The International Journal of Meteorology
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The International Journal of Meteorology www.ijmet.org Volume 36, number 363 September 2011 A LIGHTNING PHOTOGRAPHY SPECIAL How Best to Photograph Lightning Thunderstorms in the 18th Century: Part 1 Whirlwind report for Poland in 2010 © THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METEOROLOGY To advertise on these pages email Advertising Manager, September 2011, Vol.36, No.363 217 Paul Messenger - [email protected] The International Journal of Meteorology Editor-in-chief: SAMANTHA J. A. HALL (B. A. Hons) [email protected] International Editorial Board September 2011, Vol. 36, No. 363 Dr. NICHOLAS L. BETTS The Queen’s University of Belfast, UK Prof. GRAEME D. BUCHAN Lincoln University, NZ CONTENTS Prof. TIMOTHY P. BURT University of Durham, UK MATTHEW CLARK TORRO Dr. ROBERT A. CROWDER PHOTOGRAPHY SPECIAL - LIGHTNING! (Formerly) Lincoln College, NZ Dr. ROBERT K. DOE (Formerly) The Thunderstorms in Northern England, 1750-1799: Part 1: University of Portsmouth, UK Prof. Thunderstorm Characteristics JEAN DESSENS Université Paul LANCE TUFNELL. 219 Sabatier, Fr Prof. DEREK ELSOM Oxford Brookes University, UK Prof. SHORT COMMUNICATION GREGORY FORBES (Formerly) Solar Pillars of Fire Part 4: Magnetic Anomolies Control Penn State University, USA Prof. H.M. Tropical Cyclone Direction HASANEAN Cairo University, Egypt Dr. WILLIAM P. SOKELAND . 228 KIERAN HICKEY National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Mr. PAUL IJMET PHOTOGRAPHY ‘HOW TO...’ KNIGHTLEY Meteogroup, UK Dr. How Best to Photograph Lightning LESZEK KOLENDOWICZ Adam HOWARD KIRBY and MATT DOBSON . 231 Mickiewicz University of Poznań, Poland Dr. TERENCE MEADEN Oxford IJMet Photography Lightning Special. I-IV University, UK Dr. PAUL MESSENGER University of Glamorgan, UK Dr. TEMI Days with Tornadoes, Waterspouts and Funnel Clouds in OLOGUNORISA Nasarawa State Poland in 2010 University, Nigeria Dr. ALLEN H. LESZEK KOLENDOWICZ . .. 235 PERRY University College of Swansea, UK Prof. RICHARD E. PETERSON TORRO Tornado Division Report: September-December 2010 Texas Tech University, USA Prof. JOHN PAUL R. BROWN and G. TERENCE MEADEN . 247 T. SNOW University of Oklahoma, USA Dr. GREG SPELLMAN University Book Review College Northampton, UK Dr. JOHN PETER ROGERS . 252 TYRRELL University College Cork, Ireland Dr. DENNIS A. WHEELER University of Sunderland, UK Lightning photography special! Editorial Assistants: Front cover: © Jane Burridge at Hayling MATTHEW CLARK [email protected]; Island, Hampshire, UK. PAUL DOMAILLE [email protected]; Rear cover: © Howard Kirby, near SANDRA SPILLANE [email protected] Wigmore, Herefordshire, UK. Inside front and Inside Rear: © Paul Sub-Editor and Marketing Manager: Hunter, between Milford-on-Sea and NICOLA PARSONS [email protected] New Forest, UK. Photography Director: HOWARD KIRBY [email protected] All photos were taken between the 6 and 9 May 2011 after a very warm, dry spring Assistant Photograph Editor: MATT DOBSON in the UK. © THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METEOROLOGY © THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METEOROLOGY 218 September 2011, Vol.36, No.363 September 2011, Vol.36, No.363 219 THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METEOROLOGY THUNDERSTORMS IN Published in association with The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) NORTHERN ENGLAND, 1750 - 1799: a privately supported research body, serving the international public interest PART 1: THUNDERSTORM CHARACTERISTICS www.ijmet.org is sponsored by Simply Mail Solutions By LANCE TUFNELL www.simplymailsolutions.com 4 Holmcliffe Avenue, Huddersfield, UK. Editor-in-chief: Samantha J. A. Hall, International Editorial Office, 20 Massey Avenue, Lymm, Cheshire, WA13 0PJ, United Kingdom “1789 will long be remembered not only for an insurrection in France, but also for an insurrection [email protected] / [email protected] in the elements - The heavy and long-continued showers, with the tremendous bursts of thunder, and the expansive and vivid flashes of lightning must have impressed even the lightest mind NOTES AND GUIDELINES FOR SUBMISSION with the most serious apprehensions.” (Leeds Mercury, 28 July 1789.) Research papers, letters, books and scientific reports for review, news items, conference information, Abstract: a wide range of sources has been examined in an attempt to understand the history and advertising and other communications on all aspects of meteorology are to be addressed to the impact of thunderstorms and associated phenomena in northern England during the latter half of the appropriate member of staff and the Editor in the first instance. Authors should send their contributions 18th century. Despite certain shortcomings, the information gathered offers a fairly detailed picture of initially by email to [email protected]. On some occasions Figures/Photos will be requested by CD. the incidence of the storms and their effects on society and the environment. The evidence points to an This speeds up processing and correspondence, and allows for efficient minor editing and agreed impact greater than that of present-day thunderstorms in northern England. major editing. Contributions should be prepared in 9pt arial font on MS Word (clear all styles), language UK English. Every paper must commence with a short abstract summarising its significant and Keywords: Thunderstorms, lightning, floods, hail, tornadoes; northern England; Manchester; Sheffield; original content and contain full contact details. Keywords relevant to the paper are also appreciated. Scottish Border; 1750-1799; society impact; environment impact. References should be referred to in the text by the author’s name and year of publication, e.g. Browning et al. (1995). Responsibility for opinions expressed in articles rests with the authors who INTRODUCTION should obtain copyright permission where necessary. Please note that page charges may have to be Any study of 18th Century thunderstorms and their impact in Britain has to contend imposed for some articles containing special artwork, complex equations, or numerous photographs, with two very different situations. On the one hand, people were more likely to record diagrams or maps. Authors must consult recent issues of the journal as a guide to the layout of papers. thunderstorms than run-of-the-mill weather, not least because of a public interest in less All figures, diagrams, photos, etc must be supplied as independent graphic files separate to each other and from the text file with no embedded captions. An example article can be found at http://www.ijmet. common weather events (Golinski 2003). In contrast, some thunderstorms were probably org/Contributions.htm. All contributors receive a free copy of the Journal their work features and colour missed by those who wished to record them, given the patchy nature of their occurrence versions can be viewed and downloaded from http://www.ijmet.org/online/ after online subscription. and the small number of observers at the time. This raises the question of whether or not it All figures require numbered captions and the captions are to be collected in sequence at will be possible to build up what seems to be an accurate picture of thunderstorms and their the end of the paper. Each table should be numbered and bear a title - please ensure your tables have effects on society and the environment in northern England for the period 1750 to 1799. correctly positioned lines, are no wider than 130mm, and avoid using Excel if possible. Photographs In an effort to address this question, a wide variety of sources has been consulted, should be emailed to our Photography Director [email protected] as digital originals where possible or though it has been found that easily the most helpful of these are personal diaries and as high resolution .jpg or .tiff files digitised to at least 300 dpi. Please include as much detail as possible newspapers. A particularly concentrated body of weather data exists in the diary of John about the photograph(s) for inclusion in the Journal and supply contact details. Poole from near Manchester. This survives from January 1774 to June 1778 and mentions Back issues may be purchased singly or as complete volumes. Some issues are now out of print but digital issues can be obtained online - http://www.ijmet.org/online/. IJMet Online is separate 89 thunderstorms. Also valuable is the Liverpool diary of William Hutchinson, which runs to the print subscription and includes current and past volumes that can be viewed and downloaded as from January 1768 to August 1793. It records weather on a continuous, daily basis and part of your IJMet Online subscription. Individual articles are also available for purchase to view and has over 90 references to thunderstorms. This is somewhat more than John Holt’s record, download online. Online advantages include: full colour, instant access, and two extra issues per year. which is also from the Liverpool area. Spanning the years 1791-1799 and, therefore, briefly overlapping Hutchinson’s diary, this notes thunderstorms on 77 days (Gentleman’s Please note that for universal citation purposes the recommended abbreviation for The Journal of Magazine (GM), 1791-1799). A far longer period (1742-1781) is covered by the diary of Meteorology (ISSN 0307-5966) was J. Meteorology, UK. The recommended abbreviation for The George Williamson from near Appleby, though this has rather intermittent weather data. It International Journal of Meteorology (ISSN 1748-2992) is Int. J. Meteorology, UK. consequently manages only 55 references to thunderstorms in the second half of the 18th The International Journal of Meteorology is a non-profit