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Final Research Report MA CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION IN MULTIETHNIC SOCIETIES: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF IVORIAN CRISIS. BY Chrysantus Ayangafac Department of International Relations A Research Report submitted to the School of Social Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts. Johannesburg, 2006 Declaration I declare that this thesis is my original and unaided intellectual work. It is being submitted for the award of a degree of Masters in International Relations at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. To the best of my knowledge, it has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in other university here in South Africa or any where in the world. Candidate Supervisor Date Date ii Dedication To my beloved Parents Mr. and Mrs. Fondem. To Ate, Tumi, Baby, Nkeng, Mimi and Gab my beloved juniors. To Cecile-Patricia, Dumisani, Kimaru and Ngonsong, selfless friends. iii Acknowledgements To claim I bore this all alone would be dishonest. I am indebted to a number of people and institutions for their invaluable moral and material support through out the period of my Masters studies. University of the Witwatersrand and CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation provided inspiring environment for research. Professor Ajulu deserves special thanks and appreciation. He did not only double as my supervisor and mentor; he has gone beyond the call of duty to provide me with fatherly advice. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the University of the Witwatersrand and handouts from friends and relatives during desperate times. Again, I am grateful to CIVICUS for allowing me to use their resources in realising this project. I would also like to thank Professor Rod Alence for his guidance and unwavering support. Dr. Lamin Abdul (Wits), Dr. Shrivastava of (Wits), Mr. David Kalete (CIVICUS), Izak Nkomo (Channel Africa) were all instrumental in helping me conceptualise this study. Finn Heinrich (CIVICUS) also deserves special thanks for helping me gain access to online libraries. Of the people whose patience I have taxed, my family come first. My parents have always support and had confidence in me. My junior brothers and sisters have endured and tolerated my absence from home. Patricia Bassomo has been there when I needed someone to talk to. Ngosong Sixtus gave me the support of a big brother. Dumisani Mngadi, Julie Middleton and Thomas Kimaru provided me with friendly advice. Without them to pull and push me through, I am not sure I would have come this far. Again thanks for all. iv Table of Contents Abstract I Declaration 11 Dedication 111 Acknowledgements 1V Chapters INTRODUCTION. 1 ° Background of Ivorian Conflict 5 ° Aim 9 ° Rational 10 ° Research Questions 13 ° Literature Review 13 ° Methodology 20 ° Limitation of Study 22 ° Roadmap 22 CHAPTER ONE: CONCEPTUAL AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK. 24 ° Section One: Concepts: Conflict, Conflict Management and Resolution 24 ° Section Two: Argument: Political Economy of Conflict 26 CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL BACKDROUND OF IVORIAN CRISIS. 37 ° Section One: Colonial History; Colonial State, Colonial Economy and Transition to Independence 37 ° Section Two: Post-Colonial Political Economy 45 ° Section Three: Houpheutism; How Boigny dealt with the issue of Ivoirité 56 ° Conclusion 66 CHAPTER THREE: ORIGINS OF IVORIAN CRISIS; POST-BOINY SUCCESSION AND THE POLITICISATION OF IVOIRITE. 68 ° Section One: Departure of Boigny/succession battle 68 v ° Section Two: Contestation of Power and Resource 70 ° Section Three: Politicisation of Ethnicity 79 ° Section Four: How the Conflict erupted 93 ° Section Five: Regional Dynamics 98 ° Conclusion CHAPTER FOUR: ATTEMPTS AT RESOLVING THE CONFLICT: FROM PARIS TO PRETORIA. 104 ° Section One: Linas Marcoussis Accord (Pax Marcoussis) 104 ° Section Two: Accra 11, 111 (An African solution to an African problem?) 106 ° Section Three: Pax Pretoriana 1, 11 (Understanding the Ivorian mine? 107 ° Conclusion 108 CHAPTER FIVE: FAILURES OF ATTEMPTS AT RESOLVING THE CONFLICT. 110 ° Section One: Substantive and Technical Failures 110 ° Section Two: War Economy 114 ° Conclusion 120 CONCLUSION: POLICY IMPLICATION AND RECOMMENDATION 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 127 APPENDIX 138 Timeline of Ivorian Crisis 138 Map of Cote d’Ivoire showing ethnic location 142 vi List of Tables Table 1: Growth in real per capita GDP 1960-94 in Conflict Countries 34 Table 2: Economic Growth in Ivory Coast, 1961-2004 47 Table 3: Human Development/human security in Ivory Coast 1973-2003 47 Table 4: Levels of Economic and Social infrastructure Endowment by region 54 Table 5: Comparison of socio-economic inequalities across ethnic groups between 1994 and 1998 55 Table 6: Elite representation in political institution from 1959-1980 63 Table 7: Ethnic representation in political institutions under Boigny 1980-93 64 Table 8: Public investment per region 1971-1977 (CFAF) 65 Table1 8: Ethnic groups are their respective regions 80 Table 9: Ethnic representation under Bédié 87 Table 10: Ethnic representation in government under Gueï, 2000 89 Table 11: Ethnic representation in political institutions under Gbagbo, 2000-2003 91 Table: 12: Ivorian Government Military Expenditure 117 vii List of Abbreviations ANAPROCI Association Nationale des Producteurs de Café-Cacao de Cote d’Ivoire ARCC Autorite de Regulation du Café et du Cacao AU African Union BCC Bourse du Café et du Cacao BSIE Budget Special d’Invetissement et Equipement CFA Communauté Financier Africaine CFAO-CI Groupe Compagnie Francaise de l’Afrique de l’Ouest de Côte d’Ivoire CIT Cote d’Ivoire Telecom CNE Commission Nationale Electorale CSOs Civil Society Organisations CSSPPA Caisse de Stabilisation et de Soutien des Prix des Produits Agricoles DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DES Deputy Executive Secretary (ECOWAS) AFO Afrique Francaise d’Ouest DPKO Department for Peacekeeping Operations ECOMICI ECOWAS Mission to Côte d’Ivoire ECOMOG The Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union FAFN Forces Armées Force Nouvelles FANCI Forces Armées Nationales de la Côte d’Ivoire FLGO Front pour la Libération du Grand Oust FN Force Nouvelle/ New Forces FRC Fund de Regulation et Controle FRN Forum de la Reconciliation Nationale FPI Ivorian Popular Front FPTP First Pass The Post FSCP Front pour la Sécurité de Central Oust GDP Gross Domestic Product viii GNP Gross National Product HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries HRW Human Rights Watch ICG International Crisis Group LMA Linas Marcoussis Accord LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy MFA Movement of the Forces of the Future MINUCI United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire MPCI Mouvement Patriotique de la Cote d’Ivoire (Patriotic Movement of Côte d’Ivoire) MPIGO Mouvement Populaire du Grand Quest (Greater West Patriotic Movement of Côte d’Ivoire) MPJ Mouvement pour la Justice et la Paix (Movement for Justice and Peace PIT Parti Ivoirienne de Travailleurs PDCI Democratic Party of Côte d’Ivoire RDA Rassemblement Democratique Africain RDR Rally of the Republicans RUF Revolutionary United Front SAA Syndicat Africain Agricole SAP Structural Adjustment Programmes SECI Société des Eaux de Côte d’Ivoire SIR Société Ivoirienne de Raffinage SSA sub-Sahara Africa SYNAPROCI Autonome des Producteurs de Cafe-Cacao de Cote d’Ivoire UDPCI Union for Peace and Democracy in Ivory Coast UDCY Democratic Civic Union UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNESCO United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNICEF United Nations Children’s and Education Fund UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire UPRGO Union Patriotique de Résistance du Grand Ouest ix x We need to do away with the pretence that cessation of hostilities amount to peace. A firm foundation for sustainable peace cannot be land unless and until full comprehension and mastery of the conflict has been realised. This requires more than mere conjectures or intelligent guesses as to their fundamental causes.1 INTRODUCTION The persistence of conflict in Sudan, Somalia, Uganda, DRC and Ivory Coast has made Afro-pessimism fashionable. Moreover, it indicates Policy-makers, academia and the international community are still grappling how to prevent, manage and resolve African conflicts with little or no success. Consequently, a major enquiry facing Africa remains how to find a lasting solution to violent conflicts on the continent. Fundamentally, this challenge imposes an urgent need for a conceptual understanding of the origins, recurrence and persistence of African conflicts. This study is a contribution to literature on the debate around the genealogy, conceptualisation and protractedness of African conflicts. Against this backdrop, the study is steeped around the following questions: What is the cause of conflicts in Africa? Why have some of these conflicts endured despite the perceived benefits of globalisation, Bretton Wood institutions and efforts to manage and resolve them? I do not pretend to arrive at a sacrosanct conclusion on the these questions because, any attempt at summation of issues in conflict resolution is an ambitious undertaking that warrants time, resources and the shifting contours of contemporary politics. Using Ivory Coast2 as a case study, though the lessons might be suggestive rather than conclusive, I nevertheless challenge some stereotypes and accepted views of African conflicts.
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