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Animal Welfare Science Update November 2003 Issue Number 7

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Animal Welfare Science Update November 2003 Issue Number 7 RSPCA AUSTRALIA Animal welfare science update November 2003 Issue number 7 This is the seventh Animal welfare science update provided by the RSPCA Australia office. The aim of the update is to keep you informed of developments in animal welfare science that relate to the work of the RSPCA. The update provides summaries of some of the most relevant scientific papers and a detailed bibliography of other articles that have been received by the RSPCA Australia office in the past few months. Companion Animals 1. Canine Adoption Many Australian households have at least one pet, but animal shelters are still inundated with unwanted animals, particularly cats and dogs. This detailed review on canine adoption addresses reasons why people want a dog; why they give up a dog, and factors affecting successful adoption. Most people today want a dog for companionship, but other motives include health or therapeutic reasons, security and teaching children responsibility. Most dogs are relinquished because of behavioural problems, or because the owner changes their lifestyle or they find the dog unsuitable for their lifestyle. Factors affecting successful adoption include how the dog behaves in the shelter and how the dog reacts to potential adopters. The review concludes that there are many issues involving pet relinquishment and improvements may be achieved with better shelter facilities, thorough training of the animal and addressing the expectations of the owner before adoption. Marston, LC; Bennett, PC. (2003) Reforging the bond – towards successful canine adoption. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 83:227-245 2. Dog Ownership in Australia Do conditions in homes and backyards influence dogs’ welfare or affect aggressive or behavioural problems? This study examines the relationship between behavioural problems and physical and social conditions of dogs kept in suburban Melbourne, in an attempt to discern whether there are any obvious links between the dogs’ environment and their behaviour. 203 dog owners responded to the survey, which covered the behaviour of 254 dogs. Questions were asked about the demographics of the households and their dogs, reasons for having a dog and the location of the dogs during the day and night. A variety of behaviors were listed and the owner was asked to rate the behaviour of their dogs using these parameters. The survey found that the most prevalent problems encountered were overexcitement, jumping and barking. These behaviours usually correlated with how well the dog was trained, how much human contact the dog has and the experience of the owner. The authors stress that while there was a correlation, further study is required to discern whether these factors were the cause of the behavioural problems. Studies such as this reinforce the responsibilities of dog owners and possible solutions which may reduce, eliminate or prevent problems which could lead to abandoning or rehoming dogs. Kobelt, AJ; Hemsworth, PH; Barnett, JL; Coleman, GJ. (2003) A survey of dog ownership in suburban Australia – conditions and behaviour problems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 82:137-148 For further information please contact the RSPCA Australia Office: email [email protected] Farm Animals 3. Beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of abattoir personnel Research has shown that the handling and treatment of pigs immediately prior to slaughter has an effect on both the welfare of the animal and the meat quality of the carcass. This study looks at the attitudes and beliefs of stockpersons towards pigs and how this relates to their behaviour whilst handling the pigs in the abattoir. Twenty-three people participated in the study. Self-answered questionnaires were developed to determine employees’ experience, personality and general attitude regarding pigs. Following this, the behaviour of the workers was discretely assessed by trained observers, focusing on their use of the electric prod whilst herding the pigs into a CO2 stunner. The key finding of this study was that an overall positive attitude to pigs correlated with using the prodder without an electric shock, whereas people who generally did not understand or like pigs often shocked the pigs into movement. Electric shocks induce increased fear and distress in the pigs, to the detriment of welfare and meat quality. This infers that stockpersons with a positive approach and adequate training in to the behaviour and handling of their charges is advantageous for both the pigs and the consumers. Coleman, GJ; McGregor, M; Hemsworth, PH; Boyce, J; Dowling, S. (2003) The relationship between beliefs, attitudes and observed behaviours of abattoir personnel in the pig industry. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 82:189-200 4. Broiler chicken range By definition, “free range” chickens have to have access to an outside area, but this does not necessarily mean that they actually venture out. Often the outside environment provided does not induce the animals and they still spend their entire lives in the barn. This paper investigates what influences broiler chickens’ behavioural choices and what environment may be best for free range farms. Seven English farms were chosen, each complying with the RSPCA UK Freedom Foods standards. Each farm had a similar set-up and management procedures, but had different outside environments and vegetation coverage. Regular observations throughout three seasons were collected and the percentage of chickens outside at particular times calculated. The study found that the amount of foliage greatly influenced chicken range, with dense tree coverage being the most desirable, and the birds tended to stay inside or close to the barn if not given natural protection. The chickens tended to avoid direct sunlight and were more likely to be found outside at the beginning and end of the day and in summer rather than winter and spring. This result is not surprising, considering chickens are descendents of jungle fowl whose natural habitat is the heavily foliated bamboo forests of South-East Asia. These results provide some points to consider when designing and developing free range farms. Dawkins, MS; Cook, PA; Whittingham, MJ; Mansell, KA; Harper, AE. (2003) What makes free-range broiler chickens range? In situ measurements of habitat preference. Animal Behaviour. 66: 151-160 Animals used for sport and entertainment 5. Tiger Transport Circus life involves a lot of travel and as a result circus animals are often confined to small cages and exposed to the stresses associated with loading/unloading and transport. Little research has been conducted examining circus animals during transport. This short paper documents a study of behaviour and physiology of tigers during long distance trips. The movements and behaviour of six animals from two American circuses – Ringling Bros., Barnum & Bailey and Vasquez Bros. Circus – were remotely recorded during a For further information please contact the RSPCA Australia Office: email [email protected] routine tour and their temperatures recorded during the trip. Each trip lasted an average of four hours and the behaviour of each tiger was recorded and categorised. The activities of each animal immediately before transport was noted and it emerged that those animals that performed or exercised prior to transport were less active and paced less during the journey. The body temperature of these animals was slightly elevated also, again probably due to their previous activities. This paper has no obvious conclusions relating to the welfare of the tigers or whether the results indicate tigers are better off travelling soon after exercising. Even though the results are inconclusive, it does give a start to addressing the lack of research and some of the problems associated with exotic animals and circuses. Nevill, CH; Friend, TH. (2003) The behaviour of circus tigers during transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 82:329-337 6. Carnivore home range There are some animals, such as the American mink, which thrive in captivity, but others like polar bears often develop stereotypic behaviours and breeding difficulties if kept confined. This brief communication reports the discovery of a correlation between the wild home range of various carnivores and how well they fare in captivity. Thirty-five species of carnivore were studied and data collected relating to their natural home range, daily travel distance, and approximated time spent foraging, hunting and resting. The amount of time spent in abnormal stereotypic pacing and other activities such as walking, playing etc was collected as well as the infant mortality rate in captivity. The researchers found a strong correlation between the size of the natural home range and the incidence of stereotypic behaviour and infant mortality. This result has great influence on zoos and wildlife centres and indicates that the lifestyle of wild animals should be considered before selecting animals for captivity. The authors conclude that there should be a push towards choosing animals with small home ranges which cope better with captivity and improving the husbandry and conditions of larger range animals, or eliminating them from captivity all together. Clubb, R; Mason, G. (2003) Captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores. Nature. 425:473 Animal research and experimentation 7. Evaluation and treatment of pain in rats and mice Researchers and animal technicians should be just as concerned about the welfare of their animals as they are about the results of their experiments. One of the largest
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