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Functional Analysis of Grapevine STS7 and STS22 Promoters BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Summer 2016 Functional Analysis Of Grapevine STS7 And STS22 Promoters Lianhua Lianhua Xu As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Xu, Lianhua Lianhua, "Functional Analysis Of Grapevine STS7 And STS22 Promoters" (2016). MSU Graduate Theses. 2981. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/2981 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GRAPEVINE STS7 AND STS22 PROMOTERS A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Plant Science By Lianhua Xu July 2016 Copyright 2016 by Lianhua Xu ii FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GRAPEVINE STS7 AND STS22 PROMOTERS Agriculture Missouri State University, July 2016 Master of Science Lianhua Xu ABSTRACT Stilbenic compounds are a group of phytoalexins that are produced by a limited number of plant species including grapevine to defend against diseases. Stilbene synthase (STS) is the key enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of stilbenic compounds. Previous results indicated a significant increase in the abundance of transcripts of STS7 and STS22 genes in powdery mildew-infected Cabernet Sauvignon leaves. I isolated the promoter sequences of STS7 and STS22 from grapevine Vitis aestivalis ‘Norton’ (Va) and Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vv) and studied their activities in transgenic plants. The results showed high activity of VaSTS7 and VaSTS22 promoters in transgenic plant leaves at all developmental stages. VaSTS22 promoter was activated mainly along the veins, whereas VaSTS7 promoter was activated in leaf tissues in transgenic plants. Both VaSTS22 and VvSTS22 promoters showed higher activity than VaSTS7 promoter in transgenic plant leaves when treated by salicylic acid. The activity of VaSTS22 promoter increased in transgenic plant leaves at 10 days post inoculation with powdery mildew, but neither VaSTS7 nor VvSTS22 promoter showed significant changes in transgenic plants after inoculation. These assays demonstrated that STS7 and STS22 promoter differently regulated a reporter gene in roots, leaves, and also in response to salicylic acid and powdery mildew in transgenic plants. My results provided new knowledge on the involvement of STS genes in defense against biotic and abiotic factors. KEYWORDS: plant defense system; powdery mildew; Botrytis cinerea; stilbenic compounds; stilbene synthase; promoter This abstract is approved as to form and content _______________________________ Dr. Wenping Qiu Chairperson, Advisory Committee Missouri State University iii FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GRAPEVINE STS7 AND STS22 PROMOTERS By Lianhua Xu A Masters Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College Of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science, Plant Science July 2016 Approved: _______________________________________ Dr. Wenping Qiu _______________________________________ Dr. Anson Elliott _______________________________________ Dr. Chin-Feng Hwang _______________________________________ Dr. Julie Masterson, Graduate College Dean iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people for their support during the course of my graduate studies in Missouri State University: Ru Dai, for teaching me lab skills and her previous work on STS genes; Steven Beach, for telling me the information about grapes in Missouri State; Sylvia Petersen, for offering suggestions on my project. I am grateful for my committee members, Dr. Anson Elliott and Dr. Chin-Feng Hwang, they gave me good suggestions and ideas. Exceptionally, I appreciate my advisor Dr. Wenping Qiu; he mentors and supports me on my studies all the time. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter1: Literature Review ................................................................................................1 Plant Defense System ..............................................................................................1 Norton and Cabernet Sauvignon ..............................................................................3 Grapevine Powdery Mildew ....................................................................................7 Botrytis Cinerea (Gray Mold) on Grapevine ...........................................................9 Stilbenic Compounds .............................................................................................10 Stilbene Synthase ...................................................................................................12 Pathogen Inducible Promoters ...............................................................................18 Tissue-Specific Promoters .....................................................................................23 Synthetic Promoters ...............................................................................................26 Promoter Analysis in Grapevine ............................................................................26 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................30 Chapter2: Functional Study of STS Promoters ..................................................................36 Introduction ............................................................................................................36 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................44 Results ....................................................................................................................48 Discussion ..............................................................................................................51 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................54 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Promoters and reporter GUS genes of two grapevine STS genes that were transferred to Arabidopsis ..................................................................................................57 Table 2. Two sets of primers were designed for cloning STS promoters based on grapevine reference genome PN40024. ..............................................................................................58 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Germination processes of grapevine powdery mildew ......................................59 Figure 2. Life cycle of Botrytis cinerea .............................................................................60 Figure 3. Early steps of stilbene biosynthesis ....................................................................61 Figure 4. STS multigene family in grapevine.....................................................................62 Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree of predicted STS proteins in grapevine .................................63 Figure 6. Expression level of STS genes in PM-inoculated grapevines .............................64 Figure 7. Alignment of VaSTS22 and VvSTS22 promoter sequences ................................65 Figure 8. Alignment of VaSTS7 and VaSTS22 promoter sequences ..................................70 Figure 9. Binary vector pKGWFS7.0 ................................................................................75 Figure 10. Constructs containing promoter and GUS gene ...............................................76 Figure 11. Electrophoresis images of DNA fragment amplified using primer sets designed for verifying STS promoters in transgenic Arabidopsis .....................................................77 Figure 12. Differential activity of STS7 and STS22 promoters in transgenic plants ..........78 Figure 13. GUS assays of leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis under SA treatment .............79 Figure 14. GUS assays of roots of transgenic Arabidopsis under SA treatment ...............80 Figure 15. GUS assays of leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis under PM inoculation..........81 viii CHAPTER1: LITERATURE REVIEW Plant Defense System In plant science field, it is commonly accepted that there are two branches of plant innate immune system to defense against pathogens, one is known as PTI and the other is ETI (Dangl et al. 2013). PTI is an abbreviation of PAMPs-triggered immunity. The PAMPs stand for pathogen-associated molecule patterns. Meanwhile, ETI means effector-triggered immunity. Literally, PTI is triggered by pathogen-associated molecule patterns that are produced by pathogen and are recognized receptors from host plants. In usual, PTI is referred as non-specific resistant immune system since it is the first defense layer in plant surface to restrict the extension of pathogens. ETI is the second defense layer working faster and stronger inside a plant cell to fight against the pathogens which successfully
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