Kentford Lodge, Kentford, Suffolk KTD 019
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Kentford Lodge, Kentford, Suffolk KTD 019 Client: Matthew Homes Ltd. Date: May 2017 Post-Excavation Assessment Report SACIC Report No. 2017/43 Author: Linzi Everett © SACIC HER Information Site Code: KTD 019 Site Name: Kentford Lodge Report Number 2017/43 Planning Application No: F/2013/0061/HYB Date of Fieldwork: 17th August to 10th December 2015 Grid Reference: TL 7069 6693 HER Event No: ESF25541 OASIS Reference: Suffolka1-283520 Curatorial Officer: Faye Minter Project Officer: Linzi Everett Client/Funding Body: Matthew Homes Ltd. Digital report submitted to Archaeological Data Service: http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/greylit Disclaimer Any opinions expressed in this report about the need for further archaeological work are those of Suffolk Archaeology CIC alone. Ultimately the need for further work will be determined by the Local Planning Authority and its Archaeological Advisors when a planning application is registered. Suffolk Archaeology cannot accept responsibility for inconvenience caused to the clients should the Planning Authority take a different view to that expressed in the report. Prepared By: Linzi Everett Date: May 2017 Approved By: Position: Date: Signed: Contents Abbreviations used in the text Drawing Conventions Summary 1.1. Introduction 5 1.2 Site location, geology, topography and land-use 5 1.3 The scope of the project 8 1.4 Archaeological and historical context 10 1.5 Original project aims 12 1.6 Circumstances and dates of fieldwork 12 1.7 Methodology 13 1.8 Post-excavation review 14 2. Results of the excavation fieldwork 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Site stratigraphy and site formation processes 17 2.2.1 Vertical stratigraphy 17 2.2.2 Stratigraphic relationships between and within features 19 2.2.3 Stratigraphic integrity 19 2.3 Phase 1, Early Neolithic: 4000-3000 BC 20 2.3.1 Significance of the evidence 20 2.4 Phase 2, Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age: 2800-2200 BC 22 2.5 Phase 3, Early Bronze Age-Middle Bronze Age: 2200-1150 BC 22 2.5.1 Significance of the evidence 24 2.6 Phase 4, Earlier Iron Age: 800-400 BC 24 2.6.1 Significance of the evidence 27 2.7 Phase 5, Roman: AD43-410 28 2.7.1 Significance of the evidence 28 2.8 Phase 6, Early Anglo-Saxon: AD410- 650 28 2.8.1 Earthfast post hole buildings 29 2.8.2 Sunken featured buildings (SFBs) 34 2.8.3 Burnt flint pits 42 2.8.4 Pits 44 2.9 Phase 6+, Features allocated to early Anglo-Saxon period or later 46 2.9.1 Post-in-trench building 46 2.9.2 Significance of the Early Anglo-Saxon evidence 50 2.10 Phase 7, Post-medieval features 55 2.11 Phase 0, Undated features 55 2.12 Phase 0+, Natural features 55 3. Quantification and Assessment of the Finds and Environmental Evidence 57 3.1 Quantification and assessment of the bulk finds archive 57 3.1.1 Introduction 57 3.1.2 Pottery 58 3.1.3 Ceramic building material 69 3.1.4 Fired clay 71 3.1.5 Lava quern 73 3.1.6 Post-medieval glass 73 3.1.7 Clay tobacco pipe 73 3.1.8 Slate 74 3.1.9 Granite 74 3.1.10 Worked flint 74 3.1.11 Burnt flint and heat altered stone 77 3.1.12 Slag 79 3.1.13 Iron nails 80 3.2 Quantification and assessment of the small finds archive 80 3.2.1 Introduction 80 3.2.2 Factual data 80 3.2.3 The coins 89 3.3 Quantification and assessment of the environmental evidence 90 3.3.1 Animal bone 90 3.3.2 Human bone 95 3.3.3 Cremated bone 97 3.3.4 Shell 98 3.3.5 Charcoal 98 3.3.6 Charred plant macrofossils and other remains 98 4. Potential for analysis and publication and recommendations for further work 104 4.1 Realisation of the Original Research Aims 104 4.2 Updated project Design 105 4.2.1 Introduction 105 4.2.2 Revised research aims (RRA) and research questions (RQ) 105 4.2.3 Recommendations for further work for the stratigraphic evidence 110 4.2.4 Recommendations for further work for the finds evidence 116 4.2.5 The potential and significance of the small finds 124 4.2.6 The potential and significance of the environmental evidence 127 4.2.7 Scientific dating 131 5. Preliminary publication synopsis 133 5.1 EAA Publication synopsis 133 6. Analysis and publication: resources and programming 136 6.1 Tasks for analysis and publication 136 6.2 Staff and External specialists for analysis and publication 138 6.3 Timetable for Analysis and Publication 138 8. Acknowledgements 140 9. Bibliography 141 List of Figures Figure 1. Site location showing HER entries 7 Figure 2. Location of excavated and monitored areas 9 Figure 3. Extract from the 1883 Ordnance Survey Map, excavation area shown in red 11 Figure 4. Overall site plan 18 Figure 5. Plan of Phases 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Prehistoric) 21 Figure 6. Plan of post hole group 0616 25 Figure 7. Plan of Phases 6 and 6+ (Early Anglo-Saxon and EAS or later) 30 Figure 8. Plan of post hole buildings 0525 and 0143 31 Figure 9. Selected SFB plans 38 Figure 10. Plan of building 0844 47 Figure 11. Plan of Phases 7 and 0 (Post-medieval and undated) 56 List of Tables Table 1. Quantification of the physical stratigraphic archive 15 Table 2. Quantification of the digital archive 16 Table 3. Quantification of the of main context types 16 Table 4. Summary of phasing 17 Table 5. Summary of post holes in group 0616 26 Table 6. Summary of Iron Age phased pits 27 Table 7. Summary of post holes in groups 0146, 0150 and 1550 33 Table 8. Sunken Featured Buildings 35 Table 9. Summary of potentially significant SFB deposits 40 Table 10. List of burnt flint pits 42 Table 11. Summary of early Saxon phased pits 45 Table 12. Contexts associated with building 0844 49 Table 13. Finds quantities from combined phases of excavation 57 Table 14. Quantification of prehistoric and Roman pottery by broad period 58 Table 15. Quantification of Iron Age pottery fabrics 62 Table 16. Summary of pottery quantification 65 Table 17. Identifiable forms/shapes of Saxon vessels (MNV) 66 Table 18. Medieval and later pottery quantities 68 Table 19. Pottery quantification (sherd count) by context type and period 69 Table 20. Breakdown of ceramic building material by period 70 Table 21. Breakdown of CBM by main feature type 71 Table 22. Quantities of fired clay by major feature type 73 Table 23. Quantities of flints from individual contexts 75 Table 24. Total numbers of flints by feature type 76 Table 25. Breakdown of heat altered flint and stone 78 Table 26. Heat altered flint and stone by feature type 78 Table 27. Small finds by period and material 81 Table 28. Coins listed by context 90 Table 29. Animal bone: number of identified specimens present (or NISP) 91 Table 30. Quantity and provenance of animal bone assemblage 91 Table 31. Approximate bone weights by context 97 Table 32. Quantity and type of animal bone information available for further study 128 Table 33. Proposed radiocarbon dates 132 Table 34. Tasks for analysis and publication 137 Table 35. Suffolk Archaeology staff for analysis and publication 138 Table 36. External specialists for analysis and publication 138 Table 37. Institutions providing specialist services 138 List of Plates Plate 1. Inhumation 0550, looking east 20 Plate 3. Cremation 0861, pre-lifting, looking west 23 Plate 2. Urn 0701, looking north, with cremated bone visible in the base of the cut 23 Plate 4. Cremation 0397, partially excavated, showing placed stones around remains of a pot containing cremated human bone. Looking NE 23 Plate 5. Post hole building 0143, looking west 32 Plate 6. SFB 0370, looking west 36 Plate 7. SFB 0732, looking west 39 Plate 8. Cattle skulls associated with SFB 0341, looking south 40 Plate 9. Burnt flint pit 0358, looking NW 43 Plate 10. Burnt flint pit 0324, looking NE 43 Plate 11. 338kg of heat altered stone removed from 50% of burnt flint pit 0324 44 Plate 11. Feature 0270, pre-excavation, looking north 46 List of Appendices (attached CD) Appendix 1. Context list Appendix 2. Bulk finds catalogue Appendix 3. Small finds catalogue Appendix 4. Prehistoric and Roman pottery catalogue Appendix 5. Post-Roman pottery catalogue Appendix 6. Feature spotdates Appendix 7. Provisional count of flint by context Appendix 8. Heat altered flint and stone catalogue Appendix 9. Plant macrofossils and other remains Appendix 10. OASIS summary Appendix 11. Gantt chart Abbreviations used in the text EAS - Early Anglo-Saxon EBA - Early Bronze Age MBA - Middle Bronze Age EIA - Early Iron Age LNeo - Late Neolithic EVE - Estimated Vessel Equivalent MNV - Minimum number of vessels PDA - Proposed development area SACIC - Suffolk Archaeology Community Interest Company SCC - Suffolk County Council SCCAS - Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service SFB - Sunken Featured Building SUERC - Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre Drawing Conventions Plans Limit of Excavation Features Break of Slope Features - Conjectured Natural Features Sondages/Machine Strip Intrusion/Truncation Illustrated Section S.14 Cut Number 0008 Archaeological Features Sections Limit of Excavation Cut Modern Cut Cut - Conjectured Deposit Horizon Deposit Horizon - Conjectured Intrusion/Truncation Top of Natural Top Surface Break in Section Cut Number 0008 Deposit Number 0007 Ordnance Datum 18.45m OD Summary This report presents an assessment of the evidence from an archaeological excavation of 1.2ha in advance of a housing development at Kentford Lodge, Kentford.