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Appendix-I Medicinal & Aromatic Plants of Shiwalik Hills

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Appendix-I Medicinal & Aromatic Plants of Shiwalik Hills CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Brief Background The concept of biodiversity and its conservation was realised with environment and development programmme at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. The animals and plants are distributed and adapted to enormous eco- and geo-diversity. In nature man and his livestock derives its needs from biodiversity and its products. Our clean environment is also dependent on the biodiversity and carbon cycle. The occurrence and distribution of plants and animals are related with respect to its environment. The wild plants and animals are suitably modified and adapted in response to environment and are in the process of continuous evolution. All the domesticated varieties of domesticated animals and plants have been derived from the wild stock. These bio-resources are the wealth of the country, which require to be conserved for sustainable use and needs of all people who are traditionally dependent on them. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) is proposed to be developed through a “participatory planning process involving all major stakeholders”, as is stressed in the original Project Document signed by the Government of India and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This campaign can be categorised into three basic elements: Saving Biodiversity: Saving biodiversity means taking steps to protect genes, species, habitats and ecosystems. Studying Biodiversity: Studying biodiversity means documenting its composition, distribution, structure, function, understanding the roles and function of genes, species and ecosystems. Using Biodiversity Sustainably and Equitably: Using biodiversity sustainably and equitably means husbanding biological resources so that they last indefinitely, 2 making sure that biodiversity is used to improve the human condition, and seeing that these resources are shared equitably. As a part of National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), an extensive exercise was undertaken to develop a Strategy and Action Plan (SAP) for the Shiwalik Eco- region that cuts across the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal, and the union territory of Chandigarh. In the geological past, the Shiwalik region harboured several species of African mammals as evidenced by fossil records of elephants, dinotheres, primitive trilophodonts, Hipparian horse and antelopes. The Shiwaliks are also considered as one of the endemic centres (MOEF, 1999) for the biodiversity. The present exercise deals with various aspects of the biodiversity of highly fragile Shiwalik Eco-region. It reviews the present status of biodiversity and different ecosystems in the area. Several gaps are identified in existing biodiversity related programmes. 1.2. Scope The document covers the following biodiversity related areas: (i) Wild biodiversity – Wild animal diversity from microscopic Protozoa to large mammals; Wild plant diversity (including medicinal plants); different ecosystems. (ii) Domesticated biodiversity. (iii) Natural aquatic ecosystems. (iv) Education, awareness and training. 1.3. Objectives (i) Assess the existing status bio-resources (wild biodiversity, domesticated biodiversity, and ecosystem biodiversity) of entire Shiwalik Eco-region. 3 (ii) Evaluate threats to animal and plant species in the area with respect to destruction of wild habitat and effects of pollution. (iii) Identify conservation and management measures. (iv) Promote sustainable use of bio-resources. (v) Strengthen ongoing biodiversity conservation measures. (vi) Promote taxonomic and other studies on all wild animals and plants, especially lower animals and plants. (vii) Create a single authority for coordination of biodiversity conservation efforts among all states and union territory under the Shiwalik Eco- region. (viii) Create a centre for biodiversity database for all actors in the Shiwalik Eco-region. (ix) Active participation of all stakeholders, especially women, poorer sections of society, farmers, etc. in biodiversity conservation programme. (x) Promote education, awareness and training for various sections of the society. 1.4. Methodology 1.4.1. Formation of Steering Committee For the preparation of SAP for Shiwalik Eco-region, a steering committee was formed with renowned persons from various scientific organisations like Panjab University, Jammu University, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, H.P. Krishi Vishva Vidhayalaya, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Botanical Survey of India (Dehra Dun), Zoological Survey of India (Solan & Dehra Dun), Regional Research Laboratory (Jammu), and Department of Forest & Wild Life of all states under Shiwalik region. Some NGOs of the area, including women, were also included in the steering Committee. Two meetings of the steering committee were organised at Chandigarh and Jammu on 29.1.2001 and 1.6.2001 respectively. The following issues were considered: 4 Participants gave an overall view of their studies and contributions on the biodiversity of their areas. General perception among all participants was that the present biodiversity conservation efforts have not yielded desired results, and common people are unnecessarily harassed. 1.4.2. Formation of Coordination Committees To assess the present state of biodiversity, the following coordination committees were constituted: Wild animal diversity. Wild plant diversity. Medicinal plant diversity. Education, awareness and training. 1.4.3. Public Contact Programmes Three public contact programmes were organised at Pong Dam, Solan and Jawalaji for people‟s knowledge on uses of common medicinal plants and animals around their surroundings. Lectures were also delivered for awareness on various aspects of biodiversity conservation. 1.4.4. Training Programme for In-service Teachers Two biodiversity related training programmes were organised for secondary school teachers in collaboration with the H. P. State Science & Technology and Department of Education. A total of 20 lectures were delivered on the role of fauna in natural ecosystems. 5 1.4.5. Production of Publicity Material Two posters and ten brochures on the relationship of fauna and flora with the mankind in the Shiwalik Eco-region were produced and distributed among various schools, foresters and common people. A pictorial booklet for easy identification of some water birds of Pong dam was also prepared and released as part of biodiversity awareness drive. 6 CHAPTER – 2 PROFILE OF AREA 2.1. Geographical Profile The term „Sivalik‟ (spelt as Shiwalik in this document) was first coined by Caltley (Mittal et.al.,2000) for the sedimentary sequences between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna near Haridwar in Uttaranchal. According to Hindu mythology, the Himalayas are considered as the abode of Lord Shiva and the name „Shiwalik‟ for the outer Himalayas was derived from the tresses of the Lord. At present the Shiwaliks include the entire southwestern foothills of the Himalayas from Indus river on the northwest to the river Brahamputra river on the northeast. 2.1.1. Location The Shiwalik Eco-region extends from 29º-33º N latitude to 74º-80.5º E longitude. These ranges represent the southernmost zone of about 8 – 40 km width and about 800 km length of the Himalaya. In the north, these hills fall in the districts of Udhampur, Kathua, and Jammu, ultimately merging with Reasi and Poonch districts of Jammu & Kashmir. In the northeast, they are in the districts of Chamba, Kangra, Bilaspur, Una, Hamirpur, Solan and Sirmour in Himachal Pradesh, Panchkula and Yamuna Nagar in Haryana, Dehra Dun, Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar in Uttaranchal, Saharanpur and Rampur in Uttaranchal Pradesh. State-wise area of Shiwaliks in northwest states is given in Table-1. Maximumarea of 1.14 million hectres is in Himachal Pradesh. 7 Table-1 Area of Shiwaliks in northwest States Source : Sidhu et. al. (2000) Name of the State Approximate area (Million Hectres) Jammu & Kashmir 0.80 Punjab 0.14 Himachal Pradesh 1.14 Haryana including Union Territory Chandigarh 0.06 Uttaranchal and UttarPradesh 0.86 Total : 3.00s 2.1.2. Topography The Shiwalik ranges or the outer Himalayas rise from the plains of India as low hills and go on attaining height till reach an altitude of 1000m. These hills gradually rise from the Indo-Gangetic plains with a gentle slope of 3-4 degrees till they touch a rugged topography and bare steep slopes. In this tract, some hill ranges run roughly parallel to each other for long distances and converge at places, meet and diverge again giving rise to small longitudinal spindle-shaped plateaus or duns between them. With torrential rainfall during monsoon periods, the area is subject to soil erosion hazards due to undulating topography, poor vegetation cover and coarse medium texture of sedimentary materials. The Kashmir Shiwalik is represented n the Jammu hills which extends from the river Jhelum to the Ravi. Jammu town stands on a Shiwalik hill, overlooking the Tawi river. These hills are very much dissected and synclinal valleys often form ridge crests. They are fringed in the south by a belt of stony arid surface called Kandi, which does not have enough surface water for irrigation. Based on weathering and erosion, two major landforms are of common occurrence in the area besides the hills. These are peneplains comprising of gently rolling worn out hill lands and piedmont plains that are fan shaped deposits at the foot of hills brought about by streams. 8 Major perennial Himalayan rivers like Chenab,Ravi,
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