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Gouverner Les Hommes Et Les Ressources Dynamiques De La Frontière Interne

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Gouverner Les Hommes Et Les Ressources Dynamiques De La Frontière Interne Autrepart est une revue à comité de lecture coéditée par l'Institut de recherche pour le développement (lRD) et les éditions Armand Colin. Son objectif est de promouvoir la réflexion sur la complexité et les dynamiques des sociétés du Sud, en mouvement perma­ nent pour penser et redéfinir leur propre réalité. Articles en lignes sur Ces sociétés font face à des changements éco­ www.editions-sedes.com nomiques, sociaux, politiques, écologiques... Les phénomènes de mondialisation relativisent l'autonomie des Etats, les inégalités intra et internationales se creusent, des transformations P.-D.G. Armand Colin majeures affectent tantôt les politiques des Nathalie de Baudry d'Asson États, tantôt la nature même des institutions. Les réactions et les adaptations multiformes Commission paritaire des sociétés du Sud à ces changements sont En cours au cœur des interrogations de la revue. Le caractère transversal des sujets abordés 155N implique en général de rassembler des textes En cours relevant des différentes disciplines des sciences sociales. Administration Armand Colin 21, avenue du Montparnasse COMIT~ DE PARRAINAGE 75006 Paris Claude Bataillon, Jean Coussy, Alain Dubresson, Françoise Héritier, Hervé Le Bras, Elikia M'Bokolo, Laurence Tubiana Rédaction IRD COMIT~ DE R~DACTION 32, rue Henri-Varagnat Virginie Baby-Collin (Université de Provence) 93143 Bondy cedex Sylvie Bredeloup (IRD) Carole Brugeilles (Université Paris X Nanterre) Maquette Armand Colin René Collignon (CNRS) Anne Doquet (IRD) Couverture Philippe Gervais-Lambony (Université Paris X Nanterre) Béatrice Garnier Christophe Z. Guilmoto (IRD) Jean-François Huchet (Université Rennes 2) Périodicité revue trimestrielle Marie-José Jolivet (IRD) Marie Ladier-Fouladi (CNRS) Impression Marc Le Pape (CNRS) Imprimerie Chirat Jean-Yves Martin (1 RD) 42540 Saint-Just-Ia-Pendue Évelyne Mesclier (lRD) Dépôt légal Sandrine Mesplé-Somps (lRD) Octobre 2004, N° 3679 Carlos Quénan (lHEAL - Université la Sorbonne) DIRECTEUR DE LA PUBLICATION Serge Calabre © Armand Colin/IRD DIRECTRICE DE LA R~DACTION Laurence Quinty Illustration de couverture: SECR~TAIRE DE LA R~DACTION Vue aérienne sur la campagne du Sud-Est du Togo. Dominique Lopès Benoît Antheaume, © IRD Tous droits de traduction, d'adaptation et de reproduction par Autrepart, sur le site de l'IRD tous procédés réservés pour tous pays. En application de la loi du www.autrepart.ird.fr l rjuillet 1992, il est interdit de reproduire, même partiellement, la présente publication sans l'autorisation de l'éditeur ou du Centre français d'exploitation du droit dc' copie 13, rue Hautefeuille, 7.1006 Paris). Ali rights reserved. No part of this publication ma)' be trans/ated, reproduced, stared in J retrieval system or transmitted in any 1ndexé dans / Indexed in farm or any ather means, electronic. mechanica/, phatacapying • INIST-CNRS recarding or otherwise, without priar permission ofthe publishcr. • INGENTA Autrepart 0°30,2004 Sommaire Gouverner les hommes et les ressources Dynamiques de la frontière interne Jean-Pierre Chauveau, Jean-Pierre Jacob, Pierre-Yves Le Meur: L'organisation de la mobilité dans les sociétés rurales du Sud 3 * Jean-Pierre Jacob: Gouvernement de la nature et gouvernement des hommes dans le Gwendégué (centre-ouest du Burkina Faso) 25 Jean-Philippe Colin avec la contribution de Georges Kouame et Debegnoun Soro r Lorsque le Far East n'était pas le Far West. La dynamique de l'appropriation foncière dans un ancien «no man's land» de basse Côte d'Ivoire 45 Richard Kuba: La grammaire rituelle des hiérarchies: migrations et chefs de terre dans une société segmentaire (Burkina Faso) 63 Alain François: Aux frontières du territoire. Idéologie territoriale et dynamiques foncières au Busoga (Ouganda) 77 Éric Léonard: La réforme agraire mexicaine comme processus de frontière 97 David Andrew Wardell, Christian Lund: En marge de la loi et au cœur de la politique locale. Colonisation agraire des forêts classées au nord Ghana 117 THo Grâtz : Les frontières de l'orpaillage en Afrique occidentale 135 Notes de lecture M. BREUSERS. On the Move ; Mobility, Land Use and Livelihood Practices on the Central Plateau in Burkina Faso 151 Carol M. ROSE. Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History. Theory and Rhetoric ofOwnership........................................................................................................................... 151 Philippe LAVIGNE DELVILLE, Camilla TOULMIN, et Samba TRAORÉ (dir.). Gérer le foncier rural en Afrique de l'Ouest. Dynamiques foncières et interventions publiques 153 David LE BRETON. Des visages. Essai d'anthropologie 154 Fabienne WATEAU. Partager l'eau. Irrigation et conflits au Nord-Ouest du Portugal.............. 156 Sara BERRY. Chiefs Know Their Boundaries. Essays on Property, Power, and the Past in Asante, 1896-1996......... 157 Sarah HILLCOAT-NALLÉTAMBY. La pratique contraceptive à l'île Maurice: politique nationale, pratiques individuelles............................................................................ 159 Résumés/Abstracts 161 Déjà parus 1997 1 Lesarts de laruedans les sociétés du Sud,Michel Agier et Alain Ricard 2 Familles du Sud,Arlette Gautier et Marc Pilon 3 Variations 4 Empreintes du passé, Edmond Bernus, Jean Polet, Gérard Quéchon 1998 5 Communautés déracinées dans les pays du Sud,Véronique Lassailly-Jacob 6 Échanges transfrontaliers et intégration régionale en Afrique subsaharienne, Johny Egg et Javier Herrera 7 Variations 8 Droque et reproduction sociale dans le tiers monde, Éric Léonard 1999 9 La forêt-monde en question, François Verdeaux 10 Afrique: les identités contre ladémocratie, René Otayek Il Variations 12 Le sida des autres. Constructions locales et internationales delamaladie, Claude Fay 2000 13 Survivre grâce à... Réussir malgré... l'aide, Bernard J. Lecomte, Jean-David Naudet 14 Logiques identitaires, logiques territoriales, Marie-José Jolivet 15 Variations 16 Afriquenoire et Monde arabe. continuités et ruptures, Emmanuel Grégoire, Jean Schmitz 2001 17 Des écoles pour leSud: stratégies sociales, politiques étatiques et interventions du Nord, Marie-France Lange 18 Lesjeunes: hantise de l'espace public dans les sociétés du Sud, René Collignon, Mamadou Diouf 19 Variations 20 Les fonctionnaires du Sudentre deuxeaux: sacrifiés ou protégés?, Marc Raffiner, François Roubaud 2002 21 Gérer laville: entre global et local, Élisabeth Dorier-Apprill, Sylvy [aglin 22 Diasporas, développements et mondialisations, Rosita Fibbi, Jean-Baptiste Meyer 23 Variations 24 Les images de l'identité, Denis Vidal 2003 25 Dynamique résidentielles dans les villes du Sud, Monique Bertrand 26 Sociétés dans la guerre, Yves Goudineau 27 Variations 28 L'éthique médicale dans les pays en développement 2004 29 Lesobjets de lasanté, Laurent Vidal L'organisation de la mobilité dans les sociétés rurales du Sud Jean-Pierre Chauveau*, Jean-Pierre Jacob**, Pierre-Yves Le Meur*** Autour de Kopytoff: le débat conceptuel Bien que ce ne fût pas un objectif explicite des éditeurs lorsqu'ils proposèrent ce numéro spécial consacré aux phénomènes de colonisation agraire et de mobilité dans les sociétés rurales, le résultat éclaire, quelque vingt ans après, la question que posaient Catherine Aubertin et Philippe Léna dans leur introduction à un numéro des Cahiers des sciences humaines 1 sur les phénomènes de colonisation dans la zone intertropicale [Aubertin et Léna 1986]. Ces auteurs proposaient alors d'envisager ces phénomènes sous l'angle de processus de frontière ifron­ tier), reprenant le concept élaboré par F.I. Turner à propos de l'expansion vers l'ouest des colons nord américains, comparée à une vague ou une marée ttidal frontier) [Turner, 1935]. Mais, constatant l'application aisée de ce concept aux situations de l'Amérique du Sud et de l'Asie du Sud-Est et, à l'inverse, le faible écho rencontré parmi les chercheurs africains et africanistes - en premier lieu le fait que le terme même de frontière fût peu utilisé dans les recherches propres à cette aire culturelle -, ils s'interrogeaient sur les raisons de ce désintérêt. D'abord pour s'en étonner. Catherine Aubertin et Philippe Léna soulignent en effet l'existence en Afrique et à Madagascar de processus, a priori tout à fait semblables, de conquête de nouveaux espaces. Ils suggèrent ensuite une explica­ tion du faible intérêt rencontré par la métaphore de la frontière dans le champ africain. À la différence de l'Afrique, selon ces auteurs, le phénomène de fron- * Jean-Pierre Chauveau est socio-anthropologue, directeur de recherche à l'IRD (UR «Régulations foncières, politiques publiques et logiques d'acteurs»), associé à l'UMR MOISA (Montpellier) et au programme CLAIMS ([email protected]) ** Jean-Pierre Jacob est anthropologue, chargé de cours à l'Institut Universitaire d'Études du Déve­ loppement (Genève). *** Pierre-Yves Le Meur est anthropologue au GRET, associé à l'EHESS et à l'IRD (UR «Régulations foncières, politiques publiques et logiques dacteurs»). 1. Ancien titre de la présente revue Autrepart. Ce thème avait déjà fait l'objet, dans la série plus ancienne encore des Cahiers ORSrOM, série Sciences Humaines, d'un numéro spécial consacré quant à lui à l'Afrique tropicale sur «Migrations rurales et création de nouveaux milieux sociaux» [Schwartz, 1979]. Autrepart 00), 2004, p. 3·23 Jean-Pierre Chauveau, Jean-Pierre Jacob, Pierre-Yves Le Meur tière exprime en Amérique du Sud et en Asie du Sud-Est un «phénomène global de société» à fortes connotations nationalitaire et idéologique, par lequel l'État conduit ou médiatise les relations des
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