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THE Official Magazine of the OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY OceThe OFFiciaaL MaganZineog OF the Oceanographyra Spocietyhy CITATION Perez, J.A.A., E. dos Santos Alves, M.R. Clark, O. Aksel Bergstad, A. Gebruk, I. Azevedo Cardoso, and A. Rogacheva. 2012. Patterns of life on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Compiling what is known and addressing future research. Oceanography 25(4):16–31, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/ oceanog.2012.102. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.102 COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 25, Number 4, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2012 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. doWNLoaded From http://WWW.tos.org/oceanography REGULAR ISSUE FEATURE 1 cm b Patterns of Life on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge Compiling What is Known and Addressing Future Research BY JOSÉ AnGEL A. PEREZ, ELIANA DOS SANTOS ALVES, MALCOLM R. CLArk, ODD AKSEL BERGSTAD, AnDREY GEbrUK, IRENE AZEVEDO CARDOSO, AND AnTOninA ROGACHEVA a 2.5 mm ABSTRACT. The South Atlantic is one of the youngest of all the major oceans. It has prominent topographic features, in particular, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This feature largely determines deepwater circulation patterns that connect this ocean to the North Atlantic, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Yet very little is known about biodiversity patterns in the South Atlantic or its connectivity with other deep Fauna collected during the South Atlantic MAR-ECO cruise, October– areas of the world ocean. The South Atlantic MAR-ECO (SA MAR-ECO) project November 2009. (a) Leontocaris was developed as part of the Census of Marine Life to fill such knowledge gaps, smarensis new sp. (b) Parapagurus abyssorum. (c) Parapagurus particularly focusing on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This article summarizes pilosimanus in symbiosis with and reviews published information on the deep South Atlantic as background zoanthid Epizoanthus sp. Photos: knowledge for the concepts, principal questions, and goals of SA MAR-ECO. It also a–b, Irene Cardoso; c, André Barreto describes the strategies and methodological approaches adopted for a southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge sampling program and the limitations and achievements of the first field survey in November 2009. c 16 Oceanography | Vol. 25, No. 4 INTRODUCTION indicating how mid-ocean ridge com- information on the South Atlantic as Mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains munities are structured (Vecchione background knowledge for the con- are prominent structures of the deep et al., 2010). As with all CoML projects, cepts, major questions, and goals of seafloor that have attracted considerable MAR-ECO necessarily began with a SA MAR-ECO. It also describes the strat- attention for their biodiversity, fisher- data-mining effort to determine what egies and methodological approaches ies, and mineral resources (Clark et al., was known about the area. to be adopted by the proposed southern 2010). The potential for sustainable In 2006, an initiative to expand sam- Mid-Atlantic Ridge sampling program exploration of these ecosystems and the pling activities and studies to the South and the limitations and achievements of need for their conservation have been Atlantic mid-ocean ridge spun off the the first field experience in 2009. issues of increasing concern worldwide MAR-ECO project, supported by the and have motivated modern scientific CenSeam (Census of Marine Life on WHAT DO WE KNOW initiatives such as those within the Seamounts) project (Consalvey et al., ABOUT THE DEEP SOUTH scope of the global Census of Marine 2010). This initiative was particularly ATLANTic OcEAN? Life (CoML) (McIntyre, 2010). One of concerned with addressing biologi- Geological Origins these initiatives, MAR-ECO: Patterns cal questions considering (a) complex The South Atlantic Ocean was formed and Processes of the Ecosystems of the patterns of geological morphology by the separation of the South American Northern Mid-Atlantic, was proposed and deepwater circulation of the ridge, and African Plates 175–90 million years in 2001 as a CoML field project to (b) its connections with the North ago. Its configuration and size are out- study the diversity and ecology of the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Southern comes of two independent spreading northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR; Oceans, and (c) its recent origin, as it processes: one that formed the North Bergstad and Godø, 2003). Historically, is virtually “the youngest of the major Atlantic in the early Mesozoic nearly this extensive and topographically rough world oceans” (Levin and Gooday, 200 million years ago and another that seafloor spreading area has been poorly 2003). A first field expedition conducted formed the South Atlantic 100 million sampled, except for the chemosynthetic in 2009 to sample pelagic and benthic years later. This latter spreading process ecosystems that lie along small portions biota of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge resulted in connections with three other of the ridge. Consequently, there were effectively initiated the “South Atlantic oceans—the Southern, Pacific, and many unanswered questions regarding MAR-ECO” (SA MAR-ECO) project Indian. Also, it included a north-south as the origin and dispersion of the MAR’s focused on improving knowledge about well as an east-west component, which deep-sea fauna and the significance of its the biodiversity patterns of this vast and shaped the sinuous seafloor and defined “comparatively shallow structures in the little known area of the world ocean. most of its features (Figure 1; Fairhead middle of the deep oligotrophic ocean, This article reviews published and Wilson, 2004). Because it is relatively for the distribution and production of biota” (Bergstad et al., 2008). MAR-ECO José Angel A. Perez ([email protected]) is Professor, Centro de Ciências addressed this knowledge gap by com- Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil. bining modern technology, an intensive Eliana dos Santos Alves is Research Associate, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra and well-planned sampling strategy, and e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Malcolm R. Clark the collaborative work of international is Principal Scientist, National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, scientific experts (Bergstad and Godø, Wellington, New Zealand. Odd Aksel Bergstad is Principal Scientist, Institute of 2003). Pelagic and benthic habitats were Marine Research, Bergen, Norway. Andrey Gebruk is Head of Laboratory, P.P. Shirshov sampled to a maximum depth of 4,500 m Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IORAS), Moscow, Russia. over the North Atlantic mid-ocean Irene Azevedo Cardoso is a researcher in the Setor de Carcinologia, Departamento de ridge, providing well-documented new Invertebrados, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, São Cristóvão, information on previously described Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Antonina Rogacheva is PhD Candidate, P.P. Shirshov Institute of and undescribed species and models Oceanology, IORAS, Moscow, Russia. Oceanography | December 2012 17 young, the South Atlantic is narrow and linearity of the ridge system and large- transform faults as the ridge axis sub- has a high ratio of margin to deep water scale ocean circulation (Huang and Jin, sided. Seamounts on both rises were also (Levin and Gooday, 2003). 2002; Fairhead and Wilson, 2004). At the formed by intermittent volcanic activity The most prominent ocean floor southern extreme, two seamount chains, that followed this separation (< 80 mil- feature is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise, form lion years ago); they include the islands of which extends 14,000 km continuously bridges that run from the central ridge the Tristan da Cunha group and Gough from Iceland in the north (87°N) to to the African and South American con- (Fodor et al., 1977; Kumar, 1979; Camboa Bouvet Island (54°S) in the south, and tinental margins, respectively. Kumar and Rabinowitz, 1984). The MAR, the rises 2,000–3,000 m above the seafloor (1979) called them “paired aseismic Equatorial Fracture Zone, and the sea- (Figure 1). The joining of the north- rises” of the South Atlantic and proposed mount ridges surround five basins: Brazil, south spreading centers in the early a common geological origin between Argentine, Guinea, Angola, and Cape mid-Cretaceous resulted in development 100 and 80 million years ago. During (Figure 1). These basins are connected by of a shear zone between West Africa this early phase of the South Atlantic deep channels that include the Vema Sill and the northeastern margin of Brazil. opening, “abnormally intense” volcanism and Hunter Channel on either side of the It produced the Equatorial Fracture along the axis of a MAR segment created Rio Grande Rise, and Kane Gap on the Zone, a large geological feature about a volcanic pile that was subsequently eastern side of the Equatorial Fracture 60 million years old, that affects both the separated by east-west movement of Zone (Murray and Reason, 1999). Oceanography The counterclockwise “Subtropical Gyre” formed by the interconnected Brazil, Antarctic Circumpolar, Benguela, and South Equatorial Currents dominates the surface circulation of the south- ern Atlantic Ocean. Wind-effect and thermohaline processes determine this circulation pattern, which affects subsurface waters as deep as 1,500 m (Schmid et al., 2000). Below 2,000 m, the interactions between North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), induced by their thermohaline properties and the seafloor topography (Figure 2), drive the main flow path of deep water. In the western basin, NADW flows southward between 1,500 and 4,000 m depth. Below this layer, AABW flows in the opposite direction, penetrating the South Atlantic through the Vema Sill and the Hunter Figure 1.
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