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OD Zore DO MRAKA from DAWN TILL DUSK OD Zore Darko Knez FROM DAWN od TILL DUSK zore KRIŽI iz zbirke narodnega do muzeja slovenije mraka CROSSEs iN THE COLLECTION OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SLOVENIA Darko Knez OD zore DO MRAKA FROM DAWN TILL DUSK OD zORE DO MRAKA OD zORE FROM DAWN TILL DUSK crosses in The CollecTion of The NaTional Museum of Slovenia Križi iz zbirke narodnega muzeja slovenije DO MRAKA VSEBINA * HISTORIAT ZBIRKE KRIŽEV NARODNEGA MUZEJA SLOVENIJE 6 KRIŽ 10 OBLIKE IN VRSTE KRIŽEV 16 NAPISI NA KRIŽIH 22 KRIŽI OBESKI 30 KARAVAKA KRIŽI 38 MISIJONSKI KRIŽI 40 RUSKI KRIŽ 4 44 KRIŽI RELIKVIARIJI 44 ROŽNI VENCI 48 PROCESIJSKI KRIŽI 52 STOJEČI KRIŽI 54 KRIŽI V LJUDSKI KULTURI 60 NARAVOSLOVNE ANALIZE MUZEJSKIH PREDMETOV 64 ZAKLJUČEK 70 KATALOG 72 KRATICE 202 LITERATURA 204 KAZALO 206 VSEBINA CONTENTS * * HISTORIAT ZBIRKE KRIŽEV NARODNEGA MUZEJA SLOVENIJE THE HISTORY OF THE COLLECTION OF CROSSES IN THE NMS 6 7 KRIŽ CROSS 10 13 OBLIKE IN VRSTE KRIŽEV FORMS AND TYPES OF CROSSES 16 17 NAPISI NA KRIŽIH INSCRIPTIONS ON CROSSES 22 23 KRIŽI OBESKI CROSS PENDANTS 30 33 KARAVAKA KRIŽI CARAVACA CROSSES 38 37 MISIJONSKI KRIŽI MISSION CROSSES 40 41 RUSKI KRIŽ THE RUSSIAN CROSS 44 45 5 KRIŽI RELIKVIARIJI RELIQUARY CROSSES 44 45 ROŽNI VENCI ROSARIES 48 51 PROCESIJSKI KRIŽI PROCESSIONAL CROSSES 52 53 STOJEČI KRIŽI FREE-STANDING CRUCIFIXES 54 55 KRIŽI V LJUDSKI KULTURI CROSSES IN FOLK CULTURE 60 59 NARAVOSLOVNE ANALIZE MUZEJSKIH PREDMETOV SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE MUSEUM ARTEFACTS 64 63 ZAKLJUČEK CONCLUSION 70 71 KATALOG CATALOGUE 72 73 KRATICE ABBREVIATIONS 202 203 LITERATURA LITERATURE 204 204 KAZALO INDEX 206 206 OD ZORE DO MRAKA 0 KRIŽI NARODNEGA MUZEJA SLOVENIJE HISTORIAT ZBIRKE KRIŽEV NMS Križem kot kulturnozgodovinskemu materialnemu viru je bilo tako pri nas kakor drugod po svetu doslej posvečeno premalo pozornosti. So zelo pomemben člen v verigi virov za preučevanje ljudske pobožnosti in duhovnosti. Križi, ki so tukaj obravnavani, so del velike zbirke 6 1 devocionalij Oddelka za zgodovino in uporabno umetnost Narodnega 1 Izraz izhaja iz latinske muzeja Slovenije (NMS). besede devotio, kar V sistematski zbirki križev NMS je več kot štiristo križev, v sklopu SRPHQLåUWYRYDQMH YGDQRVWSRERåQRVWL katerih hranimo le bolje ohranjene oziroma med slabše ohranjenimi le SRERåQRSRQLåQRVSR- ãWRYDQMH'HYRFLRQDOLMH raritete. Večina teh križev je v zbirki devocionalij. VRQDERåQLSUHGPHWL ]D NDWROLãNR OLWXUJLMR Temelj predstavljene zbirke križev je del starega muzejskega fonda, in vernike nasploh ki se je v skoraj 190 letih, odkar deluje naš muzej, zelo obogatil. Kot oziroma predmeti, ki VSRGEXMDMRLQUD]ãLUMD- najpomembnejši izhodiščni izvor za obdelavo tega gradiva sem upo- MRSRERåQRVWKNUDWLSD spominjajo na nekate- rabil stare inventarne knjige ter nekatere zapiske Grebenčeve zbirke. UHUHOLJLR]QHPLVWHULMH Veliko križev je bilo kupljenih od raznih zbiralcev, preprodajalcev 1DYDGQRVRWLSUHGPHWL VYHWLQMLFHNULåLURåQL na bolšjih sejmih in v antikvariatih, kar precejšnje število jih je bilo YHQFLUHOLNYLDULMLDPX- OHWLãNDSXOLUMLDPSXOH podarjenih kot zbirka ali posamezen kos. V muzej so prihajali tudi kot ãNROMNHSRGRELFHLQ del zapuščin ali večjih odkupov. Pri nekaterih križih nam je znano tudi SRGREQR najdišče, ker so bili odkriti pri arheoloških izkopavanjih, z detektorji, pri obnovah cerkva, hiš in pri drugih gradbenih delih. Tu gre pred- vsem za manjše križce iz kovinskih materialov. Za nekatere so na voljo samo podatki o kraju pridobitve, za nekatere pa ni na voljo nikakršne dokumentacije in se tako lahko zanašamo samo na analogije. Ker za velik del križev izvor ni znan, je zato danes težko rekonstruirati njihovo pravo pot, ki jih je pripeljala v NMS. 1 ,]UD]L]KDMDL]ODWLQVNHEHVHGHGHYRWLRNDUSRPHQLåUWYRYDQMHYGDQRVWSRERåQRVWL SRERåQRSRQLåQRVSRãWRYDQMH'HYRFLRQDOLMHVRQDERåQLSUHGPHWL]D NDWROLãNR OLWXUJLMRLQYHUQLNHQDVSORKR]LURPDSUHGPHWLNLVSRGEXMDMRLQUD]ãLUMDMRSRERåQRVW KNUDWLSDVSRPLQMDMRQDQHNDWHUHUHOLJLR]QHPLVWHULMH1DYDGQRVRWLSUHGPHWLVYH- WLQMLFHNULåLURåQLYHQFLUHOLNYLDULMLDPXOHWLãNDSXOLUMLDPSXOHãNROMNHSRGRELFHLQ SRGREQR FROM DAWN TILL DUSK 0 Crosses in The CollecTion of The NaTional Museum of Slovenia THE HISTORY OF THE COLLECTION OF CROSSES IN THE NMS As a material source of cultural history, crosses were given insuf- ficient attention in the past, both in Slovenia and elsewhere in the 7 world. However, they are a significant link in the chain of primary resources for the study of popular religious devotion and spirituality. The crosses dealt with in this article are part of the large collection of 1 devotional artefacts of the Department of History and Applied Arts at 1 The expression the National Museum of Slovenia (NMS). derives from the There are over four hundred crosses in the catalogued collection Latin word devotio, ZKLFKPHDQVVDFUL- at the NMS, which holds mostly well preserved crosses, only a few ¿FHGHYRWLRQSLHW\ KXPEOHSLRXVUHVSHFW rare examples can be found in poor condition. The majority of these 'HYRWLRQDOREMHFWVDUH UHOLJLRXVREMHFWVIRU crosses are from the collection of devotional objects. WKH &DWKROLF OLWXUJ\ The foundation of the present collection of crosses is from the old and religious people LQJHQHUDO7KH\DOVR museum holdings, which have greatly expanded in the course of the HQFRXUDJHDQGVSUHDG religiousness and at museum’s 190 years in operation. I have chosen old inventory books the same time remind and individual notes from the Grebenc Collection as the primary SHRSOHRISDUWLFXODU UHOLJLRXVP\VWHULHV starting source for the research of this material. Most of the crosses 7KHVHREMHFWVDUH XVXDOO\SLOJULPDJH have been purchased from various collectors, flea market vendors, and badges, reliquaries, from antique shops. A large number of crosses have been donated ei- DPXOHWVVFDSXODUV ampoules, shells, ther as part of a collection or as individual pieces. Some were acquired devotional prints, and by the Museum as parts of larger legacies or purchases. For some VLPLODU crosses, the site of origin is known, as they were found with metal de- 1 The expression derives from the /DWLQ ZRUG GHYRWLRQ ZKLFK PHDQV VDFUL¿FH GHYRWLRQ SLHW\ KXPEOH SLRXV UHVSHFW 'HYRWLRQDOREMHFWVDUHUHOLJLRXVREMHFWVIRUWKH &DWKROLF OLWXUJ\DQGUHOLJLRXVSHRSOHLQ JHQHUDO7KH\DOVRHQFRXUDJHDQGVSUHDGUHOLJLRXVQHVVDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHUHPLQG SHRSOHRISDUWLFXODUUHOLJLRXVP\VWHULHV7KHVHREMHFWVDUHXVXDOO\SLOJULPDJHEDGJHV UHOLTXDULHVDPXOHWVVFDSXODUVDPSRXOHVVKHOOVKRO\FDUGVDQGVLPLODU Zbirka se nenehno razvija in počasi raste v skladu z zbirateljsko poli- 2 3UHGPHWL*UHEHQþHYH tiko NMS. Vsi križi so v postopku strokovne obdelave in imajo osnov- zbirke izhajajo iz teh no potrebno dokumentacijo, ki pa se nenehno krepi. V zbirki je tudi predelov: Gorenjska: – okraj Škofja Loka: 153 križcev iz Grebenčeve zbirke. Predmeti iz njegove zasebne zbirke, 6RULFD'UDåJRãH=DOL 2 3 /RJäHOH]QLNLâNRIMD ki jih je po vsej Sloveniji nabral prof. Oton Grebenc sam ali pa so /RND)XUJWDO3XãWDO /MXEQR/RþQLFDRE mu jih prinašali njegovi študenti v prvi polovici 20. stoletja, so inven- Sori, Hoste, Sopotni- tarizirani v stari inventarni knjigi NMS od inventarne številke 11000 FD6HOFH'ROHQMDYDV ±RNUDM5DGRYOMLFD do 13797. Omenjene predmete je 26. junija 1929 odkupila Oblastna Kranjska Gora, Gozd, 4 Srednji Vrh, Podko- samouprava oblasti Ljubljanske za 100.000 dinarjev in je naprosila UHQ0RMVWUDQD'RYMH tedanje ravnateljstvo Narodnega muzeja, da jih začasno prevzame 5DGHþH.RSULYQLN /MXEQR%OHG*RUMXãH v svojo hrambo, zbirko uredi in varuje pred vsako poškodbo. Ko bi %HOD3Hþ.URSD-D- PQLN.DPQD*RULFD oblastna samouprava postavila poseben obrtno-trgovski muzej, bi se ±.DPQLNLQRNROLFD zbirka prenesla tja.5 ±9HOHVRYR7UåLþ ±0RUDYãNDGROLQD Ker se posebni obrtno-zgodovinski muzej ni nikoli ustanovil, je tedanji 'ROHQMVND9HOLND /RND0DOH3HFH ravnatelj dr. Josip Mal predmete Grebenčeve zbirke priključil Narod- 6WUDQVNDYDV7UãND nemu muzeju, ta pa je tudi priskrbel kupnino za omenjeno zbirko. V *RUD.RþHYMH.UãND YDV0XOMDYD6Y-XULM naslednjih letih se je za Grebenčevo zbirko začelo zanimati tedanje *URVXSOMHâWDMHUVND &HOMH6ORYHQVNH ravnateljstvo Etnografskega muzeja s pripombo, da so predmeti večji .RQMLFHLQRNROLFD 1RWUDQMVNDQHRSUH- del etnografski. Spor je trajal več let in svoje mnenje o zbirki so izrazili GHOMHQR3ULPRUVND 8 tudi nekateri strokovnjaki, med njimi prof. Albert Sič. Ta je v dopisu z 9LSDYD&RO7ROPLQ %HODNUDMLQD$GOHãLþL dne 3. aprila 1945 označil zbirko za »obrtno trgovsko«, ker je le osnova Stari trg, Metlika, ýUQRPHOM/MXEOMDQDLQ etnografska, vse drugo je le izumetničenje in moderniziranje. Zbirka RNROLFDâLãND'UDYOMH naj ne bi sodila v Etnografski muzej, marveč v umetno trgovinstvo.6 *DPHOMQH V letih 1954–1956/1957 je po dogovoru med ravnateljem Narodnega 3 Profesor Oton Gre- muzeja dr. Jožetom Kastelicem in ravnateljem Etnografskega muzeja EHQFVHMHURGLO dr. Borisom Orlom ravnateljstvo Narodnega muzeja od 2797 predme- RNWREUDY0DULER- ru, umrl pa je nekje 7 tov iz Grebenčeve zbirke odstopilo 1614 predmetov Etnografskemu na Avstrijskem ali 1HPãNHPPHGGUXJR muzeju. Tako so razbili dotlej enotno zbirko ter na ta način razvred- VYHWRYQRYRMQR notili delo in trud prof. Grebenca in njegovih študentov. V Narodnem 4 muzeju je ostalo 1183 predmetov, ker da sodijo tja po svoji kulturno- 9=DþDVQHPSRURþLOX R*UHEHQþHYL]ELUNL zgodovinski vsebini. Od tega je 341 devocionalij, mednje sodi tudi NLJDKUDQL1DURGQL muzej Slovenije v tukaj omenjenih 153 križcev. VYRMHPDUKLYXSLãH Časovna zastopanost križev iz zbirke NMS je razpršena od 10. stoletja GDMHWHSUHGPHWHSURI 2WRQ*UHEHQFSRGDULO do srede 20. stoletja, večino zbirke obsegajo križi iz 19. in 20. stoletja. 1DURGQHPXPX]HMX Zaradi pomanjkanja relevantne literature
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