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Casualties of Cold War ABSTRACT Title of Document: CASUALTIES OF COLD WAR: TOWARD A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM IN U.S.-RUSSIAN RELATIONS Kimberly A. Williams, Ph.D., 2008 Directed By: Professor Claire G. Moses, Department of Women’s Studies Using a feminist transdisciplinary research approach, this dissertation interrogates the discursive configurations that constituted the framework of meaning within which the United States conducted its relationship with the Russian Federation between 1991 and the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. It calls attention to the production and operation of what I refer to as “gendered Russian imaginaries” (i.e., the range of masculinities and femininities that have been assigned to narrative and visual depictions of Russia and Russians in American political and popular culture) that have been invoked as part of American cold war triumphalism to craft and support U.S. foreign policy. The dissertation has two parts. While much has been written about the consequences of U.S. Russia policy, I explore its ideological causes in Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4. Chapter 1 enumerates the foundational precepts upon which my project relies, while Chapter 2 offers some necessary background information concerning the evolution and deployment of gendered nationalisms in the Russian Federation and in the United States. Chapters 3 and 4 examine the metaphors and analogies deployed throughout the congressional hearings that led to two pieces of U.S. legislation, the Freedom Support Act of 1992 and the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. Through visual, narrative, and discursive analyses of several popular culture texts, including 1997’s animated feature film Anastasia (Chapter 5), NBC’s hit television series The West Wing (Chapter 6), and Washington, D.C.’s popular International Spy Museum (Chapter 7), part two explores the ways in which Russia and Russians were visually and narratively depicted in U.S. popular culture at the turn of the twenty-first century. Given the Russian Federation’s status as the world’s second-largest oil producer after Saudi Arabia, the importance of Russia to contemporary U.S.-Middle East politics can no longer be in any doubt. Consequently, the mistakes, assumptions, and triumphalist arrogance of the United States since 1991 must be reckoned with and accounted for. This dissertation contributes a feminist analysis to that endeavor by drawing attention to the links between cultural and national identities, the gendered politics of knowledge production, and the circulation of power in transnational contexts. CASUALTIES OF COLD WAR: TOWARD A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM IN U.S.-RUSSIAN RELATIONS By Kimberly A. Williams Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Advisory Committee: Professor Claire G. Moses, Chair Professor Katie King Professor Michelle V. Rowley Professor Nancy L. Struna Professor Cynthia L. Martin, Dean’s Representative © Copyright by Kimberly A. Williams 2008 Table of Contents Table of Contents.......................................................................................................... ii List of Figures.............................................................................................................. iv CHAPTER 1: Imagining Russia....................................................................................... 1 Chapter Outline......................................................................................................... 7 Foundational Precepts............................................................................................. 13 Precept 1: Histories at work ............................................................................... 14 Precept 2: Gendered nationalisms and geopolitics ............................................ 16 Precept 3: Cultural texts as sites of public pedagogy ......................................... 28 Interventions and Implications................................................................................ 31 American Nationalism and the Triumphalist Mythscape ....................................... 35 CHAPTER 2: Gendered Nationalisms and Popular Geopolitics.................................... 39 Gendered Russian Nationalism............................................................................... 40 Gendered American Nationalism............................................................................ 52 The (Geo)Political Traffic in Gendered Imaginaries.............................................. 61 CHAPTER 3: Freedom for Whom? Support for What?................................................. 71 The Freedom Support Act....................................................................................... 75 Implementation ....................................................................................................... 80 Consequences.......................................................................................................... 84 The Ideological Causes of U.S. Russia Policy........................................................ 88 Why help Russia? ................................................................................................ 92 Modernity as development .................................................................................. 97 Why technical advice as opposed to direct financial support? ......................... 102 Imperial Masculinity: The U.S. as Global Abuser................................................ 117 CHAPTER 4: Crime, Corruption, and Chaos............................................................... 126 On Capitol Hill...................................................................................................... 131 “Modern Day Slavery” ......................................................................................... 138 Voluntary Sex Work v. Forced Prostitution ......................................................... 141 Russian “Victims” and “Villains”......................................................................... 147 American Heroes .................................................................................................. 159 ii From “Mother Russia” to “Miss Russia”.............................................................. 167 CHAPTER 5: Death and the Maiden ........................................................................... 174 Conjuring the Ghost.............................................................................................. 182 Anastasia on Stage and Screen ............................................................................. 190 A Reflection of U.S. Russia Policy....................................................................... 203 Reckoning with the Ghost..................................................................................... 209 CHAPTER 6: “It’s a Cold War Mentality”.................................................................. 221 The West Wing and U.S. Political Culture........................................................... 228 Gendered Discursive Configurations.................................................................... 231 Vassily Konanov as Boris Yeltsin: “Our Kind of Crazy”..................................... 234 Cold War Hold-Outs............................................................................................. 247 Peter Chigorin as Vladimir Putin: Bartlet’s Last Best Hope ................................ 270 Whose “Cold War Mentality?”............................................................................. 280 CHAPTER 7: The Cultural Politics of Cold War......................................................... 288 A Cold War Museum............................................................................................ 292 Atomic Secrets...................................................................................................... 297 The Rosenburgs as Discursive Phenomena .......................................................... 302 The Rosenbergs at the International Spy Museum ............................................... 307 The Origins of State-Based Terror........................................................................ 317 (Hetero)Sexpionage .............................................................................................. 323 The Cold War as Cautionary Tale ........................................................................ 332 CHAPTER 8: Conclusion: Casualties of Cold War ..................................................... 348 Russia’s Geopolitical Resurgence......................................................................... 356 After 2008: Competing Masculinities................................................................... 360 Appendix I ................................................................................................................ 365 Appendix II ............................................................................................................... 366 Appendix III.............................................................................................................. 368 Appendix IV.............................................................................................................. 371 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 375 iii List
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