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Home , Halonium ion, Xenon tetrafluoride

JWAU700-IND JWAUxxx-Master June 19, 2018 10:1 Printer Name: Trim: 8.5in × 11in

INDEX

absolute uncertainty 155 aliphatic carboxylic acids 952 aniline 933 absorption spectrum 244 aliphatic hydrocarbons 791 anions 8 acceptor stem 1039 alkali metals 756 anode 710–11 accuracy 148 alkaline 633 anomeric carbon 989 acetal 992 battery 731 anomers 989 , line structures of 375 dry cells 731 antarctic hole 778–9 825 alkaline zinc – manganese dioxide dry antibiotics 959 acetylsalicylic acid 886 cell anticodon 1039 achiral 890 simplified diagram of 731 antilogarithm 132 acid 624 alkanes 78, 792 antisense strand 1040 Brønsted–Lowry 623–30 acid-catalysed dehydration 920 antiviral drugs 1038 strength of 659–61 boiling points of 809 aqueous , bonds acid anhydrides 949, 956 conformation of 795 in 594 acid–base indicator 668, 673–4 constitutional isomerism in 82–3 aqueous HCl 411 acid–base properties of amino density 809 aqueous solutions 725–7 acids 1011 isomeric 810 arenes 791, 817 acid–base reactions, in 632–41 IUPAC names for 82 arithmetic equations 114–18 autoprotolysis of water 633–4 melting points 809 arithmetic operations pH 634–9 nomenclature of 78–85 decimals 111–12 strength of 639–41 physical properties of 809, 813–14 division and fractions 110 acid–base titrations 668–74 , 791, 817, 832, 841 multiplication 109–10 acid-catalysed acid-catalysed hydration 859 percentages 112–14 dehydration 922 cis–trans isomerism 819–20 aromatic amine 929 hydration 857–8, 860 designating configuration 827 aromatic compounds 867 acid halides 956 enthalpy of hydrogenation 864–5 resonance structures for 871 acidic and basic solutions nomenclature of 822–3 aromatic ring 936 balancing redox equations 702 physical properties of 841 Arrhenius, Svante 624 basic solutions 703–5 reduction 863 aryl group 867 redox reactions 699–700 shapes of 818–20 astride 763 scidic solutions 700–2 alkylamines 931 atmospheric pressure 370 acidity constant 646 alkyl group 79 atom 7, 16 acidophiles 622 alkynes 791, 817, 841 composition of 23 actinoid 29, 275 nomenclature of 822–3 magnetic properties of 285–6 activation 769 physical properties of 841 manipulating 13–14 activity series of metals 715, 717 shapes of 818–20 structure of 18–24 actual yield 206 alpha particle 20 atomic mass 24–8 acyclic alkanes 78 amide formation 946 atomic absorption adenosine triphosphate 1030 amides 956–7 spectrophotometry 108 adhesive forces 415 amines 934 atomic mass 24–8 adiabatic process 456 basicity of 938 calculating averages 26–7 air pollution and equilibrium 549–50 classification 930 ranges 25–6 alanine 945 preparation 935 atomic mass unit (u) 24 alcohols 73–74, 913 COPYRIGHTEDreactions of 938 MATERIALatomic number 22 acidity of 917 amino acids atomic orbital electron distributions and basicity of 918 acid-base properties of 1011 260–70 oxidation of primary 924–6 protein-derived 1008–10 atomic orbitals oxidation of secondary 924–6 amino sugars 988 hybridisation of 344–5 preparation of 914–15 325–6 atomic properties, periodicity primary 73, 911–12 structural formula 60 of 288–93 reaction with active metals 918–19 amorphous solids 425 atomic radius 288–91 secondary 73, 911–12 amount of substance 186 atomic scale 2 tertiary 73, 911–12 ampere (A) 139 atomic spectra 243–5 aldehydes 75, 915, 983 amphiprotic 625 atomic theory 13–14 aldoses 984 amplitude 233 observation to theory 16–18 aliphatic amine 929 anhydrous 48 atomisation enthalpy 481

1080 INDEX JWAU700-IND JWAUxxx-Master June 19, 2018 10:1 Printer Name: Trim: 8.5in × 11in

Aufbau principle 272–6 boundary surface diagram 260 chemical equilibrium 515–16, 530 autoionisation See autoprotolysis drawback of 260–1 43–8 autoprotolysis 633 Box jellyfish sting marks 1027 determination of 193–6 average rate of consumption 751 Boyle’s experiments, schematic chemical kinetics 748–9 Avogadro constant (NA) 186 illustration of 386 173 Avogadro’s law 387 Boyle’s Law 385–6 chemical species 7 axial–axial (diaxial) interaction 804 BP–LP repulsions 326 definition of 8 axial bonds 802 Brand, Hennig 31 chemical symbol 22 azimuthal quantum number (l) 255–6 bridged halonium 862 chemical thermodynamics 453–7 861–2 chemiluminescence 176 balanced chemical equation 177 Brønsted, Johannes 624 chemistry ball-and-stick models, 59, 418, 792, Brønsted–Lowry of acids and career in 4–6 807 bases 623–30 defined 2 Balmer, Johann 245 buffer solutions 661–7 degree 3–4 base 127, 624 pH calculations in 662–7 everyday 7 Brønsted–Lowry definition 623–30 burette 668 facets of 5 basic 633 butane 376, 794, 888 nomenclature 67–88 basicity constant 647 line structures of 375 chemistry of vision 821 battery 727–8 structures of 793 chiral 888 lead storage 728 chirality 887, 1008 Bayer Chemicals 886 calcium 582 861 𝛽-d-glucopyranose 41 calorimeter 463 chlorine pentafluoride, structures 331 capillary action 415 chlorine trifluoride, structures 329 Kekule’s´ model of 868 851 chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) 6 resonance model of benzene 869–70 carbohydrates 983 1-chloropropane 853 structure of 867 carbon atom 796 2-chloropropane 853 valence bond model of 868–9 carbon–carbon 818–20, chymotrypsin 904 benzoic acid 419 861, 925 cis alkenes 820 beryllium hydride structure 324 carbon–carbon triple bonds 817 cis isomer of 4-methylpent-2-ene 827 binary acids 659 carbon footprint 6 cis-6-methylhept-3-ene 829 binary compounds carbonyl compounds 915 cis–trans isomerism 806, 820 formulae of 45–6 carbonyl group 948, 983 cis–trans isomers 806, 808, 827–8 naming 69 carboxylic acids 76–7, 916, 948, 952, cis–trans system 827 binary hydrogen compounds 380–1 954, 1001 citronella 841 periodic trends in boiling points carboxylic acids and derivatives closed systems 456 381 951–7 codeine 944 biochemistry 5 776 coding strand 1040 Blue Mountains 818 catalysts 547–9, 776 cohesive forces 414 boat conformation 802 negative 776 colligative properties 606 Bohr, Niels 246 positive 776 colligative properties boiling point of pentane 374 catalytic hydrogenation 863 quantifying 608–10 boiling points of alkanes 374, 809 catalytic reduction 863 coloured metal oxides boiling points of 373 catenation 49 CoO (brown) 425 bomb calorimetry 108, 464 cathode 710–11 Cr2O3 (amber) 425 bond-breaking processes 62, 851 cathodic protection 722 NiO (green) 425 bond energy 305 cations 8 combustion 173 bond enthalpy 481 cell potentials 714 combustion of glucose 470 bond-forming processes 851 cell reaction 708 combustion reactions 463 bonding cellular respiration 696 common ion 605 energy 305 cellulose 997 common ion effect 605 ethene 351–3 chair conformation 801, 990 competing reaction 206 ethyne 353–4 change in energy 457 compounds 9 length 305 Charles’ law 386 concentration orbitals 343 chemical and physical change 172–6 of solutions 209–15 bond length 305 chemical enquiry 368–9, 453, 582–3 table 552 bond making 62–3 chemical equation 16, 177–8 units 145 boron trifluoride 324 balancing 180–5 concentration per unit time 752 bottled carbonated beverages fizz 591 guidelines for 180 concentration–time profile 750 boundary 456 states of matter 178–9 condensation 371

INDEX 1081 JWAU700-IND JWAUxxx-Master June 19, 2018 10:1 Printer Name: Trim: 8.5in × 11in

condensed phases 10 denaturation process 1026 dry cell batteries 730 configurational isomers 820 denominator 110 dynamic equilibrium 516 conformation 795 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 1032 conformer 795 base sequence 1036 earth-like planet 368 conjugate acid 629 chirality 1034 eclipsed conformation of ethane 796 conjugate acid–base pairs 626–30 defined 1032 effective nuclear charge (Zeff) 268 conjugate base 629 fingerprint 1042 Einstein, Albert 238 conservation of mass 173, 176 helix 777 electrochemical changes 709 constant pressure calorimetry 468–9 ligase 1037 electrochemical potential 708 constitutional isomers 83, 796, photolyases 777 electrochemistry 709 887 polymerase 1037 electrolysis 454 cooking eggs 772–3 primary structure 1032 defined 724 cool jackets 438 profiling 1042 electrolysis cell 724 copper 706 replication 1037 electrolytic cell 724–5 copper wire 749 ribbon model of 1034 electrolytic conduction 711 coral reefs 558 secondary structure 1032 electrolytic contact 711 core electrons 277 stereoview of 62 electromagnetic radiation 233 corrosion 720–2 tertiary structure 1036 electron corrosion of iron 721 UV-light-induced lesions 777 configurations 278–87 coulomb (C) 707 deposition 428 density picture 260 covalent bonds 8, 304 detergents 1004 density plot 260 covalent bonds properties dextrose 41 physical data for 22 bond energy 339–40 d-fructose 986 properties of 251–4 bond length 337–8 diamagnetic 285 electron density model of pentane 809 dipole moments 333–7 diamond 758–9 electronegativity 306–7 critical point 430 diastereomers 890, 902 electronegativity differences 308 critical pressure 430 1,3 diaxial interaction 804 electron–electron repulsion 281–3 critical temperature 430 diketones 77–8 electronic conduction 710 crude petroleum dimensional analysis 144–7 electronic transition 241 formation and extraction of 790 1,2-dimethylcyclopentane 57, 82, 806, electron pump 724 crystal of 584 807 electron transfer reactions 687 C-terminal amino acid 1015 dimethyl oxalate 419 elemental analysis 193 cyclic amides 957 structural formula of 419 elemental silver 749 cycloalkanes 78, 797–8 2,2-dimethylpropane 373 elementary reactions 774 conformations of 800–1 dinitrogen tetraoxide 517 elements 7 guidelines for 799 diols 77–8 elements, melting and boiling cycloalkenes 834–6 dipeptide 1014 points of 371 cyclohexane 802 dipolar forces 375 emission spectrum 244 chair conformation 803 dipole–dipole forces 372 empirical formulae 191–2 conformational isomers 805 dipole–dipole interactions 376 chemical formulae 193–6 interconversion of 804 dipole-induced dipole forces 372 determination of 196–9 diprotic acid 626 mole ratios 192–3 Dalton (Da) 24 diprotic base 626 emulsifying agent 1004 Dalton’s atomic theory 16 disaccharides 992 enantiomerism 891–5 Dalton’s law of partial pressures dispersion forces 372–3 enantiomers 889, 901–2 400–1 exaggerated view 373 endothermic process 174 data, graphical representations disproportionation reaction 729 endothermic reaction 467, 770 of 119–27 dissociation 174 endpoint 668 Davisson, Clinton 252 dissolution 209, 583 energy 458 d-block elements 29 distillation 1004 energy diagram 775, 852 de Broglie, Louis 251 disulfide bonds 1020 energy diagram for two-step decane 794 dividend 110 reaction 770 decimals 111–12 division and fractions 110 See also energy level diagrams 248–50, 345 addition of 111 arithmetic operations enquiry 2 See also chemical enquiry division of 112 divisor 110 enthalpy 466–7 multiplication of 112 d-monosaccharide 985 standard change 469–70 subtraction of 111 double bonds 313, 817, 834 enthalpy calculation 478 decomposition processes 790 drug activity 943 entropy 488–90 degenerate 265 drug metabolism, half-life 766 factors 490–1

1082 INDEX JWAU700-IND JWAUxxx-Master June 19, 2018 10:1 Printer Name: Trim: 8.5in × 11in

environmental corrosion 723 food miles 6 half-life for drug metabolism 766–7 environmental science 6 formal charge 314 half-life of first-order reaction 763 enzyme action 777 free atoms 8 half-life reaction 755 enzyme kinetics 776 free electrons, equations for 252 haloalkanes 915 enzymes 1023–6 frequency (𝜈) 233 conversion to 919–20 enzyme–substrate complex 776–8 fuel cells 734 halonium ion 862 equatorial bonds 802 fuel industry 858–9 hashed wedge 58 equatorial positions 328 functional groups 72–8, 791 Haworth projection 989 equilibria involving gases 524–5 furanose 989 H–C–C bond angle 819 equilibrium health sciences and benefits of concentrations, calculating 556–9 Gabrielle, Marie 686 chemistry 5 Gibbs energy 536–9 galvanic cells 705–8 heat (q) 455 reactions at 517–22 comparison of 725 heat capacity 460 reactions not at 522–4 description 712–13 experimental determination of 460 equilibrium arrow 516 processes in 708–10 heat of reaction at constant equilibrium calculations 551–69 schematic diagram of 711 pressure 467 equilibrium concentrations 551–5 setting up 708 398–9 equilibrium constant (K) 517–35 galvanisation 722 𝛼-helix pattern 1018 equilibria involving gases 524–5 gas constant 387 hemiacetals 988 expressions 519, 528–30 gas density 396 Henderson–Hasselbalch equation 665 heterogeneous systems 533–5 determination of 395–8 heptane 794 magnitude of 531–3 features of 395 Hess’s law 472–4 reactions 522–4 gaseous reactions, pressure in 544–6 heterocyclic aromatic amine 929 reactions at equilibrium 517–22 gaseous solutions 586–7 heterogeneous equilibrium 533 relationship between Kp and gases heterogeneous reactions 533, 757 Kc 525–8 macroscopic characteristics of 384 hexane 794 equivalence point 668 pressure (p) 383–4 high-performance batteries 732 ester formation 927–8 gas laws 385–7 homogeneous equilibrium 533 esters 916, 950, 956 gas mixture 399 homogeneous reactions 533, 757 ethane 794 description 401–2 human salivary amylase, Ribbon eclipsed conformation of 796 limiting reagents 408–10 model of 1022 staggered conformation of 796 gas 592 Hund’s rule 282 structures of 793 gas pressure calculation of 389–90 hybrid orbitals 355–6 ethanol 858–9 gas stoichiometry 405–7 hybrid orbitals bonding 346 structural formula 50, 60 gas volume calculation of 387–8 hydrate 48 ethene 817–18 Gerlach, Walter 257 hydration of ions 595 glycol 911 Germer, Lester 252 hydrocarbons 78, 791, 810–11 excess reagent 203 Gibbs energy (G) 495–6, 536–9 four classes of 792 excited state 241, 286–7 glass 425 hydrogen, binary compounds of 69–70 exothermic process 174 glucose 41, 982 hydrogen bond exothermic reaction 467 chemical formula of 41 electronegative atoms 378 exponent 127, 130–1 line structure for 52 examples 377 extrapolations 122 glyceraldehyde 984 formation of 378 E,Z system 829 glycogen 997 hydrogen bonds 372, 377, 913 priority rules for 830 glycoside 992 hydrogen– fuel cell 735 glycosidic bond 992 303 fats 1003 Goldilocks zone 368 hydrometer 729 fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME) 194 Gouldsmit, Samuel 257 hydronium ion 624 fatty acids 1001 graphite 733, 758–9 hydroxide ion 624 saturated 1001 ground state 241 hydroxyl group 913 unsaturated 1001 configuration 272 hypertonic solutions 613 f-block elements 29 groups 29 hypotonic solutions 613 first law of thermodynamics 457 first-order radioactive decay of 764 Haber–Bosch process 516 ice crystals, hexagonal form of 421 first-order rate laws 762–4 haemoglobin, structure of 61 ice jacket 438 Fischer projections 985 half-cell 708 ideal gas 387 five sets of electron pairs 330 half-cell potentials 717–18 ideal gas equation 387–90 fluids 10 half-equations 698 induced fit hypothesis 777 atoms 306 half-life calculations 764–5 inductive effects 659–61, 854

INDEX 1083 JWAU700-IND JWAUxxx-Master June 19, 2018 10:1 Printer Name: Trim: 8.5in × 11in

inert gas 545–6 Lewis structures 312, 792, 852 meniscus 415 inhibitors 776 build 313–14 mercury barometer 384 initial rate of reaction 753–4 conventions 312–13 messenger RNA (mRNA) 1039 instantaneous rate of change of drawing 315–17 metal catalyst 863 concentration 752 guidelines for 313 metalloids 30 integral membrane proteins 1023 light 233 metals 30 intensity 233 and atoms 241–3 325–6 intermolecular forces 370–2, 414 characteristics of 233–50 chemical formula 43 The International Chemical particle properties of 237–40 structural formula 60 Identifier 71 wave-like properties of 233–7 structures 793 International Union of Pure and Applied like-dissolves-like rule 593 methane hydrates 380 Chemistry (IUPAC) 31, 67 limiting reagents 202–5 378 interpolation 120 linear geometry 324 376–7 ion–dipole attractions 594 line structures 50 line structures of 375 ion effect 604–5 lipid bilayer 1023 methoxymethane, structural formulae ionic bonding 303, 309–12 lipids 1000 of 50 ionic compounds 70, 304, 308 liquid–liquid solutions 4-methylcyclopent-2-enone 897 lattice energies 311 immiscible 592 methyl group 804 ionic product 605 miscible 592 4-methyloctane 79 ionic salts 597 liquids 2-methylpropane 50, 375 ionic solids 418, 424 properties of 414–15 2-methylpropene 853 ionisation energy (Ei) 266, 291–3 vapour pressure 415–17 Meyer, Julius 231 ions, configurations of 284–5 liquid water 368 micelles 1004 irreversible inhibitors 778 lithium aluminium hydride 915 Michaelis–Menten mechanism 777 isobutane 888 lithium ion cell 733 Millikan, Robert 20 isoelectronic 284 lithium ion cells 732–3 mirror plane 895 isolated systems 456 l-monosaccharide 985 molal concentration 607 isomeric alkanes 810 lock-and-key hypothesis 776 molality 607 isomers 50, 887 lock-and-key model 777 molar concentration 607 isoprene 818 logarithms (log) 131–4 molar enthalpy of sublimation 428 isoprene, line structure for 53 and graphs 134–5 molar heat capacity 462 isotonic solutions 613 long-chain alcohols 594 determination of 463 isotopes 22 lower energy conformation 806 molarity 607 low-molar-mass alkenes 818 molar mass, determination of 392–4 joules (J) 456, 707 Lowry, Thomas 624 molar mass (M) 145, 187 LP–BP repulsions 328 molar mass determination 392–4 Kekule’s´ model of benzene 868 lithium ion cell 734 molar solubility (s) 601, 603–4 kelvin scale 771 mole (mol) 139, 185–91 ketones 75, 983 magnetic quantum number (ml) 256–7 ratios from chemical kilojoule (kJ) 456 magnitudes of forces 417–18 formulae 192–3 kinetic energy of molecules 370 main reaction 206 mole conversions summary 410–12 kinetics complements maltose 994 molecular equation 179 thermodynamics 748 manometer 384 molecular formula 43, 196 Ksp and solubility 601–2 marine organisms 601 molecular solids 418 Markovnikov’s rule 853 molecules lactams 956–7 The Mars Climate Orbiter 137 compounds 8 lactones 950, 956 mass number 22 elemental 8 lactose 993 mass percentage composition 194 mole fraction 608 lactose intolerance 993–4 matter 7–9 mole ratios, in chemical lanthanoid 29, 275 classifying 9–10 reactions 200–2 Lavoisier, Antoine 14 interconverting 10–11 molten 725 law 6 nature of 1–31 monoprotic acids 626 law of conservation of mass 14, 17 measurement monoprotic bases 626 law of definite proportions 14–16 accuracy 148 monosaccharides 983 lead storage battery 728 precision 148 cyclic structure of 988 Le Chatelier’sˆ principle 540–1 significant figures 149–54 morphine 944 Leclanche´ cell 730 mechanistic arrows 61–6 multiple bonds lemongrass 841 medical isotopes 27 bonding in ethene 351–3 Lewis acid–base reaction 852 Mendeleev, Dmitri 231 bonding in ethyne 353–4

1084 INDEX JWAU700-IND JWAUxxx-Master June 19, 2018 10:1 Printer Name: Trim: 8.5in × 11in

multiplication 109–10 See also oil-carrying vessels 303 periodic table, structure of 272–7 arithmetic operations oil rigs 303 periods 29 oils 1003 petroleum 790 NanoBalletDancer, line structures oil spills 303 pH 634–9 of 57 oligopeptides 1014 pharmaceutical research scientist NanoKid, line structures of 57 oligosaccharide 992 748 418 olyenes phase change 10, 172, 426 NASA scientists 368 cis-trans isomerism in 839–40 enthalpy of 429 The National Measurement Institute Open Pool Australian Light Water phase diagrams 430–2 (NMI) 139 Reactor (OPAL) 27 construction 434–8 negative catalysts 776 open systems 456 interpretion 439–41 net ionic equations 218 orbital 260 phosphorus pentachloride 327 network solid 418 depictions 260–1 photoelectric effect 237 neutral 633 electron distributions 260–4 photons, equations for 252 neutron, physical data for 22 energies 265–70 photosynthesis 695–6 Newman projections 795, 797–8 filling, order of 272–6 light-driven component of 695 nicad battery 732 with nearly equal energies 283 Planck’s constant (h) 238, 253 –cadmium storage cell 732 size 261–2 plane of symmetry 895 nickel – metal hydride (NiMH) orbital overlap model 820 plant cell walls 999 batteries 732 assumptions 344 𝛽-pleated sheet 1020 nitrite ion 325 conventions of 344 P4 in white phosphorus 421 N2O, resonance structures 321–2 organic nomenclature 86–8 poisonous proteins 1026 configuration 279 osmosis 612–13 polar acetone molecules 375 node 261 osmotic pressure 613 polar covalent bond 306 nomenclature out-of-plane carbon atom 801 polarisability 372 naming inorganic compounds 67–70 oxalic acid 953 polar molecular solids 595 naming organic compounds 71–88 oxidation 687 polar molecules 596, 912 nonane 794 oxidation number 689–94 polyatomic ions, chemical nonbonded interaction strain 803 oxidation state 689 formulae of 70 nonmetallic binary compounds 67–9 oxidising agent 687 polypeptides 1014, 1016 nonmetals 30 oxoacids 660 polyprotic acids 626, 1030 non-polar solvents oxoanion polyprotic bases 626 benzene 595 resonance structures 319–20 polysaccharides 992, 996 hexane 595 oxoanions 70 polystyrene 467 non-SI units 142–4 oxonium ion 859 positive catalysts 776 nonspontaneous reactions 718–19 potassium sulfate 726 nonvolatile solute 606 pair-wise interactions 304 potassium sulfate, electrolysis of normal boiling point 370 types 304 725–6 normal freezing point 371 paramagnetic 285 potential difference 707 N-terminal amino acid 1015 parent chain 78 potential energy diagram 769 nuclear charge 266 parts per billion (ppb) 403 precipitation 174 nucleic acid 1032 parts per million (ppm) 403 precision 148 nucleons 22 pascal (Pa) 385 pressure (p) 383–5 915 passivation 722 pressure–volume variations 391–2 nucleophilic substitution 915 Pauling, Linus 307–8, 1017 primary alcohols 921 nucleoside 1028 Pauli, Wolfgang 257 primary cells 727 diphosphates 1030 PbO 425 primase 1037 triphosphates 1030 pentapeptides 1014 principal quantum number (n) 255 nucleotides, structural formulae penultimate carbon 985 products 173 for 1031 peptide 1014 propane 794 nucleus 21 peptide bond 1014, 1017 ball-and-stick model of 59 nuclide 23 peptide bond in serylalanine 1015 space-filling model of 60 numerator 110 percentage 112–14 structures of 793 Nurofen® 900 percentage by mass 194 protein-derived amino acids 1008–10 percentage uncertainty 155 proteins 1014, 1016 ocean health 589–90 percentage yield 206 protein structure 1017 octahedral geometry 58, 330–2 periodic table, of elements protium 23 octane 794 modern periodic table 29–31 proton, physical data for 22 offshore oil rigs 723 naming the elements 31 Proust, Joseph Louis 14

INDEX 1085 JWAU700-IND JWAUxxx-Master June 19, 2018 10:1 Printer Name: Trim: 8.5in × 11in

public health promotion and rhodopsin 822 molality 607 chemistry 5–6 ribbon model of haemoglobin 1022 molar concentration 607 pyranose 989 ribonucleic acid (RNA) 1032 molarity 607 pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) 925 defined 1038 solution’s concentration 583 pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) types 1039–40 solution stoichiometry 208–9 oxidations 926–7 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 1039 applications of 215–17 ribosomes 1039 concentration of solutions 209–15 qualitative analysis 177 rocket fuel 486 containing ions 217–18 quantisation 254–9 Rontgen,¨ Wilhelm 19 solvent 209, 583 quantisation of energy 245–8 rotten egg gas 303 space-filling model 59–60 quantised 246 R,S system 900 spectator ions 218 quantitative analysis 177 rules for manipulating thermochemical spectra, absorption and quantum numbers 254–9 equations 473 emission 240–3 quartz 425 rust 173 sp hybrid orbitals 349–50 quaternary structure 1021 Rutherford, Ernest 20 energy level diagram for 350 quotient 110 formation of 350 bridge 711 sp2 hybrid orbitals 348 racemic mixture 889 salt water 500 coplanar hybrid orbitals 349 radioactive 23 saponification 1004 energy level diagram for 349 radionuclide 23 saturated fatty acids 1001 sp3 hybrid orbitals 345 random uncertainties 155 saturated hydrocarbons 78, 791 spin 257 rate constant reaction 760 saturated solution 583, 585 spin quantum number (ms) 257 rate-determining step 774 s-block elements 29 spontaneous reactions 718–19 rate laws 759–60 scientific notation 149 staggered conformation of ethane 795 reading 761–2 seabed with salt 585 standard cell potential 714 rate-limiting step 774 sea shore with salt 585 standard enthalpy of rate of reaction 752, 771 secondary cells 727 combustion 479–80 reactants 173, 541–3 second law of thermodynamics 495 standard enthalpy of formation 474–6 catalysts 758 second-order rate laws 765–6 standard enthalpy of reaction 470 chemical nature of 756 seesaw shape 328 standard Gibbs energy change 497–9 concentrations of 757 sense strand 1040 standard hydrogen electrode physical nature of 756–7 shapes of snowflakes 421 (SHE) 715 temperatures 758 shielding 268–70 standard reduction potentials 714 reaction coordinate 769 sigma bonds 305 standard states 469 reaction enthalpies calculation 484–6 significant figures 149–54 starch 770 in calculations 153–4 amylopectin 996 reaction mixture, temperature of 546–7 silver nitrate 750 amylose 996 reaction quotient (Q) 517–35 single bond 313 states of matter 9 expression 522–4 SI (Systeme´ International) gas 370 reaction rates 749 units 138–42 liquid 370 reactions six sets of electron pairs 332 physical properties of 10 heterogeneous 757 soaps 1004 solid 370 homogeneous 757 soda–lime–silica glass 425 stereocentres 895, 900 recommended dietary intake sodium lauryl sulfate 594 stereoisomerism 984 (RDI) 108 solids stereoisomers 887–8, 890, 898 redox reactions 687, 696–7 magnitudes of forces 417–18 types of 888 outcome of 719–20 molecular solids 418 steric strain 803 reducing agent 687 types of 418 Stern, Otto 257 reduction 687 solid wedge 58 stoichiometric coefficients 177 reduction–oxidation reactions 687 solubility 583 stoichiometry 171, 177, 199–200, 411 reduction potential 714 solubility data 602–3 limiting reagents 202–5 reduction processes 715 solubility products 599–600 mole ratios in chemical relative stabilities of carbocations 854 soluble 583 reactions 200–2 replication fork 1037 solute 209, 583 percentage yield 206–8 resonance energy 870 solute dissociation straight-chain alkanes resonance model of benzene 869–70 measurement 611–12 butane 794 resonance structures 317–20 solutions 208, 583 decane 794 retinal 5 colligative properties 606 ethane 794 reversible reactions 177 molal concentration 607 heptane 794

1086 INDEX JWAU700-IND JWAUxxx-Master June 19, 2018 10:1 Printer Name: Trim: 8.5in × 11in

hexane 794 tetrahedral geometry 325–7 upward-pointing axial atom 803 methane 794 tetrapeptides 1014 upward-pointing equatorial atom 803 nonane 794 thalidomide 895–6 UV lesions 777 octane 794 theoretical yield 206 pentane 794 thermochemical equation 470–1 valence bond model of benzene 868–9 propane 794 thermodynamic temperature 455 valence bond theory 342 strong acid 640, 643–5 Thomson, George 252 orbital overlap 343–4 pH calculations 644–5 threshold energy 769 valence electrons 277, 424 strong base 640, 643–5 thyroid glands, scintigram of 763 valence orbital hybridisation 351 pH calculations 644–5 titrant 668 valence-shell-electron-pair repulsion strong 2p–2p overlap 306 titration curve 669 (VSEPR) model 818, 852 structural formulae 48–56 torsional strain 801 valence-shell-electron-pair repulsion structural model of silicon 421 trans 864 (VSEPR) theory 323–7 subatomic particles 22 transcription 1039 vaporisation 371 sublimation 428 trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane 890 vapour pressure 415–17 substituents 78, 799 transfer RNA (tRNA) 1039 viscosity 415 sucrose 992 trans isomer 830 volt (V) 707 sugars transition metals 30 voltmeter 708 glucose 982 transition state 769 sucrose 982 triacylglycerols 1000 water 326 , mass composition of 17 triglycerides 1000 water–gas shift reaction 556 sulfur hexafluoride 58 physical properties of 1003 water–hexane interactions 593 sulfur tetrafluoride, structures 328 triglyceride structure 1002 water molecule, bent-shaped 420 sulfur trioxide, mass composition of trigonal bipyramidal 327 water, structural formula 60 17 trigonal bipyramidal geometry 327–30 Watson–Crick model 1033 supercoiling 1036 trigonal planar geometry 324–5 wavelength (𝜆) 233 supercritical fluid 430 triiodide ion, structures 330 waves 233 surface tension 414 tripeptides 1014 wax 595 surface tension of water 369 triple bonds 313, 817 weak acid 640, 646–58 surroundings 456 triple point 432 pH calculations 650–8 symproportionation reaction 729 triprotic acid 626 weak base 640 syn addition of hydrogen atoms 864 trisaccharides 992 welding 204 synthesis of arylamines 936 tropical oils 1003 windpipe 763 synthetic detergents 1005–6 system 456 Uhlenbeck, George 257 tetrafluoride, structures 331–2 systematic uncertainties 155 uncertainties 154–6 in calculations 156–9 zero-order rate laws 767–8 temperature dependence of chemical unequal electron sharing 306–8 zinc 705–6 reactions 769–70 units 456 zinc – manganese dioxide cell 730 template strand 1040 universe 456 zinc-rich epoxy resins 723 terminal carbon 49 unsaturated fatty acids 1001 Z isomer 830 tert-butyl cation 852 unsaturated hydrocarbons 791 zusammen 830 tert-butyl group 804 unsymmetrical attractive forces 306 zwitterion 1008

INDEX 1087