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Diversity and Distribution of Pteriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in Malaysian Waters

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Diversity and Distribution of Pteriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in Malaysian Waters DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF PTERIIDAE (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) IN MALAYSIAN WATERS by CHEAH WEE Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science MARCH 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At here, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Aileen Tan Shau Hwai for her kind patience, guidance, advice and support throughout my master program. She showed me different ways to approach a research problem and the need to be persistent to accomplish any goal. A special thanks to the Deputy Dean of School of Biological Science (Marine and Coastal Studies), Professor Zulfigar Yasin for his continuous support in my master program especially in the arrangement of field sampling, SCUBA diving and underwater photography. He was the one who introduced me to the beauty of our ocean. For those in CEMACS, Saz, Madi, Sim, Wai Sin, Izwandy, Jantzen and Bee Wah, thank you all for your comradeship, support and advice during my master program. I would also like to thank Encik Zamri, Abang Anuar, Abang Latif, Uncle Bala, Abang Rahman and Encik Rajen from Muka Head Marine Research Station for their help and support. To Mr. Ilya Tëmkin from American Museum of Natural History, United States of Amrerica, thanks for sharing his knowledge on Pteriidae family. To Professor Takashi Okutani from Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan, thanks for his suggestion and advice. The last but not least is my beloved family. I really appreciated their patience in allowing me pursuing my dreams. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE OF THESIS i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF PLATES xii LIST OF APPENDICES xvi LIST OF ABBREVATIONS xvii ABSTRAK xviii ABSTRACT xx CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Classification of Pteriidae 3 1.2 Morphology and anatomy of Pteriid Oyster 6 1.2.1 Morphology 6 1.2.2 Anatomy 8 1.3 Life cycle of Pteriidae 10 1.4 The importance and economy value of Pteriidae 12 1.5 Distribution of Pteriidae 13 1.6 Objective of this study 15 iii CHAPTER 2 – MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 The study area 16 2.2 Collection the samples 16 2.3 Species identification 19 2.3.1 Shell character 19 a. Exterior feature 19 (i) Shell form 19 (ii) External shell colouration 23 (iii) Shell surface 24 (iv) Anterior auricle 24 (v) Posterior auricle 25 (vi) Byssal notch 25 (vii) Shell convexity 25 b. Interior feature 26 (i) Dentition 26 (ii) Nacreous area 26 (iii) Non-nacreous area 27 (iv) Adductor muscle scar 27 c. Shell size – shell measurement 27 2.3.3 Description of Genus 28 a. Genus Pteria 28 b. Genus Pinctada 28 c. Genus Electroma 28 iv 2.4 Ecological preference of pteriids 29 2.5 Ambient water quality measurement 29 2.6 Species diversity indices (SDI) 29 2.6.1 Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) 30 2.6.2 Evennes Index (J’) 31 2.6.3 Dominance Index (D) 31 2.7 Relationship between water quality and the abundance of pteriids 32 2.8 Relationship between water quality and the diversity of pteriids 32 CHAPTER 3 – RESULTS 3.1 Species indentification 34 3.1.1 Genus Pinctada (Röding, 1798) 34 1. Pinctada albina (Lamark, 1819) 34 2. Pinctada chemnitzii (Philippi, 1849) 39 3. Pinctada imbricata (Röding, 1798) 45 4. Pinctada maculata (Gould, 1850) 50 5. Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) 54 6. Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901) 59 7. Pinctada nigra (Gould, 1851) 64 3.1.2 Genus Pteria (Scopoli, 1777) 68 1. Pteria avicular (Holten, 1802) 68 2. Pteria brevialata (Dunker, 1872) 73 3. Pteria conturnix (Dunker, 1872) 77 4. Pteria loveni (Dunker, 1872) 81 v 5. Pteria penguin (Röding, 1798) 85 3.2 Distribution of Pteriidae 90 3.2.1 West coast of Peninsular Malaysia - The Straits of Malacca 90 3.2.2 East coast of Peninsular Malaysia – The South China Sea 91 3.2.3 North of Sabah – The South China Sea 91 3.2.4 East of Sabah – The Sulawesi Sea 91 3.3 Ecological preferences of pteriids 93 3.3.1 Habitat preference of pteriids 93 3.3.2 Substrate preference of pteriids 94 3.3.3 Depth range where pteriids were found 98 3.4 Water quality measurement 99 3.4.1 Temperature 99 3.4.2 Salinity 99 3.4.3 Chlorophyll-a 99 3.4.4 Dissolved oxygen (DO) 100 3.4.5 pH 100 3.5 Species diversity indices (SDI) 102 3.4.1 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) 105 3.4.2 Evenness index (J’) 105 3.4.3 Dominance index (D) 106 3.6 Relationship between water quality and the abundance of pteriids 107 3.7 Relationship between water quality and the species diversity of 107 pteriids vi CHAPTER 4 – DISCUSSION 4.1 Species identification 108 4.1.1 Genus Pinctada (Röding, 1798) 113 1. Pinctada albina (Lamark, 1819) 113 2. Pinctada chemnitzii (Philippi, 1849) 114 3. Pinctada imbricata (Röding, 1798) 115 4. Pinctada maculata (Gould, 1850) 116 5. Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) 117 6. Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901) 117 7. Pinctada nigra (Gould, 1851) 118 4.1.2 Genus Pteria (Scopoli, 1777) 119 1. Pteria avicular (Holten, 1802) 119 2. Pteria brevialata (Dunker, 1872) 119 3. Pteria conturnix (Dunker, 1872) 120 4. Pteria loveni (Dunker, 1872) 120 5. Pteria penguin (Röding, 1798) 121 4.2 Distribution of Pteriidae 125 4.3 Ecological preference of pteriids 129 4.3.1 Habitat preference of pteriids 129 4.3.2 Substrate preference of pteriids 130 4.3.4 Depth preference of pteriids 132 4.4 Relationship between water quality and the abundance of pteriids 134 4.5 Species diversity index (SDI) 142 vii 4.5.1 Shannon-Wiener diversity index 142 4.5.2 Evenness index 144 4.5.3 Dominance index 145 4.5.4 Relationship between water quality and species diversity 146 of pteriids CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION 5.1 Recommendations for further studies 149 CHAPTER 6 – REFERENCES 150 APPENDIX viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1 Current classification of recent Pteriidae family with note on the extinct 5 taxa (based on HertLein & Cox, 1969; Vaught, 1989). 2.1 Coordinates of each sampling location and the coverage area surveyed. 18 3.1 List of species that are found in this project. 33 3.2 List of pteriids found in Malaysian waters. 92 3.3 Shannon-Wiener diversity index, H’ of each sampling location. 105 3.4 Evennes index, J’ of each sampling location. 106 3.5 Dominance index, D of each sampling location. 106 4.1 Taxonomic key to Malaysian Pteriidae oysters. 122 4.2 Pearson correlation results showing the relationship between water quality 140 and the species diversity indices and between water quality and the abundance of pteriids (represent by the number of individuals). ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 The transverse ligamental groove that divide Pteriidae from its closest 4 relative (adapted from Poutier, 1998). a. Multiples transverse ligamental grooves in Isognomonidae. b. Single transverse ligamental groove in Malleidae. 1.2 Anatomy of pteriid oyster, based on Pinctada fucata (modified from 8 FAO, 1991). 1.3 Life cycle of Pteriidae. 1. Fertilized oocyte. 2. D-shaped veliger (one day 11 old). 3. Plantigrade larva (about 20 days). 4. Spat (about 24 days). 5. Adult. (modified from FAO, 1991). 1.4 Distribution of some pteriids around the globe (from Hynd, 1955; Kira, 14 1962; Wang, 1978; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986; FAO, 1991; Gervis & Sims, 1992; Poutiers, 1998; Nguyen, 1999; Hayami, 2000; Huang & Okutani, 2003; Mikkelsen et al., 2004). 1962; Wang, 1978; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986; FAO, 1991; Gervis & Sims, 1992; Poutiers, 1998; Nguyen, 1999; Hayami, 2000; Huang & Okutani, 2003; Mikkelsen et al., 2004). 2.1 Study areas in the Straits of Malacca, the South China Sea and the 17 Sulawesi Sea. 2.2 Flow chart showing the identification process using the exterior shell 20 features. 2.3 Flow chart showing the identification process using interior shell 21 features 2.4 The shell form and outline of pteriid oyser. a. Subcircular. b. 23 Subquadrate. c. Wing form or pteriform (adapted from Poutier, 1998). 3.1 Habitat preference of different pteriids. 93 3.2 Substrate preference of all pteriids found in all sampling locations. 95 3.3 Substrate preferences according to species. 96 3.4 Depth range of every species of pteriids found in this study. 98 3.5 Water quality measurements of the seven sampling locations. 101 x 3.6 Number of species recorded per 100m2 sampling area counted in each 103 sampling locations. 3.7 Number of individuals recorded for each species per 100m2 sampling 104 area in each sampling locations. 4.1 Map showing the distribution of each species of pteriid found in the 126 sampling locations. 4.2 Graph showing the how the chlorophyll-a concentration related to the 141 number of individuals of pteriids in the sampling locations. 4.3 Graph showing the relationship between the number of species per 143 100m2 and species diversity index. xi LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 1.1 A black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera found in Pulau Aur, Johor. 1 1.2 A winged oyster, Pteria penguin found in Pulau Segantang, Kedah. 2 1.3 a. Exterior features of the left valve of Pinctada chemnitziii. 7 b. Interior features of the left valve of Pinctada chemnitzii. 2.1 Shell of Pinctada chemnitzii showing general exterior features and 22 methods of shell measurement. a. Exterior features: aa – anterior auricle; ab – anterior border; bn – byssal notch; la – lamella; pa – posterior auricle; pb – posterior border; ps – posterior sinus; rs – radial stripe; u – umbo.
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