A Thesis Entitled from Cuba to Ybor City: Race, Revolution, Nationalism and Afro-Cuban Identity by Elizabeth Becker Submitted To

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Thesis Entitled from Cuba to Ybor City: Race, Revolution, Nationalism and Afro-Cuban Identity by Elizabeth Becker Submitted To A Thesis entitled From Cuba to Ybor City: Race, Revolution, Nationalism and Afro-Cuban Identity by Elizabeth Becker Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts Degree in History _________________________________________ Diane Britton, Ph.D., Committee Chair _________________________________________ Charles Beatty-Medina, Ph.D., Committee Member _________________________________________ Ronald Lora, Ph.D., Committee Member _________________________________________ Patricia Komuniecki, Ph.D., Dean, College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2013 Copyright 2013, Elizabeth Becker This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of From Cuba to Ybor City: Race, Revolution, Nationalism and Afro-Cuban Identity by Elizabeth Becker Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts Degree in History The University of Toledo May 2013 This research project explores race, nationalism, and Afro-Cuban identity in the small Florida ethnic enclave of Ybor City in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It also examines slavery, race, and revolution in nineteenth-century Cuba. The study reveals how Cuban ethnicity and patriotic solidarity ultimately trumped racial divisiveness in the Ybor City. Although the Jim Crow Laws deeply penetrated all levels of society in the U.S. South, black and white Cubans coexisted within the tiny bubble outside of Tampa during the last few decades of the nineteenth century. Historically, scholars have rarely focused on the voices of Afro-Cubans during this critical time period of Cuba’s nation building project, even though black Cubans contributed substantially to Cuba Libre and the Cuban Liberation army. By illuminating the Afro-Cuban immigrant story amidst the violent times of the Jim Crow South, the Spanish-American War, and their relations with the white Cuban exile community who escaped Spanish persecution leading up to the war, a complex and passionate set of characters are revealed who defined themselves as being Cuban, black, as well as immigrants. iii! For Mom and Adam “A Cuban is more than white, more than mulatto, more than black.” 1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "!#$%&'!()**'+&$,-!!"#$%&'()%*+(,-.%/0#"1234()5%6)%7(89(!.(&/'*%0/11*2!3'/0*)%/45! 6)*%%!78!917)/:&-!;<<;=-!>>?!@A*!)*071$4/7'&)5!&B7%41*!C7%D!E&)4F!8&,7$%15!:*G1&)*:!/'!"HIJ?! ! Table of Contents Abstract iii Table of Contents v I. Introduction: A Brief History of Cuban and United States Relations 1 II. Slavery, Race and Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Cuba 23 1 A. Part I: Race and Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Cuba 23 B. Part II: Afro-Cuban Dedication to Cuba Libre 46 III. The Immigrant World of Ybor City: Race, Nationalism and Identity 62 Part I: The Evolution and Background of Ybor City 67 Part II: The Evolution of Afro-Cuban Nationalism, Blackness and Identity 81 IV. Conclusion: Race Relations in Present Day Ybor City 124 Bibliography 140 v Chapter One: Introduction A Brief History of Cuban and United States Relations During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a quilt of ethnic enclaves emerged in urban areas as the “new” immigrants poured into the United States.2 Most often, constant cultural interaction resulted within these communities between foreign immigrants and native-born Americans. 3 For some of these new arrivals, facing discrimination and prejudice was a daily occurrence, while others had little trouble assimilating into mainstream American life. Depending on what country they originated from, the immigrant experience differed greatly from one individual to the next. When looking at traditional studies of ethnic communities and constructing an immigrant identity, they often tend to ignore their “old world soul,” to use Marcus Eli Ravage’s term.4 In the case of Cuba’s immigrant population near the end of the nineteenth century, it is near impossible to disregard their country’s political, social, racial and economic situation in relation to the United States. By examining race, nationalism, and Afro- Cuban identity in Ybor City during the decades leading up to the Spanish-American War, as well as exploring slavery, race, and revolution in nineteenth-century Cuba, a far more detailed and complete picture reveals itself.5 Although Jim Crow Laws deeply penetrated all levels of society in the American South, black and white Cubans coexisted within !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 Thomas Archdeacon, Becoming American: An Ethnic History (New York: The Free Press, 1983), 112. Archdeacon states that the new immigration wave ranged from 1890-1930. These migrants created diverse ethnic neighborhoods that characterized urban America until the middle of the twentieth century. 3 Throughout the paper, “American” refers to the United States. 4 Marcus Eli Ravage, An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1917), 60. Ravage concentrated on European immigrants, stating that they were not “blank sheets to be written on,” nor had they “sprung from nowhere.” According to Ravage, these immigrants brought with them “deep-rooted tradition, a system of culture and tastes and habits.” 5 The Spanish-American War is also referred to as the final Cuban War for Independence (1895- 1898). 1 Ybor City during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Defying the laws and customs of their host country, Cuba Libre and the quest for freedom and equality essentially melded the two Cuban races together within this tiny bubble outside of Tampa.6 Thus, in the decades leading up to the Spanish-American War, Cuban ethnicity and patriotic solidarity briefly overshadowed racial divisiveness in the small Floridian ethnic enclave of Ybor City.7 By illuminating the Afro-Cuban immigrant story amidst the violent times of the Jim Crow South, the Spanish-American War, and their relations with the white Cuban exile community who escaped Spanish persecution leading up to the war, one is confronted with a complex and passionate set of characters who defined themselves as being Cuban, black, as well as immigrants. Typically, accounts of the Spanish-American War reveal only part of the story: the Cuban voice, particularly the black one, is simply left out, strangely missing from its own war and history. Thus, a narrative on the perceptions and actions of Afro-Cubans, both during the Spanish-American War and before, requires a new set of questions, sources, and a new perspective. What was the relationship between the United States and Cuba during the nineteenth century? How did Afro-Cubans view the United States and Spain, and how did the United States perceive Cubans, both black and white? How were Afro-Cubans in Cuba socially and racially treated in the years leading up to and during the War for Independence? How did black !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6 Cuba Libre is translated to “free Cuba.” 7 As discussed throughout the paper, particularly in the beginning of Chapter One, race was difficult to define in nineteenth-century Cuban society. For Cubans, race was socially constructed and a quite malleable concept. In Cuba, defining one’s color was often complex due to the historical racial mixing through the occurrence of mixed marriages and relationships and the idea of mestizaje. In late nineteenth-century Cuba, the use of the term “black” was a topic of public debate, centered on whether race was to be explicitly identified or not. Ybor City was an isolated, predominately Latin, ethnic community that resided on the outskirts of Tampa where residents appeared to adhere more to the social mores of their home country, Cuba. 2 Cubans residing in ethnic enclaves in Florida perceive the war, imperialism, and dreams of independence? How did the mutual aide societies, so prevalent and resourceful in Cuba, adapt when transplanted to the United States? Did they serve a similar function to their members? Moreover, what impact did the Jim Crow South and the Cuban War for Independence have on black and white Cuban relations and on Afro-Cuban identity? Like a temptress drawing in her suitor, Cuba held the North American imagination throughout the nineteenth century, enticing it with her warm climate, abundant resources and simple way of life. Going back to the eighteenth century, the United States has maintained a fascination with the island “almost in sight:” From James Polk and Franklin Pierce attempting to buy the island, to William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt questioning Cuba’s sovereignty, Americans attempted to acquire the island without success. Thus, by the outbreak of the Cuban War of Independence (1895- 1898), when Cuba’s freedom was transforming from a mere dream into reality, the United States intervened. In 1896, Texas senator Roger Mills summarized the history of American policy: “It has been the settled policy of our country, of all parties, at all times, that this all important key shall never pass out of the feeble hands of Spain to any other Government except that of the United States.”8 Why did this “all important key” seem to captivate the United States? Through the power of their own figurative depictions, Americans historically rendered the need to possess Cuba as essential to their own well being. Considering Cuba was so close, many Americans were fearful
Recommended publications
  • Slum Clearance in Havana in an Age of Revolution, 1930-65
    SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 by Jesse Lewis Horst Bachelor of Arts, St. Olaf College, 2006 Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2012 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jesse Horst It was defended on July 28, 2016 and approved by Scott Morgenstern, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Edward Muller, Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History Co-Chair: George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor, Department of History Co-Chair: Alejandro de la Fuente, Robert Woods Bliss Professor of Latin American History and Economics, Department of History, Harvard University ii Copyright © by Jesse Horst 2016 iii SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 Jesse Horst, M.A., PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This dissertation examines the relationship between poor, informally housed communities and the state in Havana, Cuba, from 1930 to 1965, before and after the first socialist revolution in the Western Hemisphere. It challenges the notion of a “great divide” between Republic and Revolution by tracing contentious interactions between technocrats, politicians, and financial elites on one hand, and mobilized, mostly-Afro-descended tenants and shantytown residents on the other hand. The dynamics of housing inequality in Havana not only reflected existing socio- racial hierarchies but also produced and reconfigured them in ways that have not been systematically researched.
    [Show full text]
  • Vicente Martinez Ybor: the Man Who Made Tampa the Cigar Capital of the World Word Count- 500 Student's Name- Charleigh A
    Florida Prepaid College Foundation Hispanic Heritage Month 2017 Middle School Winner Title- Vicente Martinez Ybor: The Man Who Made Tampa the Cigar Capital of the World Word count- 500 Student's name- Charleigh A. Wood Home Town – Dade City, Florida Grade level- 6th From Juan Ponce de Leon's arrival in 1513 to Pitbull's performances on stage today, Hispanic-Americans have long had a powerful influence on the shaping of Florida. When it comes to culture and community , there are few that have had a greater impact than Vicente Martinez Ybor. Born September 7, 1818 in Spain, Ybor was sent to Cuba by his at the age of 14. Once in Cuba, Ybor worked as a clerk at a grocery store and then as a cigar broker before manufacturing his own brand of cigars.In 1869, after the start of the Cuban Ten Year War (1868-1878), Ybor moved his cigar manufacturing to the United States, and opened a factory in Key West bringing other owners and employees to the island city. By 1880, Key West was the largest and richest city in Florida due to the cigar factories. Eventually, labor and transportation problems caused production to slow down and Ybor to look for an alternative location for his factories. At the advice of a friend, Ybor ended up moving to a small fishing village in Florida known as Tampa Town. Beginning in 1885 with forty acres, Ybor began making his mark on the Tampa area, not only constructing factories, but sawmills, houses, restaurants, hotels, saloons, grocery stores, real estate and mortgage companies, barber shops, and other venues necessary to everyday life, eventually establishing a brand new town known as Ybor City.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Historical Quarterly FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY
    The Florida Historical Quarterly FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY V OLUME XLV July 1966 - April 1967 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLV Abernethy, Thomas P., The Formative Period in Alabama, 1815- 1828, reviewed, 180 Adams, Adam, book review by, 70 Agriculture and the Civil War, by Gates, reviewed, 68 Alachua County Historical Commission, 89, 196 Alexander, Charles C., book review by, 186 “American Seizure of Amelia Island,” by Richard G. Lowe, 18 Annual Meeting, Florida Historical Society May 5-7, 1966, 199 May 5-6, 1967, 434 Antiquities Commission, 321 Appalachicola Historical Society, 308 Arana, Luis R., book review by, 61 Atticus Greene Haygood, by Mann, reviewed, 185 Bailey, Kenneth K., Southern White Protestantism in the Twen- tieth Century, reviewed, 80 Barber, Willard F., book review by, 84 Baringer, William E., book review by, 182 Barry College, 314 Batista, Fulgencio, The Growth and Decline of the Cuban Repub- lic, reviewed, 82 Battle of Pensacola, March 9 to May 8, 1781; Spain’s Final Triumph Over Great Britain in the Gulf of Mexico, by Rush, reviewed, 412 Beals, Carlton, War Within a War: The Confederacy Against Itself, reviewed, 182 Bearss, Edwin C., “The Federal Expedition Against Saint Marks Ends at Natural Bridge,” 369 Beck, Earl R., On Teaching History in Colleges and Universities, reviewed, 432 Bennett, Charles E., “Early History of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal,” 132; “A Footnote on Rene Laudionniere,” 287; Papers, 437 Bigelow, Gordon E., Frontier Eden: The Literary Career of Mar- jorie Kinnan Rawlings, reviewed, 410 “Billy Bowlegs (Holata Micco) in the Second Seminole War” (Part I), 219; “Billy Bowlegs (Holata Micco) in the Civil War” (Part II), 391 “Bishop Michael J.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Print Page Close Window
    World Directory of Minorities Americas MRG Directory –> Cuba –> Cuba Overview Print Page Close Window Cuba Overview Environment Peoples History Governance Current state of minorities and indigenous peoples Environment Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean. It is located 150 kilometres south of the tip of the US state of Florida and east of the Yucatán Peninsula. On the east, Cuba is separated by the Windward Passage from Hispaniola, the island shared by Haiti and Dominican Republic. The total land area is 114,524 sq km, which includes the Isla de la Juventud (formerly called Isle of Pines) and other small adjacent islands. Peoples Main languages: Spanish Main religions: Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant), syncretic African religions The majority of the population of Cuba is 51% mulatto (mixed white and black), 37% white, 11% black and 1% Chinese (CIA, 2001). However, according to the Official 2002 Cuba Census, 65% of the population is white, 10% black and 25% mulatto. Although there are no distinct indigenous communities still in existence, some mixed but recognizably indigenous Ciboney-Taino-Arawak-descended populations are still considered to have survived in parts of rural Cuba. Furthermore the indigenous element is still in evidence, interwoven as part of the overall population's cultural and genetic heritage. There is no expatriate immigrant population. More than 75 per cent of the population is classified as urban. The revolutionary government, installed in 1959, has generally destroyed the rigid social stratification inherited from Spanish colonial rule. During Spanish colonial rule (and later under US influence) Cuba was a major sugar-producing territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Areas and Periods of Culture in the Greater Antilles Irving Rouse
    AREAS AND PERIODS OF CULTURE IN THE GREATER ANTILLES IRVING ROUSE IN PREHISTORIC TIME, the Greater Antilles were culturally distinct, differingnot only from Florida to the north and Yucatan to the west but also, less markedly,from the Lesser Antilles to the east and south (Fig. 1).1 Within this major provinceof culture,it has been customaryto treat each island or group FIG.1. Map of the Caribbeanarea. of islands as a separatearchaeological area, on the assumptionthat each contains its own variant of the Greater Antillean pattern of culture. J. Walter Fewkes proposedsuch an approachin 19152 and worked it out seven years later.3 It has since been adopted, in the case of specific islands, by Harrington,4Rainey,5 and the writer.6 1 Fewkes, 1922, p. 59. 2 Fewkes, 1915, pp. 442-443. 3 Fewkes, 1922, pp. 166-258. 4 Harrington, 1921. 5 Rainey, 1940. 6 Rouse, 1939, 1941. 248 VOL. 7, 1951 CULTURE IN THE GREATERANTILLES 249 Recent work in connectionwith the CaribbeanAnthropological Program of Yale University indicates that this approach is too limited. As the distinction between the two major groups of Indians in the Greater Antilles-the Ciboney and Arawak-has sharpened, it has become apparent that the areas of their respectivecultures differ fundamentally,with only the Ciboney areas correspond- ing to Fewkes'conception of distributionby islands.The Arawak areascut across the islands instead of enclosing them and, moreover,are sharply distinct during only the second of the three periods of Arawak occupation.It is the purpose of the presentarticle to illustratethese points and to suggest explanationsfor them.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930S
    Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Ariel Mae Lambe All rights reserved ABSTRACT Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe This dissertation shows that during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) diverse Cubans organized to support the Spanish Second Republic, overcoming differences to coalesce around a movement they defined as antifascism. Hundreds of Cuban volunteers—more than from any other Latin American country—traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in both the International Brigades and the regular Republican forces, to provide medical care, and to serve in other support roles; children, women, and men back home worked together to raise substantial monetary and material aid for Spanish children during the war; and longstanding groups on the island including black associations, Freemasons, anarchists, and the Communist Party leveraged organizational and publishing resources to raise awareness, garner support, fund, and otherwise assist the cause. The dissertation studies Cuban antifascist individuals, campaigns, organizations, and networks operating transnationally to help the Spanish Republic, contextualizing these efforts in Cuba’s internal struggles of the 1930s. It argues that both transnational solidarity and domestic concerns defined Cuban antifascism. First, Cubans confronting crises of democracy at home and in Spain believed fascism threatened them directly. Citing examples in Ethiopia, China, Europe, and Latin America, Cuban antifascists—like many others—feared a worldwide menace posed by fascism’s spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Ernesto 'Che' Guevara: the Existing Literature
    Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara: socialist political economy and economic management in Cuba, 1959-1965 Helen Yaffe London School of Economics and Political Science Doctor of Philosophy 1 UMI Number: U615258 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615258 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I, Helen Yaffe, assert that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Helen Yaffe Date: 2 Iritish Library of Political nrjPr v . # ^pc £ i ! Abstract The problem facing the Cuban Revolution after 1959 was how to increase productive capacity and labour productivity, in conditions of underdevelopment and in transition to socialism, without relying on capitalist mechanisms that would undermine the formation of new consciousness and social relations integral to communism. Locating Guevara’s economic analysis at the heart of the research, the thesis examines policies and development strategies formulated to meet this challenge, thereby refuting the mainstream view that his emphasis on consciousness was idealist. Rather, it was intrinsic and instrumental to the economic philosophy and strategy for social change advocated.
    [Show full text]
  • Artist's Work Lets Cubans Speak out in Havana for Freedom
    Artist's work lets Cubans speak out in Havana for freedom By FABIOLA SANTIAGO A packed performance art show at the 10th Havana Biennial, a prestigious international festival, turned into a clamor of ''Libertad!'' as Cubans and others took to a podium to protest the lack of freedom of expression on the island. The provocative performance Sunday night, recorded and posted Monday on YouTube, was staged by acclaimed Cuban artist Tania Bruguera, a frequent visitor to Art Basel Miami Beach who lives in Havana. Bruguera set up a podium with a microphone in front of a red curtain at the Wifredo Lam Center, an official art exhibition space and biennial venue. Two actors clad in the military fatigue uniforms of the Ministry of the Interior, the agency charged with spying on Cubans' activities, flanked the podium and carried a white dove. Bruguera let people from the standing-room only audience come to the microphone for no more than one minute. As people spoke, the white dove was placed on their shoulders by the actors. ''Let's stop waiting for permission to use the Internet,'' urged Yoani Sánchez, who has written a controversial award-winning ''Generación Y'' blog chronicling Cuban life under constant threats from the government. ''Libertad! Libertad!'' shouted one man. ''Too many years of covering the sun with one finger,'' said another. To every call for freedom, the audience responded with shouts of ``Bravo!'' The performance appeared to mock a historic Jan. 8, 1959, victory speech by Fidel Castro at which a white dove landed on his shoulder, viewed by many as a sign of divine recognition.
    [Show full text]
  • Islenos and Malaguenos of Louisiana Part 1
    Islenos and Malaguenos of Louisiana Part 1 Louisiana Historical Background 1761 – 1763 1761 – 1763 1761 – 1763 •Spain sides with France in the now expanded Seven Years War •The Treaty of Fontainebleau was a secret agreement of 1762 in which France ceded Louisiana (New France) to Spain. •Spain acquires Louisiana Territory from France 1763 •No troops or officials for several years •The colonists in western Louisiana did not accept the transition, and expelled the first Spanish governor in the Rebellion of 1768. Alejandro O'Reilly suppressed the rebellion and formally raised the Spanish flag in 1769. Antonio de Ulloa Alejandro O'Reilly 1763 – 1770 1763 – 1770 •France’s secret treaty contained provisions to acquire the western Louisiana from Spain in the future. •Spain didn’t really have much interest since there wasn’t any precious metal compared to the rest of the South America and Louisiana was a financial burden to the French for so long. •British obtains all of Florida, including areas north of Lake Pontchartrain, Lake Maurepas and Bayou Manchac. •British built star-shaped sixgun fort, built in 1764, to guard the northern side of Bayou Manchac. •Bayou Manchac was an alternate route to Baton Rouge from the Gulf bypassing French controlled New Orleans. •After Britain acquired eastern Louisiana, by 1770, Spain became weary of the British encroaching upon it’s new territory west of the Mississippi. •Spain needed a way to populate it’s new territory and defend it. •Since Spain was allied with France, and because of the Treaty of Allegiance in 1778, Spain found itself allied with the Americans during their independence.
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21St Century
    California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations Office of aduateGr Studies 6-2015 Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century Arah M. Parker California State University - San Bernardino Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd Part of the Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Tourism Commons Recommended Citation Parker, Arah M., "Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century" (2015). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 194. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/194 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of aduateGr Studies at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACE AND INEQUALITY IN CUBAN TOURISM DURING THE 21 ST CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Social Sciences by Arah Marie Parker June 2015 RACE AND INEQUALITY IN CUBAN TOURISM DURING THE 21 ST CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Arah Marie Parker June 2015 Approved by: Dr. Teresa Velasquez, Committee Chair, Anthropology Dr. James Fenelon, Committee Member Dr. Cherstin Lyon, Committee Member © 2015 Arah Marie Parker ABSTRACT As the largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba boasts beautiful scenery, as well as a rich and diverse culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting Cuban Exiles and the Cuban American Experience in South Florida Esperanza B
    Provenance, Journal of the Society of Georgia Archivists Volume 17 | Number 1 Article 6 January 1999 Documenting Cuban Exiles and the Cuban American Experience in South Florida Esperanza B. de Varona University of Miami Diana Gonzalez Kirby University of Miami Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/provenance Part of the Archival Science Commons Recommended Citation de Varona, Esperanza B. and Kirby, Diana Gonzalez, "Documenting Cuban Exiles and the Cuban American Experience in South Florida," Provenance, Journal of the Society of Georgia Archivists 17 no. 1 (1999) . Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/provenance/vol17/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Provenance, Journal of the Society of Georgia Archivists by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 85 Documenting Cuban Exiles and the Cuban Ameri­ can Experience in South Florida Esperanza B. de Varona and Diana Gonzalez Kirby When Fidel Castro rose to power on 1January1959, Cu­ bans left their Caribbean island in a mass exodus with hopes of returning in the near future. Miami, Florida's geographic loca­ tion made it the logical point of entry into the United States. Today, forty-two years after the triumph of the Cuban revolution, Miami-Dade County contains the largest concentration of Cu­ bans living in exile, approximately seven hundred thousand. With Hispanics comprising 49 percent of Miami-Dade County's popu­ lation, Cubans by far outnumber all other Hispanics and are a majority across more than half the county's residential areas.' Along with demographic growth and occupational mobility, many members of the Cuban American community made the Hispanic presence evident in local politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page Iii
    DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page iii Defining Moments The spanish- American War Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom 155 W. Congress, Suite 200 Detroit, MI 48226 DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page v Table of Contents Preface . .ix How to Use This Book . .xiii Research Topics for Defining Moments: The Spanish-American War . .xv NARRATIVE OVERVIEW Prologue . .3 Chapter One: American Expansion in the 1800s . .7 Chapter Two: Spain and Its Colonies . .23 Chapter Three: The Call to Arms: Remember the Maine! . .35 Chapter Four: A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba . .53 Chapter Five: The War in the Philippines . .71 Chapter Six: American Imperialism in the New Century . .85 Chapter Seven: Legacy of the Spanish-American War . .103 BIOGRAPHIES Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) . .121 Filipino Rebel Leader and Politician George Dewey (1837-1917) . .124 American Naval Commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific during the Spanish-American War William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) . .128 American Newspaper Publisher of the New York Journal and Leading Architect of “Yellow Journalism” v DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page vi Defining Moments: The Spanish-American War Queen Lili’uokalani (1838-1917) . .132 Last Monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii Antonio Maceo (1845-1896) . .136 Cuban Military Leader in the Ten Years’ War and the Spanish-American War José Martí (1853-1895) . .140 Cuban Revolutionary Leader and Writer William McKinley (1843-1901) . .143 President of the United States during the Spanish-American War Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) . .147 Hero of the Spanish-American War and President of the United States, 1901-1909 Valeriano Weyler (1838-1930) .
    [Show full text]