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Cb20 2016Key6aquinas Copy.Key.Pdf This Friday a quiz: ! covers material through today’s lecture ! a dry run for the kinds of questions that will appear on midterm (minus the essay): ! 1. term IDs --what it is and why it is significant for our course ! 2. quotation IDs --primary source passages you’ve encountered in lecture slides, handouts, or in assigned readings. ! See sample quiz under “modules” on the website https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/16545 CB20 Prof. Ann Blair SAMPLE QUIZ (20 minutes) Term IDs: choose TWO (10 minutes) Please identify one of the following names and terms and explain its historical significance in the context of this course. deutero-canonical books condemnations of 1277 typological reading final cause Quotation IDs: choose ONE (10 minutes) Please identify one of the following passages from primary source readings (either assigned on the syllabus or presented on a handout or slide shown in class) and explain its historical context and significance. Include in your answer as much as you can about the author and the title of the work and an approximate date and discuss the purposes it served or was intended to serve at the time it was written. 1. " To desire to predict at birth, on the basis of such observations, the habits, actions, and fortunes of men is a great error and a great madness. Among those who know something about this vain knowledge, the superstition may be altogether refuted. ... Thus those beliefs in certain signs of things instituted by human presumption are to be classed with those which result from certain pacts and contracts with demons." 2. "The fact that it has just one horn on its head means what he himself said: 'I and the Father are one.' Also, according to the Apostle: 'The head of Christ is the Lord.'" ******* Model answers: deutero-canonical books: books of the Old Testament also called "apocrypha" which were included in the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the 3rd ct BCE), but later dropped (by the Jews) from the Masoretic Hebrew Bible. They were included in the Vulgate and in modern Catholic Bibles, but are generally omitted (or treated separately from the rest of OT) in Protestant Bibles. Significant as an illustration of the complexity of the transmission of the Biblical texts and of the role of canon formation in that transmission (i.e. decisions about what to include in the biblical canon). Typological reading: a kind of figurative reading of the Bible that seeks to show how the Old Testament announces events of the New Testament (“the Old in the New revealed; the New in the Old concealed”). For example a passage in Isaiah was read as announcing the birth of Jesus from a virgin. Significant as an example of non-literal readings common among the Church fathers. 1. Augustine, De doctrina Christiana: critique of astrology as both erroneous and morally CB20 Prof. Ann Blair SAMPLE QUIZ (20 minutes) Term IDs: choose TWO (10 minutes) Please identify one of the following names and terms and explain its historical significance in the context of this course. deutero-canonical books condemnations of 1277 typological reading final cause Quotation IDs: choose ONE (10 minutes) Please identify one of the following passages from primary source readings (either assigned on the syllabus or presented on a handout or slide shown in class) and explain its historical context and significance. Include in your answer as much as you can about the author and the title of the work and an approximate date and discuss the purposes it served or was intended to serve at the time it was written. 1. " To desire to predict at birth, on the basis of such observations, the habits, actions, and fortunes of men is a great error and a great madness. Among those who know something about this vain knowledge, the superstition may be altogether refuted. ... Thus those beliefs in certain signs of things instituted by human presumption are to be classed with those which result from certain pacts and contracts with demons." 2. "The fact that it has just one horn on its head means what he himself said: 'I and the Father are one.' Also, according to the Apostle: 'The head of Christ is the Lord.'" ******* Model answers: deutero-canonical books: books of the Old Testament also called "apocrypha" which were included in the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the 3rd ct BCE), but later dropped (by the Jews) from the Masoretic Hebrew Bible. They were included in the Vulgate and in modern Catholic Bibles, but are generally omitted (or treated separately from the rest of OT) in Protestant Bibles. Significant as an illustration of the complexity of the transmission of the Biblical texts and of the role of canon formation in that transmission (i.e. decisions about what to include in the biblical canon). Typological reading: a kind of figurative reading of the Bible that seeks to show how the Old Testament announces events of the New Testament (“the Old in the New revealed; the New in the Old concealed”). For example a passage in Isaiah was read as announcing the birth of Jesus from a virgin. Significant as an example of non-literal readings common among the Church fathers. 1. Augustine, De doctrina Christiana: critique of astrology as both erroneous and morally dangerous. Humans in their arrogance (presumption) have attributed meaning to the motions of the planets but Augustine compares this activity with pactizing with the devil. This hostility to astronomy contrasts with Augustine’s advice to study the other liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, arithmetic, geometry, music) as a source for enriching one’s understanding and interpretation of the Bible. He calls on Christians to use knowledge of the liberal arts, not for its own sake (not to enjoy it), but to serve biblical interpretation. But astronomy held special risks since it could lead to astrological determinism or the idea that human behavior is controlled by the influence of the planets. Such a belief could erode the sense of moral responsibility that humans need in order to be good Christians, to strive for virtuous behavior. So Augustine feels it is safer for Christians to omit astronomy in their study of the liberal arts. Significant for highlighting the limits of Augustine’s support of Christian study of pagan learning. 2. Passage from the anonymous 12th-century bestiary as discussed in lecture. Its treatment combines a some description of an animal considered real at the time and a great deal of allegoresis, as practiced by Augustine among other authoritative early Christians. The unicorn becomes an opportunity to reinforce elements of Christian doctrine. For example the one horn symbolizes that Jesus is one with God--fully divine, though also fully human, in accordance with the doctrines established during the church councils of the 4th ct (e.g. Nicea). The oneness of the trinitarian God is also reiterated here. Significant as an example of how nature was interpreted in the Middle Ages as full of messages from God reminding us of the truths of Christianity. carryover from Lecture 5: ! reception of Aristotle in universities of 13th ct triggers condemnations of 1277 in Paris ! sticking point: omnipotence of God vs necessity of natural law ! solution: a scholastic distinction ! Lecture 6: Aquinas and contemporaries on the eternity of the world ! spectrum of opinion in 13th-ct Paris at far right on the conservative side, not represented in the 13th ! quotation attributed to Tertullian: “credo quia absurdum” “I believe because it is absurd” =fideism; faith without reason ! Notre Dame, finishedText 1240s, Paris on the left: Radical Aristotelianism , aka Averroism ! from Averroes (ibn Rushd) (1126-98) called “The commentator” in the Latin West where he was more influential than in Islamic tradition ! a Muslim from Cordoba, Spain moved in court circles, banished for a time due to excessive rationalism, no significant impact on Islamic thought ! faith for the masses; reason for the few ! in the Latin world he stood for a rationalist interpretation of Aristotle and was regularly criticized, but his commentaries widely read down to the 16th ! Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence Detail from the fresco by Andrea di Bonaiuto, “Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas” in Santa Maria Novella, Florence (14th ct). Averroës is placed with the heretics Sabellius and Arius in the space beneath the saint’s throne. ! (From Humanities, Magazine of the NEH.) Averroes depicted by Raphael, in the “School of Athens” 1510 ! [GRAVY] Spectrum of Islamic reception of Aristotle ! al-Ghazali (1058-1111): rejects Aristotle On the Incoherence of Philosophers ! Avicenna (ibn Sina) (980-1037) more concerned than Averroes with a synthesis of Aristotle and religion; a middle way that appealed to Aquinas ! Averroes (ibn Rushd) (1126-98) embraces Aristotle without much reconciliation, against al-Ghazali: On the incoherence of incoherence Averroism= radical Aristotelianism ! ! ! Siger of Brabant (1240-c.1281) ! from Liège (in Flanders/Brabant) ! taught in Arts Faculty at Univ of Paris ! targeted in 1277 as proponent of “double truth”; of independence of philosophy from theo ! rationalism + fideism ! fled to Rome died in Orvieto ! manuscript illumination depicting the learned doctors in heaven in a ms of Dante. Siger is thought to be the 3rd from left MS Yates Thompson 36 (15th ct) Siger of Brabant c. 1270 ! “We seek the meaning of philosophers in this matter rather than the truth, since we proceed philosophically.” (not in your reading) ! “Now it is clear in what way the human species is considered by philosophers eternal and caused ... because in the individuals of the human species one is generated before the other eternally and the species has to be and to be caused through an individual’s existing and being caused.
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