEF) Mandela, Nelson, 259 Merkel, Angela, 115, 260, 334 Marcondes de Carvalho, José Antônio, Mexican Presidency. See Cancún Conference 42, 107 (COP 16) (2010) Marks and Spenser, 273 Mexico Marrakech Conference (COP 22) (2016), Agreement for Climate Transformation 240–241, 318 and, 250

402 index

Mexico (cont.) net-zero target for emissions (See Net- Cancún Conference (See Cancún zero target for emissions) Conference (COP 16) (2010)) peaking of emissions (See Peaking of European Union and, 119 emissions) High Ambition Coalition and, 207 reframing of issue, 294 Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 self-determined mitigation Meyer, Alden, 225–226 commitments, 142–143, 145 Microsoft, 158 Small Island Developing States Milan Conference (COP 9) (2003), 265 perspective on, 207–209, 306–307 Miliband, Ed, 138 technological development and, 158 Miller, David, 265–266 UNFCCC Secretariat perspective on, Ministers 78–79 communication with, 193 United States perspective on, 139, meetings, 40 142–143, 145, 157, 306–307 minister-led informal consultations (See “We Mean Business” Coalition on, 280 Informal consultations) Molewa, Edna, 106, 107 relationships among, 301–302 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Mission: Innovation, 158, 304 System (MRV), 31, 165, 176 Mitigation Montalvo, Alicia, 114 generally, 39 Montreal Conference (COP 11) (2005), 25, adaptation versus, 296 265–266, 274 addressing at Paris Conference, 84 Montreal Protocol on Hydrofluorocarbons Agreement for Climate Transformation (HFCs), 158, 240 and, 252–253 Morgan, Jennifer, 9–10, 16–17, 230–231, ambition and, 124–127 320, 325 California, mitigation efforts in, 158–159 Mpanu-Mpanu, Tosi carbon offsets, 218–219 generally, 9–10 China–United States Joint Statement on on ambiguity, 195–196 Climate Change and, 99–100 on brokering balance, 191–193 Chinese perspective on, 108, 307 Copenhagen Accord, perspective on, Durban Conference and, 142–143 183–184 European Union perspective on, 124–127, on development of constituencies, 133–136, 137 186–187 Figueres on, 294 on “family spirit,” 191 French Presidency perspective on, 49–50 on finance, 194 Geneva negotiations and, 39 French Presidency, perspective on, goals of Paris Agreement, xxv 184–186 greenhouse gas sinks, 51–52, Green Climate Fund and, 185, 187 245–246, 347 heads of delegations, communication G77+China on, 307–308 with, 192–193 industrialized versus developing heads of state, involvement of, 189 countries, 20 “huddles” and, 192 Kyoto Protocol, under, 196, 294 informal consultations and, 192 Like-Minded Developing Countries Kyoto Protocol, perspective on, 186 Group perspective on, 164–165, 176, on Long-Term Goals, 194 306–308 ministers, communication with, 193 Long-Term Goals (See Long-Term Goals) on nationally determined nationally determined contributions (See contributions, 188 Nationally determined contribu- on negotiation, 329–330 tions (NDC)) overview of perspective, 14–15

index 403

on Paris Agreement, 194–195 Copenhagen Accord and, 71, 120–121 at Paris Conference, 189–190 French Presidency and, 305–306 “shall” versus “should” and, 194–195 Geneva negotiations and, 39–40 technology transfer and, 15, 329–330 at Lima Conference, 36, 38 Multilateralism UNFCCC Secretariat and, 12, 73–74, attack on, xxiv, 243 78, 89 Biden and, 318 Negotiation of Paris Agreement. See speciﬁc French Presidency and, 209 topic necessity of, 109 Net-zero target for emissions Obama and, 219–220 ambitious nature of, 310 Paris Agreement and, 45, 215, 339 civil society and, 320, 321 strengths of, 2 European Union perspective on, 126, Murdoch, James, 268 307 Mxakato-Diseko, Nozipho Joyce, 51, 53, faith groups and, 321 169–170, 309 French Presidency perspective on, 50–51, 59–60 Nasheed, Mohamed, 220, 222 High Ambition Coalition perspective on, Natarajan, Jayanthi, 128 217, 218, 230–235, 238–239 National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), 165–166 Obama on, 321 Nationally determined contributions (NDC) science and, 321 African Group of Negotiators perspective Small Island Developing States on, 125 perspective and, 321 ambitious nature of, 311 UNFCCC Secretariat perspective and, BASIC countries and, 156–157 299, 321 Brazil and, 125 New Climate Economy, 112–113 burden sharing and, 60–61 New York Declaration on Forests, 298 China and, 125, 156–157, 249–250 New Zealand China–United States Joint Statement on backsliding by, 286–287 Climate Change and, 97–98 common but differentiated civil society perspective on, 248–250 responsibilities and respective European Union and, 125–126, 156–157 capabilities and, 219 goals of Paris Agreement, xxv High Ambition Coalition and, 207 India and, 125 “hybrid” approach, 145–146 as indispensable to success of Paris Kyoto Protocol and, 32 Conference, 314–315 Nicaragua Like-Minded Developing Countries Ban Ki-moon and, 309 Group perspective on, 164–165, 176 China and, 106 negotiation regarding, 38 convergence strategies and, 330 overview, 33 Copenhagen Accord and, 29 Polish Presidency and, 33 Fabius and, 309 science, role of, 56 Hollande and, 309 Singapore and, 125 Paris Agreement and, 53, 93, Small Island Developing States 213–214, 309 perspective on, 200 Nickels, Greg, 265–266 text of Paris Agreement, 344 Nike, 273 United States and, 125, 249–250 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs). NDC. See Nationally determined contribu- See Civil society; speciﬁc tions (NDC) organization Negotiating text Non-State Action Zone for Climate Action circulation of, 72 (NAZCA), 80, 275–276

404 index

Non-state actors (NSAs). See also Business Objections community; Civil society to Copenhagen Accord, 29 business opportunities, seizing, 57 Paris Agreement, absence of objections creativity of, 8–9 to, 93 financial risk, minimizing, 58 “shall” versus “should” and, 173–174, importance of, 328–329 213–214 as indispensable to success of Paris Odell, John S., 3–4, 10, 18, 314, 315–316, 319, Conference, 314–315 320, 322, 324 leveraging of, 8–9 Official Development Assistance, 113 media, engaging, 59 Ohler, Frauke, 10, 18–19 new role of, 61–62 “1.5 to Stay Alive,” 55, 200–201, 258–259, Obama and, 57 300, 321 overview, 56–57 Online negotiation, 334–336 role in success of Paris Conference, 285, Operations Centre (OC), 85–86, 91 292, 298–299, 303, 311–312 Oquist, Paul, 53 subnational governments, engaging, 58 Orellana Halkyer, René, 9–10, 14, 42, 322 2014, activities during, 298–299 Organisation of African, Caribbean and 2015, activities during, 303 Pacific States (ACP), 221 United States perspective on, 158–159 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Norms and discourses, 319–322 (OECS), 197, 201 Norway Organization of Petroleum Exporting deforestation and, 304 Countries (OPEC), 261 Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 Organization of work, 74–77, 81–86 St. Lucia and, 208 Ortega, Daniel, 53, 330 NRG, 272 NSAs. See Non-state actors (NSAs) Pacchiano Alamán, Rafael, 237 Núñez, Fabio, 267–268 Pakistan, Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) Group and, 168 Obama, Barack PANOS Caribbean, 200–201 generally, 102, 103 Papua New Guinea, Small Island Developing on adaptation, 296 States (SIDS) and, 205 Bali Road Map and, 140 “Parallelism,” 143, 145–146 Copenhagen Accord and, 29, 115–116, Paris Agreement (2016). See specific topic 219–220 Paris Climate Change Conference (2015). See diplomatic activities of, 123 specific topic election of, 27 “Party-driven process,” 72 High Ambition Coalition and, 234–235 Peaking of emissions individual agency of, 18–19, 322 greenhouse gas sinks, balance with, on Long-Term Goals, 321 245–246 on loss and damage, 321 text of Paris Agreement, 344–347 multilateralism and, 219–220 People’s Climate March, 257–258, on net-zero target for emissions, 321 298–299, 320 non-state actors and, 57 Perceptions and norms, role in negotiation, 6, 8 optimism regarding, 115 Pershing, Jonathan, 9–10, 14, 123, 140, Paris Agreement and, 1, 44, 52 145, 156 People’s Climate March and, 257 Personality. See Individual agency personal engagement of, 145 Peru Small Island Developing States and, Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 205–206, 321 Lima Conference (See Lima Conference Xi, agreement with, 35–36, 97–98, 299 (COP 20) (2014))

index 405

Peruvian Presidency. See Lima Conference Race to Resilience, 244 (COP 20) (2014) Race to Zero, 244 Philippines Raman, Meena, 173–174 Agreement for Climate Transformation Rasmussen, Lars Løkke, 29 and, 250 “Ratchet mechanism.” See Global stocktake Climate Vulnerable Forum and, 236 Ratiﬁcation of Paris Agreement Like-Minded Developing Countries generally, 45 Group and, 161, 300 text of Paris Agreement, 362 Super Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda, Reframing of issues, 294 172, 296 Regime-building, implementation versus, Plan B (NGO), 241 331–332 Podesta, John, 102, 148 Regional Comprehensive Economic Polish Presidency. See Warsaw Conference Partnership (RCEP), 333 (COP 19) (2013) Reifsnyder, Daniel, 39 Populist nationalism, 318–319 Relationships Poverty eradication China–United States relationship, Like-Minded Developing Countries 229–230, 316 (See also China–United Group and, 167, 174–175, 176, 177 States Joint Statement on Climate in Paris Agreement, 245–246 Change (2014)) Pratt, Anthony, 268 European Union and, 114, 221 Preamble High Ambition Coalition and, 224, facilitation of negotiations, 42 225–226, 240, 322–323 ﬁnance provisions in, 44 importance of in negotiation, 334–335 provisions of, 53–54 informal consultations and, 325, 327 text of, 342–343 information and, 255 Prince of Wales Corporate Leaders ministers, among, 301–302 Group, 232 UNFCCC Secretariat–French Presidency Process management relationship, 70–71, 326 changing landscape of multilateral Renard, Yves, 200–201 negotiations and, 330–331 Renewable energy in complex landscape of multilateral African Renewable Energy Initiative, 188 negotiations, 323–324 in European Union, 112 by French Presidency, 323 fossil fuels versus, 113 from global to regional, 332–334 Long-Term Goals, linkage with, inclusiveness and, 323–324 260–261 institutional memory and, 336–338 RE100 initiative, 57, 274, 275, 281, from on-site to online, 334–336 292–293, 320 from regime-building to implementation, RE100 initiative, 57, 274, 275, 281, 331–332 292–293, 320 role in negotiation, 6, 7, 8, 9 Reservations, text of Paris Agreement, transparency and, 323–324 364 Provisions of Paris Agreement. See Text of Ribera, Teresa, 114 Paris Agreement Rigg, Kelly, 232–233 Public education and awareness Right people and tools, providing, 9 in business community, 282–283 Robinson, Mary, 229 civil society and, 261–263 Rogers, Jim, 272 media and, 261–262, 292 Romson, Åsa, 42 text of Paris Agreement, 356 Rudd, Amber, 136, 138, 228, 241 Pulgar-Vidal, Manuel, 34, 36–37, 38, 40, Rudd, Kevin, 119 301–302 Runge-Metzger, Artur, 36, 114, 117

406 index

Russia UNFCCC Secretariat perspective on, common but differentiated 92–93 responsibilities and respective United States perspective on, 42–43, capabilities and, 219 105–106, 173, 194, 213–214, 309, Informal Ministerial Group and, 230 317–318 Kyoto Protocol and, 23–24, 32, 73 Xie and, 53 World Trade Organization and, 24 Shell Oil, 242 SIDS. See Small Island Developing States Sach, Karsten, 114 (SIDS) St. Lucia Signature of Paris Agreement High Ambition Coalition and, 207 generally, 1, 45 Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 text of Paris Agreement, 362 Norway and, 208 Silk, Aaron, 205 Small Island Developing States and, 204 Singapore, nationally determined Salerno, Claudio, 42 contributions (NDC) and, 125 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 115 Singh, Manmohan, 115 Saudi Arabia Slade, Neroni, 218 conflicting preferences and priorities, 286 Small Island Developing States (SIDS). See Informal Ministerial Group and, 230 also specific country Like-Minded Developing Countries on adaptation, 204 Group and, 161, 162, 168, 180, 300 Alliance of Small Island States and, 119, on Long-Term Goals, 126–127, 223, 208–209, 217, 218–219 253, 261 on ambition, 207–209, 211, 212, 214–215 media attention on, 262 civil society, engagement with, 199, Mission: Innovation and, 304 200–201, 257–258 Scholarly literature, contributions to coalition building and, 300 climate change, regarding, 6–7 Comité de Paris and, 209 international negotiations, regarding, 7–8 on common but differentiated Paris Agreement, regarding, 4–6 responsibilities and respective Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 267–268 capabilities, 203 Science compromise and, 199, 203 carbon dioxide emissions and, 157, 158 consensus among delegations, 199 French Presidency perspective on, 55–56 coordination of positions, 199–200 nationally determined contributions on finance, 204, 213 and, 56 French Presidency and, 206, 209, 211, net-zero target for emissions and, 321 212–213 Science Based Targets Initiative, 57, 320 High Ambition Coalition and, 213 Severity of climate emergency, 339 “Indaba” negotiations and, 210–211 “Shall” versus “should” informal consultations and, 202–203 Chinese perspective on, 42–43, 105–106 insider accounts, 3 in Closing Plenary, 213, 214, 318 Lima Call for Climate Action and, 198 French Presidency perspective on, 52–53, on Long-Term Goals, 203, 208, 211, 213, 54, 173, 194, 214, 309, 317–318 258–259 Kerry and, 53, 54, 105, 214, 309 on loss and damage, 108, 203–204, 205, Like-Minded Developing Countries 206–207, 213 Group perspective on, 172–174 media attention on, 262 objections and, 173–174, 213–214 meetings of negotiators, 198–199 Small Island Developing States on mitigation, 207–209, 306–307 perspective on, 212–214 on nationally determined Stern and, 214 contributions, 200

index 407

net-zero target for emissions and, 321 Substate actors, role in success of Paris overview of perspective, 15, 197, 214–215 Conference, 285, 291–293, 303 Paris Agreement and, 44, 53–54, 55 Sudan, Like-Minded Developing Countries pavilion at Paris Conference, 199, (LMDC) Group and, 168 201–202, 204–205 Sundtoft, Tine, 37, 207, 209, 237 REDD+ and, 204, 213 Sunrise Movement, 242 “red lines” at Paris Conference, 203–204 Sustainable development reflections on Paris Conference, 214–215 Like-Minded Developing Countries on “shall” versus “should,” 212–214 Group and, 167, 174–175, 176, 177 technical expertise of negotiators, 199 in Paris Agreement, 245–246 Solar energy Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 163 business community and, 282 Su Wei, 148–149, 150 in China, 282 Sweden, New Climate Economy and, in Germany, 282 112–113 International Solar Alliance, 123, 304 Swiss Re, 265–266, 273, 274 Long-Term Goals, linkage with, Switzerland, Informal Ministerial Group 260–261 (IMG) and, 228 technological development and, 282 South Africa “Take-it-or-leave-it” approach, 308, 309, coalition building and, 300 317–318 Fabius and, 302 Talley, Trigg, 123, 145, 229 “Friends of Rules” Group and, 130–131 Tamminen, Terry, 267 “Indaba” negotiations (See “Indaba” Task Force on Climate-related Financial negotiations) Disclosures (TCFD), 159 South Korea, raised ambitions in, xxv Technology Mechanism, 31 Spread of understanding as factor in success Technology transfer of Paris Conference, 285, 289–291 generally, 20 Staircase analogy, 196 adaptation and, 177 State interests, role in negotiation, 8 consensus and, 191 Steiner, Adam, 270 Geneva negotiations and, 39 Stern, Todd Mpanu-Mpanu and, 15, 329–330 generally, 145 text of Paris Agreement, 354 Bali Road Map and, 140 UNFCCC Secretariat and, 68 China and, 102, 103 Teixeira, Izabella, 42, 107, 236–237 China–United States Joint Statement on Temperature goals. See Long-Term Goals Climate Change and, 148–149, 150 Tennant, Tessa, 225 High Ambition Coalition and, 206–207, Text of Paris Agreement. See also 221, 232, 233, 235–236, 237 Negotiating text Informal Ministerial Group and, 228, 229 adaptation (Article 7), 349–351 Major Economies Forum and, 122–123, amendments (Article 22), 363 146, 152 annexes (Article 23), 363 “shall” versus “should” and, 214 authentication (Article 29), 364 Small Island Developing States and, 205 capacity building (Article 11), 355 Structured Expert Dialogue (SED), 55, 231 Conference of the Parties (Article 16), Subnational governments, 58 359–360 Subsidiary bodies definitions (Article 1), 343 Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Depositary (Article 26), 364 Technological Advice, text of Paris dispute settlement (Article 24), 363 Agreement, 361 entry into force (Article 21), 362–363 text of Paris Agreement, 361–362 finance (Article 9), 352–354

408 index

Text of Paris Agreement (cont.) non-state actors, role in success, 285, global stocktake (Article 14), 358 291–293, 298–299, 303, 311–312 greenhouse gas sinks (Article 5), 347 overview, 10, 18, 284–285 Long-Term Goals (Article 2), 343–344 reframing of issues, 294 loss and damage (Article 8), 352 spread of understanding as factor in means of implementation (Article 15), success, 285, 289–291 358–359 substate actors, role in success, 285, nationally determined contributions 291–293, 303 (Article 3), 344 United Nations institutions as peaking of emissions (Article 4), 344–347 impediment to success, 288–289 Preamble, 342–343 worsening alternative as factor in public education and awareness (Article success, 285, 289–291, 311 12), 356 Third World Network (TWN), 168 ratification (Article 20), 362 350.org (NGO), 257, 258–259 reservations (Article 27), 364 “Tipping points,” 249 signatures (Article 20), 362 Topping, Nigel, 273–274 subsidiary bodies (Article 19), 361–362 Track 0 (NGO), 224, 228, 232–233, 238 Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Trade-offs, 74, 178, 192–193, 298, 329–330 Technological Advice (Article Transparency 18), 361 generally, 39 technology transfer (Article 10), 354 business community and, 281–282 transparency (Article 13), 356–358 Cartagena Dialogue and, 226–227 UNFCCC Secretariat (Article 17), China–United States Joint Statement on 360–361 Climate Change and, 317 voluntary cooperation (Article 6), Chinese perspective on, 99, 108, 307 347–349 civil society and, 247, 249–250, 329 voting (Article 25), 363–364 Comité de Paris and, 326–327 withdrawal (Article 28), 364 in communication and expectation Theoretical perspective on Paris Agreement management, 326–327 adding negotiating issues with opposite Copenhagen Accord, lack of in, 183–184, distributional implications, 296 326, 328 change in negotiation objective as factor Danish Presidency, lack of, 183–184, 326 in success, 285, 293–297, 312 Durban Conference and, 144 common objectives in negotiation, 294 European Union perspective on, 134 complexity as impediment to success, French Presidency promoting, 40–42, 285–286 71–72, 102, 184–186 compromise, 296 Geneva negotiations and, 39 conflicting preferences and priorities as lessons learned from negotiations, impediment to success, 286–287 327, 328 deductive approach to negotiation, 293 Lima Call for Climate Action and, 37 French Presidency, role of leadership in parallels in other areas of negotiation, 337 success, 285, 300–303, 312 process management and, 323–324 future approaches to negotiation, 313 text of Paris Agreement, 356–358 incomplete information as impediment UNFCCC Secretariat perspective on, 68, to success, 287–288 69, 71–72 inductive approach to negotiation, 293 United States perspective on, informal consultations, role in success, 144–145, 146 295, 304–305 “We Mean Business” Coalition on, issue linkage, role in success, 306–308 280–281 mediation, role in success, 300–303 Treaty, Paris Agreement as, 44

index 409

Treaty of Vienna (1815), xxiii collaboration and, 87–88 Trinidad and Tobago, Informal Ministerial Comité de Paris (See Comité de Paris) Group (IMG) and, 228 communication and, 67–68, 79–80 Trump, Donald compromise and, 211 election of, 16, 240–241 coordination and, 67–68, 86 fossil fuels and, 241 creativity of, 69 isolationism and, 2 Danish Presidency, lessons learned from, unfavorable policies of, 52 336–337 withdrawal from Paris Agreement, xxiv, developing countries, support for, 68, 79 243, 318 Drafting and Advisory Team, 74, 91 Trust building drafting of Paris Agreement and, 73–74, compromise and, 229 88–93 French Presidency on, 63 finance and, 68 as future approach to negotiation, 313 “Groundswell” project, 80 online negotiation and, 334–335 implementing bodies, 79 Tshibanda, Raymond, 193 inclusiveness and, 69, 71–72 Tubiana, Laurence “Indaba” negotiations and, 84–85, 90 China and, 102, 318 informal consultations, 84 communication and expectation information sharing and, 67–68 management and, 327 insider accounts, 3 convergence strategies and, 330 institutional character of, 11–12, 66–69 European Union and, 114 institutional memory and, 337 on French Presidency, 9–10, 11, 46 intergovernmental process, management Geneva negotiations and, 40 of, 67–68, 71–73, 81 High Ambition Coalition and, 216, internal work culture, 69 230–231, 232 Leaders Event, 73, 86–88 individual agency of, 322 legitimacy and, 94, 95 mediation and, 302 logistics and conference services, 68 negotiating text and, 306 Long-Term Goals and, 78–79 at Paris Conference, 124, 263 means of implementation and, 68 Secretariat-Presidency relationship on mitigation, 78–79 and, 70 negotiating text and, 12, 73–74, 78, 89 Small Island Developing States and, 212 on net-zero target for emissions, 299, 321 Turkey Operations Centre, 85–86, 91 classification as developing country, 308 organization of work, 74–77, 81–86 Closing Plenary and, 308 overview of perspective, 11–12, 65–66, 94 Paris Agreement and, 93 “party-driven process” and, 72 Tuvalu “point of transition,” 76–77 China and, 106 post-adoption activities, 95–96 Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 preparation for Paris Conference, 12 “Two-fingered interventions,” 153 Presidency, relationship with, 70–71, 326 review of text, 92 Umbrella Group, 132, 299 rules of procedure and, 72 “Unconstrained” businesses, 271–272 scheduling and, 75–76 UNFCCC Secretariat sessional documents, 77 ambition and, 78–79 “shall” versus “should” and, 92–93 “back-room machinery,” 85 technology transfer and, 68 capacity building and, 68 text of Paris Agreement, 360–361 careful interventions by, 78–81 time allocation plan, 75 “climate action agenda,” 80 “timely and orderly closure,” 76

410 index

UNFCCC Secretariat (cont.) adoption of, 21 transition from ADP to COP, 82–83 Clean Development Mechanism, 31 transparency and, 68, 69, 71–72 Conference of the Parties (See Conference on unanimity, 73 of the Parties (COP)) Unilever Global, 273, 298 consensus rule in, 293–294 United Kingdom emissions targets in, 21 Brexit, 2, 318–319, 333 historical background, 10–11 business community in, 266–267 “interim secretariat,” 67 Cartagena Dialogue and, 119–120 lack of specific goals, 157 Climate Change Act 2008, 268 Like-Minded Developing Countries Copenhagen Accord and, 116–117 Group and, 163 deforestation and, 304 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Informal Ministerial Group and, 228 System, 31, 165, 176 New Climate Economy and, 112–113 negotiation process in, 293–294 populist nationalism in, 318–319 official documents, 66 United Nations rules and norms as impediment to Climate Action Summit (2014), 34–35, success of negotiations, 288–289 80, 233, 257, 298, 319–320 scholarly literature regarding, 7 Climate Change Summit (2009), 27 Secretariat (See UNFCCC Secretariat) Conference on Sustainable as significant achievement, 279–280 Development, 161 structural negotiation challenges, 333 Declaration on the Right to Structured Expert Dialogue, 55, 231 Development, 163, 168 Technology Mechanism, 31 Department of Political Affairs, 337 United States and, 140 Development Programme (UNDP), 201 Warsaw International Mechanism on Earth Summit (1992), 62 Loss and Damage, 178 Environmental Programme (UNEP), United States 21, 270 Agreement for Climate Transformation Environment and Development and, 250 Conference (1992), 62 on ambition, 139, 156–157 Food and Agriculture Organization American Business Act on Climate (FAO), 201 Change Pledge, 57 Global Compact, 270–271 American Clean Energy and Security institutions as impediment to success of Act, 144 negotiations, 288–289 backsliding by, 286–287 Mediation Support Unit, 337 Bali Road Map and, 219 Sustainable Development Goals California (See California) (SDGs), 163 carbon emissions by, 223–224, 294 Treaty Section, 95 charts, use in negotiation, 153–154 UNFCCC (See United Nations China–United States Joint Statement on Framework Convention on Climate Climate Change (See China–United Change (UNFCCC)) States Joint Statement on Climate United Nations Framework Convention on Change (2014)) Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate denial in, 242 Adaptation Committee, 31 commitment to phase out carbon Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban emissions, 35–36 Platform for Enhanced Action (See on common but differentiated Ad Hoc Working Group on the responsibilities and respective Durban Platform for Enhanced capabilities, 141, 148–149, 219 Action (ADP)) compromise and, 307

index 411

conflicting preferences and priorities, 286 on “shall” versus “should,” 42–43, Copenhagen Accord and, 28–29, 115, 117, 105–106, 173, 194, 213–214, 309, 141, 142, 219–220 317–318 coverage by Paris Agreement, 310 on shape of negotiating table, 151–152 Democratic Party, 287 State Department, 148 developing countries and, 139–142, 145 on transparency, 144–145, 146 on dialogues versus monologues, 154 “two-fingered interventions,” 153 on differentiation, 135–136, 142 Umbrella Group and, 132, 299 domestic political support in, 157 UNFCCC and, 140 European Union compared, 112 Washington, D.C., mitigation efforts in, finance and, 132 158–159 “Friends of Rules” Group and, 130–131 Waxman–Markey Act, 144 High Ambition Coalition and, 134–135, on working backwards, 155 207, 217, 218, 219–220, 235–236, 237 Venezuela “huddles,” 152–153 Copenhagen Accord and, 29 “hybrid” approach, 143–144, 145–146 Like-Minded Developing Countries India and, 123 Group and, 162, 300 informal meetings and, 295 on Long-Term Goals, 223 Informal Ministerial Group and, 229–230 Vieira Samper, Pablo Abba, 237 insider accounts, 3 Virtuous-cycle model, 313 Kyoto Protocol and, 23, 26, 32, 114–115, Visy Industries, 268 140, 287, 312 Voluntary cooperation, text of Paris legally binding instrument, Paris Agreement, 347–349 Agreement not seen as, 127, 128–129, Voting, text of Paris Agreement, 363–364 296, 307, 317 on Long-Term Goals, 223, 253, 259, 307 Walker, Jim, 265, 273–274 on loss and damage, 151 Warsaw Conference (COP 19) (2013), 33, 125, Major Economies Forum and, 146–147 147–148, 172, 270, 296–297 Major Economies Meeting on Energy Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss Security and Climate Change, and Damage, 38, 44, 172, 178 140, 146 Washington, D.C., mitigation efforts in, Mission: Innovation and, 304 158–159 on mitigation, 139, 142–143, 145, 157, The Washington Post, 262 306–307 Watkinson, Paul, 117 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Waughray, Dominic, 273 System and, 176 “We Mean Business” Coalition nationally determined contributions and, ambition and, 277–278 125, 249–250 The Business Brief: Shaping a Catalytic on non-state actors, 158–159 Paris Agreement, 277–278, 280, objectives at Paris Conference, 139 319–320 overview of perspective, 13–14, 139, creation of, 272–277 155 “8 Key Asks,” 277–278, 280, 319–320 “parallelism” and, 143, 145–146 Figueres and, 273 on people versus countries, 153 on finance, 276–277, 280 on pressure in negotiation, 150–151 fossil fuels and, 273 raised ambitions in, xxv on global stocktake, 277–278 Republican Party, 287, 317 on jobs, 275–276 on rules, 130 Kerry and, 277 second joint statement with China, 99 on “landing zones,” 280–281

412 index

“We Mean Business” Coalition (cont.) practical lessons from Paris media brieﬁngs, 303 Agreement, 2–3 on mitigation, 280 Russia and, 24 objectives of, 272 Seattle Ministerial (1999), 301 overview, 17–18 structural negotiation challenges, 333 at Paris Conference, 277–279 World Wildlife Federation (WWF), role in success of Paris Conference, 260–261, 273 292–293 Worsening alternative as factor in success of social media and, 278–279 Paris Conference, 285, 289–291, on transparency, 280–281 311 Werksman, Jake, 117–118 WTO. See World Trade Organization (WTO) Wilke, Nicole, 117 Williams, Dessima, 225 Xie Zhenhua Withdrawal from Paris Agreement generally, 9–10 text of Paris Agreement, 364 China–United States Joint Statement on Trump and, xxiv, 243, 318 Climate Change and, 102, 148–149, Wolstencroft, Tracy, 268 150, 317 Woodroffe, Thom, 233, 234 High Ambition Coalition and, 238 World Bank, 291 at Paris Conference, 53, 54, 123 World Business Council for Sustainable on preparing ground, 324–325 Development (WBCSD), 273 “shall” versus “should” and, 53 World Economic Forum, 273 Xi Jinping World Meteorological Organization Hollande and, 99–100 (WMO), 21 leadership of, 97 World Resources Institute (WRI), 224, 246, Obama, agreement with, 35–36, 250, 262, 320 97–98, 299 World Trade Organization (WTO) at Paris Conference, 101 creation of, 332 Doha Round, 332 Yamin, Farhana, 9–10, 16, 316, 320, information sharing and, 337 321–322, 325 institutional memory and, 337 ministerial conferences, 332 Zackhras, Mattlan, 241 negotiation process in, 293–294 Zuma, Jacob, 115