STUDY Requested by the ENVI committee International Climate Negotiations Issues at stake in view of the COP 24 UN Climate Change Conference in Katowice and beyond Photo by IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies Directorate-General for Internal Policies Authors: NEIER Henrik, NEYER Judith, RADUNSKY Klaus PE 626.092 – November 2018 EN International Climate Negotiations Issues at stake in view of the COP 24 UN Climate Change Conference in Katowice and beyond Abstract This study provides an overview of the contents of the Paris Agreement as well as background information. It summarises the further negotiation process under the UNFCCC, related international developments as well as the key issues ahead of COP 24 in Katowice in December 2018, during which the rules for the implementation of the Paris Agreement are expected to be finalised. This study was provided by the Policy Department A at the request of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI). This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI). AUTHORS Henrik NEIER, Environment Agency Austria Judith NEYER, Environment Agency Austria Klaus RADUNSKY, Environment Agency Austria ADMINISTRATOR RESPONSIBLE Tina OHLIGER EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Eva ASPLUND LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR Policy departments provide in-house and external expertise to support EP committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU internal policies. To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe for updates, please write to: Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies European Parliament B-1047 Brussels Email: [email protected] Manuscript completed in November 2018 © European Union, 2018 This document is available on the internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analyses Please use the following reference to cite this study: Neier, H., Neyer, J. and Radunsky, K., International Climate Negotiations – Issues at stake in view of the COP 24 UN Climate Change Conference in Katowice and beyond, Study for the Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, European Parliament, Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies, Luxembourg, 2018 DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy. International Climate Negotiations – Issues at stake in view of the COP 24 Climate Change Conference CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6 LIST OF BOXES 11 LIST OF FIGURES 11 LIST OF TABLES 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13 INTRODUCTION 16 1.1. The Climate Change Conference in Katowice 16 1.2. Aim of this study 16 1.3. Structure of the document 16 UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE: BODIES, KEY NEGOTIATION TERMS AND GROUPS OF PARTIES 18 THE PARIS AGREEMENT AT A GLANCE 26 3.1. Mitigation 27 3.2. Adaptation 29 3.3. Loss and damage 30 3.4. Finance 31 3.5. Technology development and transfer 31 3.6. Capacity-building 32 3.7. Transparency of action and support 32 3.8. Global stocktake and increasing ambition 33 3.9. Procedural aspects 34 3.10. Status of the signature, ratification and entry into force process 35 3.11. Negotiation bodies under the Paris Agreement 36 3.12. Enhanced action prior to 2020 38 3.13. Summary and discussion 39 OUTCOMES OF COP 23 IN BONN 40 4.1. Mitigation 41 4.2. Adaptation 42 4.3. Loss and Damage 43 4.4. Finance 43 4.5. Technology development and transfer 44 4.6. Capacity-building 44 PE 626.092 3 IPOL | Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies 4.7. Transparency of Action and Support 44 4.8. Global Stocktake and Increasing Ambition 45 4.9. Other Negotiation Strands and Events 45 4.9.1. Enhanced action prior to 2020 46 4.9.2. Gender Action Plan (GAP) 46 4.9.3. Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform 47 PREPARATORY MEETINGS FOR COP 24 48 5.1. The meeting of the APA and the subsidiary bodies in Bonn (SB 48-1) 48 5.1.1. Mitigation 48 5.1.2. Adaptation 49 5.1.3. Loss and damage 50 5.1.4. Finance 50 5.1.5. Technology development and transfer 50 5.1.6. Capacity-building 51 5.1.7. Transparency of action and support 51 5.1.8. Global stocktake and increasing ambition 51 5.1.9. Other Negotiation Strands and Events 51 5.2. The meeting of the APA and the subsidiary bodies in Bangkok (SB 48-2) 52 5.2.1. Mitigation 53 5.2.2. Adaptation 53 5.2.3. Loss and damage 54 5.2.4. Finance 54 5.2.5. Technology development and transfer 54 5.2.6. Capacity-building 55 5.2.7. Transparency of action and support 55 5.2.8. Global stocktake and increasing ambition 55 5.2.9. Other Negotiation Strands and Events 55 5.3. The Talanoa Dialogue 56 5.3.1. Mandate, goal and design of the Talanoa Dialogue 56 5.3.2. Outcomes of the first Talanoa Dialogue in Bonn (May 2018) 57 5.3.3. The Talanoa at COP 24 – organisation and outlook 58 DEVELOPEMENTS BEYOND THE UNFCCC NEGOTIATIONS: OTHER FORA, ORGANISATIONS AND SECTORAL AGREEMENTS 60 6.1. Groups of countries 60 6.1.1. The Group of Seven (G7) 60 6.1.2. Petersberg Climate Dialogue 61 4 PE 626.092 International Climate Negotiations – Issues at stake in view of the COP 24 Climate Change Conference 6.1.3. The Group of Twenty (G20) 61 6.1.4. The Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate (MEF) 62 6.2. Activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 62 6.2.1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 62 6.2.2. IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 degrees C 65 6.3. Other sectoral agreements 69 6.3.1. International aviation 71 6.3.2. ICAO’s Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) 72 6.3.3. International shipping 73 6.3.4. Initial IMO strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas emission from ships 75 OUTLOOK: COP 24 AND BEYOND 77 7.1. Other relevant developments 77 7.2. Before the COP 24 in Katowice 78 7.3. The Conference in Katowice 81 7.4. Negotiating topics at COP 24 82 7.5. Key issues in Katowice 83 7.6. Beyond Katowice – Work in 2019 and beyond 85 REFERENCES 86 ANNEX 1: CONTENTS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT 103 ANNEX 2: ELEMENTS OF THE DECISION ACCOMPANYING THE PARIS AGREEMENT 105 PE 626.092 5 IPOL | Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A4A Airlines for America AC Adaptation Committee ADP Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action AF Adaptation Fund AGN African Group of negotiators AILAC Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean (Asociación Independiente de Latinoamérica y el Caribe) ALBA Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América) AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States APA Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement AR5 Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC AR6 Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC BECCS Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage BR Biennial Reports BUR Biennial Update Reports C Celsius CAEP Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection CBDR Common But Differentiated Responsibilities CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CDR Carbon Dioxide Removal CGE Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention CH4 Methane CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CMP Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol 6 PE 626.092 International Climate Negotiations – Issues at stake in view of the COP 24 Climate Change Conference CO2 Carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CP Reference for ‘COP’ in Decions as in Decision 1/CP.21 CRP Conference room paper CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network EEA European Economic Area EEDI Energy Efficiency Design Index EIG Environmental Integrity Group ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EU European Union EU ETS European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (until 2012); European Union Emissions Trading System (from 2013 onwards) FSV Facilitative Sharing of Views G7 Group of Seven G20 Group of Twenty G-77 Group of 77 at the United Nations GAP Gender Action Plan GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas GMBM Global Market-Based Measure GRiF Global Risk Financing Facility GST Global stocktake Gt Gigatonnes HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HLS High-Level Segment PE 626.092 7 IPOL | Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies IATA International Air Transport Association ICA International Consultation and Analysis ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICSA International Coalition for Sustainable Aviation IEA International Energy Agency IGO Inter-Governmental Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISWG Intersessional Working Group (on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships) LDC Least Developed Countries LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LEDS Low Emission Development Strategy LEG Least Developed Countries Expert Group LMDC Like-Minded Developing Countries