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Salivary Gland Infections and Salivary Stones (Sialadentis and Sialithiasis)
Salivary Gland Infections and Salivary Stones (Sialadentis and Sialithiasis) What is Sialadenitis and Sialithiasis? Sialdenitis is an infection of the salivary glands that causes painful swelling of the glands that produce saliva, or spit. Bacterial infections, diabetes, tumors or stones in the salivary glands, and tooth problems (poor oral hygiene) may cause a salivary gland infection. The symptoms include pain, swelling, pus in the mouth, neck skin infection. These infections and affect the submandibular gland (below the jaw) or the parotid glands (in front of the ears). The symptoms can be minor and just be a small swelling after meals (symptoms tend to be worse after times of high saliva flow). Rarely, the swelling in the mouth will progress and can cut off your airway and cause you to stop breathing. What Causes Sialadenitis and Sialithiasis When the flow of saliva is blocked by a small stone (salilithiasis) in a salivary gland or when a person is dehydrated, bacteria can build up and cause an infection. A viral infection, such as the mumps, also can cause a salivary gland to get infected and swell. These infections can also be caused by a spread from rotten or decaying teeth. Sometimes there can be a buildup of calcium in the saliva ducts that form into stones. These can easily stop the flow of saliva and cause problems How are these infections and stones treated? Treatment depends on what caused your salivary gland infection. If the infection is caused by bacteria, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Home treatment such as drinking fluids, applying warm compresses, and sucking on lemon wedges or sour candy to increase saliva may help to clear the infection quicker. -
Abscesses Apicectomy
BChD, Dip Odont. (Mondchir.) MBChB, MChD (Chir. Max.-Fac.-Med.) Univ. of Pretoria Co Reg: 2012/043819/21 Practice.no: 062 000 012 3323 ABSCESSES WHAT IS A TOOTH ABSCESS? A dental/tooth abscess is a localised acute infection at the base of a tooth, which requires immediate attention from your dentist. They are usually associated with acute pain, swelling and sometimes an unpleasant smell or taste in the mouth. More severe infections cause facial swelling as the bacteria spread to the nearby tissues of the face. This is a very serious condition. Once the swelling begins, it can spread rapidly. The pain is often made worse by drinking hot or cold fluids or biting on hard foods and may spread from the tooth to the ear or jaw on the same side. WHAT CAUSES AN ABSCESS? Damage to the tooth, an untreated cavity, or a gum disease can cause an abscessed tooth. If the cavity isn’t treated, the inside of the tooth can become infected. The bacteria can spread from the tooth to the tissue around and beneath it, creating an abscess. Gum disease causes the gums to pull away from the teeth, leaving pockets. If food builds up in one of these pockets, bacteria can grow, and an abscess may form. An abscess can cause the bone around the tooth to dissolve. WHY CAN'T ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT ALONE BE USED? Antibiotics will usually help the pain and swelling associated with acute dental infections. However, they are not very good at reaching into abscesses and killing all the bacteria that are present. -
Head and Neck
DEFINITION OF ANATOMIC SITES WITHIN THE HEAD AND NECK adapted from the Summary Staging Guide 1977 published by the SEER Program, and the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual Fifth Edition published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging. Note: Not all sites in the lip, oral cavity, pharynx and salivary glands are listed below. All sites to which a Summary Stage scheme applies are listed at the begining of the scheme. ORAL CAVITY AND ORAL PHARYNX (in ICD-O-3 sequence) The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the line of circumvallate papillae below. The oral pharynx (oropharynx) is that portion of the continuity of the pharynx extending from the plane of the inferior surface of the soft palate to the plane of the superior surface of the hyoid bone (or floor of the vallecula) and includes the base of tongue, inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula, the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, the glossotonsillar sulci, the pharyngeal tonsils, and the lateral and posterior walls. The oral cavity and oral pharynx are divided into the following specific areas: LIPS (C00._; vermilion surface, mucosal lip, labial mucosa) upper and lower, form the upper and lower anterior wall of the oral cavity. They consist of an exposed surface of modified epider- mis beginning at the junction of the vermilion border with the skin and including only the vermilion surface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip. -
Basic Histology (23 Questions): Oral Histology (16 Questions
Board Question Breakdown (Anatomic Sciences section) The Anatomic Sciences portion of part I of the Dental Board exams consists of 100 test items. They are broken up into the following distribution: Gross Anatomy (50 questions): Head - 28 questions broken down in this fashion: - Oral cavity - 6 questions - Extraoral structures - 12 questions - Osteology - 6 questions - TMJ and muscles of mastication - 4 questions Neck - 5 questions Upper Limb - 3 questions Thoracic cavity - 5 questions Abdominopelvic cavity - 2 questions Neuroanatomy (CNS, ANS +) - 7 questions Basic Histology (23 questions): Ultrastructure (cell organelles) - 4 questions Basic tissues - 4 questions Bone, cartilage & joints - 3 questions Lymphatic & circulatory systems - 3 questions Endocrine system - 2 questions Respiratory system - 1 question Gastrointestinal system - 3 questions Genitouirinary systems - (reproductive & urinary) 2 questions Integument - 1 question Oral Histology (16 questions): Tooth & supporting structures - 9 questions Soft oral tissues (including dentin) - 5 questions Temporomandibular joint - 2 questions Developmental Biology (11 questions): Osteogenesis (bone formation) - 2 questions Tooth development, eruption & movement - 4 questions General embryology - 2 questions 2 National Board Part 1: Review questions for histology/oral histology (Answers follow at the end) 1. Normally most of the circulating white blood cells are a. basophilic leukocytes b. monocytes c. lymphocytes d. eosinophilic leukocytes e. neutrophilic leukocytes 2. Blood platelets are products of a. osteoclasts b. basophils c. red blood cells d. plasma cells e. megakaryocytes 3. Bacteria are frequently ingested by a. neutrophilic leukocytes b. basophilic leukocytes c. mast cells d. small lymphocytes e. fibrocytes 4. It is believed that worn out red cells are normally destroyed in the spleen by a. neutrophils b. -
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND REMOVAL Post Operative Instructions
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND REMOVAL Post Operative Instructions Nurse Line (8:30am to 5pm) 937-496-0261 Emergency After Hours Line 937-496-2600 The Surgery Itself Surgery to remove the submandibular gland involves general anesthesia, typically for about two hours. Patients may be quite sedated for several hours after surgery and may remain sleepy for much of the day. Nausea and vomiting are occasionally seen, and usually resolve by the evening of surgery - even without additional medications. Some patients stay overnight in the hospital; other patients can go home the evening of surgery. Some patients will have a drain in place after surgery; this is removed the following day before you go home from the hospital or in the office 1-2 days after surgery. Your Incision Your incision is closed with absorbable sutures and is covered with a small strip of tape or skin glue. You can shower and wash your hair as usual starting 24 hours after your drain is removed. If you did not have a drain in place after surgery, you may shower 24 hours after surgery. You may wash in a bathtub prior to that time if you are careful not to get your neck wet. Use a dab of Bacitracin ointment on your drain site (on one side of your incision, not covered by the tape or glue) before and after showering. Do not soak or scrub the incision. You might notice bruising around your incision or jaw line and slight swelling above the scar when you are upright. In addition, the scar may become pink and hard. -
Salivary Glands; the Parotid Submandibular and Sublingual Functions of Saliva
Lecture series Gastrointestinal tract Professor Shraddha Singh, Department of Physiology, KGMU, Lucknow Various secretions from GIT First secretion from GIT that encounter the food is SALIVARY SECRETIONS What is saliva • Saliva is the mixed glandular secretion which constantly bathes the teeth and the oral mucosa • First secretion encounter the food • It is vital for oral health • It is constituted by the secretions of the three paired major salivary glands; The Parotid Submandibular and Sublingual Functions of saliva 1. Defense: a. Antibacterial b. Antifungal c.Immunological 2. Digestive function: a. Digestive enzymes – ptyalin, lipase b. Formation of bolus c. Taste 3. Protective function: a. Protective coating for hard tissues-teeth b. Protective coating for soft tissues 4. Lubricative function: a.Keeps the oral cavity moist b.Facilitates speech c.Helps in mastication and swallowing 5. Buffering function Salivary glands Structure of Salivary Gland Parotid gland • Parotid is large accounts for 50% secretion of saliva • Situated in front of ear behind the ramus of mandible • Gland drain in to oral cavity opposite to second molar tooth • Secretions are basically serous Submandibular and Sub lingual gland • The submandibular gland is about half the size of the parotid gland • It lies above the mylohyoid in the floor of the mouth. It opens into the floor of the mouth underneath the anterior part of the tongue • The sublingual is the smallest of the paired major salivary glands, being about one fifth the size of the submandibular. • It -
Submandibular Gland Transfer for Prevention of Xerostomia After Radiation Therapy Swallowing Outcomes
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Submandibular Gland Transfer for Prevention of Xerostomia After Radiation Therapy Swallowing Outcomes Jana Rieger, PhD; Hadi Seikaly, MD; Naresh Jha, MBBS; Jeffrey Harris, MD; David Williams, MD; Richard Liu, MD; Tim McGaw, DDS; John Wolfaardt, PhD Objective: To assess swallowing outcomes in patients had preservation of 1 submandibular gland (SJP group) with oropharyngeal carcinoma in relation to the Seikaly- and 11 who did not (control group). Jha procedure for submandibular gland transfer (SJP). The SJP has recently been described as beneficial in the Main Outcome Measures: Quantitative and qualita- prevention of xerostomia induced by radiation therapy tive aspects of swallowing were obtained to determine in patients with head and neck cancer. whether patients in the SJP group performed more op- timally than those in the control group. Design: Inception cohort. Results: Baseline and stimulated salivary flow rates were Setting: University-affiliated primary care center. significantly different between groups. Patients in the SJP group were able to move the bolus through the oral cavity Patients: A phase 2 clinical trial was conducted from and into the pharynx faster than those in the control group. February 1, 1999, through February 28, 2002, to evalu- In addition, patients in the SJP group swallowed less often ate SJP in patients with head and neck cancer. During per bolus than patients in the control group. The com- that period, a consecutive sample of 51 patients who un- plete swallowing sequence was twice as long in controls. derwent surgical resection and reconstruction with a ra- dial forearm free flap for oropharyngeal carcinoma were Conclusions: The SJP for submandibular gland trans- referred for functional assessment of swallowing after fer appears to be beneficial in promoting more time- completion of adjuvant radiation therapy. -
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Removal of Parotid Salivary Gland
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Removal of parotid salivary gland Information for patients This leaflet will help you understand your treatment and should answer many of the questions patients commonly ask before surgery for the removal of a parotid gland. A member of staff will be available if you would like further explanation and to answer any other questions that the leaflet does not cover. What is the parotid gland? The parotid gland lies in front of and below the earlobe. It produces saliva. Saliva drains from the parotid gland through a tube that opens on the inside of the cheek, opposite the upper back teeth. Why do I need my gland removed? The most common reason for removing a parotid gland (or part of the gland) is because a lump has been found inside it. There are also other reasons which your surgeon will discuss with you. What happens before the operation? Pre-assessment clinic – You will be asked to attend an appointment at this clinic. Nursing and/or medical staff will go through some important checks and make certain all relevant investigations have been completed well in advance of the operation date. Admission – You will normally be asked to come to Theatre Direct Admissions or Litchfield Day Surgery Unit on the morning of your operation. The anaesthetist will see you to explain the anaesthetic and answer any questions you may have. They will also be able to advise you about pain relief available after the operation. The surgeon will explain the details of the operation and discuss the possible risks, before asking you to sign a consent form (this may be done at the pre-assessment appointment). -
Wayne County Community College District
Wayne County Community College District COURSE SYLLABUS DHY 111 Histology and Oral Embryology CREDIT HOURS: 3.00 CONTACT HOURS: 45.00 COURSE DESCRIPTION: Basic principles of histology and embryology are reviewed with emphasis on tissues of the oral cavity and contiguous structures. Histology and embryology encompasses the development of the oral facial complex including the formation of the enamel, dentin and pulp, root formation, the attachment apparatus and the eruption and shedding of teeth. PREREQUISITES: DHY 101, DHY 110, DHY 120 EXPECTED COMPETENCIES: Upon completion of this course, the student will be familiar with: • Name the four basic tissues in the body and give an example of where each type is found. • List and give the relative size of various subdivisions of the meter down to the angstrom and give the range of human cell sizes. • Give the function of the following cell parts and organelles. • Relate the structures of the oral cavity with their description or label: • Describe normal gingival including its component parts. • Name the structure that lies under the sublingual fold. • Discuss why dentin formation can continue throughout life but enamel cannot. • List and discuss the types of dentin and cementum. • Describe the functions of cementum. • State the functions of the pulp. • Label the parts of the pulp cavity. • Describe an odontoblast, cementocyte and cemento last. • Name, identify and locate in the body the various types of epithelia both simple and stratified, and pseudostralified. • Name, define and give examples of the various epithelial glands. • Name, describe, compare and locate in the body the various connective tissues. • Name, describe, compare and locate in the body the various types of cartilage. -
A Guide to Salivary Gland Disorders the Salivary Glands May Be Affected by a Wide Range of Neoplastic and Inflammatory
MedicineToday PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE CPD 1 POINT A guide to salivary gland disorders The salivary glands may be affected by a wide range of neoplastic and inflammatory disorders. This article reviews the common salivary gland disorders encountered in general practice. RON BOVA The salivary glands include the parotid glands, examination are often adequate to recognise and MB BS, MS, FRACS submandibular glands and sublingual glands differentiate many of these conditions. A wide (Figure 1). There are also hundreds of minor sali- array of benign and malignant neoplasms may also Dr Bova is an ENT, Head and vary glands located in the mucosa of the hard and affect the salivary glands and a neoplasia should Neck Surgeon, St Vincent’s soft palate, oral cavity, lips, tongue and oro - always be considered when assessing a salivary Hospital, Sydney, NSW. pharynx. The parotid gland lies in the preauricular gland mass. region and extends inferiorly over the angle of the mandible. The parotid duct courses anteriorly Inflammatory disorders from the parotid gland and enters the mouth Acute sialadenitis through the buccal mucosa adjacent to the second Acute inflammation of the salivary glands is usu- upper molar tooth. The submandibular gland lies ally of viral or bacterial origin. Mumps is the most in the submandibular triangle and its duct passes common causative viral illness, typically affecting anteriorly along the floor of the mouth to enter the parotid glands bilaterally. Children are most adjacent to the frenulum of the tongue. The sub- often affected, with peak incidence occurring at lingual glands are small glands that lie just beneath approximately 4 to 6 years of age. -
Major Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Pitfalls in the Staging of Cancer of the Major Salivary Gland Neoplasms Elliott R. Friedman, MDa,*, Amit M. Saindane, MDb KEYWORDS Salivary glands Adenoid cystic carcinoma Benign mixed tumor Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma KEY POINTS The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Most neoplasms in other subsites in the head and neck are squamous cell carcinoma, but tumors of the salivary glands may be benign or malignant. Surgical treatment differs if the lesion is benign, and therefore preoperative fine-needle aspiration is important in salivary neoplasms. The role of imaging is to attempt to determine histology, predict likelihood of a lesion being malig- nant, and report an imaging stage. This article reviews the various histologies, imaging features, and staging of major salivary gland neoplasms. ANATOMY AND BOUNDARIES gland is a single contiguous structure, for surgical convenience it has been divided into superficial The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, and deep lobes by the course of the facial nerve, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Submu- which courses lateral to the retromandibular vein. cosal clusters of salivary tissue located in the Most neoplasms arise in the superficial portion of palate, oral cavity, paranasal sinuses, and upper the gland.3 Considerable variation in intraparotid aerodigestive tract are minor salivary glands, and facial nerve anatomy exists, but most commonly are variable in distribution. Primary neoplasms the nerve enters the posteromedial aspect of the arising in the minor salivary glands are staged 1 gland and divides into 2 main trunks before dividing according to the anatomic site of origin. -
Head and Neck Contouring
Practical Medical Physics: Head and Neck Contouring AAPM 2011 Vancouver, British Columbia Jonn Wu, BMSc MD FRCPC Radiation Oncologist, Vancouver Cancer Centre, BCCA Clinical Assistant Professor, UBC August 2nd, 2011 Objectives Review Selection of Normal Organs • Brachial Plexus • Pharyngeal Constrictors • Salivary Glands • Parotid • Submandibular Target Audience: • Physicists • Dosimetrists • Radiation Therapists Outline Why do we have to Contour? Which Organs are Important? How *I* contour? 3 Important Organ Systems • Xerostomia: Salivary Glands • Parotid • Submandibular • Dysphagia: Pharyngeal Constrictors • Brachial Plexus Outline (cont) For Each Organ System • Anatomy • Literature • Examples Why do we have to contour? • Target delineation • Organ avoidance 2D → 3D → IMRT (your fault) 2D Planning 2D Planning 2.5D… 3DCRT IMRT IMRT & Contours • Inverse Planning • Objective Cost Function • Computers are Binary Why take a contouring course? • IMRT and 3D = standard practice • Both techniques require (accurate) contours • Clinical trials require dose constraints • Consistency (precision) • Who: • Intra- vs inter-contourer • Intra- vs inter-institutional • Why: • Good practice • Dose constraints • Dosimetric repositories Why take a contouring course? • No formal training • Few reproducible guidelines • Everyone assumes consistent contouring • NCIC HN6, RTOG 0920, 0615, 0225 • Spinal Cord: • Intra-observer: avg 0.1 cm, max 0.7 cm • Inter-observer: avg 0.2 cm, max 0.9 cm Geets RO 2005 Which organs are important Brain (temporal lobe) Globe,