United States In cooperation with Department of United States Department Agriculture of the Interior, Bureau of Soil Survey of Land Management; United Natural States Department of Lake County, Resources Agriculture, Forest Service; Conservation Oregon Agricultural Service Experiment Station; and Oregon, Southern Lake County, Board of Commissioners. Part

3

How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets, which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map units symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1990. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1991. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1990. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, and Lake County. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Fort Rock-Silver Lake and Lakeview Soil and Water Conservation Districts. Since the publication of this survey, more information on soil properties may have been collected, new interpretations developed, or existing interpretive criteria modified. The most current soil information and interpretations for this survey are in the Field Office Technical Guide (FOTG) at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. The soil maps in this publication may exist in digital form in a full quadrangle format. The digitizing of the maps is in accordance with the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database standards. During the digitizing process, changes or corrections to the maps may have occurred. These changes or corrections improve the matching of this survey to adjacent surveys and correct previous errors or omissions of map unit symbols or lines. If digital SSURGO-certified maps exist for this survey, they are considered the official maps for the survey area and are part of the FOTG at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250 or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or 202-720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

Cover: View of Goose Lake Valley from the southeast. Warner Mountains in background.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”). 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 5C—Anawalt-Oreneva complex, 2 to How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 15 percent slopes ...... 46 Contents ...... 5 6C—Anawalt-Pearlwise complex, 2 to Foreword ...... 15 15 percent slopes ...... 47 General Nature of the Survey Area ...... 18 7E—Argixerolls-Badland complex, 15 to 30 History and Development ...... 18 percent slopes ...... 48 Climate ...... 19 8A—Bicondoa silty clay loam, 0 to How This Survey Was Made ...... 20 2 percent slopes ...... 49 Soil Survey Procedures ...... 21 9C—Blizzard very cobbly silty clay loam, General Soil Map Units ...... 23 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 49 Soil Descriptions ...... 23 10C—Booth gravelly loam, 2 to 15 percent 1. Fluvaquents-Tandy ...... 23 slopes ...... 50 2. Ozamis-Crump ...... 24 11C—Booth silty clay, 2 to 15 percent 3. Lakeview-Goose Lake ...... 24 slopes, eroded ...... 51 4. Playas ...... 25 12C—Booth very stony loam, 2 to 5. Reese-Mesman-Kewake ...... 25 15 percent slopes ...... 52 6. Thunderegg-Stockdrive ...... 26 12E—Booth very stony loam, 15 to 7. Mudpot-Spangenburg ...... 27 30 percent slopes ...... 53 8. Welch-Degarmo ...... 27 13C—Booth complex, 2 to 15 percent 9. Drews ...... 28 slopes ...... 53 10. Lasere-Salisbury-Oxwall ...... 28 13E—Booth complex, 15 to 30 percent 11. McConnel-Wildhill ...... 29 slopes ...... 54 12. Ratto-Brace ...... 31 14F—Booth complex, 30 to 50 percent 13. Freznik-Floke-Anawalt ...... 31 north slopes ...... 55 14. Carryback-Hart ...... 32 15F—Booth complex, 30 to 50 percent 15. Lorella-Chewaucan-Rock outcrop ...... 32 south slopes ...... 57 16. Felcher-Rock outcrop-Riddleranch ...... 33 16C—Booth complex, 2 to 15 percent 17. Ninemile-Newlands ...... 34 slopes, eroded ...... 58 18. Harcany-Fitzwater ...... 34 17E—Booth-Nuss complex, 5 to 19. Booth-Bullump-Nuss ...... 35 30 percent slopes ...... 59 20. Winterim-Royst ...... 35 18F—Booth-Nuss complex, 30 to 21. Winterim-Mound-Polander ...... 36 50 percent north slopes ...... 60 22. Woodchopper-Rogger ...... 37 19F—Booth-Nuss complex, 30 to 23. Twelvemile-Xerolls ...... 38 50 percent south slopes ...... 61 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 39 20C—Booth-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to Soil Descriptions ...... 41 15 percent slopes ...... 62 1C—Als-Icene complex, 0 to 15 percent 21F—Booth-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to slopes ...... 41 50 percent north slopes ...... 63 2C—Als-Mesman complex, 0 to 15 percent 22F—Booth-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to slopes ...... 42 50 percent south slopes ...... 64 3A—Alvodest-Playas complex, 0 to 23C—Booth-Nuss-Royst association, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 44 15 percent slopes ...... 65 4B—Anawalt loam, 2 to 8 percent 24E—Booth-Nuss-Royst association, 15 to slopes ...... 45 40 percent south slopes ...... 67 6

24G—Booth-Nuss-Royst association, 40 to 45G—Chocktoot very gravelly loam, 40 to 60 percent south slopes ...... 69 60 percent north slopes ...... 91 25F—Booth-Rock outcrop association, 30 to 46E—Chocktoot-Kittleson complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes ...... 71 40 percent north slopes ...... 92 26A—Boravall silt loam, 0 to 1 percent 47C—Corral fine sandy loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 72 slopes ...... 93 27A—Boulder Lake silty clay, 0 to 48C—Corral fine sandy loam, low 2 percent slopes ...... 73 precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes...... 94 28C—Brace-Coglin complex, 2 to 49C—Coztur very gravelly sandy loam, 15 percent slopes ...... 74 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 94 29C—Brace-Raz complex, 2 to 15 percent 50A—Cressler silty clay loam, 0 to slopes ...... 75 2 percent slopes ...... 95 30B—Buffaran gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent 51A—Crump muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 96 slopes ...... 76 52A—Crump silty clay loam, drained, 0 to 31E—Bullump very stony loam, 5 to 1 percent slopes ...... 97 30 percent slopes ...... 77 53A—Crump-Boravall complex, drained, 0 to 32E—Bullump gravelly loam, high elevation, 1 percent slopes ...... 98 10 to 40 percent slopes...... 77 54A—Crump-Ozamis complex, drained, 0 to 33G—Bullump gravelly loam, thin surface, 1 percent slopes ...... 100 30 to 70 percent north slopes ...... 78 55A—Crump-Pit complex, 0 to 1 percent 34G—Bullump-Nuss-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 101 30 to 70 percent north slopes ...... 79 56A—Crump-Reese complex, 0 to 35F—Bullump-Nuss-Rock outcrop complex, 1 percent slopes ...... 102 30 to 50 percent south slopes ...... 80 57A—Degarmo-Welch complex, 0 to 36G—Bullump-Rock outcrop-Nuss complex, 2 percent slopes ...... 104 20 to 70 percent south slopes ...... 81 58C—Deppy-Tumtum complex, 5 to 37E—Bullump-Sherval complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes ...... 105 30 percent slopes ...... 82 59F—Deppy-Rubble land complex, 30 to 38F—Bullump-Lorella association, 30 to 50 percent slopes ...... 107 50 percent slopes ...... 83 60G—Derapter-Rock outcrop complex, 39G—Bullump-Rubble land association, 30 30 to 70 percent south slopes ...... 107 to 70 percent slopes ...... 85 61C—Deseed silt loam, 2 to 15 percent 40B—Calimus silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 108 slopes ...... 86 62C—Deseed-Freznik complex, 2 to 41C—Carryback very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 109 15 percent slopes ...... 86 63F—Deseed association, 2 to 50 percent 42B—Carryback complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 110 slopes ...... 87 64B—Deter loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 111 43C—Carryback-Rock outcrop complex, 64C—Deter loam, 5 to 15 percent 5 to 15 percent slopes ...... 88 slopes ...... 112 44C—Chewaucan very cobbly silty clay 65B—Deter loam, low precipitation, 0 to loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 89 5 percent slopes ...... 113 45E—Chocktoot very gravelly loam, 15 to 65C—Deter loam, low precipitation, 5 to 15 40 percent north slopes ...... 90 percent slopes ...... 114 7

66C—Devada-Deseed complex, 2 to 84F—Felcher-Westbutte association, 30 to 15 percent slopes ...... 115 50 percent slopes ...... 135 67C—Devoy-Blizzard complex, 2 to 85C—Fertaline gravelly loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 116 15 percent slopes ...... 136 68C—Diaz very cobbly loam, 2 to 86C—Fertaline-Coglin complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 118 15 percent slopes ...... 137 69B—Donica gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent 87B—Fitzwater loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 118 slopes ...... 138 69C—Donica gravelly loam, 5 to 15 percent 88E—Fitzwater extremely stony loam, 2 to slopes ...... 119 30 percent slopes ...... 139 70C—Drakesflat loam, 2 to 15 percent 89F—Fitzwater extremely stony loam, slopes ...... 120 30 to 50 percent south slopes ...... 140 70E—Drakesflat loam, 15 to 30 percent 90F—Fitzwater complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes ...... 121 south slopes ...... 141 71C—Drakesflat-Coglin complex, 2 to 91F—Fitzwater-Westbutte association, 15 percent slopes ...... 122 30 to 50 percent slopes...... 142 72F—Drakespeak very gravelly coarse 92C—Floke complex, 2 to 15 percent sandy loam, 20 to 50 percent south slopes ...... 143 slopes ...... 123 93C—Floke-Ratto complex, 2 to 15 percent 73B—Drews loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 124 slopes ...... 144 73C—Drews loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes .... 124 94A—Fluvaquents, 0 to 2 percent slopes ..... 145 73E—Drews loam, 15 to 30 percent 95B—Fordney gravelly loamy sand, 0 to slopes ...... 125 5 percent slopes ...... 146 74C—Drews cobbly loam, 5 to 15 percent 95C—Fordney gravelly loamy sand, 5 to slopes ...... 126 15 percent slopes ...... 147 75B—Drews-Oxwall complex, 0 to 96C—Freznik very stony loam, thin surface, 5 percent slopes ...... 127 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 148 76B—Drewsgap loam, 0 to 5 percent 97A—Goose Lake silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 128 slopes ...... 149 76C—Drewsgap loam, 5 to 15 percent 98A—Goose Lake silt loam, sodic, 0 to slopes ...... 129 1 percent slopes ...... 150 77E—Eglirim very stony loam, 2 to 99A—Goose Lake silty clay loam, wet, 30 percent slopes ...... 130 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 151 78F—Eglirim association, 30 to 50 percent 100C—Hager complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 130 slopes ...... 152 79C—Erakatak cobbly loam, 2 to 101C—Hallihan gravelly fine sandy loam, 15 percent slopes ...... 131 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 153 80E—Erakatak-Carryback complex, 15 to 102E—Hallihan gravelly fine sandy loam, 30 percent slopes ...... 132 15 to 40 percent north slopes ...... 154 81E—Felcher very cobbly clay loam, 5 to 102G—Hallihan gravelly fine sandy loam, 30 percent slopes ...... 133 40 to 60 percent north slopes ...... 155 82F—Felcher very cobbly clay loam, 30 to 103E—Hammersley-Kittleson complex, 50 percent south slopes ...... 134 15 to 40 percent north slopes ...... 156 83G—Felcher-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 103G—Hammersley-Kittleson complex, 70 percent south slopes ...... 134 40 to 70 percent north slopes ...... 157 8

104E—Harcany very gravelly loam, 15 to 125A—Lakeview silty clay loam, 0 to 30 percent slopes ...... 158 2 percent slopes ...... 182 105E—Harcany complex, 5 to 30 percent 126A—Lakeview silty clay loam, sodic, slopes ...... 159 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 183 106F—Harcany complex, 30 to 50 percent 127A—Lakeview silty clay loam, low north slopes ...... 160 precipitation, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 184 107E—Harcany complex, high 128A—Lakeview-Stockdrive complex, precipitation, 5 to 30 percent 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 185 slopes ...... 161 129E—Lambring-Rock outcrop complex, 108G—Harcany-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 30 percent slopes ...... 187 30 to 70 percent north slopes ...... 161 130G—Lambring-Rock outcrop 109B—Harriman loam, 0 to 5 percent complex, 30 to 70 percent north slopes ...... 162 slopes ...... 188 109C—Harriman loam, 5 to 15 percent 131A—Langslet silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 163 slopes ...... 189 110C—Hart very gravelly loam, 2 to 132C—Lasere loam, 2 to 15 percent 15 percent slopes ...... 164 slopes ...... 190 111C—Hart complex, 2 to 15 percent 133E—Lasere very stony loam, 5 to slopes ...... 165 30 percent slopes ...... 191 112C—Helphenstein-Turpin-Kewake 134F—Lasere very stony loam, 30 to complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 166 50 percent south slopes ...... 191 113A—Icene-Lofftus-Pit complex, 0 to 135C—Lasere complex, 2 to 15 percent 1 percent slopes ...... 167 slopes ...... 192 114B—Icene-Mesman-Reese complex, 136E—Lasere-Lorella complex, 5 to 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 169 30 percent slopes ...... 193 115A—Icene-Playas complex, 0 to 137G—Lasere-Lorella-Bullump 1 percent slopes ...... 171 association, 30 to 70 percent slopes .... 194 116G—Itca very cobbly loam, 30 to 138C—Lobert loam, 2 to 15 percent 70 percent north slopes ...... 173 slopes ...... 196 117F—Itca-Bullump complex, 30 to 139B—Locane cobbly clay loam, 2 to 50 percent north slopes ...... 173 8 percent slopes ...... 197 118B—Jesse Camp silt loam, 2 to 140C—Locane-Anawalt complex, 2 to 5 percent slopes ...... 174 15 percent slopes ...... 197 119C—Kewake-Helphenstein complex, 140E—Locane-Anawalt complex, 15 to 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 175 30 percent slopes ...... 198 120C—Kewake-Icene complex, 0 to 141A—Lofftus-Mesman complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 176 2 percent slopes ...... 199 121C—Kewake-Ozamis-Reese complex, 142A—Lofftus-Reese complex, 0 to 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 178 1 percent slopes ...... 201 122E—Kittleson sandy loam, 15 to 143F—Longjohn gravelly coarse sandy 40 percent north slopes ...... 179 loam, 15 to 50 percent north slopes ..... 202 123E—Kittleson-Hallihan complex, 15 to 144E—Lorella very stony loam, 2 to 40 percent north slopes ...... 180 30 percent slopes ...... 203 124A—Lakeview loam, 0 to 2 percent 145C—Lorella gravelly sandy loam, low slopes ...... 181 precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes..... 204 9

146G—Lorella-Itca complex, 30 to 164C—Mesman-Als complex, 0 to 70 percent slopes ...... 205 15 percent slopes ...... 227 147F—Lorella-Lasere complex, 30 to 165C—Mound stony loam, 0 to 50 percent south slopes ...... 206 15 percent slopes ...... 228 148F—Lorella-Rock outcrop complex, 166G—Mound stony loam, 40 to 30 to 50 percent south slopes ...... 207 60 percent north slopes ...... 229 149G—Lorella-Rubble land complex, 30 to 167E—Mound stony loam, slump, 2 to 70 percent south slopes ...... 208 30 percent slopes ...... 230 150A—Macyflet-Boulder Lake association, 168F—Mound very bouldery loam, slump, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 209 30 to 50 percent north slopes ...... 231 151C—Madeline-Ninemile complex, 5 to 169E—Mound-Polander complex, 15 to 15 percent slopes ...... 210 40 percent north slopes ...... 232 151E—Madeline-Ninemile complex, 15 to 169G—Mound-Polander complex, 40 to 70 30 percent slopes ...... 211 percent north slopes ...... 234 152A—Malin silty clay loam, 0 to 170E—Mound-Polander complex, 15 to 40 1 percent slopes ...... 212 percent south slopes ...... 235 153A—McConnel very gravelly sandy 170G—Mound-Polander complex, 40 to 70 loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 213 percent south slopes ...... 236 153C—McConnel very gravelly sandy 171E—Mound-Royst-Nuss association, loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 214 15 to 40 percent slopes...... 238 154C—McConnel extremely stony loam, 171G—Mound-Royst-Nuss association, 5 to 15 percent slopes ...... 215 40 to 60 percent slopes...... 240 155C—McConnel very gravelly sandy 172A—Mudpot silty clay, 0 to 2 percent loam, cold, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 216 slopes ...... 242 156B—McConnel gravelly sandy loam, 173A—Mudpot-Swalesilver complex, 0 to sodic substratum, 0 to 5 percent 2 percent slopes ...... 243 slopes ...... 217 174C—Newlands-Hart complex, 5 to 157C—McConnel-Icene complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 244 15 percent slopes ...... 218 175E—Newlands-Hart-Mascamp complex, 158F—McConnel association, 30 to 15 to 30 percent slopes...... 245 50 percent slopes ...... 219 176F—Newlands-Hart-Mascamp complex, 159C—McNye-Wildhill complex, 2 to 30 to 50 percent north slopes ...... 247 15 percent slopes ...... 220 177C—Newlands-Ninemile complex, 5 to 160F—McNye-Wildhill complex, 30 to 15 percent slopes ...... 248 50 percent south slopes ...... 221 178C—Ninemile very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 161C—Merlin extremely stony loam, 0 to percent slopes ...... 249 15 percent slopes ...... 222 179C—Ninemile very cobbly loam, low 162B—Mesman fine sandy loam, 0 to precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes..... 250 5 percent slopes ...... 223 180C—Ninemile extremely gravelly loam, 163B—Mesman fine sandy loam, mildly thin surface, 2 to 15 percent alkaline, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 224 slopes ...... 251 163C—Mesman fine sandy loam, mildly 180E—Ninemile extremely gravelly loam, alkaline, 5 to 15 percent slopes...... 226 thin surface, 15 to 30 percent slopes ... 252 10

181C—Ninemile-Westbutte complex, 2 to 203A—Pit silty clay, drained, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 253 1 percent slopes ...... 277 182A—Norad silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 204A—Pit-Ozamis complex, drained, 0 to slopes ...... 254 1 percent slopes ...... 278 183B—Nuss gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, 205A—Playas ...... 280 eroded ...... 255 205B—Playas, dissected ...... 280 184C—Observation-Booth complex, 0 to 15 206A—Playas-Helphenstein complex, 0 to percent slopes ...... 255 2 percent slopes ...... 281 185C—Old Camp very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 207C—Polander sandy loam, 0 to percent slopes ...... 256 15 percent slopes ...... 282 186F—Old Camp very cobbly loam, 30 to 50 208E—Polander sandy loam, 15 to percent south slopes ...... 257 40 percent north slopes ...... 283 187C—Oreneva very gravelly loam, 2 to 15 209E—Polander sandy loam, 15 to percent slopes ...... 258 40 percent south slopes ...... 284 187E—Oreneva very gravelly loam, 15 to 30 210E—Polander-Twelvemile-Mound percent slopes ...... 258 complex, 15 to 40 percent north 188B—Orovada-Mesman complex, 0 to slopes ...... 285 5 percent slopes ...... 259 211E—Polander-Twelvemile-Mound 189B—Oxwall gravelly loam, 0 to complex, 15 to 40 percent south 5 percent slopes ...... 261 slopes ...... 287 190B—Oxwall-Salisbury complex, 0 to 212C—Polander-Xerolls complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 262 15 percent slopes ...... 288 191A—Ozamis loam, 0 to 1 percent 213E—Polander-Xerolls complex, 15 to slopes ...... 263 40 percent north slopes ...... 290 192A—Ozamis silty clay loam, 0 to 214E—Polander-Xerolls complex, 15 to 1 percent slopes ...... 264 40 percent south slopes ...... 291 193A—Ozamis silty clay, saline, 0 to 215C—Ratto very cobbly loam, 2 to 1 percent slopes ...... 266 15 percent slopes ...... 293 194A—Ozamis-Crump-Reese complex, 216C—Ratto very gravelly sandy loam, low 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 267 precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes..... 294 195A—Ozamis-Reese complex, 0 to 217C—Ratto-Coglin complex, 2 to 1 percent slopes ...... 269 15 percent slopes ...... 294 196C—Pait gravelly loam, 5 to 15 percent 218C—Ratto-Coglin complex, low slopes ...... 270 precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes..... 296 197E—Pait very cobbly loam, 5 to 219D—Raz-Brace complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 271 20 percent slopes ...... 297 198C—Pait-Icene complex, 0 to 220C—Raz-Brace complex, overblown, 15 percent slopes ...... 272 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 298 199E—Pearlwise loam, 2 to 30 percent 221F—Redcanyon-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 273 30 to 50 percent north slopes ...... 300 200E—Pernog-Itca association, 5 to 222F—Redcanyon-Rock outcrop 30 percent slopes ...... 274 complex, 30 to 50 percent south 201A—Pit silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes ... 275 slopes ...... 300 202A—Pit silty clay loam, drained, 0 to 223A—Reese very fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 276 1 percent slopes ...... 301 11

224A—Reese loam, drained, 0 to 243C—Salisbury loam, 5 to 15 percent 1 percent slopes ...... 302 slopes ...... 324 225A—Reese loam, wet, 0 to 1 percent 244D—Sherval very cobbly loam, 5 to slopes ...... 303 20 percent slopes ...... 325 226A—Reese-Ozamis complex, 0 to 245C—Simon-Anawalt complex, 2 to 1 percent slopes ...... 304 15 percent slopes ...... 326 227A—Reese-Playas complex, 0 to 246A—Spangenburg complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 306 2 percent slopes ...... 328 228F—Riddleranch very gravelly loam, 247A—Spangenburg-Berdugo complex, 30 to 50 percent north slopes ...... 307 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 329 229G—Riddleranch-Rock outcrop 248A—Spangenburg-Swalesilver complex, complex, 30 to 70 percent north 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 330 slopes ...... 308 249A—Stockdrive fine sandy loam, 0 to 230A—Riverwash ...... 309 1 percent slopes ...... 332 231G—Rock outcrop-Felcher association, 250A—Swalesilver loam, 0 to 2 percent 30 to 70 percent south slopes ...... 309 slopes ...... 333 232G—Rock outcrop-Rubble land 251A—Tandy loamy fine sand, 0 to complex, 50 to 75 percent slopes ...... 310 1 percent slopes ...... 334 233G—Rock outcrop-Xerolls complex, 252A—Thunderegg fine sandy loam, 0 to cool, 10 to 80 percent slopes ...... 310 1 percent slopes ...... 335 234F—Rock outcrop-Xerolls complex, 253A—Tulana mucky silty clay loam, warm, 20 to 50 percent slopes ...... 311 drained, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 336 235E—Rogger very gravelly fine sandy 254A—Turpin-Ozamis complex, 0 to loam, 15 to 40 percent north slopes ..... 312 5 percent slopes ...... 337 235G—Rogger very gravelly fine sandy 255A—Turpin-Reese complex, 0 to loam, 40 to 60 percent north slopes ..... 313 8 percent slopes ...... 339 236G—Rogger-Bullump association, 40 to 256C—Twelvemile very gravelly fine sandy 60 percent north slopes ...... 314 loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 340 237E—Rogger-Polander complex, 15 to 257E—Twelvemile very gravelly fine sandy 40 percent north slopes ...... 316 loam, 15 to 40 percent north slopes ..... 341 238E—Royst-Nuss complex, 2 to 257G—Twelvemile very gravelly fine sandy 30 percent slopes ...... 317 loam, 40 to 60 percent north slopes ..... 342 239F—Royst-Nuss-Rock outcrop 258E—Twelvemile very gravelly fine sandy complex, 30 to 50 percent north loam, 15 to 40 percent south slopes .... 343 slopes ...... 318 258G—Twelvemile very gravelly fine sandy 240F—Royst-Nuss-Rock outcrop loam, 40 to 60 percent south slopes .... 344 complex, 30 to 50 percent south 259E—Vitale-Bullump complex, 5 to slopes ...... 320 30 percent slopes ...... 345 241G—Rubble land-Fitzwater complex, 260A—Welch clay loam, ponded, 0 to 30 to 70 percent south slopes ...... 322 1 percent slopes ...... 346 242C—Rutab very gravelly sandy loam, 261A—Welch-Degarmo complex, 0 to 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 323 2 percent slopes ...... 347 243B—Salisbury loam, 0 to 5 percent 262E—Westbutte extremely stony loam, slopes ...... 323 5 to 30 percent slopes ...... 348 12

263F—Westbutte-Ninemile complex, 283B—Zorravista-Hinton complex, 0 to 30 to 50 percent slopes...... 349 8 percent slopes ...... 373 264G—Westbutte-Rock outcrop complex, Use and Management of the Soils ...... 375 30 to 70 percent north slopes ...... 350 Crops and Pasture ...... 375 265C—Westside complex, 2 to 15 percent Nonirrigated Cropland ...... 375 slopes ...... 351 Irrigated Cropland ...... 377 266E—Wildhill very stony loam, 2 to Yields per Acre ...... 379 30 percent slopes ...... 352 Land Capability Classification ...... 379 267F—Wildhill very stony loam, 30 to Prime Farmland ...... 380 50 percent south slopes ...... 352 Rangeland ...... 381 268C—Winterim very gravelly loam, 0 to Importance and Uses ...... 381 15 percent slopes ...... 353 Broad Vegetative Groupings ...... 381 269E—Winterim very gravelly loam, 15 to Grazing Management ...... 382 40 percent north slopes ...... 354 Limitations for Use as Rangeland ...... 383 269G—Winterim very gravelly loam, 40 to Characteristic Plant Communities ...... 384 60 percent north slopes ...... 355 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 385 270E—Winterim very gravelly loam, 15 to Watersheds ...... 388 40 percent south slopes ...... 356 Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings ...... 389 270G—Winterim very gravelly loam, 40 to Wildlife Habitat...... 390 60 percent south slopes ...... 357 Engineering ...... 391 271E—Winterim very gravelly loam, slump, Building Site Development ...... 392 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 358 Sanitary Facilities ...... 392 272C—Winterim-Booth complex, 0 to Construction Materials ...... 393 15 percent slopes ...... 359 Water Management ...... 394 273E—Winterim-Booth complex, 15 to Soil Properties ...... 397 40 percent north slopes ...... 360 Engineering Index Properties ...... 397 274F—Winterim association, slump, 30 to Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 398 50 percent slopes ...... 362 Soil and Water Features ...... 399 275E—Woodchopper-Polander complex, Classification of the Soils...... 403 15 to 40 percent south slopes ...... 363 Taxonomic Units and Their Morphology ...... 403 276C—Woodchopper-Rogger complex, 0 to Als Series ...... 403 15 percent slopes ...... 365 Alvodest Series ...... 404 277E—Woodchopper-Rogger complex, Anawalt Series ...... 405 15 to 40 percent south slopes ...... 366 Argixerolls ...... 405 278G—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, Berdugo Series ...... 406 cool, 40 to 60 percent north slopes ...... 367 Bicondoa Series ...... 407 279G—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, Blizzard Series ...... 407 cool, 40 to 60 percent south slopes ..... 368 Booth Series ...... 408 280G—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, Boravall Series ...... 408 warm, 30 to 75 percent south slopes .. 369 Boulder Lake Series ...... 409 281G—Xerolls-Rock outcrop-Polander Brace Series ...... 410 complex, 30 to 80 percent south Buffaran Series ...... 410 slopes ...... 370 Bullump Series ...... 411 282B—Zorravista fine sand, 0 to 5 percent Calimus Series ...... 412 slopes ...... 372 Carryback Series ...... 412 13

Chewaucan Series ...... 413 Langslet Series ...... 441 Chocktoot Series ...... 414 Lasere Series ...... 442 Coglin Series ...... 414 Lobert Series ...... 442 Corral Series ...... 415 Locane Series ...... 443 Coztur Series ...... 415 Lofftus Series ...... 443 Cressler Series ...... 416 Longjohn Series ...... 444 Crump Series ...... 417 Lorella Series ...... 445 Degarmo Series ...... 417 Macyflet Series ...... 445 Deppy Series ...... 418 Madeline Series ...... 446 Derapter Series ...... 418 Malin Series ...... 446 Deseed Series ...... 419 Mascamp Series ...... 447 Deter Series ...... 420 McConnel Series ...... 447 Devada Series ...... 421 McNye Series ...... 448 Devoy Series ...... 421 Merlin Series ...... 449 Diaz Series ...... 422 Mesman Series ...... 449 Donica Series ...... 422 Mound Series ...... 450 Drakesflat Series ...... 423 Mudpot Series ...... 451 Drakespeak Series ...... 423 Newlands Series ...... 452 Drews Series ...... 424 Ninemile Series ...... 452 Drewsgap Series ...... 425 Norad Series ...... 453 Eglirim Series ...... 425 Nuss Series...... 454 Erakatak Series ...... 426 Observation Series ...... 454 Felcher Series ...... 426 Old Camp Series ...... 455 Fertaline Series ...... 427 Oreneva Series ...... 455 Fitzwater Series ...... 427 Orovada Series ...... 455 Floke Series ...... 428 Oxwall Series ...... 456 Fluvaquents...... 429 Ozamis Series...... 457 Fordney Series ...... 429 Pait Series ...... 458 Freznik Series ...... 430 Pearlwise Series ...... 458 Goose Lake Series ...... 430 Pernog Series ...... 459 Hager Series ...... 431 Pit Series ...... 459 Hallihan Series ...... 432 Polander Series ...... 460 Hammersley Series ...... 433 Ratto Series ...... 460 Harcany Series ...... 433 Raz Series ...... 461 Harriman Series ...... 434 Redcanyon Series ...... 462 Hart Series ...... 434 Reese Series ...... 462 Helphenstein Series ...... 435 Riddleranch Series ...... 463 Hinton Series ...... 436 Rogger Series ...... 463 Icene Series ...... 437 Royst Series ...... 464 Itca Series ...... 438 Rutab Series ...... 464 Jesse Camp Series ...... 438 Salisbury Series ...... 465 Kewake Series...... 439 Sherval Series ...... 466 Kittleson Series ...... 439 Simon Series ...... 467 Lakeview Series ...... 440 Spangenburg Series ...... 467 Lambring Series ...... 440 Stockdrive Series ...... 468 14

Swalesilver Series ...... 469 Tables ...... 509 Tandy Series ...... 470 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 510 Thunderegg Series ...... 470 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 514 Tulana Series ...... 471 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 516 Tumtum Series ...... 472 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Turpin Series ...... 472 of the Soils ...... 517 Twelvemile Series ...... 473 Table 5.—Land Capability Classes and Vitale Series ...... 474 Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 523 Welch Series ...... 474 Table 6.—Characteristic Plant Communities ..... 541 Westbutte Series ...... 475 Table 7.—Woodland Management and Westside Series ...... 475 Productivity ...... 588 Wildhill Series ...... 476 Table 8.—Windbreaks and Environmental Winterim Series ...... 477 Plantings ...... 593 Woodchopper Series ...... 477 Table 9.—Building Site Development ...... 603 Xerolls ...... 478 Table 10.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 635 Zorravista Series ...... 478 Table 11.—Construction Materials ...... 669 Formation of the Soils ...... 481 Table 12.—Water Management ...... 703 Climate ...... 481 Table 13.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 734 Plant and Animal Life ...... 483 Table 14.—Physical and Chemical Parent Material...... 484 Properties of the Soils ...... 810 Geomorphology and Associated Landforms ...... 484 Table 15.—Water Features ...... 844 References ...... 491 Table 16.—Soil Features ...... 861 Glossary ...... 495 Table 17.—Classification of the Soils ...... 878

Issued 1999 15

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Bob Graham State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service 16

Salem ÚÊ

Location of Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part. 17

Soil Survey of Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part

By R. James Kienzle

Fieldwork by R. James Kienzle, Allen Makinson, Tom Clark, Roger Borine, Duane Monte, Billy Carpenter, Mark Block, Erick Johnson, and Steve Frisch, Natural Resources Conservation Service; Ken Lukl and Dave Wenzel, Forest Service; and Ralph Klein, Tom Champa, Paula Reid, Curt Leet, and John Barber, Bureau of Land Management

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station; and Lake County, Board of Commissioners

LAKE COUNTY AREA, SOUTHERN PART is in the south- the Pleistocene, the lakes in these basins were as much central part of Oregon, adjoining California and Nevada as 350 feet deep. Many of the terraces that formed as on its southern boundary. Lakeview, the county seat, is a result of these ancient lakes are farmed. Elevation in northeast of Goose Lake, near the Oregon state line. the basins ranges from about 4,300 to 5,000 feet. Nearly one-half of the county’s population of about Goose Lake Valley has an average annual precipitation 7,000 lives in or around Lakeview. Most of the of about 16 inches and a frost-free period of about 100 economy of the county is directly or indirectly days. Chewaucan Basin and Warner Valley have a more dependent on farming, ranching, timber harvesting, and arid climate with an average annual precipitation of 8 to milling. 14 inches and a frost-free period of 70 to 110 days. The survey area consists of about 1.7 million acres Winter Rim, Abert Rim, Warner Mountains, and Hart of land and about 90,000 acres of water. The land in the Mountain are some of the major fault-block area includes about 161,000 acres in the Fremont escarpments and ranges that separate the basins. National Forest, mainly in the Warner Mountains; about Cinder cones and lava buttes are scattered throughout 250,000 acres in the Hart Mountain National Antelope these areas. Refuge; and about 540,000 acres that is administered Areas that receive more than 18 inches of by the Bureau of Land Management. precipitation commonly support ponderosa pine and The survey area lies within the Basin and Range white fir. These areas are at elevations of about 5,000 Province, more commonly called the Great Basin, to 8,000 feet or more. The average annual precipitation which extends into Nevada and northern California. ranges from 18 to 35 inches, and the frost-free period Except in the areas that receive the higher amounts of is less than 90 days. precipitation, the Basin and Range Province does not The watersheds in the survey area include Summer support trees. It is characterized by basins that have Lake, Goose Lake, Warner Lakes, and Guano Valley. closed or semiclosed drainage and are separated by The Warner Lakes watershed is about three times the north-trending, fault-block mountains. size of the Goose Lake or Summer Lake watershed. Summer Lake, Chewaucan Basin, Abert Lake Soil scientists have identified more than 100 different Basin, Goose Lake Valley, Guano Valley, and Warner soils in this survey area. Slope, texture, reaction (pH), Valley are the major basins in the survey area. These and other features may vary from soil to soil. The soils areas include dry salt flats and shallow saline playa range from coarse sand to clay and from those on lakes. During periods of higher precipitation, such as barren, infertile salt flats to those that formed in very 18 Soil Survey

deep, fertile alluvium. Steepness of slope, a short land in several ways, including the purchase of school growing season, low rainfall, salinity and alkalinity, and land owned by the state of Oregon. In 1870, Oregon soil wetness in spring are the major limitations to attempted to dispose of land transferred to the state by cropping. the Swamp Land Act of 1850. By 1892, the Warner An older survey, “Hart Mountain National Antelope Valley Stock Company emerged as the successor to Refuge, Oregon,” was published in 1970 (38). This these claims. Between 1885 and 1888, 27 settlers earlier survey covers a part of the present survey. The contested in court the company’s rights to the land present survey, however, updates the earlier survey (31). and provides additional information and has larger In 1870, the first post office in Lake County was maps, which show the soils in greater detail. established at New Pine Creek. Two mining districts were organized that same year. These included the General Nature of the Survey Area Goose Lake District, which later became known as the High Grade District. It was located on the eastern side This section briefly discusses the history and of Goose Lake and was mostly in Modoc County, development and climate of the survey area. California. Narrow veins of ore worth about $85,000 were mined from 1909 to 1934. Gold was discovered in History and Development 1875 in the Paisley Hills. Lake County was established in 1874, and Warner The desert-dwelling Northern Paiute Indians and the Valley was added to the county in 1885. When a marsh- and riverine-dwelling Modoc and Klamath census was done in 1875, 944 residents lived in the Indians were the first inhabitants of the Lake County area. M. Bullard, a homesteader, donated 20 acres to area. The Northern Paiutes commonly were called the establish the town of Lakeview. In 1876, the county Snake Indians by explorers, and they depended on seat was moved from Linkville (Klamath Falls) to hunting and seed gathering for their sustenance. The Lakeview. Klamath County separated from Lake Klamath and Modoc Tribes depended on fishing and County in 1882 (31). By 1900, the population of Lake root gathering for their sustenance. The Indian County had increased to 2,847. The farmland in the populations were reduced significantly by disease early county increased from about 250,000 acres to about in the 19th century, primarily as a result of their contact 500,000 acres during the period 1899 to 1919. The with white settlers. These settlers brought cattle and acreage of irrigated land nearly doubled during the sheep to the area and planted crops, which altered the period 1909 to 1919. It increased from about 60,000 native vegetation to such an extent that traditional acres to about 100,000 acres (43, 44). means of subsistence were no longer possible by late At the turn of the century, livestock production was in the 19th century (18). the largest agricultural enterprise. Today, beef cattle The 1860’s brought the gold rush to eastern Oregon operations account for about 75 percent of the and Idaho. The subsequent rush of miners from agricultural commodities produced in the county. With California northward through central and eastern the homesteading late in the 19th century, the Oregon increased tensions between the Indians and rangeland was divided into small private parcels. Some whites. of the parcels were isolated from water, and others Before 1854, homesteading privileges were available were heavily overgrazed. This led to the Taylor Grazing only for surveyed land. In 1854, however, preemption Act of 1934, which placed federal grazing land under laws were extended to allow settlers to claim the management of the Department of the Interior. With unsurveyed land in Oregon. These laws allowed the Bankhead-Jones Act of 1937, many square miles settlers to hold their claims until a township survey of high desert land were purchased by the Federal could be completed (11). The first settlers in the late government from homesteaders (11). The General Land 1860’s included David R. Jones, who settled in Warner Office and its successor, the Bureau of Land Valley and hauled supplies to Camp Warner, and John Management, obtained a large percentage of the O’Neil, a packer for George Crook who settled in grazeable land in the area. Goose Lake Valley in 1869. August Miller established Logging and lumbering operations did not gain one of the first cattle herds in Lake County in that commercial importance in the economy until the same year, and C. Hagerhorst brought in flocks of establishment of railroad connections. The first sheep a few years later. sawmills were in operation in Lake County in the early A scramble for land in south-central Oregon began 1870’s. By 1905, the county had five small mills, all of after 1870. Stock operators could secure additional which produced less than 10,000 board feet per day. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 19

The first commercial sale of timber from the Goose January 7, 1937; and at Paisley, -28 degrees recorded Lake Forest Reserve (Fremont National Forest) was in on December 9, 1972. In summer, the average 1911 (5). temperature is 66.9 degrees at Adel, 59.9 degrees at In 1936, the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, 63.9 degrees was established to provide range for the remnant herds at Lakeview, and 64.5 degrees at Paisley and the of antelope in southeastern Oregon and northern average daily maximum temperature is 84.2 degrees at Nevada. On July 1, 1947, Lake County established the Adel, 77.6 degrees at Hart Mountain National Antelope Lakeview Soil and Water Conservation District to Refuge, 80.0 degrees at Lakeview, and 81.4 degrees at conserve water and control soil erosion. Paisley. The highest temperature on record at Adel is In 1954, “yellow cake,” or uranium oxide ore, was 107 degrees recorded on July 25, 1978; at Hart discovered in Lake County by a rancher-turned- Mountain National Antelope Refuge, 98 degrees prospector, John Roush. For a short time many recorded on August 8, 1972; at Lakeview, 106 degrees farmers and ranchers headed to the hills to prospect recorded on July 20, 1931; and at Paisley, 101 degrees for uranium. The following year the White King and recorded on August 4, 1961. Lucky Lass Mines were leased to the Lakeview Mining Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are Company. The mines were only 15 miles northwest of equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growing Lakeview. In 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission degree days accumulate by the amount that the contracted with the company to buy uranium and average temperature each day exceeds a base construction of a $2.5 million uranium reduction plant temperature (40 degrees). The normal monthly began. This contributed to a short-lived building boom accumulation is used to schedule single or successive in Lakeview. In 1959, the shaft mines were abandoned plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring and open-pit mining was begun. By fall of that year and the first freeze in fall. nearly all of the ore near the surface had been mined. The average annual precipitation is 10.24 inches at The mining company closed the mines in 1960, but Adel, 12.07 inches at Hart Mountain National Antelope small amounts of ore were mined by other owners Refuge, 15.66 inches at Lakeview, and 11.05 inches at through 1965 (28). Paisley. Of this, about 35 percent usually falls in May through September. The growing season for most crops Climate falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of record at Adel was 2.00 inches By the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Water and recorded on October 31, 1992; at Hart Mountain Climate Center, Portland, Oregon. National Antelope Refuge, 2.86 inches recorded on May 16, 1955; at Lakeview, 2.39 inches recorded on The temperature and precipitation data were December 10, 1937; and at Paisley, 2.38 inches recorded at Adel, Hart Mountain National Antelope recorded on January 8, 1990. Thunderstorms occur on Refuge, Lakeview, and Paisley, Oregon, in the period about 13 days each year, and most occur in May 1961 to 1990. The thunderstorm, relative humidity, through August. percent sunshine, and wind data were estimated. The average seasonal snowfall is 23.7 inches at Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation. Adel, 42.6 inches at Hart Mountain National Antelope Table 2 shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall Refuge, 58.8 inches at Lakeview, and 21.0 inches at and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on Paisley. The greatest snow depth at any one time the length of the growing season. during the period of record at Adel was 9 inches In winter, the average temperature is 33.3 degrees F recorded on November 26, 1979; at Hart Mountain at Adel, 29.7 degrees at Hart Mountain National National Antelope Refuge, 23 inches recorded on Antelope Refuge, 30.3 degrees at Lakeview, and 33.1 January 9, 1965; at Lakeview, 44 inches recorded on degrees at Paisley and the average daily minimum January 13, 1993; and at Paisley, 14 inches recorded temperature is 22.9 degrees at Adel, 19.1 degrees at on January 8, 1993. On an average, at least 1 inch of Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, 20.9 degrees snow is on the ground 17 days per year at Adel, 38 at Lakeview, and 22.8 degrees at Paisley. The lowest days at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, 41 temperature on record at Adel is -24 degrees recorded days at Lakeview, and 17 days at Paisley. The heaviest on December 22, 1990; at Hart Mountain National 1-day snowfall on record at Adel was 12 inches Antelope Refuge, -32 degrees recorded on December recorded on December 6, 1992; at Hart Mountain 22, 1990; at Lakeview, -22 degrees recorded on National Antelope Refuge, 18 inches recorded on May 20 Soil Survey

18, 1991; at Lakeview, 17 inches recorded on January survey area and relating their position to specific 21, 1967; and at Paisley, 14 inches recorded on January segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a 20, 1964. concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, The average relative humidity in midafternoon is during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to about 40 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind average at dawn is about 67 percent. The sun shines of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on 78 percent of the time in summer and 48 percent in the landscape. winter. The prevailing wind is from the west. Average Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge windspeed is 7 to 9 miles per hour throughout the year. into one another as their characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by an understanding of the soil- vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries. Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their properties, the soil Figure 1.—View of Goose Lake Valley in February. scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes Precipitation in winter falls as snow, and the highest (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each accumulations are on forested mountains. taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a How This Survey Was Made basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification This survey was made to provide information about used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. and character of soil properties and the arrangement of The information includes a description of the soils and horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists miscellaneous areas and their location and a classified and named the soils in the survey area, they discussion of their suitability, limitations, and compared the individual soils with similar soils in the management for specified uses. Soil scientists same taxonomic class in other areas so that they observed the steepness, length, and shape of the could confirm data and assemble additional data based slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of on experience and research. crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the of the soils in the area generally are collected for sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The laboratory analyses. Soil scientists interpret the data profile extends from the surface down into the from these analyses and tests as well as the field- unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The observed characteristics and the soil properties to unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other determine the expected behavior of the soils under living organisms and has not been changed by other different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are biological activity. field tested through observation of the soils in different The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey uses and under different levels of management. Some area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the interpretations are modified to fit local conditions. Data geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural are assembled from other sources, such as research vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and information, production records, and field experience of miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind specialists. of landform or with a segment of the landform. By Predictions about soil behavior are based not only observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the on soil properties but also on such variables as climate Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 21

and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable survey area. For each unit sampled, soil and plant over long periods of time, but they are not predictable characteristics were examined by the team. The range from year to year. For example, soil scientists can site inventory procedures in the National Range predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a Handbook (39) were followed in sampling the given soil will have a high water table within certain vegetation. depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a The Fremont National Forest Soil Resource Inventory high water table will always be at a specific level in the (SRI) was completed in 1979. Field mapping was soil on a specific date. conducted in April 1973 through October 1976 from After soil scientists located and identified the black-and-white high-altitude photographs at a scale of significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, 1:70,000. The scale was enlarged to 1:63,360 for they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial publication in the SRI report. photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. Additional fieldwork was done in 1986 through 1988 Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, to correlate the SRI to National soil survey standards. and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries This included describing soil profiles for new soil series accurately. and delineating map units. A typical pedon was selected for each new series established for the part of Soil Survey Procedures the survey in the Fremont National Forest. Most of the map unit boundaries established for the The general procedures followed in making this SRI were retained; however, additional detail was survey are described in the National Soil Survey needed as a result of incorporating aspect and soil Handbook (34) of the Natural Resources Conservation temperature regimes. For example, cryic soils at high Service. References used during the development of elevations were separated from frigid soils at lower the survey include the soil surveys of Surprise Valley- elevations. Rangeland and woodland data also were Home Camp Area, California-Nevada (42); Modoc collected for the new series and map units. Range site County, California, Alturas Area (40); and Hart data were collected over a period of two years by using Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon (37); the the standards of the Natural Resources Conservation Fremont National Forest Soil Resource Inventory (32); Service. soil mapping for conservation farm plans; and The intensity of mapping was varied according to reconnaissance geologic maps published by the U.S. the geographic area. Specific soil survey techniques Geological Survey (USGS) (12, 45, 46, 47). were used for each of these areas. Part of the survey area was mapped on preliminary Transects were used in areas where the patterns field sheets at a scale of 1:15,840 and then transferred of the soils were not easily predicted. Tonal patterns to orthophoto base maps at a scale of 1:24,000. Other and stereoscopic studies of aerial photos helped to areas of the survey were mapped on high-altitude predict some preliminary soil delineations, but the photographs enlarged to 1:24,000, and the soil extent and composition of each map unit were boundaries were directly transferred to the orthophoto determined by line-intercept transects. Transect base maps. Cultural features were transferred from lines and field samples were taken at regular intervals, USGS 7.5-minute topographic maps. Slopes or commonly crossing several delineations on a single aspects of hillsides and mountainsides generally were geomorphic surface. determined from contour intervals on topographic Where predictable soil patterns existed, such as maps, from stereoscopic studies, and from clinometer on terraces and tablelands, landform traverses were field checks. used to correlate soils with a particular geomorphic The Bureau of Land Management ecological site surface. Preliminary soil delineations were drawn inventory (ESI) team used high-altitude photographs using this soil-landform correlation. Traverses were enlarged to 1:24,000. Preliminary soil map unit planned using topographic maps and photo- boundaries were plotted on these photographs using a interpretation of tonal patterns, slope, and aspect. stereoscope and USGS 7.5-minute topographic maps. These traverses crossed typical geomorphic surfaces The map unit boundaries were based on tonal patterns, and different slopes in each area. Field sampling was slope, and aspect. Sampling of delineated units was done primarily to support the particular soil-landform conducted primarily from helicopters. relationship established for each area. Potential plant Each unit was reviewed aerially by the ESI team, and communities were correlated to specific soil on-the-ground sampling was conducted as needed to characteristics, such as depth to a claypan, drainage, support soil-landform concepts established for the and content of salt.

23

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication vegetation is mainly water-tolerant grasses and forbs, shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of rushes, and sedges. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the Elevation is 4,400 to 4,725 feet. The mean annual general soil map is a unique natural landscape. precipitation is about 14 to 16 inches, the mean Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or annual air temperature is 45 to 48 degrees F, and the miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or frost-free period is 70 to 110 days. miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey miscellaneous areas. The components of one map area. It is about 45 percent Fluvaquents and 40 unit can occur in another but in a different pattern. percent Tandy soils. The remaining 15 percent is The general soil map can be used to compare the Goose Lake and Thunderegg soils on low lake suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas terraces and numerous small stream channels. of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Fluvaquents are on the shoreline of Goose Lake. Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can They are very deep and are poorly drained or be identified. somewhat poorly drained. These soils are highly Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable stratified silty clay loam, clay, silt loam, clay loam, for planning the management of a farm or field or for coarse sand, or sand and are 0 to 50 percent gravel selecting a site for a road or building or other and 0 to 50 percent cobbles. structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from Tandy soils are on alluvial flats in slightly higher place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other lying areas. These soils are very deep and somewhat characteristics that affect management. poorly drained. The surface layer is loamy fine sand. The upper part of the substratum is fine sandy loam and loamy fine sand, and the lower part is silt loam Soil Descriptions over stratified clay loam and loamy fine sand. This unit is used mainly as wetland wildlife habitat Dominantly nonsaline and nonsodic soils and for livestock grazing. on alluvial flats, low lake terraces, lake The main limitations for livestock grazing are shorelines, and flood plains in warm seasonal wetness and a hazard of wind erosion. basins Fluvaquents are subject to frequent flooding by Goose Lake, and the water table in these soils This group consists of three map units. It makes up fluctuates directly with the level of the lake. Grazing about 9 percent of the survey area. The map units are should be delayed until the soils are firm enough to used primarily for hay and pasture, for livestock withstand trampling by livestock. Grazing should be grazing, and as wetland wildlife habitat. deferred during the period of nesting for waterfowl. Tandy soils are subject to frequent ponding and a severe hazard of wind erosion. Seeding is 1. Fluvaquents-Tandy needed in some areas to control blowing and drifting sand. The risk of wind erosion can be minimized by Frequently flooded or seasonally ponded, poorly preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, drained and somewhat poorly drained soils; on lake accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining shorelines and adjacent alluvial flats adequate plant cover. Plants that tolerate seasonal This map unit is along the shoreline of Goose Lake wetness and provide cover for nesting waterfowl and on alluvial flats adjacent to the lake. The native should be seeded. 24 Soil Survey

2. Ozamis-Crump 3. Lakeview-Goose Lake

Seasonally ponded, very poorly drained and poorly Occasionally flooded, and rarely flooded and drained soils; on alluvial flats seasonally ponded, poorly drained and moderately well drained soils; on flood plains and low lake This map unit is in Warner and Chewaucan Valleys, terraces adjacent to Crump and Hart Lakes. The native vegetation is mainly rushes, sedges, and water- This map unit is in Goose Lake and Chewaucan tolerant grasses and forbs. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. Valleys (fig. 2). The native vegetation on the Lakeview Elevation is 4,200 to 4,800 feet. The mean annual soils is mainly grasses, shrubs, and forbs. The native precipitation is about 8 to 10 inches, the mean annual vegetation on the Goose Lake soils is mainly water- air temperature is 47 to 50 degrees F, and the frost- tolerant grasses and forbs. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. free period is 90 to 110 days. Elevation is 4,500 to 5,000 feet. The mean annual This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey precipitation is about 8 to 18 inches, the mean annual area. It is about 40 percent Ozamis soils and 30 air temperature is 45 to 50 degrees F, and the frost- percent Crump soils. The remaining 30 percent is free period is 70 to 110 days. Reese, Pit, and Tulana soils on alluvial flats, and small open water areas. Ozamis soils are subject to rare flooding and frequent ponding unless drained. These soils are very deep and poorly drained. The surface layer is silty clay loam. The upper part of the substratum is silt loam, the middle part is coarse pumice sand or ash, and the lower part is very fine sandy loam. Crump soils are subject to rare flooding and frequent ponding unless drained. These soils are very deep and very poorly drained. The surface layer is muck. The upper part of the substratum is silt, and the lower part is silt loam. Areas that have been drained have a silty clay loam surface layer and are considered poorly drained. This unit is used for livestock grazing, for hay and pasture, and as wetland wildlife habitat. The main limitation for livestock grazing is seasonal wetness. Grazing when the soils are wet results in Figure 2.—Area of general soil map unit 3, in Goose Lake Valley, compaction of the upper part of the soils and poor in foreground. Lasere soils are on benches, and Bullump, Booth, and Nuss soils are in background. The town of tilth. Grazing should be delayed until the soils are firm Lakeview is in background. enough to withstand trampling by livestock. Grazing should be deferred during the period of nesting for This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey waterfowl. area. It is about 40 percent Lakeview soils and 30 The main limitations for hay and pasture are percent Goose Lake soils. The remaining 30 percent seasonal wetness, restricted load supporting capacity, is Stockdrive, Pit, and Ozamis soils on low lake and potential frost action. terraces and alluvial flats. Many areas of this unit have been diked and Lakeview soils are on flood plains and are very drained, and most climatically adapted crops can be deep and moderately well drained. The surface layer grown. Because of wetness and a high potential for is silty clay loam. The subsoil is sandy clay loam and frost action, there is a risk of winterkill and other clay loam. These soils are subject to occasional damage to seedlings. In summer, irrigation is needed flooding. for maximum production of hay and pasture plants. Goose Lake soils are on low lake terraces and are Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the very deep and poorly drained. The surface layer is buildup of a high water table. silt loam. The subsoil is silty clay and clay loam. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 25

These soils are subject to frequent ponding and rare 4,800 feet. The mean annual precipitation is about 8 flooding. to 10 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to This unit is used mainly as cropland, for livestock 50 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 90 to 110 grazing, and as wildlife habitat. days. The main limitations for cropland and livestock grazing are flooding, permeability, and seasonal wetness. Most climatically adapted crops can be grown on the Lakeview soils if they are protected from flooding. Stream corridors along areas of the Lakeview soils are subject to cutting and filling during periods of flooding. In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum production of most crops. Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, and border systems. Because of the slow permeability in the lower part of the Goose Lake soils, the application of water needs to be controlled to prevent water from ponding on the surface and damaging crops. Grazing should be managed to maintain or increase the abundance of plants that help to stabilize streambanks and moderate water temperatures. Maintaining a buffer zone along the watercourses can protect streambanks. Grazing on the Goose Lake soils should be deferred during the period of nesting for waterfowl. Grazing on the Goose Lake soils should Figure 3.—Area of general soil map unit 4 on barren, salt- be delayed until late in spring when forage plants have crusted alluvial flats. Reese soils on vegetated alluvial flats in foreground. achieved sufficient growth or until the soils are adequately drained and are firm enough to withstand This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey trampling by livestock. Surface drains on the Goose area. It is about 80 percent Playas. The remaining Lake soils reduce the length of the periods of 20 percent is Helphenstein, Reese, Alvodest, Turpin, ponding, maintain the level of the water table, and and Boravall soils on low lake terraces and inhibit the growth of less palatable water-tolerant alluvial flats and Kewake soils on adjacent alkaline plants. dunes. Playas and saline and sodic soils on Playas are very deep and poorly drained. They are alluvial flats and low lake terraces in seasonally ponded and do not support vegetation. warm basins This unit is used seasonally as wetland wildlife habitat. This group consists of three map units. It makes up about 14 percent of the survey area. The map units are used primarily for livestock grazing and as wildlife 5. Reese-Mesman-Kewake habitat. Poorly drained, well drained, and excessively drained, very strongly alkaline to moderately alkaline soils that 4. Playas receive 8 to 10 inches of precipitation; on alluvial flats and low lake terraces Poorly drained, very strongly alkaline, barren areas This map unit is in Warner and Chewaucan Valleys that receive 8 to 10 inches of precipitation; on alluvial (see fig. 4, next page). The native vegetation is mainly flats salt-tolerant grasses, shrubs, and forbs. The Reese This map unit is near Summer and Coleman Lakes and Mesman soils have slopes of 0 to 5 percent, and (fig. 3). Slopes are 0 to 5 percent. Elevation is 4,200 to the Kewake soils have slopes of 1 to 15 percent. 26 Soil Survey

Elevation is 4,200 to 4,800 feet. The mean annual wetness on the Reese soils, and the hazard of wind precipitation is about 8 to 10 inches, the mean annual erosion on the Kewake soils. air temperature is 45 to 50 degrees F, and the frost- Especially on the Reese soils, grazing should be free period is 90 to 110 days. delayed until the soils are firm and the preferred forage plants have grown enough to withstand grazing pressure. Excess sodium in the soils results in nutrient imbalances and a caustic root environment. Dispersion and crusting reduce the water intake rate and restrict seedling emergence and survival. Range recovery is slow because of the salinity and sodicity. Low precipitation and low available water capacity because of the salinity limit forage production and seedling survival. Sufficient plant cover should be maintained on the surface to prevent wind erosion, especially on the Kewake soils. The main limitations for cropland are salinity, sodicity, available water capacity, permeability, and wind erosion. The salinity and sodicity of the soils in this unit limit the kinds of crops that can be grown. The soils tie up large amounts of phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available to plants. In summer, irrigation is needed for maximum production of hay or other crops. Figure 4.—Area of general soil map unit 5 in Warner Valley. Sprinkler irrigation is best suited to this unit. If the Frequent seasonal ponding from snowmelt is soils are irrigated, the available water capacity can be characteristic of the alluvial flats. increased by leaching salts below the root zone. Drainage is needed on the Reese soil so that the salts can be leached. Salts can be leached by applying This unit makes up about 11 percent of the survey irrigation water. The slow permeability of the Reese area. It is about 35 percent Reese soils, 30 percent and Mesman soils and the rapid permeability of the Mesman soils, and 10 percent Kewake soils. The Kewake soils should be considered in determining the remaining 25 percent is Playas and Ozamis, Turpin, rate of application of irrigation water. Removing salts Icene, and Boravall soils on alluvial flats and low lake without applying proper amounts of soil amendments terraces and Als soils on dunes. causes dispersion and crusting of the soil surface. Reese soils are frequently ponded and are very Crop residue should be maintained on the soil surface deep and poorly drained. They are on alluvial flats. to minimize wind erosion, especially in areas of the The surface layer is very strongly alkaline very fine Kewake soils. sandy loam. The subsoil is clay loam, coarse sandy loam, and loam. Mesman soils are on low lake terraces in areas 6. Thunderegg-Stockdrive slightly higher than the Reese soils. Mesman soils are very deep and well drained. The surface layer is Poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained, very strongly alkaline fine sandy loam. The upper part of strongly alkaline to moderately alkaline soils that the subsoil is sandy clay loam, silt loam, and very fine receive 14 to 18 inches of precipitation; on low lake sandy loam, and the lower part is silt loam and terraces consists of fractured, consolidated sediment. Kewake soils are on sand dunes on terraces. These This map unit is in Goose Lake Valley. The native soils are very deep and excessively drained. The vegetation is mainly water-tolerant grasses, forbs, surface layer is moderately alkaline fine sand. The rushes, and sedges. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. substratum is fine sand. Elevation is 4,690 to 4,760 feet. The mean annual This unit is used mainly for livestock grazing precipitation is about 14 to 18 inches, the mean and as wildlife habitat. Some areas are used as annual air temperature is 45 to 48 degrees F, and the cropland. frost-free period is 70 to 110 days. The main limitations for livestock grazing are This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey salinity, sodicity, available water capacity, seasonal area. It is about 35 percent Thunderegg soils and 30 Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 27

percent Stockdrive soils. The remaining 35 percent is and poorly drained. They are frequently ponded. The Tandy and Ozamis soils on alluvial flats and Lakeview surface layer and subsoil are silty clay. soils on flood plains. Spangenburg soils are on lake terraces and are Thunderegg soils are very deep and poorly very deep and well drained. The surface layer is very drained. The surface layer is moderately alkaline fine fine sandy loam. The subsoil is clay and silty clay sandy loam. The upper part of the subsoil is silty clay loam. The substratum is extremely gravelly coarse loam and loam, and the lower part is stratified sand sand. and gravel. This unit is used mainly for livestock grazing and as Stockdrive soils are very deep and somewhat wetland wildlife habitat. poorly drained. The surface layer is very strongly The main limitations for livestock grazing are alkaline fine sandy loam. The upper part of the subsoil seasonal ponding on the Mudpot soils, permeability, is loam, silty clay loam, and fine sandy loam, the depth to a claypan in the Spangenburg soils, and middle part is stratified sand and gravel, and the lower shrink-swell potential. part is silty clay loam. Grazing should be deferred during the period of This unit is used mainly for livestock grazing and as nesting for waterfowl. Grazing should be delayed until wetland wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for the soils are adequately drained and are firm enough native meadow hay. to withstand trampling by livestock. Crusting of the soil The main limitations for livestock grazing are surface reduces infiltration and restricts seedling salinity, sodicity, available water capacity, and emergence and survival. The soils expand when wet seasonal wetness. and contract when dry, which can rip and tear plant Grazing should be deferred during the period of roots and damage structures. Root penetration and nesting for waterfowl. Because the soils in this unit are water movement are limited by the clayey texture of saturated and ponded in spring, they should be the Mudpot soils and the dense clay layer in the allowed to drain adequately before grazing to prevent Spangenburg soils. The vegetation on the Mudpot damage to the soil and plants. Salts reduce the soils is unstable because of the periods of ponding. amount of water available to plants and restrict Low precipitation limits forage production and seedling survival. The soils tie up large amounts of seedling survival. phosphorus, which limits the amount available to plants. 8. Welch-Degarmo Soils on lake terraces and flood plains in cool basins Poorly drained soils; on flood plains This group consists of two map units. It makes up This map unit is in the Big Valley, Bull Prairie, about 3 percent of the survey area. The map units are Camas Prairie, and Crane Lake areas. The native used primarily for livestock grazing and hay. vegetation is mainly water-tolerant grasses and forbs, rushes, and sedges. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. Elevation is 5,800 to 6,500 feet. The mean annual 7. Mudpot-Spangenburg precipitation is about 12 to 16 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 43 to 45 degrees F, and the Poorly drained and well drained soils; on lake terraces frost-free period is 50 to 70 days. This map unit is in Guano Valley. The native This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey vegetation is mainly water-tolerant grasses and forbs area. It is about 45 percent Welch soils and 25 on the Mudpot soils and shrubs, grasses, and forbs percent Degarmo soils. The remaining 30 percent is on the Spangenburg soils. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. Cressler soils in upland basins, Swalesilver soils on Elevation is 5,000 to 5,300 feet. The mean annual terraces, and Sherval soils in concave areas of precipitation is about 8 to 10 inches, the mean annual forested mountains. air temperature is 45 to 47 degrees F, and the frost- Welch soils are very deep and poorly drained. The free period is 70 to 90 days. upper part of the surface layer is silty clay loam, and This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey the lower part is clay loam. The substratum is clay area. It is about 45 percent Mudpot soils and 35 loam. percent Spangenburg soils. The remaining 20 percent Degarmo soils are very deep and poorly drained. is Berdugo, Langslet, and Swalesilver soils on low The surface layer is silt loam. The subsoil is silty clay lake terraces and Bicondoa soils on flood plains. loam and gravelly clay loam. The substratum is cobbly Mudpot soils are on lake terraces are very deep loamy sand and extremely gravelly loamy sand. 28 Soil Survey

This unit is used mainly for livestock grazing and as This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey wetland wildlife habitat. area. It is about 80 percent Drews soils. The The main limitation for livestock grazing is seasonal remaining 20 percent is Deter, Donica, and Drewsgap wetness. soils on lake terraces and Lakeview soils on flood Grazing should be deferred during the period of plains. nesting for waterfowl. Because of the seasonal Drews soils are very deep and well drained. The wetness, cold temperatures in winter, and cool surface layer is loam. The subsoil is clay loam and temperatures in spring, grazing should be delayed gravelly clay loam. The substratum is very gravelly until late in spring to allow the soils to drain loam. adequately before grazing to prevent damage to the This unit is used mainly as cropland, for livestock soils and plants. Stream corridors are subject to grazing, and as homesites. cutting and filling during periods of flooding. Grazing This unit is well suited to use as cropland. The main should be managed to maintain or increase the limitations are steepness of slope and the hazard of abundance of plants that help to stabilize erosion. streambanks and moderate water temperatures. Because of limited precipitation, the soils in this unit are not suited to continuous cropping unless Soils on middle and high lake terraces, irrigation. Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler wave-cut benches, and fans in warm and border systems. Irrigation water management is basins needed to control runoff and erosion. The risk of erosion can be reduced by maintaining crop residue This group consists of three map units. It makes up on the soil surface, stripcropping, cross-slope farming, about 9 percent of the survey area. The map units are and keeping the soil surface rough. used primarily as cropland, for livestock grazing, and The main limitation for homesite development is as homesites. slope in some areas. Excavation increases the risk of 9. Drews water erosion. Establishing plant cover on the cuts and fills reduces erosion. Irrigation is needed for the Very deep, well drained soils that receive 14 to 18 establishment and maintenance of landscape inches of precipitation; on middle lake terraces plantings. This map unit is mainly in Goose Lake Valley (fig. 5). In uncultivated areas, the native vegetation is mainly shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Slopes generally 10. Lasere-Salisbury-Oxwall are less than 15 percent, but they range to 30 percent. Moderately deep, and moderately deep and shallow to Elevation is 4,700 to 5,000 feet. The mean annual a hardpan, well drained soils that receive 14 to 18 precipitation is about 14 to 18 inches, the mean inches of precipitation; on high lake terraces and annual air temperature is 45 to 48 degrees F, and the wave-cut benches frost-free period is 70 to 110 days. This map unit is mainly in Goose Lake Valley. In uncultivated areas, the native vegetation is mainly shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Slopes generally are less than 15 percent, but they range to as much as 50 percent. Elevation is 4,700 to 5,300 feet. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 to 18 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 48 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 70 to 110 days. This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey area. It is about 35 percent Lasere soils, 30 percent Salisbury soils, and 20 percent Oxwall soils. The remaining 15 percent is Donica, Drewsgap, and Drews soils on middle lake terraces and Lorella soils on foot slopes. Lasere soils are on wave-cut benches and have Figure 5.—Crop residue management and stripcropping in an slopes of 2 to 50 percent. They are moderately area of general soil map unit 9. deep to bedrock and are well drained. These soils Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 29

have a claypan at a depth of 5 to 10 inches. The grasses, and forbs. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. surface layer is loam. The subsoil is silty clay and silty Elevation is 4,400 to 5,200 feet. The mean annual clay loam. precipitation is about 8 to 10 inches, the mean annual Salisbury soils are on high lake terraces and have air temperature is 47 to 50 degrees F, and the frost- slopes of 0 to 15 percent. They are moderately deep free period is 90 to 110 days. to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils have a claypan at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. The surface layer is loam. The subsoil is clay and clay loam over a hardpan. The substratum is silt loam. Oxwall soils are on high lake terraces and have slopes of 0 to 5 percent. They are shallow to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils have a claypan at a depth of 5 to 12 inches. The surface layer is gravelly loam. The next layer is gravelly clay loam. The subsoil is gravelly clay over a hardpan. The substratum is stratified very gravelly sandy loam and very gravelly loam. This unit is used for livestock grazing and as cropland. The main limitations for livestock grazing are permeability, depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, depth to the hardpan, shrink-swell potential, and water erosion in the steeper areas. The claypan and hardpan in these soils restrict rooting depth. The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt because of the slow permeability of the Figure 6.—Area of general soil map unit 11 in Chewaucan subsoil. These soils expand when wet and contract Valley. Note higher lake terrace at base of tableland. when dry, which makes special design of fences necessary. Grazing should be delayed in spring until This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey the soil surface is firm and the preferred forage plants area. It is about 55 percent McConnel soils and 20 can withstand grazing pressure. percent Wildhill soils. The remaining 25 percent is The main limitations for cropland are depth to the McNye soils on bedrock-controlled lake terraces, claypan, permeability, depth to the hardpan, depth to Mesman and Icene soils on low lake terraces, Pait bedrock, shrink-swell potential, and water erosion in soils on colluvial fans and foot slopes, and Zorravista the steeper areas. and Als soils on dunes. Because of the limited precipitation, continuous McConnel soils are on high lake terraces and fans cropping without irrigation is not suitable. Suitable and are very deep and somewhat excessively drained. irrigation methods include sprinkler and border The surface layer typically is very gravelly sandy loam. systems. Because of the slow permeability, the The upper part of the subsoil is very gravelly coarse application of irrigation water needs to be managed to sandy loam. The lower part of the subsoil and the avoid ponding of the surface or the buildup of a substratum are extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand. perched water table. Subsoiling or deep plowing to rip Wildhill soils are on bedrock-controlled lake the hardpan in the Salisbury and Oxwall soils can terraces and are moderately deep and well drained. increase the effective rooting depth and improve The surface layer is very stony loam. The subsoil is internal drainage. extremely stony loam and extremely gravelly loam. This unit is used mainly for livestock grazing. A few areas of the McConnel soils are used for irrigated hay, 11. McConnel-Wildhill mainly alfalfa. The main limitations for livestock grazing are the Very deep and moderately deep, somewhat available water capacity, water erosion in the steeper excessively drained and well drained soils that receive areas, permeability, risk of seepage, wind erosion on 8 to 10 inches of precipitation; on high lake terraces the McConnel soils, and depth to bedrock and surface and fans stones on the Wildhill soils. This map unit is in Warner and Chewaucan Valleys Low precipitation and low available water capacity (fig. 6). The native vegetation is mainly shrubs, limit forage production and seedling survival. The soils 30 Soil Survey Figure 7.—Soil-landform relationships on grass- and shrub-covered tablelands and mountains. tablelands relationships on grass- and shrub-covered Figure 7.—Soil-landform Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 31

in this unit are suited to grazing in winter. Rock part of the subsoil is silty clay loam, and the lower part fragments restrict the placement of fenceposts. If the is extremely gravelly loam over a hardpan. vegetation is removed from the McConnel soils, wind This unit is used for livestock grazing and as wildlife erosion is a concern. The very stony surface layer of habitat. the Wildhill soils restricts the operation of ground The main limitations for livestock grazing are the seeding equipment. The risk of seepage on the depth to a hardpan, available water capacity, hazard McConnel soils and the depth to bedrock in the of water erosion, permeability, shrink-swell potential of Wildhill soils restrict the development of water the Ratto soils, and depth to bedrock in the Brace impoundments. soils. The main limitations for irrigated hay are the low Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season available water capacity, permeability, and hazard of limit the period of plant growth. Low available water wind erosion. capacity and low precipitation limit forage production Sprinkler irrigation systems are best suited to the and seedling survival. Grazing should be delayed until soils in this unit because of the rapid water intake late in spring when forage plants have achieved rate and the very rapid permeability of the substratum. sufficient growth. The shallow depth and high shrink- Irrigation water needs to be applied at frequent swell potential of the subsoil in the Ratto soils limit the intervals to ensure adequate soil moisture for plant placement of fenceposts and make special design of growth and to reduce deep percolation. Gravel in the fences necessary. The hardpan in the Ratto soils surface layer causes rapid wear of tillage equipment. restricts rooting depth. The risk of erosion can be If the vegetation is removed, wind erosion is a minimized by maintaining adequate plant cover, concern. seeding, and accumulating litter on the soil surface. Soils on grass- and shrub-covered tablelands 13. Freznik-Floke-Anawalt This group consists of three map units. It makes up Moderately deep and shallow soils that receive 10 to about 38 percent of the survey area (see fig. 7, 12 inches of precipitation and support dominantly low previous page). The map units are used primarily for sagebrush; on tablelands livestock grazing and as wildlife habitat. This map unit is in the eastern part of the survey area, extending from Hart Mountain National Antelope 12. Ratto-Brace Refuge south to the Oregon and Nevada state lines. The native vegetation is mainly low shrubs, grasses, Soils that are shallow and moderately deep to a and forbs. Slopes typically are 2 to 15 percent, but hardpan, receive 8 to 12 inches of precipitation, and they range to 30 percent. Elevation is 4,700 to 6,400 support dominantly Wyoming big sagebrush; on feet. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 to 12 tablelands inches, the mean annual air temperature is 43 to 45 This map unit is along the eastern boundary of the degrees F, and the frost-free period is 50 to 70 days. survey area. The native vegetation is mainly shrubs, This unit makes up about 15 percent of the survey grasses, and forbs. Slopes generally are 2 to 20 area. It is about 40 percent Freznik soils, 30 percent percent. Elevation is 4,800 to 6,000 feet. The mean Floke soils, and 15 percent Anawalt soils. The annual precipitation is about 8 to 12 inches, the mean remaining 15 percent is Deseed, Pearlwise, Locane, annual air temperature is 43 to 47 degrees F, and the and Ratto soils on tablelands; Rock outcrop; and frost-free period is 50 to 90 days. Rubble land. This unit makes up about 15 percent of the survey Freznik soils are moderately deep to bedrock and area. It is about 50 percent Ratto soils and 35 percent are well drained. These soils have a claypan at a Brace soils. The remaining 15 percent is Floke, Raz, depth of 1 inch to 5 inches. The surface layer is very and Coglin soils on tablelands. stony loam. The subsoil is clay and clay loam. Ratto soils are shallow to a hardpan and are well Floke soils are shallow to a hardpan and drained. The surface layer is very cobbly loam. The moderately deep to bedrock and are well drained. upper part of the subsoil is gravelly clay loam and clay These soils have a claypan at a depth of 2 to 10 loam over a hardpan, and the lower part is gravelly inches. The surface layer typically is very stony loam. loamy sand. The subsoil is clay and clay loam. Brace soils are moderately deep to a hardpan and Anawalt soils are shallow to bedrock and are well are well drained. The surface layer is loam. The upper drained. These soils have a claypan at a depth of 3 to 32 Soil Survey

10 inches. The surface layer is loam. The subsoil is Hart soils are on relict fan piedmonts on tablelands clay. and are deep and well drained. These soils have a This unit is used for livestock grazing and as wildlife claypan at a depth of 4 to 10 inches. The surface layer habitat. is very gravelly loam. The upper part of the subsoil is The main limitations for livestock grazing are the clay, and the lower part is calcareous very gravelly available water capacity, stones on the surface of the loam, very gravelly silty clay loam, and extremely Floke and Freznik soils, depth to the claypan, gravelly loam. permeability, and shrink-swell potential. This unit is used for livestock grazing and as wildlife Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season habitat. limit the period of plant growth. Grazing should be The main limitations for livestock grazing are the delayed until late in spring when forage plants have depth to the claypan, permeability, shrink-swell achieved sufficient growth. The surface layer is potential, calcareous layer, and hazard of water saturated following snowmelt because of the slow erosion on the Hart and Carryback soils and the permeability of the subsoil. The low available water depth to bedrock and surface stones on the capacity limits forage production and seedling Carryback soils. survival. The claypan restricts rooting depth. The Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season shallow depth to a hardpan or to bedrock and the high limit the period of plant growth. Grazing should be shrink-swell potential of the subsoil limit placement of delayed until late in spring when forage plants have fenceposts and make special design of fences achieved sufficient growth. The surface layer is necessary. The very stony surface layer of the Floke saturated following snowmelt because of the slow and Freznik soils restricts the operation of ground permeability of the subsoil. The claypan and seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast calcareous layer restrict rooting depth. The high seeding should be used. The risk of erosion can be shrink-swell potential of the subsoil makes special minimized by maintaining adequate plant cover, design of fences necessary. Rock fragments on seeding, and accumulating litter on the soil surface. surface of the Carryback soils restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be used. The risk of erosion 14. Carryback-Hart can be minimized by maintaining adequate plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the soil Moderately deep and deep soils that receive 12 to 16 surface. inches of precipitation and support dominantly low sagebrush; on tablelands Rock outcrop and soils on grass- and shrub-covered hills, mountains, and lake terraces This map unit is east of the Warner Mountains and west of Warner Valley. The native vegetation is mainly This group consists of five map units. It makes up low shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Slopes typically are 0 about 16 percent of the survey area (see fig. 7, page to 15 percent, but they range to as much as 50 30). The map units are used primarily for livestock percent in a few areas. Elevation is 5,300 to 6,400 grazing and as wildlife habitat and watershed. feet. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 to 16 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 43 to 45 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 50 to 70 days. 15. Lorella-Chewaucan-Rock outcrop This unit makes up about 8 percent of the survey Rock outcrop, and shallow and deep soils that receive area. It is about 45 percent Carryback soils and 40 10 to 14 inches of precipitation and support percent Hart soils. The remaining 15 percent is dominantly Wyoming big sagebrush; on warm hills Newlands and Mascamp soils on mountain toe and lake terraces slopes, Coglin soils on tablelands and relict fan piedmonts, Ninemile soils on tablelands, Erakatak This map unit is in Chewaucan Valley. The native soils on hillsides, Rock outcrop, and Rubble land. vegetation is mainly shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Carryback soils are on tablelands and are Slopes typically are 2 to 30 percent, but they moderately deep and well drained. These soils have a range to as much as 70 percent. Elevation is 4,200 to claypan at a depth of 4 to 10 inches. The surface layer 5,000 feet. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 is very cobbly loam. The subsoil is clay. The to 14 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to substratum is silty clay loam over calcareous silt loam 48 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 70 to 110 and loam. days. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 33

This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey area. It is about 35 percent Lorella soils, 25 percent Chewaucan soils, and 20 percent Rock outcrop. The remaining 20 percent is Lasere soils on wave-cut benches on hills, McConnel and Mesman soils on lake terraces, Itca soils on mountainsides, and Redcanyon soils on hills and associated escarpments. Lorella soils are on hillsides and are shallow and well drained. The surface layer is very stony loam. The subsoil is very cobbly clay loam. Chewaucan soils are on uplifted, bedrock- controlled lake terraces and are deep and well drained. The surface layer is very cobbly silty clay loam. The upper part of the subsoil is silty clay loam, and the lower part is calcareous loam and is firm and brittle. Figure 8.—Area of general soil map unit 16 on escarpment of Rock outcrop consists of interbedded basalt and fault-block mountain. Felcher soils are on south-facing slopes, and Riddleranch soils are on north-facing slopes. tuff. This unit is used for livestock grazing and as wildlife habitat. This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey The main limitations for livestock grazing are the area. It is about 40 percent Felcher soils, 25 percent depth to bedrock, available water capacity, Rock outcrop, and 20 percent Riddleranch soils. The permeability, hazards of water and wind erosion, and remaining 15 percent is Westbutte soils on north- shrink-swell potential on the Lorella soils and the rock facing mountainsides at higher elevations, Fitzwater fragments on the surface, calcareous layer, and soils on south-facing mountainsides, and Pait soils on hazard of water erosion on the Chewaucan soils. fans and mountain foot slopes. The low precipitation and low available water Felcher soils are on south-facing mountainsides capacity of the Lorella soils limit forage production and are moderately deep and well drained. The and seedling survival. The shallow depth to bedrock in surface layer is very stony clay loam. The subsoil is the Lorella soils restricts rooting depth, limits very cobbly loam. placement of fenceposts, and makes special design of Rock outcrop consists of interbedded basalt and fences necessary. The firm, brittle calcareous layer in tuff. the Chewaucan soils may restrict rooting depth. The Riddleranch soils are on north-facing very cobbly surface layer of the Chewaucan soils may mountainsides and are moderately deep and well restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. drained. The surface layer is very gravelly loam. The The risk of erosion can be minimized by maintaining subsoil is extremely cobbly loam. adequate plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter This unit is used mainly as wildlife habitat and on the soil surface. watershed and for livestock grazing. The main limitations for livestock grazing are the steepness of slope, hazard of water erosion, depth to 16. Felcher-Rock outcrop-Riddleranch bedrock, rock fragments, and available water capacity. The low available water capacity limits forage Rock outcrop, and moderately deep soils that receive production and seedling survival. The depth to 8 to 12 inches of precipitation and support dominantly bedrock and content of rock fragments throughout the Wyoming big sagebrush; on warm and cool side profile restrict rooting depth and the placement of slopes of mountains fenceposts. The growing season of the Riddleranch This map unit is mainly surrounding Warner Valley soils begins later in spring and moisture is available (fig. 8). The native vegetation is mainly shrubs, until later in summer on these soils than on the grasses, and forbs. Slopes typically are 30 to 70 Felcher soils. The risk of erosion can be minimized by percent, but they range to as little as 5 percent. maintaining adequate plant cover, seeding, and Elevation is 5,000 to 6,000 feet. The mean annual accumulating litter on the soil surface. Slope and the precipitation is about 8 to 12 inches, the mean annual areas of Rock outcrop restrict the operation of ground air temperature is 43 to 47 degrees F, and the frost- seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast free period is 50 to 90 days. seeding should be used. 34 Soil Survey

17. Ninemile-Newlands 18. Harcany-Fitzwater

Shallow and deep soils that receive 12 to 16 inches of Very deep soils that receive 12 to 16 inches of precipitation and support dominantly low sagebrush precipitation and support dominantly mountain big and mountain big sagebrush; on cool benches and sagebrush; on cool benches and side slopes of foot slopes of tablelands and mountains mountains This map unit is on Hart Mountain and on the This map unit is on Hart Mountain. The native eastern slopes of the Warner Mountains. The native vegetation is mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. vegetation is mainly shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Slopes typically are 15 to 50 percent, but they range Slopes generally are 2 to 15 percent, but they range from 0 to 70 percent. Elevation is 5,800 to 7,000 feet. to as much as 50 percent. Elevation is 5,300 to 6,500 The mean annual precipitation is about 12 to 16 feet. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 to 16 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 43 to 45 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 43 to 45 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 50 to 70 days. degrees F, and the frost-free period is 50 to 70 days. This unit makes up about 2 percent of the This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey survey area. It is about 55 percent Harcany soils area. It is about 50 percent Ninemile soils and 30 and 30 percent Fitzwater soils. The remaining 15 percent Newlands soils. The remaining 20 percent is percent is Riddleranch soils on south-facing Mascamp soils on mountain foot slopes, Westbutte mountainsides, Westbutte soils on north-facing soils on mountainsides, Hart soils on fan piedmonts, mountainsides, Newlands soils on mountain foot and Madeline soils on tablelands. slopes, Sherval soils that support aspen and are in Ninemile soils are on benches on tablelands and concave pockets where snow accumulates, and Rock mountains. These soils are shallow and well drained. outcrop. These soils have a claypan at a depth of 3 to 7 inches. Harcany soils are on north-facing mountainsides The surface layer is extremely gravelly loam. The and mountaintops and are very deep and well subsoil is clay and gravelly clay. These soils support drained. The surface layer is very gravelly loam. The dominantly low sagebrush. next layer is extremely cobbly loam. The substratum is Newlands soils are on mountain foot slopes and extremely stony loam. are deep and well drained. The surface layer is loam. Fitzwater soils are on south-facing mountainsides The subsoil is clay loam and gravelly clay loam. These and mountaintops and are very deep and well soils support dominantly mountain big sagebrush. drained. The surface layer is extremely stony loam or This unit is used for livestock grazing and as wildlife loam. The subsoil is extremely cobbly clay loam. The habitat. substratum is extremely cobbly loam. The main limitations for livestock grazing are the This unit is used as wildlife habitat and for livestock slope and hazard of water erosion on the Newlands grazing. and Ninemile soils and the available water capacity, The main limitations for livestock grazing are the depth to the claypan, permeability, depth to bedrock, available water capacity, hazard of water erosion, and shrink-swell potential of the Ninemile soils. slope, and content of rock fragments. Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season limit the period of plant growth. Grazing should be limit the period of plant growth. Grazing should be delayed until late in spring when forage plants have delayed until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Because of the slow achieved sufficient growth. The low available water permeability of the subsoil in the Ninemile soils, the capacity limits forage production and seedling surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. The survival. The high content of rock fragments shallow depth to bedrock in the Ninemile soils limits throughout the soils restricts rooting depth and the the placement of fenceposts. The high shrink-swell placement of fenceposts. The risk of erosion can be potential in the subsoil of the Ninemile soils makes minimized by maintaining adequate plant cover, special design of fences necessary. The risk of seeding, and accumulating litter on the soil surface. erosion can be minimized by maintaining adequate Rock fragments on the surface restrict the operation plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as soil surface. broadcast seeding should be used. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 35

19. Booth-Bullump-Nuss depth to bedrock in the Booth and Nuss soils and the claypan in the Nuss soils restrict rooting depth. Rock Shallow, moderately deep, and very deep soils that fragments on the surface of the Booth and Bullump receive 14 to 18 inches of precipitation and support soils restrict the operation of ground seeding low sagebrush and mountain big sagebrush; on cool equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding benches and side slopes of hills and mountains should be used. The shallow depth of the Nuss soils and the rock fragments in the Bullump soils limit This map unit is surrounding Goose Lake Valley placement of fenceposts. The high shrink-swell and on the west side of Chewaucan Valley. The native potential of the subsoil in the Booth soils makes vegetation on the Booth and Bullump soils is mainly special design of fences necessary. The risk of erosion shrubs, grasses, and forbs. The native vegetation on can be minimized by maintaining adequate plant cover, the Nuss soils is mainly shrubs, grasses, forbs, and seeding, and accumulating litter on the soil surface. scattered western juniper and ponderosa pine. Slopes typically are 5 to 50 percent, but they range from 0 to Soils on forested mountains, plateaus, and 70 percent. Elevation is 5,000 to 6,500 feet. The mean hills annual precipitation is about 14 to 18 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 47 degrees F, This group consists of four map units. It makes up and the frost-free period is 50 to 70 days. about 11 percent of the survey area. The map units This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey are used primarily for timber harvesting and livestock area. It is about 35 percent Booth soils, 25 percent grazing and as wildlife habitat and watershed. Bullump soils, and 20 percent Nuss soils. The remaining 20 percent is Royst soils on hills, Lorella soils on south-facing slopes on hills, Winterim soils on 20. Winterim-Royst plateaus and mountains, and Rock outcrop. Booth soils are on hillsides, mountainsides, and Deep and moderately deep soils that support benches and are moderately deep and well drained. dominantly ponderosa pine and western juniper; on These soils have a claypan at a depth of 1 to 7 inches. hills, plateaus, and mountainsides The surface layer is very stony loam. The subsoil is clay. These soils support dominantly low sagebrush. This map unit is on the eastern slopes of the Bullump soils are on hillsides and mountainsides Warner Mountains. The native vegetation is mainly and are very deep and well drained. The surface layer ponderosa pine, western juniper, shrubs, grasses, is extremely gravelly loam. The subsoil is very gravelly and forbs. Slopes typically are 0 to 40 percent, but they clay loam. The substratum is extremely gravelly loam. range to 60 percent. Elevation is 5,000 to These soils support dominantly mountain big 6,500 feet. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 sagebrush. to 32 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to Nuss soils are on hillsides and are shallow and well 47 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 50 to 70 drained. The surface layer is gravelly loam. The days. subsoil is clay loam. These soils support dominantly This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey mountain big sagebrush. area. It is about 45 percent Winterim soils and 35 This unit is used mainly for livestock grazing and as percent Royst soils. The remaining 20 percent is Nuss wildlife habitat and watershed. soils on hills, Rock outcrop, and Booth and Merlin soils The main limitations for livestock grazing are the on tablelands. slope and hazard of water erosion on the Booth, Winterim soils are deep and well drained. The Bullump, and Nuss soils; the depth to the claypan, surface layer is very gravelly loam. The subsoil is permeability, and shrink-swell potential of the Booth gravelly clay loam and very gravelly clay. These soils soils; the depth to bedrock and available water receive about 20 to 32 inches of precipitation and capacity of the Booth and Nuss soils; and the rock support dominantly ponderosa pine. fragments on the surface of the Booth and Bullump Royst soils are moderately deep and well drained. soils. The surface layer is very stony loam. The subsoil is Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season extremely stony clay. These soils receive about 14 to limit the period of plant growth. Grazing should be 20 inches of precipitation and support dominantly delayed until late in spring when forage plants have western juniper with scattered ponderosa pine. achieved sufficient growth. Because of the slow This unit is used for livestock grazing and timber permeability of the subsoil in the Booth soils, the harvesting and as wildlife habitat and watershed. The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. The Winterim soils are used primarily for timber harvesting, 36 Soil Survey

and the Royst soils are used primarily for livestock the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 47 degrees grazing. F, and the frost-free period is 50 to 70 days. The main limitations for livestock grazing are the This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey permeability, available water capacity, hazard of water area. It is about 40 percent Winterim soils, 20 percent erosion, shrink-swell potential, content of rock Mound soils, and 20 percent Polander soils. The fragments, and depth to bedrock. remaining 20 percent is Royst and Nuss soils on hills, Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Booth soils on foot slopes and benches, Twelvemile limit the period of plant growth. Grazing should be soils on north-facing mountainsides at the higher delayed until late in spring when forage plants have elevations, and Woodchopper and Rogger soils on achieved sufficient growth. The rock fragments plateaus. throughout the soil restrict the placement of Winterim soils are on south-facing mountainsides fenceposts. The subsoil expands when wet and at the lower elevations. These soils are deep and well contracts when dry, which makes special design of drained and formed in material weathered from basalt fences necessary. The low available water capacity and tuff. The surface layer is very gravelly loam. The limits forage production and seedling survival. The subsoil is gravelly clay loam and very gravelly clay. bedrock restricts rooting depth. The risk of erosion These soils support dominantly ponderosa pine. can be minimized by maintaining adequate plant Mound soils are on south-facing mountainsides at cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the soil the higher elevations and on north-facing surface. mountainsides. These soils are deep and well drained The main limitations for timber harvesting are the and formed in material weathered from basalt and tuff. slope, hazard of water erosion, shrink-swell potential, The surface layer is stony loam. The subsoil is very permeability, and content of rock fragments. cobbly clay loam and very cobbly clay. The substratum Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery is clay loam. These soils support dominantly mixed and sticky. The high content of clay and rock white fir and ponderosa pine. fragments in the subsoil make tree planting difficult. Polander soils are on north- and south-facing The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. Cuts and fills mountainsides. These soils are deep and well drained slough when the soils are wet. A buffer zone should and formed in material weathered from tuff and be maintained around riparian areas to protect the rhyolite. The surface layer and subsoil are sandy loam. quality and quantity of the water. The substratum is cobbly loam. These soils support Vehicle access should be restricted to periods dominantly mixed white fir and ponderosa pine. when the soil is dry or frozen to prevent puddling and This unit is used mainly for timber harvesting and rutting of the soil surface. Using designated skid trails as watershed and wildlife habitat. Areas on south- and low-pressure ground equipment and avoiding facing slopes at the lower elevations and logged areas logging in spring when the soils are wet help to are used for livestock grazing. reduce compaction and erosion. Mechanical piling of The main limitations for livestock grazing are the slash material should be minimized. The risk of slope, hazard of water erosion, permeability, and erosion on skid trails and temporary roads can be content of rock fragments. reduced by seeding, installing water bars, scarifying Cold soil temperatures and a short growing the soil surface, or accumulating slash on the soil season limit the period of plant growth. Grazing surface. The use of shade cards on south-facing should be delayed until late in spring when forage slopes increases seedling survival. plants have achieved sufficient growth. The risk of erosion can be minimized by maintaining adequate plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the 21. Winterim-Mound-Polander soil surface. The growing season of soils on south- facing slopes begins earlier in spring than that of soils Deep soils that support dominantly ponderosa pine on north-facing slopes. Droughtiness in areas on and white fir; on mountainsides and plateaus south-facing slopes is a concern earlier in the growing This map unit is surrounding Goose Lake Valley season in these areas than in areas on north-facing and west of Chewaucan Valley. The native vegetation slopes. is mainly conifers, shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Slopes The main limitations for timber harvesting are the typically are 15 to 70 percent, but they range from 0 to slope and hazard of water erosion on all the soils and 70 percent. Elevation is mainly 5,000 to 6,500 feet, but the permeability, content of rock fragments, and it is as much as 7,200 feet on south-facing slopes. The shrink-swell potential of the Winterim and Mound mean annual precipitation is about 18 to 32 inches, soils. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 37

Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Hallihan and Hammersley soils on north-facing Winterim and Mound soils are slippery and sticky, and mountainsides, Winterim soils on south-facing those on the Polander soils are soft. Dry, unsurfaced mountainsides and plateaus at the lower elevations, roads and skid trails on the Polander soil are dusty. and Sherval soils in concave areas on mountainsides. The clayey subsoil in the Winterim and Mound soils Woodchopper soils are very deep and well drained restricts permeability. The content of rock fragments and formed in material weathered from basalt, and high content of clay in the subsoil of the Winterim andesite, and tuff. The surface layer is gravelly loam. and Mound soils can make tree planting difficult. The subsoil is cobbly clay loam, clay, and gravelly Artificial or natural shade increases seedling survival clay. on south-facing slopes. Cuts and fills in the Winterim Rogger soils are moderately deep and well and Mound soils slough when wet. Accumulations of drained and formed in material weathered from snow on north-facing slopes can bend or break small basalt, andesite, and tuff. The surface layer is very trees. A buffer zone should be maintained around gravelly fine sandy loam. The subsoil is very cobbly riparian areas to protect the quality and quantity of the loam. water, and disturbance of these areas should be This unit is used mainly for timber harvesting and minimized. Trees should not be felled into or skidded as wildlife habitat and watershed. through riparian areas. The main limitations for timber harvesting are the To help reduce compaction and erosion in areas hazard of water erosion and slope of all the soils; the that have slopes of less than 40 percent, use permeability of the Woodchopper soils; and the designated skid trails and low-pressure ground available water capacity, depth to bedrock, and equipment, log in areas that are covered with a content of rock fragments in the Rogger soils. minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the Woodchopper soils are slippery and sticky, and those soils are wet. To minimize soil displacement, use on the Rogger soils are firm. Rock fragments in the cable yarding systems in areas that have slopes of Rogger soils make tree planting difficult. The bedrock more than 40 percent. Mechanical piling of slash in the Rogger soils restricts rooting depth. The clayey should be minimized. Heavy equipment causes soil subsoil in the Woodchopper soils restricts compaction and disturbance and exposes the soil. permeability. Cuts and fills on the Woodchopper soils Slash should be maintained on the soil to reduce slough when wet, and those on the Rogger soils ravel sheet and rill erosion. The risk of erosion on skid trails when dry. Artificial or natural shade increases and temporary roads can be reduced by seeding, seedling survival on south-facing slopes. installing water bars, scarifying the soil surface, or Accumulation of snow on north-facing slopes can accumulating slash on the surface. The use of shade bend or break small trees. A buffer zone should be cards on south-facing slopes increases seedling maintained around riparian areas to maintain the survival. quality and quantity of the water, and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. Trees should not be felled into or skidded through riparian areas. 22. Woodchopper-Rogger To help reduce compaction, use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment, log in Very deep and moderately deep soils that support areas that are covered with a minimum of 12 inches dominantly white fir and ponderosa pine; on plateaus of snow or that have a frozen upper layer, and avoid and mountains logging in spring when the soils are wet. Mechanical This map unit is on the Warner Mountains. The piling of slash should be minimized. Heavy native vegetation is mainly conifers, shrubs, grasses, equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance and forbs. Slopes typically are 0 to 40 percent, but and exposes the soil. Slash should be maintained on they range to 60 percent. Elevation is 5,500 to 7,200 the soil to reduce sheet and rill erosion. The risk of feet. The mean annual precipitation is about 28 to 32 erosion on skid trails and temporary roads can be inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 47 reduced by seeding, installing water bars, scarifying degrees F, and the frost-free period is 50 to 70 days. the soil surface, or accumulating slash on the soil This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey surface. Because the Rogger soils are droughty, use area. It is about 45 percent Woodchopper soils and 35 of larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting percent Rogger soils. The remaining 20 percent is rate, shade cards, or additional plantings may be Bullump and Polander soils on mountainsides, needed. 38

23. Twelvemile-Xerolls permanent water developments. The depth to bedrock and content of rock fragments restrict rooting depth Very deep to shallow soils that support dominantly and the placement of fenceposts in some areas. The white fir, ponderosa pine, and mountain big low available water capacity limits forage production sagebrush; on mountains and seedling survival in some areas. The areas of soils that are shallow or droughty provide forage This map unit is on the west side of the Warner suitable for livestock grazing earlier in the year but for Mountains. The native vegetation on the Twelvemile a shorter period of time than the areas of deeper soils is conifers, shrubs, grasses, and forbs, and the soils. The earlier growing season in the areas of soils native vegetation on the Xerolls is shrubs, grasses, on south-facing slopes allows for earlier grazing in and forbs. Slopes typically are 0 to 60 percent, but these areas than in areas of soils on north-facing they range to as much as 80 percent. Elevation is slopes. Soils on north-facing slopes have moisture 5,000 to 8,400 feet. The mean annual precipitation is available for plant growth later in summer than do about 18 to 38 inches, the mean annual air those on south-facing slopes, which allows for a later temperature is 45 to 47 degrees F, and the frost-free grazing period. period is 50 to 70 days. The steepness of slope and rock fragments This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey on the surface restrict the operation of ground area. It is about 40 percent Twelvemile soils and 35 seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast percent Xerolls. The remaining 25 percent is Winterim seeding should be used. The risk of erosion can be soils on south-facing mountainsides at the lower minimized by maintaining adequate plant cover, elevations, Rock outcrop, Polander soils on seeding, and accumulating litter on the soil surface. mountainsides, Rogger soils on plateaus and The main limitations for timber harvesting mountainsides, Longjohn soils that are at the higher are the slope, hazard of water erosion, available elevations and support dominantly whitebark pine and water capacity, and content of rock fragments. lodgepole pine, and Hallihan and Hammersley soils Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. Dry, that are on north-facing slopes at the higher unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. elevations and support dominantly lodgepole pine. Accumulation of snow, particularly on north-facing Twelvemile soils are very deep and somewhat slopes, can bend and break small trees. Cuts and fills excessively drained and formed in material weathered ravel when dry. Rock fragments make tree planting from rhyolite. Slopes are 0 to 60 percent. The surface difficult. A buffer zone should be maintained around layer is very gravelly fine sandy loam. The subsoil is riparian areas to protect the quality and quantity of the very gravelly fine sandy loam and very cobbly fine water. Management should be designed to minimize sandy loam. The substratum is very cobbly sandy soil disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or loam. These soils support dominantly mixed white fir skidded through riparian areas. and ponderosa pine. To help reduce compaction and erosion in areas Xerolls are shallow to very deep and are somewhat that have slopes of less than 40 percent, use excessively drained to well drained. These soils designated skid trails and low-pressure ground formed in material weathered from basalt, andesite, equipment and log only in areas that are covered with and tuff. Slopes are 0 to 80 percent. The texture and a minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen content of rock fragments in the surface layer and surface layer. To minimize soil displacement, use subsoil are highly variable. These soils support cable yarding systems in areas that have slopes of dominantly mountain big sagebrush. more than 40 percent. Logging should be deferred in This unit is used as watershed and wildlife habitat, spring when the soils are wet to reduce displacement for timber harvesting in areas of the Twelvemile soils, and erosion. Mechanical piling of slash should be and for livestock grazing in areas of the Xerolls. minimized. Heavy equipment causes soil compaction The main limitations for livestock grazing are the and disturbance and exposes the soil. Maintaining slope and hazard of water erosion and the depth to slash on the soil surface helps to reduce sheet and rill bedrock, available water capacity, and rock fragments erosion. The risk of erosion on temporary roads can in some areas. be reduced by seeding, installing water bars, Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on limit the period of plant growth. Grazing should be the soil surface. Because the Twelvemile soils are delayed until late in spring when forage plants have droughty, larger than normal planting stock, a higher achieved sufficient growth. Uniform distribution of planting rate, shade cards on south-facing slopes, or livestock is difficult because of the slope or the lack of additional plantings may be needed. 39

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in the back of this survey represent the soils or the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit complex that it was impractical to make enough descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous be used to determine the suitability and potential of a areas on the landscape. unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan The presence of included areas in a map unit in no the management needed for those uses. More way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. information about each map unit is given under the The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” taxonomic classes but rather to separate the A map unit delineation on a map represents an area landscape into landforms or landform segments that dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or have similar use and management requirements. The miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and delineation of such segments on the map provides named according to the taxonomic classification of the sufficient information for the development of resource dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, soils and miscellaneous areas. the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some general facts about the unit and gives the principal observed properties may extend beyond the limits hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a specific uses. single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make without including areas of other taxonomic classes. up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils surface layer, all the soils of a series have major or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic arrangement. classes. Soils of one series can differ in texture of the Most included soils have properties similar to those surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. they do not affect use and management. These are On the basis of such differences, a soil series is called similar inclusions. They may or may not be divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on mentioned in the map unit description. Other included the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The soils and miscellaneous areas, however, have name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature properties and behavioral characteristics divergent that affects use or management. For example, Drews enough to affect use or to require different loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, is a phase of the Drews management. These are called contrasting inclusions. series. They generally are in small areas and could not be Some map units are made up of two or more major mapped separately because of the scale used. Some soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are small areas of strongly contrasting soils or complexes or associations. miscellaneous areas are identified by a special symbol A complex consists of two or more soils or on the maps. The included areas of contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit such small areas that they cannot be shown separately descriptions. A few included areas may not have been on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or 40 Soil Survey

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. component rather than a general position that could Drews-Oxwall complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes, is an encompass other components. In some instances, example. however, the component is distributed over a larger An association is made up of two or more landscape to such a degree that it is more nearly geographically associated soils or miscellaneous areas accurate to name the larger landscape positions rather that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of than the local ones. present or anticipated uses of the map units in the Typical profile is a vertical, two-dimensional section survey area, it was not considered practical or of the soil extending from the surface to a restrictive necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas layer or to a depth of 60 inches or more. separately. The pattern and relative proportion of the Depth class is an adjective term (for example, soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. moderately deep) for the depth of the soil. Booth-Nuss-Royst association, 40 to 60 percent south Permeability is the quality of the soil that enables slopes, is an example. water to move downward through the profile. This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such Permeability is measured as the number of inches per areas have little or no soil material and support little or hour that water moves downward through the saturated no vegetation. Playas is an example. soil. Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent Available water capacity is the capacity of the soil of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the to hold water available for use by most plants. It soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for commonly is expressed as inches of water per inch of many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms soil (see “Glossary”). used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. Hazard of water erosion refers to the hazard if In the map unit descriptions that follow, a protective plant cover is removed. The hazard of semitabular format is used. In this format a boldface erosion is constant and cannot be increased or heading (for example, Composition) is used to identify reduced. the kind of information grouped directly below it. Contrasting inclusions are components that differ Introducing each item of information under the heading sufficiently from the components for which the unit is is an italicized term or phrase (for example, Position on named that they would have different use and landscape:) that identifies or describes the information. management if they were extensive enough to be Many of the boldface headings and introductory terms managed separately. For most uses, contrasting or phrases are self-explanatory; however, some of inclusions have limited effect on use and management. them need further explanation. These explanations are Inclusions generally are in small areas, and they could provided in the following paragraphs, generally in the not be mapped separately because of the scale used. order in which they are used in the map unit Some small areas of strongly contrasting inclusions descriptions. are identified by a special symbol on the detailed soil Composition is given for the components identified maps. A few inclusions may not have been observed, in the name of the map unit as well as for the and consequently they are not mentioned in the contrasting inclusions. descriptions, especially where the pattern was so Inclusions are areas of components (soils or complex that it was impractical to make enough miscellaneous areas) that differ from the components observations to identify all the inclusions on the for which the unit is named. Inclusions can be either landscape. similar or contrasting. Similar inclusions are Major uses are the dominant uses at the time the components that differ from the components for which major part of the fieldwork for this survey was the unit is named but that for purposes of use and completed. management can be considered to be the same as the Major management factors are those factors that named components. Note that in the “Composition” affect the use of the soils for the major uses. The soil- paragraph a single percentage is provided for a named related factors are limiting, whereas the climatic soil and the similar inclusions because their use and factors can be either limiting or nonlimiting. The major management are similar. management factors may apply to the entire unit or to Position on landscape refers to the dominant a given component of the unit. position or positions on which the component is General management considerations provide located. In naming landscape positions, an effort has additional perspective on the suitability and been made to give the specific position of the limitations of the unit for the major uses. They may Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 41

apply to the entire unit or to a given component of the 5 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam unit. 10 to 28 inches—dark brown loam Suitable management practices are practices that 28 to 65 inches—dark brown silt loam can be used to overcome the main limitations of the Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to unit for the major uses. They may apply to the entire bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to unit or to a given component of the unit. dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment Drainage class: Moderately well drained Soil Descriptions Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 1 inch Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— moderate 1C—Als-Icene complex, 0 to 15 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: February through slopes April—24 to 72 inches; rest of year—more than 72 inches Composition Salinity: Upper 10 inches—slightly saline or moderately saline; below this depth—strongly saline Als soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Sodicity: Upper 10 inches—strongly sodic; below this Icene soil and similar inclusions—35 percent depth—moderately sodic Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Characteristics of the Als Soil effervescent throughout Position on landscape: Sand dunes in lake basins that Contrasting Inclusions have slopes of 1 to 15 percent • Kewake soils that are on dunes on lake terraces but Parent material: Kind—eolian sand over lacustrine do not have basin big sagebrush in the potential plant sediment; source—tuff, basalt community Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Helphenstein soils that are on lake terraces and have Climatic factors: black greasewood and inland saltgrass in the potential Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches plant community but do not support shadscale Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Small playas that are 12 to 24 inches wide Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: Major Uses 0 to 45 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat 45 to 65 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Major Management Factors bedrock Als soil—wind erosion, slope, available water capacity, Drainage class: Excessively drained sodicity Permeability: Rapid over moderate Icene soil—available water capacity, salinity, sodicity, Available water capacity: About 4 inches permeability, depth to dense, consolidated Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by lacustrine sediment, wind erosion wind—very severe Sodicity: Slightly sodic or moderately sodic Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Characteristics of the Icene Soil Als soil—Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, black Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes greasewood, fourwing saltbush, needleandthread, of 0 to 1 percent basin wildrye Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Icene soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin tuff, basalt wildrye, Indian ricegrass Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Livestock Grazing Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The low precipitation and low available water Typical profile: capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy • Excess sodium in the Icene soil results in nutrient loam imbalances and a caustic root environment. 42 Soil Survey

• Salts in the Icene soil reduce the amount of water Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F available to plants and restrict seedling survival. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Icene Typical profile: soil restricts rooting depth. 0 to 45 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand • Water movement is rapid through the upper part of 45 to 65 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam the Als soil and slow through the Icene soil. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Icene bedrock soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling emergence Drainage class: Excessively drained and survival. Permeability: Rapid over moderate • The soils in this unit are subject to wind erosion if Available water capacity: About 4 inches the vegetation is removed or degraded. Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, wind—very severe protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Sodicity: Slightly sodic or moderately sodic material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Characteristics of the Mesman Soil steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand on Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes the Als soil. of 0 to 2 percent • This unit generally is not suited to growing trees and Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings. tuff, basalt Onsite investigation is needed to determine whether Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet trees and shrubs can be grown if special treatment is Climatic factors: used. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Suitable management practices: Typical profile: • Delay grazing in spring until the Icene soil is firm and 0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing 9 to 20 inches—brown sandy clay loam pressure. 20 to 25 inches—brown silt loam • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the 25 to 35 inches—brown very fine sandy loam existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter 35 to 60 inches—brown silt loam on the surface. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • If the Als soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to droughtiness and slight or moderate sodicity. dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment • If the Icene soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Drainage class: Well drained droughtiness, strong sodicity, and slight or moderate Permeability: Slow salinity. Available water capacity: About 2 inches Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by 2C—Als-Mesman complex, 0 to 15 percent wind—moderate slopes Salinity: Upper 9 inches—slightly saline; below this depth—strongly saline Sodicity: Upper 9 inches—moderately sodic; below this Composition depth—slightly sodic or moderately sodic Als soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Contrasting Inclusions Mesman soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Icene and Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and do not have big sagebrush in the Characteristics of the Als Soil potential plant community Position on landscape: Sand dunes in lake basins that Major Uses have slopes of 2 to 15 percent Parent material: Kind—eolian sand over lacustrine Livestock grazing, cropland, hayland, wildlife habitat sediment; source—tuff, basalt Major Management Factors Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Als soil—wind erosion, slope, available water capacity, Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches sodicity Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 43

Mesman soil—available water capacity, permeability, needed on the Als soil because of the rapid salinity, sodicity, wind erosion, depth to dense, permeability in the upper part of the soil. consolidated lacustrine sediment • Leveling is needed for uniform application of water. • To avoid exposing the lower layers that are saline Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant and sodic, land leveling that involves only shallow cuts Community is best suited. Als soil—basin big sagebrush, black greasewood, • The concentration of salts and sodium limits the Indian ricegrass, needleandthread, basin wildrye, selection of crops. fourwing saltbush • The soils in this unit tie up large amounts of Mesman soil—basin big sagebrush, spiny hopsage, phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available black greasewood, Indian ricegrass, basin wildrye to plants. • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel Livestock Grazing and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of General management considerations: noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, • The low precipitation and low available water aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. pipelines. • Excess sodium in the Mesman soil results in nutrient • Removing salts from the Mesman soil without imbalances and a caustic root environment. applying proper amounts of soil amendments causes • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the dispersion and crusting of the soil surface. Mesman soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling • If the soils are irrigated, the available water capacity emergence and survival. can be increased by leaching salts below the root • Salts in the Mesman soil reduce the amount of water zone. available to plants and restrict seedling survival. • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the • Dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Mesman soil is softened by applying irrigation water. Mesman soil restricts rooting depth. • The Als soil generally is not suited to growing trees • Water movement is rapid through the upper part of and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental the Als soil and slow through the Mesman soil. plantings. Onsite investigation is needed to determine • The soils in this unit are subject to wind erosion if whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special the vegetation is removed or degraded. treatment is used. • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. • Because of the concentration of salts in the Mesman • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand on soil, the selection of trees and shrubs suitable for the Als soil. windbreaks and environmental plantings is limited and the seedling mortality rate is severe. Suitable management practices: • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the of herbicides to control competing vegetation on the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Mesman soil helps to ensure the establishment and surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. survival of seedlings. • If the Als soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate slight or moderate sodicity and droughtiness. Suitable management practices: • If the Mesman soil is seeded, select plants that • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. tolerate slight salinity, moderate sodicity, and • Reduce the content of sodium by applying proper droughtiness in summer. amounts of soil amendments and leaching salts with carefully applied irrigation water. Cropland and Hayland • Reduce crusting and compaction of the soil surface General management considerations: by returning crop residue to the soil, keeping tillage at • Because of the limited precipitation, the soils in this a minimum, and regularly adding organic matter. unit are not suited to continuous cropping unless they • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in are irrigated. narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, • Sprinkler irrigation is most efficient and best suited maintaining crop residue on the surface, planting field to this unit. windbreaks, maintaining a plant cover, and limiting the • Light, frequent applications of irrigation water are width of strips of unprotected soils. 44 Soil Survey

3A—Alvodest-Playas complex, 0 to 1 0 to 6 inches—silty clay loam percent slopes 6 to 60 inches—stratified silty clay and silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Composition bedrock Alvodest soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Drainage class: Poorly drained Playas—30 percent Permeability: Very slow Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: None to severe, depending on the time of year Characteristics of the Alvodest Soil Depth to seasonal high water table: December through Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins April—12 inches above the surface to 12 inches Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— below the surface; rest of year—more than 12 tuff, basalt inches Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Shrink-swell potential: High Climatic factors: Salinity: Moderately saline to strongly saline Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Sodicity: Strongly sodic Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Frost-free period—90 to 110 days effervescent throughout Typical profile: Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam 2 to 14 inches—dark brown silt loam • Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent, higher lying 14 to 25 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay lake terraces 25 to 32 inches—dark brown and very dark grayish • Reese soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats and brown silty clay loam have alkali sacaton in the potential plant community 32 to 60 inches—dark brown and very dark gray • Als soils that are on sand dunes and have basin big loam sagebrush in the potential plant community Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Major Uses bedrock Drainage class: Moderately well drained Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Permeability: Slow Major Management Factors Available water capacity: About 2 inches Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Alvodest soil—available water capacity, salinity, moderate sodicity, wetness, permeability, wind erosion, Depth to seasonal high water table: December through shrink-swell potential, frost action April—6 inches above the surface to 36 inches Playas—available water capacity, salinity, sodicity, below the surface; rest of year—more than 36 seasonal wetness, permeability, wind erosion, inches shrink-swell potential Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 14 and Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 60 inches Community Salinity: Strongly saline Sodicity: Strongly sodic Alvodest soil—black greasewood, inland saltgrass, Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently basin wildrye effervescent throughout Livestock Grazing Characteristics of Playas General management considerations: Position on landscape: Basin floors • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Grazing should be deferred during the period of tuff, basalt nesting for waterfowl. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction of Climatic factors: the surface layer. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F and restrict seedling survival. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The moderately saline or strongly saline, strongly Reference profile: sodic surface layer severely limits seedling survival. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 45

• Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient Drainage class: Well drained imbalances and a caustic root environment. Permeability: Slow • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce Available water capacity: About 2 inches infiltration, cause ponding, and restrict seedling Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 17 emergence and survival. inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel Contrasting Inclusions and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, • Ratto and Oreneva soils that are on tablelands and aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or have Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant pipelines. community • Variable yearly ponding results in an unstable plant • Soils that are similar to the Anawalt soil but have a community on the Playas. surface layer that is less than 5 inches thick and a • The Alvodest soil and the Playas expand when wet potential plant community that is dominantly Sandberg and contract when dry, which can rip and tear plant bluegrass roots and damage structures. Major Use • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage Livestock grazing because of the high potential for frost action. Major Management Factors • This unit generally are not suited to growing trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, permeability, plantings. shrink-swell potential, available water capacity Suitable management practices: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Allow the unit to drain adequately before grazing to Community prevent damage to the soil and plants. Bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Sandberg • If the Alvodest soil is seeded, select plants that bluegrass tolerate wetness, droughtiness in summer, strong salinity, and strong sodicity and that provide cover for Livestock Grazing nesting waterfowl. General management considerations: • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. 4B—Anawalt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. • Past erosion has resulted in pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement. Composition • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Anawalt soil and similar inclusions—85 percent limit the period of plant growth. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts and makes special design of fences necessary. Characteristics of the Anawalt Soil • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. Position on landscape: Tablelands • Development of water impoundments is restricted by Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— the shallow depth to bedrock. tuff, basalt • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Elevation: 4,700 to 5,800 feet protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Climatic factors: material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Suitable management practices: Typical profile: • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown loam forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. 4 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 9 to 17 inches—dark brown clay have achieved sufficient growth. 17 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the calcium carbonate in fractures existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. shallow (3 to 10 inches) to the claypan • If the soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate 46 Soil Survey

droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Permeability: Moderately slow growing season. Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 5C—Anawalt-Oreneva complex, 2 to 15 Contrasting Inclusions percent slopes • Soils that are similar to the Anawalt soil but have a surface layer that is less than 5 inches thick and a Composition potential plant community that is dominantly Sandberg bluegrass Anawalt soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Soils that are similar to the Oreneva soil but have Oreneva soil and similar inclusions—35 percent bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Use Characteristics of the Anawalt Soil Livestock grazing Position on landscape: Tablelands Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Major Management Factors tuff, basalt Anawalt soil—depth to bedrock, depth to the claypan, Elevation: 5,300 to 5,700 feet shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, Climatic factors: water erosion, permeability Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Oreneva soil—depth to bedrock, permeability, available Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F water capacity, water erosion Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown loam Community 4 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Anawalt soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, 9 to 17 inches—dark brown clay Sandberg bluegrass 17 inches—tuff that has accumulations of silica Oreneva soil—Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg and calcium carbonate in fractures bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (3 to 10 inches) to the claypan Livestock Grazing Drainage class: Well drained General management considerations: Permeability: Slow • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Available water capacity: About 2 inches limit the period of plant growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • The bedrock in the Oreneva soil restricts rooting Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 17 depth. inches • The claypan and bedrock in the Anawalt soil restrict Characteristics of the Oreneva Soil rooting depth. • The surface layer of the Anawalt soil is saturated Position on landscape: Tablelands following snowmelt. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the basalt, tuff Anawalt soil are the result of past erosion. Elevation: 5,300 to 5,700 feet • The shallow depth of the Anawalt soil limits Climatic factors: placement of fenceposts. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Development of water impoundments is restricted by Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F the depth to bedrock. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Typical profile: protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 4 to 21 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. and very gravelly loam • The Anawalt soil expands when wet and contracts 21 inches—tuff that has accumulations of calcium when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. carbonate and silica in fractures Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Suitable management practices: bedrock • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Drainage class: Well drained have achieved sufficient growth. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 47

• Delay grazing until the Anawalt soil is firm and the Typical profile: preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 4 to 25 inches—very dark grayish brown loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 25 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly loam surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 35 inches—basalt • If the Anawalt soil is seeded, select plants that Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to tolerate a cool growing season, shrinking and swelling, bedrock and droughtiness. Drainage class: Well drained • If the Oreneva soil is seeded, select plants that Permeability: Moderate tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 6C—Anawalt-Pearlwise complex, 2 to 15 Contrasting Inclusions percent slopes • Freznik soils on tablelands • Soils that are similar to the Pearlwise soil but have Composition bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Anawalt soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Major Use Pearlwise soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Anawalt Soil Anawalt soil—available water capacity, depth to Position on landscape: Tablelands bedrock, depth to the claypan, shrink-swell Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— potential, permeability, water erosion tuff, basalt Pearlwise soil—available water capacity, depth to Elevation: 5,900 to 6,200 feet bedrock, water erosion Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Community Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Anawalt soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Typical profile: Sandberg bluegrass 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown loam Pearlwise soil—Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, 4 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown loam mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass 9 to 17 inches—dark brown clay 17 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Livestock Grazing calcium carbonate in fractures Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very General management considerations: shallow (3 to 10 inches) to the claypan • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Drainage class: Well drained limit the period of plant growth. Permeability: Slow • The claypan and bedrock in the Anawalt soil restrict Available water capacity: About 2 inches rooting depth. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • The surface layer of the Anawalt soil is saturated Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 17 following snowmelt. inches • Development of water impoundments is restricted by the depth to bedrock. Characteristics of the Pearlwise Soil • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Position on landscape: Depressional areas of result of past erosion on the Anawalt soil. tablelands • The shallow depth of the Anawalt soil limits Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— placement of fenceposts. tuff, basalt • The subsoil of the Anawalt soil expands when wet Elevation: 5,900 to 6,200 feet and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant Climatic factors: roots. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Because of the high corrosivity of the Anawalt soil to Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of Frost-free period—50 to 70 days noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, 48 Soil Survey

galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Available water capacity: About 4 inches or pipelines. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Suitable management practices: Characteristics of Badland • Delay grazing until the Anawalt soil is firm and the Position on landscape: Hillsides, foot slopes preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Kind of material: Weathered tuff • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Contrasting Inclusions • Improve areas of the Pearlwise soil that are heavily • Rock outcrop infested with undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, • Winterim soils that are on the upper part of slopes beating, or applying chemicals. and have dominantly ponderosa pine and western • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the juniper in the potential plant community existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. more than 30 percent • If the Anawalt soil is seeded, select plants that • Lasere soils that are on adjacent hills and have tolerate droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant cool growing season. community • If the Pearlwise soil is seeded, select plants that • Bullump soils that are on adjacent, north-facing tolerate a cool growing season. hillsides and have dominantly mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community 7E—Argixerolls-Badland complex, 15 to Major Use 30 percent slopes Livestock grazing Composition Major Management Factors Argixerolls and similar inclusions—60 percent Argixerolls—slope, water erosion, depth to Badland—25 percent bedrock, depth to the claypan, available water Contrasting inclusions—15 percent capacity Badland—slope, water erosion, exposed tuffaceous Characteristics of Argixerolls rock Position on landscape: Hillsides, foot slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— Community tuff Elevation: 4,300 to 5,000 feet Argixerolls—varies depending on the characteristics of Climatic factors: the soils at a given site, but includes Idaho fescue, Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Thurber needlegrass, mountain big sagebrush, Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Wyoming big sagebrush, low sagebrush, and Reference profile: antelope bitterbrush 0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark Livestock Grazing brown loam 12 to 38 inches—olive brown clay loam and clay General management considerations: 38 inches—weathered tuff • Seeding the more favorable areas of the Argixerolls Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to very deep (60 is difficult because of the pattern in which they occur inches or more) to soft bedrock with the areas of Badland. Drainage class: Well drained • The areas of Badland support little, if any, Permeability: Moderate or slow vegetation. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 49

• Because of the lack of vegetation in the areas of Major Uses Badland, the hazard of gully and sheet erosion is Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat severe. • This unit is subject to slumping because of the soft, Major Management Factors highly weathered tuff. Wetness, permeability, shrink-swell potential • Restricting grazing allows for plant growth. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 8A—Bicondoa silty clay loam, 0 to 2 Tufted hairgrass percent slopes Livestock Grazing General management considerations: Composition • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. Bicondoa soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent moisture in the soil. • A high water table during the growing season Characteristics of the Bicondoa Soil restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. Position on landscape: Flood plains in lake basins • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt, tuff and puddling of the surface. Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel Climatic factors: and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Frost-free period—70 to 90 days pipelines. Typical profile: • Plants on this soil are subject to winterkill and other 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown silty clay loam damage because of a high potential for frost action. 4 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental loam plantings should be tolerant of seasonal wetness. 6 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • Spring planting may be delayed because of the loam seasonal wetness. 14 to 23 inches—dark gray silty clay Suitable management practices: 23 to 27 inches—dark grayish brown clay • Delay grazing until the soil is adequately drained and 27 to 32 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay is firm enough to withstand trampling by livestock. 32 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay • If the soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to seasonal wetness and that provide cover for waterfowl. bedrock Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Slow 9C—Blizzard very cobbly silty clay loam, 0 Available water capacity: About 8 inches to 15 percent slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Depth to seasonal high water table: December through Composition April—at the surface to 18 inches below the surface; rest of year—more than 18 inches Blizzard soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Frequency of flooding: Frequent for brief periods from Contrasting inclusions—15 percent January through April Characteristics of the Blizzard Soil Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 14 and 60 inches Position on landscape: Tablelands Carbonates: Upper 20 inches—slightly effervescent to Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— strongly effervescent basalt, tuff Elevation: 6,000 to 6,800 feet Contrasting Inclusions Climatic factors: • Spangenburg soils that are on adjacent, higher lying Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches lake terraces and have basin big sagebrush in the Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F potential plant community Frost-free period—20 to 50 days 50 Soil Survey

Typical profile: • The very cobbly surface layer may restrict the 0 to 1 inch—dark brown very cobbly silty clay loam operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods 1 inch to 7 inches—dark brown silty clay such as broadcast seeding should be used. 7 to 16 inches—dark brown cobbly clay Suitable management practices: 16 inches—fractured basalt • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very have achieved sufficient growth. shallow (1 to 4 inches) to the claypan • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Drainage class: Well drained forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Permeability: Slow • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Available water capacity: About 2 inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 1 inch • If the soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate and 16 inches droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Contrasting Inclusions growing season. • Devoy soils that are on tablelands and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant 10C—Booth gravelly loam, 2 to 15 percent community slopes • Soils that are less than 10 inches thick to bedrock and have curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain big Composition sagebrush in the potential plant community • Rock outcrop Booth soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Soils that have an extremely stony surface layer and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent have western juniper in the potential plant community Characteristics of the Booth Soil • Soils that are 35 percent rock fragments or more throughout Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on mountains and hills Major Use Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Livestock grazing Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Major Management Factors Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Rock fragments on the surface, depth to the claypan, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F depth to bedrock, permeability, available water Frost-free period—50 to 70 days capacity, shrink-swell potential, water erosion Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown gravelly loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay Community 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered tuff Livestock Grazing 26 inches—unweathered tuff General management considerations: Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the limit the period of plant growth. claypan • The shallow depth to bedrock limits the placement of Drainage class: Well drained fenceposts and makes special design of fences Permeability: Slow necessary. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate result of past erosion. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. inches • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Contrasting Inclusions • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. • Bullump soils that are on mountains and hills and • The shallow depth to bedrock limits construction of have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant water impoundments. community Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 51

• Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big Characteristics of the Booth Soil sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on ponderosa pine in the potential plant community mountains and hills • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Major Use Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Livestock grazing Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Depth to the claypan, permeability, depth to bedrock, 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown silty clay available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay water erosion 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered Community tuff 26 inches—unweathered tuff Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Livestock Grazing bedrock Drainage class: Well drained General management considerations: Permeability: Slow • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 result of past erosion. inches • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. Contrasting Inclusions • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season • Bullump soils that are on mountains and hills and limit the period of plant growth. have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water community impoundments. • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered when dry, which makes special design of fences ponderosa pine in the potential plant community necessary. • Rock outcrop • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more Suitable management practices: Major Use • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Livestock grazing • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Major Management Factors forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Clayey surface layer, permeability, depth to bedrock, existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. water erosion • If the soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Community growing season. Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass 11C—Booth silty clay, 2 to 15 percent Livestock Grazing slopes, eroded General management considerations: • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Composition • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Booth soil and similar inclusions—85 percent limit the period of plant growth. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, 52 Soil Survey

which can rip and tear plant roots and damage Contrasting Inclusions structures and makes special design of fences • Bullump soils that are on mountains and hills and necessary. have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant • Past erosion on this unit has exposed the clayey community layer. • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big • A plant cover is difficult to establish because of the sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered clayey layer. ponderosa pine in the potential plant community • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have impoundments. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Suitable management practices: Major Use • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Livestock grazing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Management Factors existing plant cover, seeding, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth to the claypan, permeability, depth to bedrock, • If the soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool stones on the surface, water erosion growing season. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 12C—Booth very stony loam, 2 to 15 Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass percent slopes Livestock Grazing Composition General management considerations: • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. Booth soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The low available water capacity limits forage Characteristics of the Booth Soil production and seedling survival. • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on limit the period of plant growth. mountains and hills • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff result of past erosion. Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation Climatic factors: of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches broadcast seeding should be used. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Frost-free period—50 to 70 days when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. Typical profile: • Special design of fences is needed because the soil 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam expands when wet and contracts when dry and 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay because of the rock fragments on the surface. 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered this unit. tuff • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water 26 inches—unweathered tuff impoundments. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the Suitable management practices: claypan • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Drainage class: Well drained have achieved sufficient growth. Permeability: Slow • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Available water capacity: About 3 inches forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 53

• If the soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Major Management Factors shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool Depth to the claypan, permeability, depth to bedrock, growing season. water erosion, stones on the surface, slope, shrink-swell potential, available water capacity 12E—Booth very stony loam, 15 to 30 Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant percent slopes Community Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Composition Livestock Grazing Booth soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Characteristics of the Booth Soil limit the period of plant growth. Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. mountains and hills • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet result of past erosion. Climatic factors: • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches the unit. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days which can rip and tear plant roots and damage Typical profile: structures and makes special design of fences 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam necessary. 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered broadcast seeding should be used. tuff Suitable management practices: 26 inches—unweathered tuff • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to have achieved sufficient growth. bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred claypan forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Drainage class: Well drained • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Permeability: Slow existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Available water capacity: About 3 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • If the soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool inches growing season. Contrasting Inclusions • Bullump soils that are on mountains and hills and 13C—Booth complex, 2 to 15 percent have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant slopes community • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big Composition sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered ponderosa pine in the potential plant community Booth soil, thick surface, and similar inclusions—50 • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have percent bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Booth soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or Contrasting inclusions—15 percent more than 30 percent Characteristics of the Booth Soils Major Use Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on Livestock grazing mountains and hills 54 Soil Survey

Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant rhyolite, tuff Community Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Booth soil, thick surface—Idaho fescue, antelope Climatic factors: bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F wheatgrass Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile of the Booth soil, thick surface: Livestock Grazing 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony loam General management considerations: 12 to 24 inches—brown clay • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season tuff limit the period of plant growth. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Typical profile of the Booth soil: the unit. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay • Some areas of this unit have a thinner surface layer 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay because of past erosion. These areas support 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered dominantly low sagebrush. tuff • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water 26 inches—unweathered tuff impoundments. Depth class: Booth soil, thick surface—moderately • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, shallow (7 to 20 when dry, which makes special design of fences inches) to the claypan; Booth soil—moderately necessary. deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the claypan Suitable management practices: Drainage class: Well drained • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Permeability: Slow have achieved sufficient growth. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Contrasting Inclusions surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Bullump soils that are on mountains and hills and • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool community growing season. • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered ponderosa pine in the potential plant community 13E—Booth complex, 15 to 30 percent • Rock outcrop slopes • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but have a gravelly or cobbly surface layer Composition • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more Booth soil and similar inclusions—50 percent than 15 percent Booth soil, thick surface, and similar inclusions—35 Major Use percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Booth Soils Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on Stones on the surface, permeability, shrink-swell mountains and hills potential, depth to bedrock, water erosion, Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt available water capacity, depth to the claypan Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 55

Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch Frost-free period—50 to 70 days wheatgrass Typical profile of the Booth soil: Booth soil, thick surface—Idaho fescue, antelope 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay Livestock Grazing 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered General management considerations: tuff • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Typical profile of the Booth soil, thick surface: the unit. 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 12 to 24 inches—brown clay limit the period of plant growth. 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation tuff of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as 26 inches—unweathered tuff broadcast seeding should be used. Depth class: Booth soil—moderately deep (20 to 40 • Some areas of this unit have a thinner surface layer inches) to bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to because of past erosion. These areas support the claypan; Booth soil, thick surface—moderately dominantly low sagebrush. deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, shallow (7 to 20 • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the inches) to the claypan result of past erosion. Drainage class: Well drained • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. Permeability: Slow • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Available water capacity: About 3 inches when dry, which makes special design of fences Hazard of erosion by water: Severe necessary. Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil Suitable management practices: Contrasting Inclusions • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Royst soils that are on hills and have ponderosa pine have achieved sufficient growth. in the potential plant community • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big preferred forage plants can withstand grazing sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered pressure. ponderosa pine in the potential plant community • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Rock outcrop existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. more than 30 percent • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but have a shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool cobbly or gravelly surface layer growing season. • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and have more than 35 percent rock fragments in the lower part 14F—Booth complex, 30 to 50 percent north slopes Major Use Livestock grazing Composition Major Management Factors Booth soil, thick surface, and similar inclusions—45 Depth to the claypan, stones on the surface, slope, percent permeability, shrink-swell potential, depth to Booth soil and similar inclusions—40 percent bedrock, available water capacity, water erosion Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 56 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Booth Soils Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides Slope, water erosion, stones on the surface, Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt permeability, shrink-swell potential, depth to Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet bedrock, depth to the claypan, available water Climatic factors: capacity Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Community Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile of the Booth soil, thick surface: Booth soil, thick surface—Idaho fescue, bluebunch 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony loam wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush 12 to 24 inches—brown clay Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered wheatgrass tuff Livestock Grazing 26 inches—unweathered tuff Typical profile of the Booth soil: General management considerations: 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay • Livestock herd and graze in easily accessible 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered less accessible areas on side slopes. tuff • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 26 inches—unweathered tuff the unit. Depth class: Booth soil, thick surface—moderately • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, shallow (7 to 20 limit the period of plant growth. inches) to the claypan; Booth soil—moderately • The growing season on the north-facing slopes deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, very shallow begins later in spring and moisture is available until (1 to 7 inches) to the claypan later in summer on these slopes than on the south- Drainage class: Well drained facing slopes. Permeability: Slow • Some areas of this unit have a thinner surface layer Available water capacity: About 3 inches because of past erosion. These areas support Hazard of erosion by water: Severe dominantly low sagebrush. Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Contrasting Inclusions • The very stony surface layer and the steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground seeding • Royst soils that are on hills and have ponderosa pine equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding in the potential plant community should be used. • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered when dry, which makes special design of fences ponderosa pine in the potential plant community necessary. • Rock outcrop • If this unit is disturbed, slopes are likely to be • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or unstable. more than 50 percent • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but have a Suitable management practices: cobbly or gravelly surface layer • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but are less have achieved sufficient growth. than 20 inches deep to bedrock and have more than 35 • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred percent rock fragments in the lower part forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Soils that are on south-facing slopes • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Use surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Livestock grazing • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 57

droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or growing season. more than 50 percent • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but have a cobbly or gravelly surface layer 15F—Booth complex, 30 to 50 percent • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but have south slopes bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and have more than 35 percent rock fragments in the lower part Composition • Soils that are on north-facing slopes Booth soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Major Use Booth soil, thick surface, and similar inclusions—40 Livestock grazing percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Booth Soils Slope, water erosion, stones on the surface, permeability, shrink-swell potential, depth to Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides bedrock, available water capacity, depth to the Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt claypan Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Booth soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber Typical profile of the Booth soil: needlegrass 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam Booth soil, thick surface—bluebunch wheatgrass, 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay mountain big sagebrush 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered Livestock Grazing tuff General management considerations: 26 inches—unweathered tuff • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Typical profile of the Booth soil, thick surface: • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very stony loam ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay accessible areas on side slopes. 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of tuff the unit. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Depth class: Booth soil—moderately deep (20 to 40 limit the period of plant growth. inches) to bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to • Some areas of this unit have a thinner surface layer the claypan; Booth soil, thick surface—moderately because of past erosion. These areas support deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, shallow (7 to 20 dominantly low sagebrush. inches) to the claypan • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Drainage class: Well drained • The very stony surface layer and the steepness of Permeability: Slow slope restrict the operation of ground seeding Available water capacity: About 3 inches equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Hazard of erosion by water: Severe should be used. Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil • The earlier growing season in areas on south-facing Contrasting Inclusions slopes permits earlier grazing in these areas than in areas on north-facing slopes; however, droughtiness is • Royst soils that are on hills and have ponderosa pine a limitation earlier in the growing season in areas on in the potential plant community south-facing slopes than in those on north-facing • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big slopes. sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts ponderosa pine in the potential plant community when dry, which makes special design of fences • Rock outcrop necessary 58 Soil Survey

• If this unit is disturbed, slopes are likely to be (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, claypan at the unstable. surface Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Slow • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Available water capacity: About 3 inches have achieved sufficient growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Booth soil—moderate; • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the Booth soil, eroded—severe preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil to withstand grazing pressure. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Contrasting Inclusions existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Bullump soils that are on hills and mountains and surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate community droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain growing season. big sagebrush, curlleaf mountainmahogany, and scattered ponderosa pine in the potential plant 16C—Booth complex, 2 to 15 percent community slopes, eroded • Rock outcrop • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Composition • Soils that are similar to the Booth soils but have a Booth soil and similar inclusions—50 percent gravelly or cobbly surface layer Booth soil, eroded, and similar inclusions—35 percent Major Use Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Booth Soils Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on hills and mountains Depth to the claypan, stones on the surface, Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff permeability, depth to bedrock, shrink-swell Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet potential, available water capacity, water erosion Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile of the Booth soil: Livestock Grazing 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay General management considerations: 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered limit the period of plant growth. tuff • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Typical profile of the Booth soil, eroded: • Past erosion in areas of the Booth soil, eroded, has 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown silty clay exposed the clayey layer. 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay • A plant cover is difficult to establish on the Booth 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay soil, eroded, because of the clayey layer. 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water tuff impoundments. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • The soils expand when wet and contract when dry, Depth class: Booth soil—moderately deep (20 to 40 which can rip and tear plant roots and damage inches) to bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to structures and makes special design of fences the claypan; Booth soil, eroded—moderately deep necessary. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 59

• Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Characteristics of the Nuss Soil the unit. Position on landscape: Hills • The very stony surface layer of the Booth soil Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Climatic factors: used. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Suitable management practices: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Frost-free period—50 to 70 days have achieved sufficient growth. Typical profile: • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 19 inches—tuff • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool Drainage class: Well drained growing season. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 2 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 17E—Booth-Nuss complex, 5 to 30 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Bullump soils that are on hills and mountains and Composition have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community Booth soil and similar inclusions—55 percent • Itca soils that are near the Booth soil Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent • Rock outcrop Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more Characteristics of the Booth Soil than 30 percent • Soils that are similar to the Booth and Nuss soils but Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches of have a cobbly surface layer hills and mountains • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet • Soils that are similar to the Nuss soil but have Climatic factors: bedrock at a depth of 4 to 10 inches Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Livestock grazing Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam Major Management Factors 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay Booth soil—water erosion, slope, depth to the claypan, 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay depth to bedrock, stones on the surface, 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered permeability, shrink-swell potential, available water tuff capacity 26 inches—unweathered tuff Nuss soil—water erosion, slope, depth to bedrock, Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to available water capacity bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the claypan Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Drainage class: Well drained Community Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 3 inches Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch Hazard of erosion by water: Severe wheatgrass Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, inches mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass 60 Soil Survey

Livestock Grazing Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Typical profile: limit the period of plant growth. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay the unit. 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered • The claypan in the Booth soil restricts rooting depth. tuff • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated 26 inches—unweathered tuff following snowmelt. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the Booth soil are the result of past erosion. claypan • The very stony surface layer of the Booth soil Drainage class: Well drained restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Permeability: Slow Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Available water capacity: About 3 inches used. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The subsoil of the Booth soil expands when wet and Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 contracts when dry, which makes special design of inches fences necessary. • The shallow depth of the Nuss soil limits placement Characteristics of the Nuss Soil of fenceposts. Position on landscape: Hillsides • Seeding areas of the more favorable Nuss soil in this Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt unit is difficult because of the pattern in which they Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet occur with areas of the less favorable Booth soil. Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F have achieved sufficient growth. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and the Typical profile: preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 19 inches—tuff shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock growing season. Drainage class: Well drained • Improve areas of the Nuss soil that are heavily Permeability: Moderate infested with undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, Available water capacity: About 2 inches beating, or applying chemicals. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Contrasting Inclusions 18F—Booth-Nuss complex, 30 to 50 percent north slopes • Bullump soils that are on hills and mountains and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community Composition • Itca soils that are near the Booth soil Booth soil and similar inclusions—55 percent • Rock outcrop Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Soils on south-facing slopes • Soils that are similar to the Booth and Nuss soils but Characteristics of the Booth Soil have a cobbly surface layer Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet • Soils that are similar to the Nuss soil but have Climatic factors: bedrock at a depth of 4 to 10 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 61

Major Use • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Livestock grazing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Management Factors existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Booth soil—water erosion, slope, depth to the claypan, • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate depth to bedrock, stones on the surface, shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool permeability, shrink-swell potential, available water growing season. capacity • Improve areas of the Nuss soil that are heavily Nuss soil—water erosion, slope, depth to bedrock, infested with undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, available water capacity beating, or applying chemicals. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 19F—Booth-Nuss complex, 30 to 50 Booth soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, percent south slopes Idaho fescue Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Composition mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass Booth soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Livestock Grazing Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Characteristics of the Booth Soil limit the period of plant growth. Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt begins later in spring and moisture is available until Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet later in summer on these slopes than on the south- Climatic factors: facing slopes. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Livestock herd and graze in easily accessible areas Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Frost-free period—50 to 70 days accessible areas on side slopes. Typical profile: • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam the unit. 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay • The claypan in the Booth soil restricts rooting depth. 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the tuff result of past erosion. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to following snowmelt. bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the • The subsoil of the Booth soil expands when wet and claypan contracts when dry, which makes special design of Drainage class: Well drained fences necessary. Permeability: Slow • The shallow depth of the Nuss soil limits placement Available water capacity: About 3 inches of fenceposts. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding inches should be used. • Seeding areas of the more favorable Nuss soil in this Characteristics of the Nuss Soil unit is difficult because of the pattern in which they Position on landscape: Hillsides occur with areas of the less favorable Booth soil. Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt • If this unit is disturbed, slopes are likely to be Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet unstable. Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F have achieved sufficient growth. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days 62 Soil Survey

Typical profile: • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly the unit. loam • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam • The claypan in the Booth soil restricts rooting depth. 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the 19 inches—tuff result of past erosion. Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated Drainage class: Well drained following snowmelt. Permeability: Moderate • The subsoil of the Booth soil expands when wet and Available water capacity: About 2 inches contracts when dry, which makes special design of Hazard of erosion by water: Severe fences necessary. • The shallow depth of the Nuss soil limits placement Contrasting Inclusions of fenceposts. • Bullump soils that are on hills and mountains and • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding community should be used. • Itca soils that are near the Booth soil • Seeding areas of the more favorable Nuss • Rock outcrop soil in this unit is difficult because of the pattern in • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent which they occur with areas of the less favorable • Soils on north-facing slopes Booth soil. • Soils that are similar to the Booth and Nuss soils but • The earlier growing season in the areas on south- have a cobbly surface layer facing slopes permits earlier grazing in these areas • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have than in areas on north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more limitation earlier in the growing season in areas on • Soils that are similar to the Nuss soil but have south-facing slopes than in areas on north-facing bedrock at a depth of 4 to 10 inches slopes. • If this unit is disturbed, slopes are likely to be Major Use unstable. Livestock grazing Suitable management practices: Major Management Factors • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Booth soil—water erosion, slope, depth to the claypan, • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and depth to bedrock, stones on the surface, the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing permeability, shrink-swell potential, available water pressure. capacity • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Nuss soil—water erosion, slope, depth to bedrock, existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the available water capacity surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Community shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool growing season. Booth soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, • Improve areas of the Nuss soil that are heavily Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber infested with undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, needlegrass beating, or applying chemicals. Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass Livestock Grazing 20C—Booth-Rock outcrop complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Composition limit the period of plant growth. • Livestock herd and graze in easily accessible areas Booth soil and similar inclusions—45 percent on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Rock outcrop—40 percent accessible areas on side slopes. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 63

Characteristics of the Booth Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on General management considerations: hills and mountains • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet following snowmelt. Climatic factors: • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches impoundments. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Frost-free period—50 to 90 days limit the period of plant growth. Typical profile: • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam when dry, which makes special design of fences 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay necessary. 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered result of past erosion. tuff • The very stony surface layer of the Booth soil and 26 inches—unweathered tuff the areas of Rock outcrop restrict the operation of Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the broadcast seeding should be used. claypan Suitable management practices: Drainage class: Well drained • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Permeability: Slow have achieved sufficient growth. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool hills and mountains growing season. Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff Contrasting Inclusions 21F—Booth-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to • Bullump and Nuss soils that are on hills and 50 percent north slopes mountains and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community Composition • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more Booth soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Rubble land Rock outcrop—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Use Characteristics of the Booth Soil Livestock grazing Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides Major Management Factors Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Depth to the claypan, permeability, stones on the Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet surface, shrink-swell potential, depth to bedrock, Climatic factors: available water capacity, Rock outcrop Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Community Typical profile: Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam wheatgrass 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay 64 Soil Survey

12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered limit the period of plant growth. tuff • The growing season on the north-facing slopes 26 inches—unweathered tuff begins later in spring and moisture is available until Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to later in summer on these slopes than on the south- bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the facing slopes. claypan • Livestock herd and graze in easily accessible areas Drainage class: Well drained on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Permeability: Slow accessible areas on side slopes. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Hazard of erosion by water: Severe the unit. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the inches result of past erosion. • The claypan and bedrock in the Booth soil restrict Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop rooting depth. Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides, • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated escarpments following snowmelt. Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff • The areas of Rock outcrop and the steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground seeding Contrasting Inclusions equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding • Bullump soils that are on hills and mountains and should be used. have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant • If the Booth soil is disturbed, slopes are likely to be community unstable. • Deep soils that are along narrow stream channels Suitable management practices: and have basin wildrye and mountain big sagebrush in • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants the potential plant community have achieved sufficient growth. • Itca soils that are near areas of the Booth soil • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred • Very shallow soils that are near areas of Rock forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. outcrop • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the more than 50 percent surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have a • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate cobbly or gravelly surface layer shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool • Rubble land growing season. • Soils on south-facing slopes that have dominantly bluebunch wheatgrass and low sagebrush or mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community 22F—Booth-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to Major Use 50 percent south slopes Livestock grazing Composition Major Management Factors Booth soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Slope, water erosion, stones on the surface, Rock outcrop—40 percent permeability, depth to bedrock, depth to the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent claypan, shrink-swell potential, available water Characteristics of the Booth Soil capacity, Rock outcrop Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Community Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch Climatic factors: wheatgrass Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Livestock Grazing Frost-free period—50 to 70 days General management considerations: Typical profile: Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 65

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam Livestock Grazing 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay General management considerations: 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered limit the period of plant growth. tuff • Livestock herd and graze in easily accessible areas 26 inches—unweathered tuff on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to accessible areas on side slopes. bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of claypan the unit. Drainage class: Well drained • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Permeability: Slow result of past erosion. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The claypan and bedrock in the Booth soil restrict Hazard of erosion by water: Severe rooting depth. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated inches following snowmelt. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop • The earlier growing season on the south-facing slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides, on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation escarpments earlier in the growing season on the south-facing Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Contrasting Inclusions • The areas of Rock outcrop and steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. • Bullump soils that are on hillsides and mountainsides Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant used. community. • If the Booth is disturbed, slopes are likely to be • Deep soils that are along narrow stream channels unstable. and have basin wildrye and mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community. Suitable management practices: • Itca soils that are near the Booth soils • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Very shallow soils that are near areas of Rock have achieved sufficient growth. outcrop • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. more than 50 percent • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but that have existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the a cobbly or gravelly surface layer. surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Rubble land • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Soils on north-facing slopes that have dominantly shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool Idaho fescue and low sagebrush or mountain big growing season. sagebrush in the potential plant community Major Use 23C—Booth-Nuss-Royst association, 0 to Livestock grazing 15 percent slopes Major Management Factors Composition Slope, water erosion, stones on the surface, Booth soil and similar inclusions—40 percent permeability, depth to bedrock, depth to the Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent claypan, shrink-swell potential, available water Royst soil and similar inclusions—20 percent capacity, Rock outcrop Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Characteristics of the Booth Soil Community Booth soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber hills and mountains needlegrass Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff 66 Soil Survey

Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet 4 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay Climatic factors: 27 to 29 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches 29 inches—tuff Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Frost-free period—50 to 70 days bedrock Typical profile: Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam Permeability: Slow 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay Available water capacity: About 3 inches 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 27 tuff inches 26 inches—unweathered tuff Contrasting Inclusions Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the • Booth soils that have a thick surface layer and have claypan mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant Drainage class: Well drained community Permeability: Slow • Winterim soils that are near the upper elevations and Available water capacity: About 3 inches are on north-facing slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Rock outcrop Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent inches • Soils that are similar to the Nuss soil but have stones and cobbles throughout Characteristics of the Nuss Soil • Soils that are similar to the Royst soil but have Position on landscape: Convex areas of hills bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt Major Uses Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Booth and Nuss soils—livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Royst soil—livestock grazing, woodland Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Booth soil—depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam permeability, available water capacity, stones on 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam the surface, shrink-swell potential, water erosion 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff Nuss soil—depth to bedrock, available water capacity, 19 inches—unweathered tuff stones on the surface, water erosion Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Royst soil—stones on the surface and in the soil, Drainage class: Well drained permeability, available water capacity, shrink-swell Permeability: Moderate potential, water erosion, depth to bedrock Available water capacity: About 2 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Community Characteristics of the Royst Soil Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Position on landscape: Concave areas of hills Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass tuff, basalt Royst soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet antelope bitterbrush, Ross sedge Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Livestock Grazing Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Booth, Nuss, and Royst soils Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: General management considerations: 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine needles and twigs, • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season mountain big sagebrush leaves limit the period of plant growth. 0 to 4 inches—black very stony loam • The bedrock and claypan in the Booth soil restrict Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 67

rooting depth. • To reduce compaction, use designated skid trails and • The bedrock in the Nuss and Royst soils restricts low-pressure ground equipment and avoid logging in rooting depth. spring when the soil is wet. • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated • To reduce compaction, adjust yarding operations to following snowmelt. the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of fragments in the surface layer. the unit. • The very stony or stony surface layer restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods 24E—Booth-Nuss-Royst association, 15 such as broadcast seeding should be used. to 40 percent south slopes • The subsoil in the Booth and Royst soils expands when wet and contracts when dry, which makes Composition special design of fences necessary. Booth soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Nuss soil limits Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent placement of fenceposts. Royst soil and similar inclusions—20 percent • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Contrasting inclusions—10 percent impoundments. Characteristics of the Booth Soil Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Position on landscape: Foot slopes and less sloping have achieved sufficient growth. areas on hills and mountains • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and the Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Climatic factors: existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Frost-free period—50 to 70 days droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Typical profile: growing season. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay Woodland 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay Royst soil 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered tuff Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual 26 inches—unweathered tuff increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to ponderosa pine at age 50 bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre claypan per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 Drainage class: Well drained General management considerations: Permeability: Slow • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Cuts and fills are stable. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 • Rock fragments on the surface can make tree inches planting and the operation of ground seeding equipment difficult. Characteristics of the Nuss Soil • Because this soil is hot in summer and droughty, Position on landscape: Convex areas, ridges, and more larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting steeply sloping areas on hills rate, or additional plantings may be needed. Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt Suitable management practices: Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet • Reduce competing vegetation by mechanical or Climatic factors: chemical treatment or by livestock grazing. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Frost-free period—50 to 70 days and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Typical profile: surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam 68 Soil Survey

3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam surface, water erosion, slope, depth to the 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff claypan, depth to bedrock, permeability, shrink- 19 inches—tuff swell potential Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Nuss soil—available water capacity, stones on the Drainage class: Well drained surface, slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock Permeability: Moderate Royst soil—available water capacity, slope, water Available water capacity: About 2 inches erosion, stones on the surface and in the soil, Hazard of erosion by water: Severe permeability, shrink-swell potential, depth to bedrock Characteristics of the Royst Soil Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Position on landscape: Concave areas on hills Community Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— tuff, basalt Booth soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Idaho fescue Climatic factors: Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Royst soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days antelope bitterbrush, Ross sedge Typical profile: Livestock Grazing 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine needles and twigs, mountain big sagebrush leaves Booth, Nuss, and Royst soils 0 to 4 inches—black very stony loam General management considerations: 4 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 27 to 29 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff limit the period of plant growth. 29 inches—tuff • The bedrock and claypan in the Booth soil restrict Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to rooting depth. bedrock • The bedrock in the Nuss and Royst soils restricts Drainage class: Well drained rooting depth. Permeability: Slow • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated Available water capacity: About 3 inches following snowmelt. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 27 the unit. inches • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Contrasting Inclusions slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation • Booth soils that have a thick surface layer and have earlier in the growing season on the south-facing mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant slopes than on the north-facing slopes. community • The very stony or stony surface layer and the • Winterim soils that are near the higher elevations or steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground are on north-facing slopes seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast • Rock outcrop seeding should be used. • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or • The subsoil in the Booth and Royst soils expands more than 40 percent when wet and contracts when dry, which makes • Soils that are similar to the Nuss soil but have special design of fences necessary. stones and cobbles throughout • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Nuss soil limits • Soils that are similar to the Royst soil but have placement of fenceposts and makes special design of bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more fences necessary. Major Uses Suitable management practices: Booth and Nuss soils—livestock grazing • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Royst soil—livestock grazing, woodland have achieved sufficient growth. • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and the Major Management Factors preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Booth soil—available water capacity, stones on the • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 69

existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Characteristics of the Booth Soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Position on landscape: Less sloping areas on hillsides • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate and mountainsides droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff growing season. Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Woodland Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Royst soil Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Frost-free period—50 to 70 days increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for Typical profile: ponderosa pine at age 50 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam Estimated yield per acre (Scribner rule): 150 board feet 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered General management considerations: tuff • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • Cuts and fills slough when wet. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the • The rock fragments on the surface can make tree claypan planting and the operation of ground seeding equipment Drainage class: Well drained difficult. Permeability: Slow • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling Available water capacity: About 3 inches survival. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 to allow for long-term establishment of plants. inches • Because soils on south-facing slopes are hotter in summer and droughty, larger than normal planting Characteristics of the Nuss Soil stock, a higher planting rate, or additional plantings Position on landscape: Convex areas and more steeply may be needed. sloping areas on hillsides Suitable management practices: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • To reduce compaction, displacement, and erosion, tuff, basalt use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet equipment and avoid logging in spring when the soil is Climatic factors: wet. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil Frost-free period—50 to 70 days surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. Typical profile: • Reduce competing vegetation by mechanical or 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam chemical treatment or by livestock grazing. 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam • Use shade cards to increases seedling survival. 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff • To reduce compaction, adjust yarding operations to 19 inches—tuff the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock fragments in the surface layer. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 2 inches 24G—Booth-Nuss-Royst association, 40 Hazard of erosion by water: Severe to 60 percent south slopes Characteristics of the Royst Soil Composition Position on landscape: Concave areas on hills Booth soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent tuff, basalt Royst soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Climatic factors: 70 Soil Survey

Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Royst soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F antelope bitterbrush, Ross sedge Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Livestock Grazing Typical profile: 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine needles and twigs, Booth, Nuss, and Royst soils mountain big sagebrush leaves General management considerations: 0 to 4 inches—black very stony loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 4 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay limit the period of plant growth. 27 to 29 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff • The bedrock and claypan in the Booth soil restrict 29 inches—tuff rooting depth. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • The bedrock in the Nuss and Royst soils restricts bedrock rooting depth. Drainage class: Well drained • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated Permeability: Slow following snowmelt. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Hazard of erosion by water: Severe the unit. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 27 • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on inches ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Contrasting Inclusions accessible areas on side slopes. • The earlier growing season on the south-facing • Booth soils that have a thick surface layer and have slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation earlier community in the growing season on the south-facing slopes than • Winterim soils that are near the higher elevations in on the north-facing slopes. this unit and are on north-facing slopes • The very stony or stony surface layer and the • Rock outcrop steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent or seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast more than 60 percent seeding should be used. • Soils that are similar to the Nuss soil but have • The subsoil of the Booth and Royst soils expands stones and cobbles throughout when wet and contracts when dry, which makes • Soils that are similar to the Royst soil but have special design of fences necessary. bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Nuss soil limits Major Uses placement of fenceposts. Booth and Nuss soils—livestock grazing Suitable management practices: Royst soil—livestock grazing, woodland • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Major Management Factors • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and the Booth soil—slope, water erosion, available water preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. capacity, stones on the surface, depth to the • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the claypan, depth to bedrock, permeability existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter Nuss soil—slope, water erosion, available water on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant capacity, stones on the surface, depth to bedrock cover. Royst soil—slope, water erosion, available water • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate capacity, stones on the surface and in the soil, shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool permeability, depth to bedrock growing season. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Woodland Community Royst soil Booth soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for needlegrass ponderosa pine at age 50 Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Estimated yield per acre (Scribner rule): 150 board feet mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 71

General management considerations: 24 to 26 inches—olive brown partially weathered • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. tuff • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • The rock fragments on the surface can make tree bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the planting difficult. claypan • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling Drainage class: Well drained survival. Permeability: Slow • To minimize soil displacement, cable yarding Available water capacity: About 3 inches systems should be used. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 to allow for long-term establishment of plants. inches • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop or chemical treatment or by livestock grazing. • Because the south-facing slopes are hotter in Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides, summer and droughty, larger than normal planting escarpments stock, a higher planting rate, or additional plantings Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff may be needed. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • Bullump soils that are on hillsides and mountainsides • To reduce compaction, adjust yarding operations to and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock community fragments in the surface layer. • Deep soils that are along narrow stream channels • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by and have basin wildrye and mountain big sagebrush in seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil the potential plant community surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. • Itca soils • Use shade cards to increase seedling survival. • Very shallow soils near the Rock outcrop • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or 25F—Booth-Rock outcrop association, 30 more than 50 percent to 50 percent slopes • Rubble land • Soils that are very cobbly or very gravelly loam in the upper part Composition Major Use Booth soil, north slopes, and similar inclusions—35 percent Livestock grazing Booth soil, south slopes, and similar inclusions—30 Major Management Factors percent Rock outcrop—25 percent Slope, water erosion, stones on the surface, Contrasting inclusions—10 percent permeability, depth to bedrock, depth to the claypan, shrink-swell potential, Rock outcrop Characteristics of the Booth Soils Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Position on landscape: North-facing and south-facing Community hillsides and mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Booth soil, north slopes—Idaho fescue, low Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Climatic factors: Booth soil, south slopes—bluebunch wheatgrass, low Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches sagebrush, Idaho fescue Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 Livestock Grazing degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay accessible areas on side slopes. 72 Soil Survey

• Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to the unit. bedrock • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Permeability: Slow result of past erosion. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on Depth to seasonal high water table: December to the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation June—6 inches above the surface to 36 inches earlier in the growing season on the south-facing below the surface; rest of year—more than 36 slopes than on the north-facing slopes. inches • The very stony surface layer, areas of Rock outcrop, Frequency of flooding: Rare and steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 12 and seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast 36 inches seeding should be used. Salinity: Upper 36 inches—strongly saline; below this depth—moderately saline Suitable management practices: Sodicity: Strongly sodic • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently have achieved sufficient growth. effervescent • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Contrasting Inclusions • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Crump soils that are on lower alluvial flats and have existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter bulrushes and cattails in the potential plant community on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant • Pit soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats and have cover. sedges and rushes in the potential plant community • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Icene soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool terraces and have shadscale and black greasewood in growing season. the potential plant community Major Uses 26A—Boravall silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Major Management Factors Composition Wetness, available water capacity, salinity, sodicity, Boravall soil and similar inclusions—85 percent permeability, shrink-swell potential, frost action Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Characteristics of the Boravall Soil Community Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— cordgrass tuff, basalt Livestock Grazing Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Frost-free period—90 to 110 days nesting for waterfowl. Typical profile: • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam and puddling of the surface. 6 to 12 inches—dark brown silt loam • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient 12 to 19 inches—very dark gray and brown silty imbalances and a caustic root environment. clay • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce 19 to 36 inches—very dark gray and light yellowish infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and brown silty clay survival. 36 to 60 inches—light brownish yellow, brown, and • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants very dark gray silt loam and limit seedling survival. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 73

• Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel strongly effervescent; below this depth—violently and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of effervescent noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Contrasting Inclusions aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Mudpot soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats and • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. do not have shrubs in the potential plant community • Plants on this soil are subject to winterkill and other Major Uses damage because of the high potential for frost action. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Suitable management practices: • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Major Management Factors prevent damage to the soil and plants. Permeability, shrink-swell potential, wetness, clayey • If this soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate surface layer strong sodicity, strong salinity, wetness, and frost heaving and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 27A—Boulder Lake silty clay, 0 to 2 Nevada bluegrass, creeping wildrye, silver sagebrush percent slopes Livestock Grazing General management considerations: Composition • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Boulder Lake soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent nesting for waterfowl. • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Characteristics of the Boulder Lake Soil and puddling of the surface. • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins and which can rip and tear plant roots. in depressional areas of tablelands • A high water table and ponding during the growing Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— season restrict the rooting depth for non-water tolerant basalt, tuff plants. Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Climatic factors: limit the period of plant growth. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 47 degrees F which makes special design of fences necessary. Frost-free period—50 to 90 days • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Typical profile: protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 0 to 2 inches—grayish brown silty clay material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 2 to 35 inches—grayish brown, mottled silty clay steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 35 to 60 inches—brown silty clay loam • This soil generally is not suited to growing trees and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings. bedrock Onsite investigation is needed to determine whether Drainage class: Poorly drained trees and shrubs can be grown if special treatment is Permeability: Very slow used. Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Suitable management practices: Depth to perched water table: December to June—6 • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to inches above the surface to 18 inches below the prevent damage to the soil and plants. surface; rest of year—more than 18 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Shrink-swell potential: High wetness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool growing Carbonates: Between depths of 28 and 42 inches— season and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. 74 Soil Survey

28C—Brace-Coglin complex, 2 to 15 claypan, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 30 percent slopes inches) to secondary lime Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Composition Available water capacity: About 4 inches Brace soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Coglin soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 2 and 7 Contrasting inclusions—15 percent inches Carbonates: Between depths of 16 and 60 inches— Characteristics of the Brace Soil strongly effervescent Position on landscape: Tablelands Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— basalt, tuff • Deseed soils that are near the higher elevations in Elevation: 4,800 to 5,100 feet this unit Climatic factors: • Freznik soils that are near the higher elevations and Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches have low sagebrush in the potential plant community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Raz soils Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Soils that are similar to the Coglin soil but have Typical profile: bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 40 to 60 inches 0 to 3 inches—dark brown loam Major Use 3 to 9 inches—dark brown cobbly loam 9 to 19 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Livestock grazing 19 to 25 inches—yellowish brown extremely Major Management Factors gravelly loam 25 to 35 inches—indurated hardpan Brace soil—available water capacity, depth to the 35 inches—basalt hardpan, calcareous layer, water erosion, depth to Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 37 inches) to the bedrock hardpan; moderately deep to bedrock (22 to 40 Coglin soil—stones on the surface, calcareous layer, inches) permeability, water erosion, shrink-swell potential, Drainage class: Well drained depth to the claypan Permeability: Moderately slow Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Available water capacity: About 4 inches Community Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 25 inches— Brace soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big violently effervescent sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail Characteristics of the Coglin Soil Coglin soil—black sagebrush, bottlebrush squirreltail, Position on landscape: Tablelands Sandberg bluegrass Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Livestock Grazing basalt, tuff Elevation: 4,800 to 5,100 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • The low precipitation and low available water Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Seeding areas of the more favorable Brace soil in Frost-free period—70 to 90 days this unit is difficult because of the pattern in which they Typical profile: occur with areas of the less favorable Coglin soil. 0 to 2 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam • The calcareous lower layer in the Brace and Coglin 2 to 7 inches—dark brown clay soils and the thin surface layer and very shallow depth 7 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay to the claypan in the Coglin soil restrict rooting depth. loam • The surface layer of the Coglin soil is saturated 16 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay following snowmelt. loam • Crusting of the surface of the Coglin soil reduces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to infiltration and restricts seedling emergence and bedrock, very shallow (2 to 5 inches) to the survival. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 75

• The extremely stony surface layer of the Coglin soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 25 inches— Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be violently effervescent used. Characteristics of the Raz Soil • The depth to bedrock in the Brace soil limits construction of water impoundments. Position on landscape: Tablelands • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Parent material: Kind—alluvium, colluvium; source— protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive basalt, tuff material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Elevation: 4,800 to 5,100 feet steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Climatic factors: • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Suitable management practices: Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Delay grazing until the Coglin soil is firm and the Typical profile: preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 3 to 13 inches—dark brown cobbly clay loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 13 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. clay loam • If the Brace soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate 18 to 21 inches—indurated hardpan droughtiness. 21 inches—basalt Depth class: Shallow (10 to 18 inches) to the hardpan, 29C—Brace-Raz complex, 2 to 15 percent moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 2 inches Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Brace soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Contrasting Inclusions Raz soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Coglin soils that are on tablelands and have black sagebrush in the potential plant community Characteristics of the Brace Soil • Mudpot soils that are in small closed basins and do Position on landscape: Tablelands not have shrubs in the potential plant community Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Ratto soils that are on tablelands basalt, tuff • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more Elevation: 4,800 to 5,100 feet than 15 percent Climatic factors: • Soils that are similar to the Brace soil but have Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 40 inches or more Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Typical profile: Livestock grazing 0 to 3 inches—dark brown loam Major Management Factors 3 to 9 inches—dark brown cobbly loam 9 to 19 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Brace soil—calcareous layer, available water capacity, 19 to 25 inches—yellowish brown extremely depth to the hardpan, depth to bedrock, water gravelly loam erosion 25 to 35 inches—indurated hardpan Raz soil—depth to the hardpan, available water 35 inches—basalt capacity, depth to bedrock, water erosion Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 37 inches) to the Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant hardpan, moderately deep (22 to 40 inches) to Community bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Brace and Raz soils—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming Permeability: Moderately slow big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, Indian Available water capacity: About 4 inches ricegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail 76 Soil Survey

Livestock Grazing 40 to 60 inches—strongly cemented hardpan that includes weakly cemented material General management considerations: Depth class: Shallow (14 to 20 inches) to the hardpan; • The low precipitation and low available water very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Drainage class: Well drained • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Permeability: Slow limit the period of plant growth. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • The hardpan in the Raz soil restricts rooting depth. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • The calcareous lower layer and hardpan in the Brace Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 2 and 15 soil restrict rooting depth. inches • The shallow depth to the hardpan in the Raz soil limits placement of fenceposts. Contrasting Inclusions • Development of water impoundments is restricted by • Spangenburg soils that are on basin terraces and the depth to bedrock. have basin wildrye and Indian ricegrass in the potential • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, plant community protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive • Anawalt soils that are on higher tablelands and have material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized low sagebrush in the potential plant community steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Jesse Camp soils that are on basin terraces and • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. have basin wildrye and basin big sagebrush in the Suitable management practices: potential plant community • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent and existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the are adjacent to drainageways surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Major Use • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. Livestock grazing Major Management Factors 30B—Buffaran gravelly loam, 0 to 5 Depth to the hardpan, available water capacity, percent slopes permeability, shrink-swell potential Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Buffaran soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush Characteristics of the Buffaran Soil squirreltail Position on landscape: Fans Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt, General management considerations: andesite, rhyolite • The hardpan restricts rooting depth. Elevation: 5,200 to 5,260 feet • Unless the hardpan is ripped, it limits construction of Climatic factors: water impoundments. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The low precipitation and low available water Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Typical profile: protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 0 to 2 inches—brown and dark grayish brown material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized gravelly loam steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 2 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown and dark • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. yellowish brown clay loam 8 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam Suitable management practices: 15 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly • If this soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate clay loam droughtiness. 17 to 40 inches—indurated hardpan • Improve areas that are heavily infested with Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 77

undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant applying chemicals. Community Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch 31E—Bullump very stony loam, 5 to 30 wheatgrass percent slopes Livestock Grazing General management considerations: Composition • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Bullump soil and similar inclusions—85 percent limit the period of plant growth. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of the unit. Characteristics of the Bullump Soil • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation Position on landscape: Hillsides and mountainsides of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— broadcast seeding should be used. tuff, rhyolite, basalt • The rock fragments on the surface and in the soil Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet restrict the placement of fenceposts. Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F have achieved sufficient growth. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Typical profile: existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. stony loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very cool growing season. gravelly clay loam 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly clay loam 32E—Bullump gravelly loam, high 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely elevation, 10 to 40 percent slopes gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Composition bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Bullump soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: About 5 inches Characteristics of the Bullump Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe Position on landscape: Mountainsides Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Booth soils that are on hillsides and mountainsides rhyolite, tuff and have low sagebrush in the potential plant Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet community Climatic factors: • Nuss soils that are on hillsides and have curlleaf Mean annual precipitation—22 to 25 inches mountainmahogany and scattered ponderosa pine in Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F the potential plant community Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Soils that are similar to the Bullump soil but have Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches through April; more than 48 inches—January • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more through March than 30 percent Typical profile: 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly Major Use loam Livestock grazing 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly clay loam Major Management Factors 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very Slope, water erosion, stones on the surface gravelly clay loam 78 Soil Survey

42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Characteristics of the Bullump Soil gravelly loam Position on landscape: Hillsides and mountainsides Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— bedrock basalt, rhyolite, tuff Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Permeability: Moderately slow Climatic factors: Available water capacity: About 5 inches Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: • Chocktoot, Hallihan, Hammersley, and Kittleson soils 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly that are on north-facing slopes and have white fir and loam ponderosa pine in the potential plant community 3 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very • Soils that are similar to the Bullump soil but have gravelly clay loam bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very • Soils that have slopes of more than 40 percent gravelly clay loam Major Use 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly loam Livestock grazing Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Major Management Factors bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Water erosion, slope Permeability: Moderately slow Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Available water capacity: About 5 inches Community Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe Idaho fescue, mountain brome, common snowberry, Contrasting Inclusions lupine, mulesear wyethia, mountain big sagebrush, • Bullump soils that are on mountainsides and have Ross sedge mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant Livestock Grazing community • Redcanyon soils that are on south-facing slopes and General management considerations: have Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season community limit the period of plant growth. • Rock outcrop • The remoteness of this unit and its proximity to forested areas make range seeding difficult. Major Use Suitable management practices: Livestock grazing • Delay grazing until summer when forage plants have Major Management Factors achieved sufficient growth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Slope, water erosion existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Community • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a short, cool growing season. Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Livestock Grazing 33G—Bullump gravelly loam, thin surface, General management considerations: 30 to 70 percent north slopes • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season limit the period of plant growth. Composition • The growing season on the north-facing slopes begins later in spring and moisture is available until Bullump soil and similar inclusions—85 percent later in summer on these slopes than on south-facing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent slopes. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 79

• The thin surface layer restricts rooting depth. Characteristics of the Nuss Soil • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Position on landscape: Hillsides result of past erosion. Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Climatic factors: should be used. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • The rock fragments in the soil restrict the placement Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F of fenceposts. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Suitable management practices: Typical profile: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam have achieved sufficient growth. 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter tuff on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 19 inches—tuff • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock cool growing season. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 2 inches 34G—Bullump-Nuss-Rock outcrop Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe complex, 30 to 70 percent north slopes Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop Composition Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt Bullump soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Contrasting Inclusions Rock outcrop—20 percent • Booth soils that are on less sloping hillsides and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent mountainsides and have low sagebrush in the potential Characteristics of the Bullump Soil plant community • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides more than 70 percent Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Rubble land rhyolite, tuff, basalt • Soils that are similar to the Bullump and Nuss soils Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet but are very stony or very cobbly throughout Climatic factors: • Soils that are similar to the Nuss soil but have Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches bedrock at a depth of 4 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Major Use Typical profile: Livestock grazing 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely gravelly loam Major Management Factors 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very Bullump soil—water erosion, slope, Rock outcrop gravelly clay loam Nuss soil—water erosion, slope, depth to bedrock, 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very available water capacity, stones on the surface, gravelly clay loam Rock outcrop 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Community bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Bullump soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Permeability: Moderately slow antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg bluegrass Available water capacity: About 5 inches Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass 80 Soil Survey

Livestock Grazing 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly clay loam General management considerations: 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season gravelly clay loam limit the period of plant growth. 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • The growing season on the north-facing slopes gravelly loam begins later in spring and moisture is available until Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to later in summer on these slopes than on the south- bedrock facing slopes. Drainage class: Well drained • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Permeability: Moderately slow ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Available water capacity: About 5 inches accessible areas on side slopes. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The steepness of slope and areas of Rock outcrop restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. Characteristics of the Nuss Soil Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Position on landscape: Hillsides used. Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Nuss soil Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet restricts rooting depth. Climatic factors: • The shallow depth of the Nuss soil, the rock Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches fragments in the Bullump soil, and the areas of Rock Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F outcrop limit placement of fenceposts and make Frost-free period—50 to 70 days special design of fences necessary. Typical profile: Suitable management practices: 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam have achieved sufficient growth. 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 19 inches—tuff existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Drainage class: Well drained • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Permeability: Moderate droughtiness and a cool growing season. Available water capacity: About 2 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 35F—Bullump-Nuss-Rock outcrop Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop complex, 30 to 50 percent south slopes Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides, escarpments Composition Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt Bullump soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Contrasting Inclusions Nuss soil and similar inclusions—25 percent • Lorella soils that are on the lower part of slopes and Rock outcrop—20 percent have scattered western juniper in the potential plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent community Characteristics of the Bullump Soil • Winterim soils that are on the upper part of slopes and have ponderosa pine and western juniper in the Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides potential plant community Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Royst soils that are on the upper part of hillsides and tuff, basalt, rhyolite mountainsides and have scattered ponderosa pine in Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet the potential plant community Climatic factors: • Booth soils that are on hillsides and mountainsides Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches and have low sagebrush or mountain big sagebrush in Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F the potential plant community Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Soils that are similar to the Bullump and Nuss soils Typical profile: but are very stony or very cobbly throughout 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent stony loam • Rubble land Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 81

Major Use Nuss soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Bullump Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Hillsides and mountainsides Bullump soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the that have slopes of 30 to 50 percent surface, Rock outcrop Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Nuss soil—slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, tuff, basalt, rhyolite available water capacity, Rock outcrop Elevation: 4,800 to 6,500 feet Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Climatic factors: Community Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Bullump soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Frost-free period—50 to 70 days sagebrush Typical profile: Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass stony loam Livestock Grazing 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly clay loam General management considerations: 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season gravelly clay loam limit the period of plant growth. 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on gravelly loam ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to accessible areas on side slopes. bedrock • The bedrock in the Nuss soil restricts rooting depth. Drainage class: Well drained • The steepness of slope, areas of Rock outcrop, and Permeability: Moderately slow stones on the surface restrict the operation of ground Available water capacity: About 5 inches seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast Hazard of erosion by water: Severe seeding should be used. • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than Position on landscape: Escarpments and on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation mountainsides that have slopes of 50 to 70 earlier in the growing season on the south-facing percent slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt • The shallow depth of the Nuss soil, rock fragments in the Bullump soil, and areas of Rock outcrop limit Characteristics of the Nuss Soil placement of fenceposts and make special design of fences necessary. Position on landscape: Hillsides that have slopes of 20 to 50 percent Suitable management practices: Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Elevation: 4,800 to 6,600 feet have achieved sufficient growth. Climatic factors: • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Typical profile: droughtiness and a cool growing season. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam 36G—Bullump-Rock outcrop-Nuss 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff complex, 20 to 70 percent south slopes 19 inches—tuff Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderate Bullump soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Available water capacity: About 2 inches Rock outcrop—25 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 82 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation • Redcanyon soils that are on the lower part of earlier in the growing season on the south-facing hillsides and have Wyoming big sagebrush in the slopes than on the north-facing slopes. potential plant community • The areas of Rock outcrop, stones on the surface, • Winterim soils that are on the upper part of and steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground mountainsides and have ponderosa pine and western seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast juniper in the potential plant community seeding should be used. • Eglirim soils that are on colluvial fans near the base of slopes and have Wyoming big sagebrush in the Suitable management practices: potential plant community • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Royst soils that are on the upper part of hillsides and have achieved sufficient growth. have scattered ponderosa pine in the potential plant • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the community existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Lorella soils that are on the lower part of hillsides surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. and mountainsides and have dominantly mountain big • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate sagebrush in the potential plant community droughtiness and a cool growing season. • Booth soils that are on hillsides and mountainsides and have low sagebrush or mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community 37E—Bullump-Sherval complex, 5 to 30 • Soils that are similar to the Bullump and Nuss soils percent slopes but are very stony or very cobbly throughout • Soils that have slopes of less than 20 percent Composition • Rubble land Bullump soil and similar inclusions—65 percent Major Use Sherval soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Bullump Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Hillsides, foot slopes Bullump soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— surface, Rock outcrop basalt, tuff, rhyolite Nuss soil—slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Rock outcrop Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Bullump soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Typical profile: sagebrush 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown very Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, stony loam Cusick bluegrass, curlleaf mountainmahogany 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very Livestock Grazing gravelly clay loam 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very General management considerations: gravelly clay loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely limit the period of plant growth. gravelly loam • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less bedrock accessible areas on side slopes. Drainage class: Well drained • The bedrock in the Nuss soil restricts rooting depth. Permeability: Moderately slow • The shallow depth of the Nuss soil, rock fragments Available water capacity: About 5 inches in the Bullump soil, and areas of Rock outcrop limit Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe placement of fenceposts and make special design of Characteristics of the Sherval Soil fences necessary. • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Position on landscape: Concave areas of Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 83

mountainsides and below escarpments on slopes common snowberry, slender wheatgrass, big of as much as 20 percent bluegrass, mountain big sagebrush Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Livestock Grazing Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 22 inches • Cold soil temperatures, a short growing season, and Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F an extended period of snowpack on the Sherval soil Frost-free period—30 to 50 days limit the period of plant growth. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • The very stony surface layer of the Bullump soil through March; more than 48 inches—January and restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. February Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Typical profile: used. 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed grass and • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a aspen leaves buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas 0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown very and disturbance of these areas should be kept to a cobbly loam minimum. 9 to 24 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam • The water table in the Sherval soil rises if trees are 24 to 38 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay removed. loam • Development of springs for livestock and wildlife is 38 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very feasible in areas of the Sherval soil. gravelly clay Suitable management practices: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants bedrock have achieved sufficient growth. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Allow the Sherval soil to drain adequately before Permeability: Slow grazing to prevent damage to the soil and plants. Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter Depth to seasonal high water table: January through on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant June—12 to 24 inches; rest of year—more than 24 cover. inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Contrasting Inclusions cool growing season. • Booth soils that are on hillsides and foot slopes and have low sagebrush in the potential plant community 38F—Bullump-Lorella association, 30 to • Nuss soils that are on hillsides and have curlleaf 50 percent slopes mountainmahogany in the potential plant community • Soils that are similar to the Bullump soil but have Composition bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches Bullump soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Major Use Lorella soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Bullump Soil Bullump soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the Position on landscape: North-facing slopes of hillsides surface and mountainsides Sherval soil—slope, water erosion, seasonal wetness, Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— permeability rhyolite, tuff, basalt Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Climatic factors: Community Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Bullump soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F antelope bitterbrush Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Sherval soil—quaking aspen, Leiberg bluegrass, Typical profile: 84 Soil Survey

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely Major Use gravelly loam Livestock grazing 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly clay loam Major Management Factors 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very Bullump soil—slope, water erosion gravelly clay loam Lorella soil—slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, gravelly loam permeability Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Drainage class: Well drained Community Permeability: Moderately slow Bullump soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Available water capacity: About 5 inches antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg bluegrass Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Lorella soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Characteristics of the Lorella Soil sagebrush Position on landscape: South-facing slopes of hillsides Livestock Grazing and mountainsides General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Cold soil temperatures on the Bullump soil limit plant tuff, basalt growth. Grazing should be delayed until the soil is Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet warm and sufficient growth of forage plants is Climatic factors: achieved. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Livestock prefer to graze in easily accessible areas Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Frost-free period—70 to 110 days accessible areas on side slopes. Typical profile: • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding 4 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam should be used. 19 inches—tuff • The bedrock in the Lorella soil restricts rooting Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock depth. Drainage class: Well drained • The low available water capacity of the Lorella soil Permeability: Slow limits forage production and seedling survival. Available water capacity: About 1 inch • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Lorella soil and Hazard of erosion by water: Severe rock fragments on the Bullump soil limit placement of Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and fenceposts and make special design of fences 19 inches necessary. Contrasting Inclusions • The earlier growing season on the south-facing slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on • Booth soils that are on north-facing hillsides and the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation mountainsides and have low sagebrush in the potential earlier in the growing season on the south-facing plant community slopes than on the north-facing slopes. • Winterim soils that are on north-facing hillsides and • If the Lorella soil is disturbed, slopes are likely to be mountainsides, are on the upper part of the slope, and unstable. have ponderosa pine and western juniper in the potential plant community Suitable management practices: • Rock outcrop • Delay grazing on the Bullump soil until late in spring • Lasere soils that are on south-facing hillsides and when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. have low sagebrush in the potential plant community • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Nuss soils that are on south-facing hillsides and existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the mountainsides, are on the upper part of the slope, and surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. have curlleaf mountainmahogany and ponderosa pine • If the Bullump soil is seeded, select plants that in the potential plant community tolerate a cool growing season. • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or • If the Lorella soil is seeded, select plants that more than 50 percent tolerate droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 85

• Manage unpalatable brushy plants on the Bullump Contrasting Inclusions soil in areas where they are abundant. • Lasere soils that are on south-facing mountainsides and have low sagebrush in the potential plant 39G—Bullump-Rubble land association, community 30 to 70 percent slopes • Nuss soils that are on north-facing hillsides and have curlleaf mountainmahogany and ponderosa pine in the potential plant community Composition • Booth soils that are on north-facing mountainsides Bullump soil, south slopes, and similar inclusions—50 and have low sagebrush in the potential plant percent community Bullump soil, north slopes, and similar inclusions—20 • Soils that are similar to the Bullump soils but have percent bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches Rubble land—20 percent • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Rock outcrop Characteristics of the Bullump Soils Major Use Position on landscape: South-facing and north-facing Livestock grazing mountainsides Major Management Factors Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— rhyolite, tuff Water erosion, slope, stones on the surface Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Climatic factors: Community Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Bullump soil, south slopes—bluebunch wheatgrass, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days mountain big sagebrush Typical profile of the Bullump soil, south slopes: Bullump soil, north slopes—Idaho fescue, bluebunch 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg stony loam bluegrass 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very Livestock Grazing gravelly clay loam 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very General management considerations: gravelly loam • The earlier growing season on the south-facing 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on gravelly loam the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation Typical profile of the Bullump soil, north slopes: earlier in the growing season on the south-facing 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely slopes than on the north-facing slopes. gravelly loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very limit the period of plant growth. gravelly clay loam • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less gravelly loam accessible areas on side slopes. 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of gravelly loam the unit. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The very stony surface layer, steepness of slope, bedrock and areas of Rubble land restrict the operation of Drainage class: Well drained ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Permeability: Moderately slow broadcast seeding should be used. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • The rock fragments throughout the soils and the Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe areas of Rubble land restrict the placement of fenceposts. Characteristics of the Rubble land Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: Mountainsides, escarpments • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Kind of material: Tuff, rhyolite have achieved sufficient growth. 86 Soil Survey

• Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Community surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye, antelope • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a bitterbrush, Idaho fescue cool growing season. Livestock Grazing 40B—Calimus silt loam, 0 to 5 percent General management considerations: slopes • The low precipitation limits forage production and seedling survival. • This soil is subject to wind erosion if the plant cover Composition is removed or degraded. Calimus soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • If the plant cover is not sufficient to protect the soil from erosion, range seeding is needed. Characteristics of the Calimus Soil Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: Lake basin terraces and alluvial • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate fans droughtiness. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt, • Manage unpalatable brushy plants in areas where diatomite these plants are abundant. Elevation: 4,300 to 5,000 feet • Improve areas that are heavily infested with Climatic factors: undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches applying chemicals. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Cropland Typical profile: General management considerations: 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous 2 to 30 inches—very dark gray silt loam cropping is not suitable unless the soil is irrigated. 30 to 42 inches—dark grayish brown loamy sand • Sprinkler irrigation is best suited to this soil. 42 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown and very dark • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used grayish brown silt loam for windbreaks and environmental planting on this Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to soil. bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Moderate • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in Available water capacity: About 8 inches narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—slight or maintaining crop residue on the surface, stripcropping, moderate and keeping mulch on the surface. • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Contrasting Inclusions • Reduce surface crusting and wind erosion by • Deter, Fordney, and Harriman soils that are on lake keeping tillage at a minimum and incorporating organic terraces matter. • Mesman soils that are on lower lake terraces and • Cultivate or apply herbicides to remove competing have basin big sagebrush and black greasewood in the vegetation. potential plant community • Lakeview soils that are on adjacent stream terraces • McConnel soils that are on lower lake terraces 41C—Carryback very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes Major Uses Livestock grazing, cropland Composition Major Management Factor Carryback soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Wind erosion Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 87

Characteristics of the Carryback Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Tablelands General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season basalt, tuff limit the period of plant growth. Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Climatic factors: • The claypan, calcareous layer, and bedrock restrict Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches rooting depth. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Frost-free period—50 to 70 days when dry, which makes special design of fences Typical profile: necessary. 0 to 2 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • The depth to bedrock limits the construction of water 2 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay impoundments. loam • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the 8 to 15 inches—brown clay result of past erosion. 15 to 22 inches—brown silty clay loam • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony or cobbly 22 to 27 inches—brown silt loam areas of the unit. 27 to 33 inches—brown loam • The very cobbly surface layer may restrict the 33 inches—tuff operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to such as broadcast seeding should be used. bedrock, very shallow (4 to 10 inches) to the • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, claypan protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Drainage class: Well drained material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Permeability: Slow steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Available water capacity: About 4 inches Suitable management practices: Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 15 have achieved sufficient growth. inches • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Carbonates: Between depths of 22 and 27 inches— forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. slightly effervescent; below this depth—strongly • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the effervescent existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Contrasting Inclusions surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Newlands soils that are on mountain foot slopes and droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant growing season. community • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands and have dominantly Sandberg bluegrass and low sagebrush in 42B—Carryback complex, 0 to 5 percent the potential plant community slopes • Rock outcrop • Soils that are similar to the Carryback soil but have a Composition hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Carryback soil, very cobbly, and similar inclusions—60 Major Use percent Livestock grazing Carryback soil, very stony, and similar inclusions—25 percent Major Management Factors Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Rock fragments on the surface, depth to the claypan, Characteristics of the Carryback Soils permeability, calcareous layer, water erosion, depth to bedrock, shrink-swell potential Position on landscape: Tablelands Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant basalt, tuff Community Elevation: 5,300 to 6,400 feet Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Climatic factors: 88 Soil Survey

Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Community Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Carryback soil, very cobbly—Idaho fescue, low Typical profile of the Carryback soil, very cobbly: sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass 0 to 2 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • Carryback soil, very stony—low sagebrush, 2 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay Sandberg bluegrass, Idaho fescue, western juniper loam 8 to 15 inches—brown clay Livestock Grazing 15 to 22 inches—brown silty clay loam General management considerations: 22 to 27 inches—brown silt loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 27 to 33 inches—brown loam limit the period of plant growth. 33 inches—tuff • The claypan, calcareous layer, and bedrock restrict Typical profile of the Carryback soil, very stony: rooting depth. 0 to 2 inches—dark brown very stony silty clay • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. loam • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts 2 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay when dry, which makes special design of fences loam necessary. 8 to 15 inches—brown clay • The depth to bedrock limits the construction of water 15 to 22 inches—brown silty clay loam impoundments. 22 to 27 inches—brown silt loam • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation 27 to 33 inches—brown loam of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as 33 inches—tuff broadcast seeding should be used. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, bedrock, very shallow or shallow (4 to 10 inches) protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive to the claypan material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Drainage class: Well drained steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches Suitable management practices: Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 15 • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants inches have achieved sufficient growth. Carbonates: Between depths of 22 and 27 inches— • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred slightly effervescent; below this depth—strongly forage plants have achieved sufficient growth to effervescent withstand grazing pressure. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Contrasting Inclusions existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Rock outcrop surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Pearlwise soils that are on tablelands and have • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool community growing season. • Freznik soils that are on tablelands and are at the lower elevations 43C—Carryback-Rock outcrop complex, 5 Major Use to 15 percent slopes Livestock grazing Composition Major Management Factors Carryback soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Carryback soil, very cobbly—depth to the claypan, Rock outcrop—35 percent permeability, depth to bedrock, calcareous layer, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent shrink-swell potential Carryback soil, very stony—stones on the surface, Characteristics of the Carryback Soil depth to the claypan, permeability, depth to bedrock, calcareous layer, shrink-swell potential Position on landscape: Tablelands Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 89

Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Livestock Grazing basalt, tuff General management considerations: Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Climatic factors: limit the period of plant growth. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Seeding of the Carryback soil is difficult because of Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F the pattern in which it occurs with the areas of Rock Frost-free period—50 to 70 days outcrop. Typical profile: • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 0 to 2 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam the unit. 2 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. loam • The depth to bedrock limits the construction of water 8 to 15 inches—brown clay impoundments. 15 to 22 inches—brown silty clay loam • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 22 to 27 inches—brown silt loam • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the 27 to 33 inches—brown loam result of past erosion. 33 inches—tuff • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to when dry, which makes special design of fences bedrock, very shallow or shallow (4 to 10 inches) necessary. to the claypan • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Drainage class: Well drained protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Permeability: Slow material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Available water capacity: About 4 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 15 Suitable management practices: inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Carbonates: Between depths of 22 and 27 inches— have achieved sufficient growth. slightly effervescent; below this depth—strongly • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred effervescent forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Position on landscape: Tablelands surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Contrasting Inclusions growing season. • Newlands soils that are on mountain toe slopes and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community 44C—Chewaucan very cobbly silty clay • Ninemile soils that are on adjacent tablelands and loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes have dominantly Sandberg bluegrass and low sagebrush in the native plant community Composition Major Use Chewaucan soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Chewaucan Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Bedrock-controlled lake Rock fragments on the surface, depth to the claypan, terraces permeability, calcareous layer, water erosion, depth Parent material: Kind—lacustrine deposits; source— to bedrock, shrink-swell potential, Rock outcrop tuff, basalt Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Community Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Carryback soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F bluebunch wheatgrass Frost-free period—70 to 110 days 90 Soil Survey

Typical profile: Suitable management practices: 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 5 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 10 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay • Improve areas that are heavily infested with loam undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or 24 to 44 inches—dark yellowish brown loam applying chemicals. 44 inches—basalt Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to a firm brittle 45E—Chocktoot very gravelly loam, 15 to layer 40 percent north slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Composition Available water capacity: About 5 inches Chocktoot soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Carbonates: Between depths of 24 and 44 inches— strongly effervescent Characteristics of the Chocktoot Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Redcanyon soils that are on south- and north-facing andesite, basalt, tuff, volcanic ash escarpments Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet • Lasere soils that are on hills and have low sagebrush Climatic factors: in the potential plant community Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches • Rock outcrop Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F • McConnel soils that are on lower lake basin terraces Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December than 15 percent through April; more than 48 inches—January Major Use through March Typical profile: Livestock grazing 2 inches to 0—white fir needles Major Management Factors 0 to 12 inches—dark brown and very dark grayish brown very gravelly loam Rock fragments on the surface, calcareous layer, water 12 to 36 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay erosion loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 36 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam Community Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, antelope Drainage class: Well drained bitterbrush Permeability: Moderate Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 6 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe General management considerations: Contrasting Inclusions • The firm, brittle calcareous lower layer may restrict rooting depth. • Hallihan, Hammersley, and Kittleson soils that are on • The very cobbly surface layer may restrict the adjacent mountainsides operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods • Soils that are similar to the Chocktoot soils but have such as broadcast seeding should be used. less than 35 percent rock fragments throughout • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, • Soils that have southerly aspects or have slopes of protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive more than 40 percent material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized • Soils that are similar to the Chocktoot soils but have steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 91

Major Use 45G—Chocktoot very gravelly loam, 40 to Woodland 60 percent north slopes Major Management Factors Composition Cold summer temperatures, content of rock fragments, Chocktoot soil and similar inclusions—85 percent slope, water erosion Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Characteristics of the Chocktoot Soil Community Position on landscape: Mountainsides White fir, ponderosa pine Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Woodland andesite, basalt, tuff, volcanic ash Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Climatic factors: increment: 77 cubic feet per acre per year for white Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches fir at age 70 Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December trees. through April; more than 48 inches—January • Cuts and fills are stable. through March • Rock fragments limit tree planting. Typical profile: • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. 2 inches to 0—white fir needles • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a 0 to 12 inches—dark brown and very dark grayish buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. brown very gravelly loam Management activities within this zone should be 12 to 36 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay designed to minimize disturbance. Trees should not be loam felled into or skidded through riparian areas. 36 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam • Because this soil is cold in summer, larger than Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or bedrock additional plantings may be needed. Drainage class: Well drained • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Permeability: Moderate to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Mechanical piling of slash should be minimized. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Heavy equipment causes soil compaction and Contrasting Inclusions disturbance and exposes the soil. Maintain slash material on the soil surface to reduce sheet and rill • Hallihan, Hammersley, and Kittleson soils that are on erosion. adjacent mountainsides • Soils that are similar to the Chocktoot soil but have Suitable management practices: less than 35 percent rock fragments throughout • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and • Soils that have southerly aspects or slopes of less temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, than 40 percent scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the • Soils that are similar to the Chocktoot soil but have surface. bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • To reduce compaction, adjust yarding operations to the content of soil moisture, organic matter, and rock Major Use fragments in the surface layer. Woodland • To reduce compaction and erosion, use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment, log in Major Management Factors areas that are covered with a minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen surface layer, and avoid Cold summer temperatures, content of rock fragments, logging in spring. slope, water erosion 92 Soil Survey

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet Community Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches White fir, ponderosa pine Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Woodland Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual through April; more than 48 inches—January increment: 77 cubic feet per acre per year for white through March fir at age 70 Typical profile: General management considerations: 2 inches to 0—white fir needles • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small 0 to 12 inches—dark brown and very dark grayish trees. brown very gravelly loam • Cuts and fills are stable. 12 to 36 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay • The rock fragments limit tree planting. loam • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. 36 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to and require large cuts and fills that remove land from bedrock production. Drainage class: Well drained • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Permeability: Moderate buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas Available water capacity: About 6 inches and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Because this soil is cold in summer, larger than Characteristics of the Kittleson Soil normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional plantings may be needed. Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Cable yarding systems minimize soil displacement. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 pyroclastic rock to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 in spring. degrees F • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Frost-free period—20 to 50 days the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December fragments in the surface layer. through April; more than 48 inches—January • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads through March on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Typical profile: • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by 3 inches to 0—white fir needles seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the surface, or 0 to 44 inches—dark brown sandy loam accumulating slash on the surface. 44 inches—highly weathered tuff Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock 46E—Chocktoot-Kittleson complex, 15 to Drainage class: Well drained 40 percent north slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 6 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Composition Contrasting Inclusions Chocktoot soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Kittleson soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • Hallihan and Hammersley soils that are on adjacent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent mountainsides • Soils that have southerly aspects or slopes of more Characteristics of the Chocktoot Soil than 40 percent Position on landscape: Mountainsides Major Use Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— andesite, basalt, tuff, volcanic ash Woodland Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 93

Major Management Factors scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the surface. Chocktoot soil—cold temperatures in summer, rock • Reduce the risk of erosion and displacement of the fragments, slope, water erosion Kittleson soil by limiting vehicle access to periods Kittleson soil—cold temperatures in summer, slope, when the soil is dry or frozen. water erosion, depth to bedrock Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 47C—Corral fine sandy loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes Chocktoot and Kittleson soils—white fir, ponderosa pine Composition Woodland Corral soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual increment: Chocktoot soil—77 cubic feet per acre Characteristics of the Corral Soil per year for white fir at age 70; Kittleson soil—57 Position on landscape: Dissected fans cubic feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70 Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— General management considerations: tuff • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Elevation: 5,300 to 5,600 feet trees. Climatic factors: • Cuts and fills are stable. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Rock fragments limit tree planting on the Chocktoot Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F soil. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Typical profile: Chocktoot soil are firm, and those on the Kittleson soil 0 to 5 inches—brown fine sandy loam are soft. 5 to 13 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy clay • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Kittleson loam soil are dusty. 13 inches—yellowish brown soft tuff that has • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a calcium carbonate in fractures buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Management of these areas should be designed to Drainage class: Well drained minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Permeability: Moderately slow skidded through riparian areas. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Because the soils in this unit are cold in summer, Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting moderate rate, or additional plantings may be needed. Contrasting Inclusions • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 to allow for long-term establishment of plants. • Outcroppings of tuffaceous sediment • Mechanical piling of slash should be minimized. • Brace and Ratto soils that are on tablelands Heavy equipment causes soil compaction and • Soils that are similar to the Corral soil but have disturbance and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on tuffaceous sediment at a depth of 20 to 40 inches the soil surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. Major Use Suitable management practices: Livestock grazing • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to the content of moisture and organic matter in the Major Management Factors surface layer. Depth to bedrock, available water capacity, wind • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, erosion use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment, log in areas that are covered with a Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Community surface layer, and avoid logging in spring. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, big sagebrush 94 Soil Survey

Livestock Grazing Contrasting Inclusions General management considerations: • Outcroppings of tuffaceous sediment • The fine sandy loam surface layer is subject to wind • Brace and Ratto soils that are on tablelands erosion if the plant cover is removed. • Soils that are similar to the Corral soil but have • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. tuffaceous sediment at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • The low available water capacity limits forage Major Use production and seedling survival. • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts Livestock grazing and makes special design of fences necessary. Major Management Factors • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water impoundments. Depth to bedrock, available water capacity, wind • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. erosion Suitable management practices: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Community existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Indian ricegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. needlegrass, needleandthread • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness. Livestock Grazing • Improve areas that are heavily infested with General management considerations: undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or • The fine sandy loam surface layer is subject to wind applying chemicals. erosion if the plant cover is removed. • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. 48C—Corral fine sandy loam, low • The low precipitation and low available water precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts and makes special design of fences necessary. Composition • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Corral soil and similar inclusions—85 percent impoundments. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. Characteristics of the Corral Soil Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: Dissected fans • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the tuff surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Climatic factors: droughtiness. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Improve areas that are heavily infested with Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or Frost-free period—70 to 90 days applying chemicals. Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—brown fine sandy loam 5 to 13 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy clay 49C—Coztur very gravelly sandy loam, 2 loam to 15 percent slopes 13 inches—yellowish brown soft tuff that has calcium carbonate in fractures Composition Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Coztur soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: About 2 inches Characteristics of the Coztur Soil Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— moderate Position on landscape: Tablelands Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 95

Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive basalt, tuff material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Elevation: 5,300 to 5,800 feet steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F have achieved sufficient growth. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Typical profile: existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown very surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. gravelly sandy loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 2 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly sandy droughtiness and a cool growing season. loam 9 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay loam 50A—Cressler silty clay loam, 0 to 2 15 inches—basalt percent slopes Depth class: Shallow (14 to 20 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 2 inches Cressler soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— Contrasting inclusions—15 percent slight or moderate Characteristics of the Cressler Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Upland basins • Anawalt soils that are on tablelands and have low Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt sagebrush in the potential plant community Elevation: 5,500 to 6,800 feet • Rock outcrop Climatic factors: • Soils that are similar to the Coztur soil but have Mean annual precipitation—22 to 26 inches bedrock at a depth of more than 20 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent Frost-free period—30 to 50 days Typical profile: Major Use 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay Livestock grazing loam 6 to 15 inches—very dark brown silty clay Major Management Factors 15 to 38 inches—grayish brown silty clay Available water capacity, gravel, depth to bedrock, 38 to 48 inches—brown clay loam wind erosion, water erosion 48 to 60 inches—brown extremely stony clay Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant bedrock Community Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming Permeability: Slow big sagebrush Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Livestock Grazing Depth to seasonal high water table: December to General management considerations: June—6 inches above the surface to 36 inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season below the surface; rest of year—more than 36 limit the period of plant growth. inches • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Frequency of flooding: Rare • The low available water capacity limits forage Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 6 and 60 production and seedling survival. inches • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts Load supporting capacity when wet: Low and makes special design of fences necessary. Contrasting Inclusions • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water impoundments. • Soils that are similar to the Cressler soil but have • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches 96 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to the Cressler soil but are very • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage poorly drained or are moderately well drained or well because of the high potential for frost action. drained because of the erosional downcutting and • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season entrenching of the stream channel limit the period of plant growth. • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Major Uses and puddling of the surface. Livestock grazing (fig. 9), wildlife habitat • Grazing should be managed to maintain or increase the abundance of plants that help to stabilize streambanks, reduce erosion, and moderate water temperatures. Suitable management practices: • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to prevent damage to the soil and plants. • Reduce streambank erosion and improve the quality and quantity of the water by fencing along riparian areas. • Delay grazing until late in summer when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate wetness and frost heaving and that provide cover for wildlife.

51A—Crump muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes

Composition Figure 9.—Area of Cressler silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent Crump soil and similar inclusions—85 percent slopes, in mountain meadow. This soil provides forage Contrasting inclusions—15 percent for livestock late in summer and in fall. Rogger and Woodchopper soils are on forested mountains. Characteristics of the Crump Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Concave areas of alluvial flats adjacent to open water areas in lake basins Wetness, shrink-swell, potential frost action Parent material: Kind—silty lacustrine sediment; Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant source—basalt, tuff Community Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Tufted hairgrass Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Livestock Grazing Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • Because the water on the surface is from snowmelt 0 to 8 inches—black muck in spring, the amount and duration is dependent on the 8 to 13 inches—black silt winter snowpack. 13 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Grazing should be deferred during the period of bedrock nesting for waterfowl. Drainage class: Very poorly drained • A high water table during the growing season Permeability: Moderate restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. Available water capacity: About 14 inches • Periodic inundation increases the amount of moisture Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight available for plants and thus increases the production Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to 42 of forage. inches below the surface throughout the year Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 97

Frequency of flooding: Rare • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction of Load supporting capacity when wet: Low the surface layer and poor tilth. • A high water table during the growing season and Contrasting Inclusions spring ponding restrict rooting depth. • Ozamis, Pit, and Reese soils that are on adjacent, Suitable management practices: slightly higher alluvial flats • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to • Soils that are similar to the Crump soil but have a prevent damage to the soil and plants. thick organic layer as much as 18 inches thick • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Major Uses periods of inundation and frost heaving and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. Wildlife habitat, livestock grazing, hayland Hayland Major Management Factors General management considerations: Wetness, load supporting capacity, frost action • Wetness limits access for hay operations. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Unless the soil is adequately drained, machinery will Community compact the surface and become embedded because of the low load supporting capacity of the soil. Rushes, sedges, cattails • Because of the high amount of organic matter in the Livestock Grazing surface layer, the risk of wind erosion is increased if the plant cover is removed when the soil is dry. General management considerations: • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants • Because the water on the surface is from snowmelt and increases the risk of winterkill. in spring, the amount and duration varies. During years • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage when the winters are wet, ponding lasts until because of a high potential for frost action. midsummer or late in summer. During years when the • Hay operations are restricted to periods late in winters are dry, ponding lasts only for short periods in summer or early in fall because of seasonal wetness. spring. • Minimizing disturbance of the surface maintains the • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife plant cover and reduces the risk of wind erosion. (fig. 10).

52A—Crump silty clay loam, drained, 0 to 1 percent slopes

Composition Crump soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Characteristics of the Crump Soil Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Parent material: Kind—silty lacustrine sediment; source—tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: Figure 10.—Area of Crump muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes, used 0 to 8 inches—black silty clay loam as habitat for wetland wildlife. Escarpment of Hart 8 to 13 inches—black silt Mountain in background. 13 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to nesting for waterfowl. bedrock 98 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Very poorly drained • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and Permeability: Moderate border systems. Available water capacity: About 13 inches • Wetness limits the choice of plants, restricts the Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight period for haying, and increases the risk of winterkill. Depth to water table: 24 to 48 inches throughout the • Maintaining the drainage systems allows the soil to year drain more effectively. Frequency of flooding: Rare • Maintaining surface and subsurface drains prevents ponding on the surface, keeps the water table at a Contrasting Inclusions suitable level, and allows for earlier access for haying • Ozamis and Pit soils that are on adjacent, slightly operations. higher alluvial flats • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage • Soils that are similar to the Crump soil but have an because of a high potential for frost action. organic layer as much as 18 inches thick • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings should be tolerant of wetness. Major Uses • The seedling mortality rate is moderate because the Hayland, cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat soil is very poorly drained. • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to Major Management Factors control competing vegetation. Wetness, slope, frost action • Regulating the rate of application of irrigation water prevents a rise in the level of the water table. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Spikerush, dock, Baltic rush, povertyweed, mat muhly, 53A—Crump-Boravall complex, drained, 0 bottlebrush squirreltail to 1 percent slopes Livestock Grazing Composition General management considerations: Crump soil and similar inclusions—55 percent • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife Boravall soil and similar inclusions—35 percent early in spring. Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction and puddling of the surface. Characteristics of the Crump Soil • Because this unit is nearly level, drainage is difficult Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins to maintain. Parent material: Kind—silty lacustrine sediment; • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. source—basalt, tuff • Drainage ditches need to be maintained to remove Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet surface water. Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F prevent damage to the soil and plants. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Typical profile: wetness and frost heaving. 0 to 8 inches—black silty clay loam 8 to 13 inches—black silt Hayland and Cropland 13 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam General management considerations: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Most climatically adapted crops can be grown if bedrock adequate drainage is maintained. Drainage class: Very poorly drained • Because this unit is nearly level, drainage is difficult Permeability: Moderate to maintain. Available water capacity: About 13 inches • The seasonal high water table provides moisture for Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight hay and pasture plants. Depth to water table: 24 to 48 inches throughout the • Supplemental irrigation is needed for most crops late year in summer. Frequency of flooding: Rare Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 99

Characteristics of the Boravall Soil Boravall soil—inland saltgrass, basin wildrye, alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Livestock Grazing basalt, tuff General management considerations: Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife Climatic factors: early in spring. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F and puddling of the surface. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Because the soil is nearly level, drainage is difficult Typical profile: to maintain. 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam • Salts in the Boravall soil reduce the amount of water 6 to 12 inches—dark brown silt loam available to plants and limit seedling survival. 12 to 19 inches—very dark gray and brown silty • The strongly sodic surface layer of the Boravall soil clay severely limits seedling survival. 19 to 36 inches—very dark gray and light yellowish • Excess sodium in the Boravall soil results in nutrient brown silty clay imbalances and a caustic root environment. 36 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown and very • Dispersion and crusting of the surface reduces dark gray silt loam infiltration and restricts seedling emergence and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to survival. bedrock • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Drainage ditches need to be maintained to remove Permeability: Slow surface water. Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Suitable management practices: Depth to seasonal high water table: March through • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to July—18 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 prevent damage to the soil and plants. inches • If the Crump soil is seeded, select plants that Frequency of flooding: Rare tolerate wetness and frost heaving. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 12 and • If the Boravall soil is seeded, select plants that 36 inches tolerate wetness, strong salinity and sodicity, and frost Salinity: Upper 12 inches—strongly saline; below this heaving and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. depth—moderately saline Hayland and Cropland Sodicity: Strongly sodic Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently General management considerations: effervescent • The concentration of salts and sodium in the Boravall soil limits the production of some hay and Contrasting Inclusions pasture plants. • Ozamis, Pit, and Reese soils that are on adjacent, • The salinity and sodicity of the Boravall soil limit the slightly higher alluvial flats kinds of crops that can be grown. • The Boravall soil ties up large amounts of Major Uses phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available Hayland, cropland, wildlife habitat, livestock grazing to plants. • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants, Major Management Factors restricts the period of haying, and increases the risk of Crump soil—wetness, slope, frost action winterkill. Boravall soil—wetness, available water capacity, • Because the soil is nearly level, drainage is difficult slope, salinity, sodicity, permeability, frost action, to maintain. shrink-swell potential • The seasonal high water table provides moisture for crops and hay and pasture plants. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Supplemental irrigation water is needed for most Community crops late in summer. Crump soil—spikerush, dock, Baltic rush, • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and povertyweed, mat muhly, bottlebrush squirreltail border systems. 100 Soil Survey

• Because of the high corrosivity of the Boravall soil to organic material over silty lacustrine sediment; uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of source—basalt, tuff noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Climatic factors: or pipelines. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Maintaining the drainage systems allows the soil to Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F drain more effectively. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Maintaining surface and subsurface drains prevents Typical profile: ponding on the surface, keeps the water table at a 0 to 8 inches—black silty clay loam suitable level, and allows for earlier access for haying 8 to 13 inches—black silt operations. 13 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silt • Unless proper amounts of soil amendments are loam applied, removing salts from the Boravall soil causes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to dispersion and crusting of the surface. bedrock • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Boravall Drainage class: Very poorly drained soil reduces infiltration and limits seedling emergence Permeability: Moderate and survival. Available water capacity: About 13 inches • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight because of a high potential for frost action. Depth to water table: 24 to 48 inches throughout the • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental year plantings on the Crump soil should be tolerant of Frequency of flooding: Rare wetness. Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil • Because the Crump soil is very poorly drained, the seedling mortality rate is moderate. Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins • Because of the salinity and sodicity of the Boravall Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; soil, trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and source—tuff, basalt environmental plantings are limited and the seedling Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet mortality rate is severe. Climatic factors: • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches control competing vegetation. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Suitable management practices: Typical profile: • Regulate the application rate of irrigation water to 0 to 10 inches—black silty clay loam prevent a rise in the level of the water table and an 10 to 34 inches—dark gray silt loam increase in the upward movement of salts and sodium. 34 to 36 inches—very pale brown coarse pumice • Reduce the content of sodium in the Boravall soil by sand applying proper amounts of soil amendments, leaching 36 to 60 inches—dark gray very fine sandy loam out the salts, and carefully applying irrigation water. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock 54A—Crump-Ozamis complex, drained, 0 Drainage class: Poorly drained to 1 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Composition Depth to water table (artificially lowered): March Crump soil and similar inclusions—45 percent through June—18 to 48 inches; rest of year—more Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—40 percent than 48 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Frequency of flooding: Rare Characteristics of the Crump Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins • Pit and Reese soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats Parent material: Kind—thin layer of highly decomposed in basins Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 101

Major Uses • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings should be tolerant of wetness. Hayland, cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to Major Management Factors control competing vegetation. Crump and Ozamis soils—wetness, slope, frost action Suitable management practices: • Maintain surface and subsurface drains to prevent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant ponding of the surface, keep the water table at a Community suitable level, and allow for earlier access for haying Crump soil—spikerush, dock, Baltic rush, operations. povertyweed, mat muhly, bottlebrush squirreltail • Maintain the drainage systems to allow the soil to Ozamis soil—tufted hairgrass, Nebraska sedge, Baltic drain more effectively. rush, northern mannagrass, reedgrass • Regulate the application of irrigation water to prevent a rise in the level of the water table. Livestock Grazing General management considerations: • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife 55A—Crump-Pit complex, 0 to 1 percent early in spring. slopes • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction and puddling of the surface. Composition • Because the unit is nearly level, drainage is difficult Crump soil and similar inclusions—50 percent to maintain. Pit soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • The low precipitation limits forage production and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent seedling survival. • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Characteristics of the Crump Soil Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: Concave areas of alluvial flats • Maintain drainage ditches to remove surface water. adjacent to open water areas in lake basins • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Parent material: Kind—decomposed organic material prevent damage to the soil and plants. over silty lacustrine sediment; source—basalt, tuff • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet wetness and frost heaving. Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Hayland and Cropland Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Most climatically adapted crops can be grown if Typical profile: adequate drainage is maintained. 0 to 8 inches—black muck • Because the unit is nearly level, drainage is difficult 8 to 13 inches—black silt to maintain. 13 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam • The seasonal high water table provides moisture for Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to crops and hay and pasture plants. bedrock • Supplemental irrigation water is needed for most Drainage class: Very poorly drained crops late in summer. Permeability: Moderate • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and Available water capacity: About 14 inches border systems. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants, Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to 42 restricts the period for haying, and increases the risk of inches below the surface throughout the year winterkill. Frequency of flooding: Rare • Because of the high corrosivity of the Ozamis soil to Load supporting capacity when wet: Low uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of Characteristics of the Pit Soil noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins or pipelines. Parent material: Kind—alluvium over lacustrine • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage sediment; source—tuff, basalt because of the high potential for frost action. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet 102 Soil Survey

Climatic factors: • A high water table during the growing season and Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches ponding in spring restrict rooting depth. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • The Pit soil is very sticky when wet. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The Pit soil expands when wet and contracts when Typical profile: dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and makes 0 to 5 inches—black silty clay special design of fences necessary. 5 to 24 inches—black clay • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. 24 to 40 inches—very dark grayish brown clay Suitable management practices: 40 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • Delay grazing until the soils are adequately drained loam and are firm enough to withstand trampling by Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to livestock. bedrock • If the Crump soil is seeded, select plants that Drainage class: Poorly drained tolerate periods of inundation and frost heaving and Permeability: Slow that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • If the Pit soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight shrinking and swelling, periods of inundation, and frost Depth to water table: December to May—6 inches heaving and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. above the surface to 36 inches below the surface; rest of year—more than 36 inches Hayland Frequency of flooding: Rare General management considerations: Shrink-swell potential: High in the upper 40 inches • Wetness limits the period of access for haying Contrasting Inclusions operations. • Unless the soils are adequately drained, machinery • Ozamis and Reese soils that are on adjacent, higher will compact the surface of the soils and become lying alluvial flats embedded because of the low load supporting capacity Major Uses of the Crump soil and the clayey surface of the Pit soil. • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants Wildlife habitat, hayland, livestock grazing and increases the risk of winterkill. Major Management Factors • Because of the high corrosivity of the Pit soil to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of Crump soil—wetness, load supporting capacity, frost noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, action galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Pit soil—wetness, shrink-swell potential, permeability, or pipelines. frost action, clayey surface layer • Haying operations are restricted to periods late in Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant summer or early in fall because of seasonal wetness. Community • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage because of the high potential for frost action. Crump soil—rushes, sedges, cattails Pit soil—spikerush, dock, Baltic rush, povertyweed, mat muhly, bottlebrush squirreltail 56A—Crump-Reese complex, 0 to 1 Livestock Grazing percent slopes General management considerations: Composition • Because the water on the surface is from snowmelt in spring, the amount and duration varies. During years Crump soil and similar inclusions—50 percent when the winters are wet, ponding extends into Reese soil and similar inclusions—35 percent midsummer or late in summer. During years when the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent winters are dry, ponding lasts for only short periods in Characteristics of the Crump Soil spring. • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Position on landscape: Concave areas on alluvial flats • Grazing should be deferred during the period of adjacent to open water areas in lake basins nesting for waterfowl. Parent material: Kind—decomposed organic material • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction of over silty lacustrine sediment; source—basalt, tuff the surface layer. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 103

Climatic factors: • Icene soils that are on slightly higher lake terraces Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches and have shadscale and black greasewood in the Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F potential plant community Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Major Uses Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—black muck Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat 8 to 13 inches—black silt Major Management Factors 13 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Crump soil—wetness, load supporting capacity, frost bedrock action Drainage class: Very poorly drained Reese soil—wetness, salinity, sodicity, available water Permeability: Moderate capacity, permeability, frost action, clayey surface Available water capacity: About 14 inches layer Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to 42 Community inches below the surface throughout the year Frequency of flooding: Rare Crump soil—rushes, sedges, cattails Load supporting capacity when wet: Low Reese soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali cordgrass Characteristics of the Reese Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— General management considerations: tuff, basalt • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Climatic factors: nesting for waterfowl. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction of Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F the surface layer and poor tilth. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Because the water on the surface of the Crump soil Typical profile: is from snowmelt in spring, the amount and duration 0 to 4 inches—black silty clay varies. During years when the winters are wet, ponding 4 to 10 inches—brown loam lasts until midsummer or late in summer. During years 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam when the winters are dry, ponding lasts only for short 20 to 33 inches—brown loam periods in spring. 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy • Plant growth on the Crump soil is restricted by the loam high water table during the growing season and by 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam ponding. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Salts in the Reese soil reduce the amount of water bedrock available to plants, and the sodic surface layer Drainage class: Poorly drained restricts seedling survival. Permeability: Slow • Excess sodium in the Reese soil results in nutrient Available water capacity: About 1 inch imbalances and a caustic root environment. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce Depth to high water table: March through July—12 to the infiltration rate and restrict seedling emergence and 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 inches survival. Frequency of flooding: Rare • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this depth—moderately saline or slightly saline Suitable management practices: Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this • Allow the unit to drain adequately before grazing to depth—moderately sodic prevent damage to the soils and plants. Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently • If the Crump soil is seeded, select plants that effervescent throughout tolerate inundation and frost heaving and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. Contrasting Inclusions • If the Reese soil is seeded, select plants that • Ozamis soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher tolerate strong salinity and sodicity, wetness, and frost alluvial flats heaving. 104 Soil Survey

Hayland 0 to 11 inches—black silt loam 11 to 17 inches—black silty clay loam General management considerations: 17 to 28 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam • Wetness limits the period of access for haying 28 to 35 inches—very dark gray gravelly clay loam operations. 35 to 42 inches—very dark gray cobbly loamy • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants sand and increases the risk of winterkill. 42 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly • Unless the soils are adequately drained, machinery loamy sand will compact the surface of the soils and become Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to embedded because of the low load supporting capacity bedrock, moderately deep (24 to 35 inches) to of the Crump soil and the clayey surface layer of the stratified sand and gravel Reese soil. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • Because of the high amount of organic matter in the Permeability: Moderately slow over rapid surface layer of the Crump soil, removing the plant Available water capacity: About 4 inches cover when the soil is dry increases the risk of wind Hazard of erosion by water: Slight erosion. Depth to seasonal high water table: March through • The concentration of salts and sodium in the Reese June—18 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 soil limits the production of some hay and pasture inches plants. Frequency of flooding: Frequent for brief periods in • The Reese soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, March through June which limits the amount that is available to plants. • Because of the high corrosivity of the Reese soil to Characteristics of the Welch Soil uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of Position on landscape: Narrow flood plains on noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, tablelands in areas slightly lower than the Degarmo galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures soil or pipelines. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt, tuff • Haying operations are restricted to periods late in Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet summer or early in fall because of seasonal wetness. Climatic factors: • Minimize disturbance of the surface of the Crump Mean annual precipitation—10 to 16 inches soil to maintain the plant cover and reduce the risk of Mean annual air temperature—43 to 47 degrees F wind erosion. Frost-free period—50 to 90 days • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage Typical profile: because of the high potential for frost action. 0 to 9 inches—black silty clay loam 9 to 27 inches—black clay loam 57A—Degarmo-Welch complex, 0 to 2 27 to 62 inches—very dark brown clay loam percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Poorly drained Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Degarmo soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Available water capacity: About 10 inches Welch soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: November through June—12 to 18 inches; rest of year—more than 18 Characteristics of the Degarmo Soil inches Position on landscape: Narrow flood plains on Frequency of flooding: Frequent for brief periods in tablelands in areas slightly higher than the Welch March through June soil Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet • Welch soils that are in small basins and are ponded Climatic factors: during the growing season Mean annual precipitation—10 to 16 inches • Swalesilver soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher Mean annual air temperature—43 to 47 degrees F lake terraces and have dominantly silver sagebrush in Frost-free period—50 to 90 days the potential plant community Typical profile: • Soils that are similar to the Degarmo and Welch soils Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 105

but are moderately well drained or well drained because the abundance of plants to stabilize streambanks, of erosional downcutting and entrenching of stream reduce the risk of erosion, and keep water channels temperatures moderate. • Soils that are similar to the Degarmo soil but have Suitable management practices: stratified sand and gravel at a depth of less than 24 • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to inches prevent damage to the soil and plants. Major Uses • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Livestock grazing, hayland (fig. 11), wildlife habitat • Maintain adequate plant cover in fall to protect the soil from erosion during flooding in spring. • Streambank erosion can be reduced and the quality and quantity of water can be improved by fencing along riparian areas. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate wetness and frost heaving and that provide cover for wildlife. Hayland General management considerations: • If the vegetation is removed and the soil surface is exposed, the risk of erosion is high during periods of flooding in spring. • Unless the soil is drained, wetness limits the rooting depth for non-water-tolerant hay and pasture plants. • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental moisture for plants. • Irrigation water may be needed late in summer or Figure 11.—Native meadow hay in an area of Degarmo- early in fall. Welch complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in center. • Suitable irrigation methods include border and Ninemile soils that support low sagebrush are on adjacent tablelands. sprinkler systems. • Plants are subject to winterkill and other damage Major Management Factors because of the high potential for frost action. • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and Degarmo soil—wetness, frost action, permeability environmental plantings on the Degarmo soil should be Welch soil—wetness, frost action tolerant of droughtiness late in summer and early in Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant fall. Community • The Welch soil generally is not suited to growing trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Degarmo soil—slender wheatgrass, Leiberg bluegrass plantings. Welch soil—tufted hairgrass Suitable management practices: Livestock Grazing • Maintain plant cover to prevent erosion during General management considerations: periods of flooding in spring. • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. • Seed only hay and pasture plants that tolerate • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season periodic flooding and seasonal wetness. limit the period of plant growth. • A high water table during the growing season restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. 58C—Deppy-Tumtum complex, 5 to 15 • Periodic flooding increases the amount of moisture percent slopes available for plants and the production of forage. • Stream channels are subject to cutting and filling Composition during periods of flooding. • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Deppy soil and similar inclusions—45 percent and puddling of the surface. Tumtum soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • Grazing should be managed to maintain or increase Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 106 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Deppy Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Sodicity: Slightly sodic Position on landscape: Alluvial fans, lake basin Carbonates: In the hardpan—slightly effervescent; terraces below the hardpan—violently effervescent Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,800 to 5,000 feet Contrasting Inclusions Climatic factors: • Brace and Raz soils that are on adjacent tablelands Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F than 15 percent Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: Major Use 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly Livestock grazing loam 4 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam Major Management Factors 8 to 11 inches—brown clay loam Deppy soil—available water capacity, depth to the 11 to 24 inches—strongly cemented, fractured hardpan, sodicity, water erosion hardpan Tumtum soil—available water capacity, depth to the 24 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly hardpan, water erosion sandy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the hardpan; Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Community Drainage class: Well drained Deppy soil—shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian Permeability: Moderately slow ricegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail Available water capacity: About 2 inches Tumtum soil—Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush Sodicity: Moderately sodic squirreltail, bluebunch wheatgrass Carbonates: Between depths of 8 and 11 inches— slightly effervescent; in the hardpan—strongly Livestock Grazing effervescent; below the hardpan—violently General management considerations: effervescent • The cemented hardpan restricts rooting depth. Characteristics of the Tumtum Soil • The low precipitation and low available water capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Position on landscape: Alluvial fans, lake basin • Excess sodium in the Deppy soil results in nutrient terraces imbalances and a caustic root environment. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt, tuff • Dispersion and crusting of the surface layer of the Elevation: 4,800 to 5,000 feet Deppy soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling Climatic factors: emergence and survival. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The shallow depth to the hardpan limits placement of Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F fenceposts and makes special design of fences Frost-free period—90 to 110 days necessary. Typical profile: • Unless the hardpan is ripped, it limits the 0 to 3 inches—dark brown cobbly loam construction of water impoundments. 3 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown clay • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, loam protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 14 to 22 inches—dark yellowish brown, indurated material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized hardpan steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 22 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. sandy loam Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (9 to 16 inches) to Suitable management practices: the hardpan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the bedrock existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Drainage class: Well drained surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Permeability: Slow • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Available water capacity: About 2 inches droughtiness and sodicity. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 107

59F—Deppy-Rubble land complex, 30 to Major Management Factors 50 percent slopes Available water capacity, depth to the hardpan, stones on the surface, slope, sodicity, water erosion, Composition Rubble land Deppy soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Rubble land—25 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Deppy soil—shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian Characteristics of the Deppy Soil ricegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail Position on landscape: Alluvial fans Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—alluvium, colluvium; source— General management considerations: basalt • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Elevation: 4,300 to 5,000 feet ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Climatic factors: accessible areas on side slopes. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F the unit. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The low precipitation and low available water Typical profile: capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown extremely stony • The hardpan restricts rooting depth. loam • Excess sodium results in nutrient imbalances and a 4 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam caustic root environment. 8 to 11 inches—brown clay loam • Dispersion and crushing of the surface layer reduce 11 to 24 inches—strongly cemented, fractured infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and hardpan survival. 24 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly • The shallow depth to the hardpan and the areas of sandy loam Rubble land limit placement of fenceposts and make Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the hardpan; special design of fences necessary. very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock • The extremely stony surface layer, steepness of Drainage class: Well drained slope, and areas of Rubble land restrict the operation Permeability: Moderately slow of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Available water capacity: About 2 inches broadcast seeding should be used. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Sodicity: Moderately sodic protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Carbonates: Between depths of 8 and 11 inches— material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized slightly effervescent; in the hardpan—strongly steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. effervescent; below the hardpan—violently • The unit is suited to grazing in winter. effervescent Suitable management practices: Characteristics of the Rubble Land • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Position on landscape: Hillsides existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If the Deppy soil is seeded, select plants that Contrasting Inclusions tolerate droughtiness and moderate sodicity. • McNye soils that are on lake terraces • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 50 percent 60G—Derapter-Rock outcrop complex, 30 • Soils that are similar to the Deppy soil but have a to 70 percent south slopes hardpan at a depth of 20 to 40 inches or less than 10 inches Composition Major Use Derapter soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Rock outcrop—30 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 108 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Derapter Soil Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Position on landscape: Mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Derapter soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big basalt, tuff sagebrush Elevation: 5,200 to 7,000 feet Livestock Grazing Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Frost-free period—50 to 70 days limit the period of plant growth. Typical profile: • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on 0 to 12 inches—dark brown very stony sandy ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less loam accessible areas on side slopes. 12 to 17 inches—brown very stony sandy clay • The low available water capacity limits forage loam production and seedling survival. 17 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown very stony • The rock fragments on the surface and throughout sandy clay loam the soil and the areas of Rock outcrop restrict the 23 to 31 inches—yellowish brown very stony placement of fenceposts. sandy clay loam • Because the growing season begins earlier on the 31 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown very south-facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes, gravelly sandy loam the south-facing slopes are suitable for grazing earlier. 51 inches—fractured basalt However, droughtiness is a limitation earlier in the Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock growing season on the south-facing slopes than on the Drainage class: Well drained north-facing slopes. Permeability: Moderately slow • The very stony surface layer, areas of Rock outcrop, Available water capacity: About 3 inches and steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground Hazard of erosion by water: Severe seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast Carbonates: Strongly effervescent between depths of seeding should be used. 31 and 51 inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Position on landscape: Escarpments steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff Suitable management practices: Contrasting Inclusions • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. • Hart soils that are on fans and have low sagebrush • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the and Idaho fescue in the potential plant community existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands and have low surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. sagebrush and Idaho fescue in the potential plant • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate community droughtiness. • Westbutte soils that are on north-facing mountainsides and have Idaho fescue in the potential plant community 61C—Deseed silt loam, 2 to 15 percent • Fitzwater and Riddleranch soils that are on south- slopes facing mountainsides • Rubble land Composition Major Use Deseed soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Deseed Soil Stones on the surface and in the soil, slope, water Position on landscape: Tablelands erosion, available water capacity, calcareous layer, Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; Rock outcrop source—tuff, basalt Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 109

Elevation: 5,400 to 5,800 feet damage structures and makes special design of Climatic factors: fences necessary. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Frost-free period—50 to 70 days material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Typical profile: steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Suitable management practices: 3 to 9 inches—brown silty clay loam • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 9 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown clay have achieved sufficient growth. 19 to 25 inches—yellowish brown clay loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 25 to 28 inches—very pale brown cobbly loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 28 inches—fractured tuff surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate bedrock, shallow (7 to 12 inches) to the claypan shrinking and swelling and a cool growing season. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches 62C—Deseed-Freznik complex, 2 to 15 Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate percent slopes Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 25 inches Composition Contrasting Inclusions Deseed soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Freznik and Anawalt soils that are on tablelands and Freznik soil and similar inclusions—35 percent have dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent community Characteristics of the Deseed Soil • Stringers of Rubble land that extend downslope • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more Position on landscape: Tablelands than 15 percent Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; • Soils that are similar to the Deseed soil but have source—tuff, basalt bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Elevation: 5,400 to 5,800 feet • Soils that are similar to the Deseed soil but 15 to 30 Climatic factors: percent of the surface is covered with rock fragments Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Livestock grazing Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Major Management Factors 3 to 9 inches—brown silty clay loam Depth to the claypan, permeability, depth to bedrock, 9 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown clay water erosion, shrink-swell potential 19 to 25 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 25 to 28 inches—very pale brown cobbly loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 28 inches—fractured tuff Community Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, bedrock, shallow (7 to 12 inches) to the claypan Sandberg bluegrass Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 5 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 25 limit the period of plant growth. inches • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. Characteristics of the Freznik Soil • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water impoundments. Position on landscape: Tablelands • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and source—tuff, basalt 110 Soil Survey

Elevation: 5,400 to 5,800 feet this unit is difficult because of the pattern in which they Climatic factors: occur with areas of the less favorable Freznik soil. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • The very stony surface layer of the Freznik soil Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Typical profile: used. 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water loam impoundments. 7 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 25 to 32 inches—yellowish brown clay loam the unit. 32 inches—slightly fractured basalt • The surface layer of the Freznik soil is saturated Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to following snowmelt. bedrock, very shallow (5 to 7 inches) to the • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts claypan when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and makes Drainage class: Well drained special design of fences necessary. Permeability: Upper 7 inches—moderate; below this • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the depth—very slow Freznik soil are the result of past erosion. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • The low available water capacity in the surface layer Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate of the Freznik soil limits forage production and seedling Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 25 survival. inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Contrasting Inclusions material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized • Freznik soils that are on tablelands, have a surface steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. layer that is less than 7 inches thick, and have Suitable management practices: dominantly Sandberg bluegrass in the potential plant • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants community have achieved sufficient growth. • Rock outcrop • Delay grazing until the Freznik soil is firm and the • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Major Use • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Livestock grazing surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Major Management Factors • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Deseed soil—depth to the claypan, shrink-swell growing season. potential, permeability, depth to bedrock, water erosion Freznik soil—stones on the surface, depth to the 63F—Deseed association, 2 to 50 percent claypan, shrink-swell potential, permeability, depth slopes to bedrock, water erosion, available water capacity Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Deseed soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Deseed soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big Deseed soil, south-facing, and similar inclusions—35 sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass percent Freznik soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Sandberg bluegrass Characteristics of the Deseed Soils Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Tablelands that have slopes of 2 General management considerations: to 30 percent, south-facing hillsides that have • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season slopes of 30 to 50 percent limit the period of plant growth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. source—tuff, basalt • Seeding areas of the more favorable Deseed soil in Elevation: 4,900 to 5,500 feet Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 111

Climatic factors: • Slope and the depth to bedrock limit construction of Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches water impoundments. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Frost-free period—50 to 70 days when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and makes Typical profile: special design of fences necessary. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on loam ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less 3 to 9 inches—brown silty clay loam accessible areas on side slopes. 9 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown clay • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 19 to 25 inches—yellowish brown clay loam protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 25 to 28 inches—very pale brown cobbly loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 28 inches—fractured tuff steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • The very cobbly surface layer may restrict the use of bedrock, very shallow or shallow (7 to 12 inches) ground seeding equipment in the more gently sloping to the claypan areas. Drainage class: Well drained • Slope in areas of the Deseed soil, south-facing, Permeability: Slow restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Available water capacity: About 5 inches Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Hazard of erosion by water: Severe used. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 25 • Because the growing season begins earlier on the inches steeper, south-facing slopes than in the less sloping areas, grazing can also begin earlier on the south- Contrasting Inclusions facing slopes. However, droughtiness is a limitation • Freznik and Anawalt soils that are on tablelands and earlier in the growing season on the south-facing have low sagebrush in the potential plant community slopes. • Rock outcrop Suitable management practices: • Strips of Rubble land that extend downslope • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Soils that have slopes of more than 50 percent have achieved sufficient growth. • Soils that are similar to the Deseed soils but have • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Use surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Livestock grazing shrinking and swelling and a cool growing season. Major Management Factors Deseed soil—cobbles on the surface, depth to the 64B—Deter loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes claypan, depth to bedrock, water erosion, permeability, shrink-swell potential Composition Deseed soil, south-facing—water erosion, slope, depth to the claypan, cobbles on the surface, depth to Deter soil and similar inclusions—85 percent bedrock, permeability, shrink-swell potential Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Characteristics of the Deter Soil Community Position on landscape: Lake terraces Deseed soil—Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush source—tuff, basalt, diatomite Deseed soil, south-facing—bluebunch wheatgrass, Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet antelope bitterbrush Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Livestock Grazing Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Typical profile: limit the period of plant growth. 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown loam • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. 7 to 19 inches—dark brown clay loam 112 Soil Survey

19 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown clay sprinkler systems. 34 to 46 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for 46 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam uniform application of water. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • To avoid exposing the subsoil, land smoothing that bedrock involves only shallow cuts is best suited. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Permeability: Slow protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Available water capacity: About 8 inches material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 46 • Minimizing tillage and returning crop residue to the inches soil increase the water intake rate and reduce soil compaction. Contrasting Inclusions • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for • Drews and Drewsgap soils that are on adjacent lake windbreaks and environmental plantings on this soil. terraces • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the • Oxwall soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake high content of clay causes moisture stress. terraces and have low sagebrush in the potential plant • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to community control competing vegetation. • Salisbury soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake Suitable management practices: terraces • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. • Soils that are similar to the Deter soil but have • Manage irrigation water to prevent the buildup of a bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 40 to 60 inches perched water table and to minimize runoff. Major Uses Homesites Cropland, livestock grazing, homesites General management considerations: Major Management Factors • The quality of roadbeds and road surfaces can be adversely affected by shrinking and swelling of the Permeability, shrink-swell potential, water erosion subsoil. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Consider the depth to which frost penetrates in Community designing footings and road bases. • Septic tank absorption fields function poorly because Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch the slow permeability of the subsoil restricts the wheatgrass movement and filtration of effluent. Livestock Grazing • Irrigation is needed for the establishment and maintenance of lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, shade General management considerations: trees, and ornamental trees. • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt because of the slow permeability of the subsoil. Suitable management practices: • The clayey subsoil restricts rooting depth. • Prevent structural damage that results from shrinking and swelling by allowing for it in designing and building Suitable management practices: foundations, concrete structures, and paved areas and • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate by backfilling with material that has low shrink-swell shrinking and swelling. potential. • Seed on the contour to reduce the risk of erosion. • Design septic tanks to compensate for the slow • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the permeability of the subsoil by increasing the size of the preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth absorption field and backfilling trenches with more to withstand grazing pressure. porous material. Cropland General management considerations: 64C—Deter loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. A Composition suitable cropping system includes small grain and summer fallow. Deter soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Suitable irrigation methods include border and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 113

Characteristics of the Deter Soil Suitable management practices: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Position on landscape: Lake terraces shrinking and swelling. Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; • Seed on the contour or across the slope where source—tuff, basalt, diatomite practical. Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the Climatic factors: preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches to withstand grazing pressure. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving existing Frost-free period—70 to 110 days plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Typical profile: surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown loam 7 to 19 inches—dark brown clay loam Cropland 19 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown clay General management considerations: 34 to 46 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous 46 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. A Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to suitable cropping system includes small grain and bedrock summer fallow. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the slope, this soil is best suited to Permeability: Slow sprinkler irrigation. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive slight or moderate material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 46 steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. inches • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the Contrasting Inclusions buildup of a perched water table and to minimize erosion. • Drews and Drewsgap soils that are on adjacent lake • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for terraces windbreaks and environmental plantings on this soil. • Oxwall soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the terraces and have low sagebrush in the potential plant high content of clay causes moisture stress. community • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to • Salisbury soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake control competing vegetation. terraces • Soils that are similar to the Deter soil but have a Suitable management practices: hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. • Use minimum tillage and return crop residue to the Major Uses soil to increase the water intake rate and reduce soil Cropland, livestock grazing compaction. • Reduce the risk of erosion by chiseling stubble fields Major Management Factors on the contour or across the slope in fall. Slope, water erosion, permeability, shrink-swell potential 65B—Deter loam, low precipitation, 0 to 5 Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant percent slopes Community Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Composition wheatgrass Deter soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Livestock Grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Characteristics of the Deter Soil General management considerations: • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt Position on landscape: Lake terraces because of the slow permeability of the subsoil. Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; • The clayey subsoil restricts rooting depth. source—tuff, basalt, diatomite 114 Soil Survey

Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth Climatic factors: to withstand grazing pressure. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches Cropland Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 110 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown loam cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. 7 to 19 inches—dark brown clay loam • Suitable irrigation methods include border and 19 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown clay sprinkler systems. 34 to 46 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for 46 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam uniform application of water. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • To avoid exposing the subsoil, land smoothing that bedrock involves only shallow cuts is best suited. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Permeability: Slow protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Available water capacity: About 8 inches material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 46 • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the inches buildup of a perched water table and to minimize runoff. Contrasting Inclusions • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake windbreaks and environmental plantings on this soil. terraces • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the • Harriman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces high content of clay causes moisture stress. • Lasere soils that are on adjacent hills and have low • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to sagebrush in the potential plant community control competing vegetation. • McConnel soils that are on adjacent, lower lying Suitable management practices: gravelly lake terraces • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. • Soils that are similar to the Deter soil but have a • Use minimum tillage and return crop residue to the hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches soil to increase the water intake rate and reduce soil Major Uses compaction. Cropland, livestock grazing Major Management Factors 65C—Deter loam, low precipitation, 5 to 15 percent slopes Permeability, shrink-swell potential, droughtiness, water erosion Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Deter soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, antelope Characteristics of the Deter Soil bitterbrush Position on landscape: Lake terraces Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; source—tuff, basalt, diatomite General management considerations: Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet • The clayey subsoil restricts rooting depth. Climatic factors: • The low precipitation limits forage production and Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Suitable management practices: Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Typical profile: droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown loam • Seed on the contour to reduce the risk of erosion. 7 to 19 inches—dark brown clay loam • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the 19 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown clay Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 115

34 to 46 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. 46 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam • Because of the slope, this soil is best suited to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to sprinkler irrigation. bedrock • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Drainage class: Well drained protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Permeability: Slow material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Available water capacity: About 8 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 46 buildup of a perched water table and to minimize inches erosion. • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for Contrasting Inclusions windbreaks and environmental plantings on this soil. • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the terraces high content of clay causes moisture stress. • Harriman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to • Lasere soils that are on adjacent hills and have low control competing vegetation. sagebrush in the potential plant community Suitable management practices: • McConnel soils that are on adjacent, lower lying • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. gravelly lake terraces • Use minimum tillage and return crop residue to the • Soils that are similar to the Deter soil but have a soil to increase the water intake rate and reduce soil hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches compaction. Major Uses • Reduce the risk of erosion by chiseling stubble fields on the contour or across the slope in fall. Cropland, livestock grazing Major Management Factors 66C—Devada-Deseed complex, 2 to 15 Slope, water erosion, permeability, shrink-swell percent slopes potential, droughtiness Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Devada soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, antelope Deseed soil and similar inclusions—35 percent bitterbrush Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Devada Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Tablelands • The clayey subsoil restricts rooting depth. Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt • The low precipitation limits forage production and Elevation: 4,900 to 5,800 feet seedling survival. Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Seed on the contour or across the slope where Typical profile: practical. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the loam preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth 3 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly clay to withstand grazing pressure. 7 to 18 inches—dark brown clay • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 18 inches—basalt existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan Drainage class: Well drained Cropland Permeability: Upper 7 inches—moderately rapid; below General management considerations: this depth—slow • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Available water capacity: About 2 inches 116 Soil Survey

Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Deseed soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 1 inch sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass and 18 inches Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Deseed Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Tablelands • The surface layer of the Devada soil is saturated Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; following snowmelt. source—tuff, basalt • The claypan and bedrock in the Devada soil severely Elevation: 4,900 to 5,800 feet restrict rooting depth. Climatic factors: • The low available water capacity of the Devada soil Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches limits forage production and seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Devada soil Frost-free period—70 to 90 days limits the construction of water impoundments and the Typical profile: placement of fenceposts. 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam • The subsoil of the soils in this unit expands when 3 to 9 inches—brown silty clay loam wet and contracts when dry, which makes special 9 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown clay design of fences necessary. 19 to 25 inches—yellowish brown clay loam • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the 25 to 28 inches—very pale brown cobbly Devada soil are the result of past erosion. loam • Because of the high corrosivity of the Deseed soil to 28 inches—fractured tuff uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, bedrock, very shallow or shallow (7 to 12 inches) galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures to the claypan or pipelines. Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Slow • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Available water capacity: About 5 inches have achieved sufficient growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Delay grazing until the Devada soil is firm and the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 25 preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Contrasting Inclusions existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Oreneva soils that are in steeper areas • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Madeline and Ninemile soils that are on higher lying droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. tablelands • Improve areas that are heavily infested with • Old Camp soils that are on lower lying tablelands undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more applying chemicals. than 15 percent Major Use 67C—Devoy-Blizzard complex, 2 to 15 Livestock grazing percent slopes Major Management Factors Composition Devada soil—depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, available water capacity, permeability, shrink-swell Devoy soil and similar inclusions—50 percent potential, water erosion Blizzard soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Deseed soil—depth to the claypan, permeability, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent shrink-swell potential, depth to bedrock, water Characteristics of the Devoy Soil erosion Position on landscape: Tablelands Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; Community source—basalt, tuff Devada soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Elevation: 6,300 to 6,800 feet Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 117

Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Major Use Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Livestock grazing Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Typical profile: Major Management Factors 0 to 10 inches—dark brown cobbly loam Devoy soil—rock fragments on the surface, depth to 10 to 17 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam bedrock, available water capacity, permeability, 17 to 30 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay shrink-swell potential 30 inches—fractured basalt Blizzard soil—available water capacity, depth to Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, depth to the claypan, rock fragments on bedrock the surface, shrink-swell potential, permeability, Drainage class: Well drained water erosion Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 3 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Community Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 17 and Devoy soil—Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, 30 inches bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big sagebrush Characteristics of the Blizzard Soil Blizzard soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Position on landscape: Tablelands Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Livestock Grazing basalt, tuff General management considerations: Elevation: 6,300 to 6,800 feet • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Climatic factors: limit the period of plant growth. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • The surface layer of the Blizzard soil is saturated Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F following snowmelt. Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • The cobbles in the surface layer may restrict the Typical profile: operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods 0 to 1 inch—dark brown very cobbly silty clay loam such as broadcast seeding should be used. 1 inch to 7 inches—dark brown silty clay • The claypan and bedrock in the Blizzard soil restrict 7 to 16 inches—dark brown cobbly clay rooting depth. 16 inches—fractured basalt • The bedrock in the Devoy soil restricts rooting depth. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very • The low available water capacity limits forage shallow (1 to 4 inches) to the claypan production and seedling survival. Drainage class: Well drained • The depth to bedrock limits the construction of water Permeability: Slow impoundments. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Blizzard soil Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate limits the placement of fenceposts. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 1 inch • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the and 16 inches Blizzard soil are the result of past erosion. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • Soils that are similar to the Blizzard soil but have • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants bedrock at a depth of 10 inches or less and have have achieved sufficient growth. dominantly curlleaf mountainmahogany or western • Delay grazing until the Blizzard soil is firm and juniper in the potential plant community the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing • Soils that are similar to the Blizzard soil but are 35 pressure. percent rock fragments or more throughout • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 118 Soil Survey

existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Livestock Grazing surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. General management considerations: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • The low precipitation limits forage production and droughtiness, shrink-swell potential, and a cool growing seedling survival. season. • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water 68C—Diaz very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 impoundments. percent slopes • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Composition steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Diaz soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Suitable management practices: Characteristics of the Diaz Soil • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Position on landscape: Tablelands surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate source—tuff, basalt droughtiness. Elevation: 4,400 to 5,200 feet Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches 69B—Donica gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F slopes Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: Composition 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam 5 to 9 inches—brown loam Donica soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 9 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown Contrasting inclusions—15 percent clay loam Characteristics of the Donica Soil 17 to 23 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 23 inches—basalt Position on landscape: Alluvial fans in lake basins Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Parent material: Kind—gravelly alluvium; source—tuff, bedrock andesite, basalt Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,600 to 5,000 feet Permeability: Slow Climatic factors: Available water capacity: About 4 inches Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 17 Frost-free period—70 to 110 days inches Typical profile: 0 to 6 inches—very dark brown gravelly loam Contrasting Inclusions 6 to 24 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy • Rock outcrop loam • Soils that are similar to the Diaz soil but have 24 to 34 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches 34 to 61 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam Major Use Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Livestock grazing bedrock Permeability: Moderately rapid Major Management Factors Available water capacity: About 3 inches Depth to bedrock, water erosion, shrink-swell potential Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting Inclusions Community • Drews soils that are on adjacent lake terraces Indian ricegrass, Thurber needlegrass, • Salisbury soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake needleandthread, Wyoming big sagebrush terraces Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 119

Major Uses Homesites Cropland, livestock grazing, homesites General management considerations: • Because of the rapid permeability of the substratum, Major Management Factors onsite sewage disposal systems may not be suitable Available water capacity, rock fragments throughout because of the risk of ground water pollution. the soil, permeability • This unit is a good source of roadfill. • Removal of gravel and cobbles from the surface may Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant be needed for the establishment of lawns. Community • Irrigation is needed for the establishment and Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch maintenance of lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, shade wheatgrass trees, and ornamental trees. Livestock Grazing General management considerations: 69C—Donica gravelly loam, 5 to 15 • The low available water capacity limits forage percent slopes production and seedling survival. • Seepage as a result of the rapid permeability of the Composition substratum limits construction of water impoundments. Donica soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The rock fragments throughout the soil restrict the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent placement of fenceposts. Characteristics of the Donica Soil Suitable management practices: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Position on landscape: Alluvial fans in lake basins droughtiness. Parent material: Kind—gravelly alluvium; source—tuff, • Seed on the contour to reduce the risk of erosion. andesite, basalt Elevation: 4,600 to 5,000 feet Cropland Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Because of the limited precipitation and low available Frost-free period—70 to 110 days water capacity, continuous cropping is suitable only if Typical profile: the soil is irrigated. A suitable cropping system 0 to 6 inches—very dark brown gravelly loam includes small grain and summer fallow. 6 to 24 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy • Because of the rapid water intake rate and loam moderately rapid permeability, this soil is best suited to 24 to 34 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam sprinkler irrigation. 34 to 61 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy • Because the soil is droughty, frequent applications of loam irrigation water for short periods are needed. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The rock fragments on the surface make seedbed bedrock preparation difficult. Permeability: Moderately rapid Suitable management practices: Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • To minimize runoff, erosion, and leaching of plant Contrasting Inclusions nutrients, adjust the applications of irrigation water to the available water capacity, the water intake rate, and • Drews soils that are on adjacent lake terraces the needs of the crop grown. • Salisbury soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental terraces plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more • The low available water capacity may result in a than 15 percent severe rate of seedling mortality. Major Uses • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation. Livestock grazing, cropland, homesites 120 Soil Survey

Major Management Factors onsite sewage disposal systems may not be suitable because of the risk of polluting ground water. Slope, available water capacity, rock fragments • This unit is a good source of roadfill. throughout the soil, permeability, water erosion • Design and construct buildings and access roads to Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant compensate for the steepness of slope. Community • Removal of gravel and cobbles from the surface may be needed for the establishment of lawns. Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch • Irrigation is needed for the establishment and wheatgrass maintenance of lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, shade Livestock Grazing trees, and ornamental trees. General management considerations: • The low available water capacity limits forage 70C—Drakesflat loam, 2 to 15 percent production and seedling survival. slopes • Rock fragments throughout the soil restrict the placement of fenceposts. Composition Suitable management practices: Drakesflat soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Characteristics of the Drakesflat Soil • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Position on landscape: Tablelands droughtiness. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Seed on the contour or across the slope where basalt, tuff practical. Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet Cropland Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Because of the limited precipitation and low available Frost-free period—50 to 70 days water capacity, continuous cropping is suitable only if Typical profile: the soil is irrigated. A suitable cropping system 0 to 6 inches—very dark brown loam includes small grain and summer fallow. 6 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown cobbly • Because of the rapid water intake rate, rapid loam permeability of the substratum, and steepness of 12 to 23 inches—dark brown clay loam slope, this soil is best suited to sprinkler irrigation. 23 to 31 inches—dark brown clay loam • Because the soil is droughty, frequent applications of 31 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and irrigation water for short periods are needed. calcium carbonate in fractures • The rock fragments on the surface make seedbed Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to preparation difficult. bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (15 to 30 • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental inches) to secondary lime plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. Drainage class: Well drained • The low available water capacity may result in a Permeability: Slow severe rate of seedling mortality. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate control competing vegetation. Carbonates: Slightly effervescent between depths of 23 Suitable management practices: and 31 inches • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Contrasting Inclusions • To minimize erosion and leaching of plant nutrients, adjust the application of irrigation water to the available • Fertaline soils that are on tablelands and have low water capacity, the water intake rate, and the needs of sagebrush in the potential plant community the crop grown. • Coglin soils that are on tablelands and have black sagebrush in the potential plant community Homesites • Soils that are similar to the Drakesflat soil but have General management considerations: bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of less than 20 inches • Because of the rapid permeability of the substratum, or more than 40 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 121

Major Use Typical profile: 0 to 6 inches—very dark brown loam Livestock grazing 6 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown cobbly Major Management Factors loam 12 to 23 inches—dark brown clay loam Depth to bedrock, available water capacity, water 23 to 31 inches—dark brown clay loam erosion, calcareous layer 31 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant calcium carbonate in fractures Community Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (15 to 30 Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, inches) to secondary lime Sandberg bluegrass Drainage class: Well drained Livestock Grazing Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The bedrock and calcareous layer restrict rooting Carbonates: Slightly effervescent between depths of 23 depth. and 31 inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season limit the period of plant growth. Contrasting Inclusions • The low available water capacity limits forage • Fertaline soils that are on tablelands and have low production and seedling survival. sagebrush in the potential plant community • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water • Coglin soils that are on tablelands and have black impoundments. sagebrush in the potential plant community • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, • Soils that are similar to the Drakesflat soil but have protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of less than 20 inches material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized or more than 40 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or Suitable management practices: more than 30 percent • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Major Use have achieved sufficient growth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Livestock grazing existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Management Factors surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, calcareous droughtiness and a cool growing season. layer, available water capacity Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 70E—Drakesflat loam, 15 to 30 percent Community slopes Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass Composition Livestock Grazing Drakesflat soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: • The bedrock and calcareous layer restrict rooting Characteristics of the Drakesflat Soil depth. Position on landscape: Tablelands • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— limit the period of plant growth. basalt, tuff • The low available water capacity limits forage Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet production and seedling survival. Climatic factors: • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Frost-free period—50 to 70 days steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 122 Soil Survey

Suitable management practices: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Frost-free period—70 to 90 days have achieved sufficient growth. Typical profile: • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the stony loam surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 2 to 7 inches—dark brown clay • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 7 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay droughtiness and a cool growing season. loam • Seed on the contour or across the slope where 16 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay practical. loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (2 to 5 inches) to the 71C—Drakesflat-Coglin complex, 2 to 15 claypan, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 30 percent slopes inches) to secondary lime Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches Drakesflat soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Coglin soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 2 and 7 Contrasting inclusions—15 percent inches Characteristics of the Drakesflat Soil Carbonates: Strongly effervescent between depths of 16 and 60 inches Position on landscape: Tablelands Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Contrasting Inclusions basalt, tuff • Fertaline soils that are on tablelands and have low Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet sagebrush in the potential plant community Climatic factors: • Soils that are similar to the Drakesflat soil but have Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of less than 20 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F or more than 40 inches Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Soils that are similar to the Coglin soil but have Typical profile: bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of less than 40 inches 0 to 6 inches—very dark brown loam 6 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown cobbly Major Use loam Livestock grazing 12 to 23 inches—dark brown clay loam 23 to 31 inches—dark brown clay loam Major Management Factors 31 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Drakesflat soil—depth to bedrock, available water calcium carbonate in fractures capacity, water erosion, calcareous layer Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Coglin soil—stones on the surface, depth to the bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (15 to 30 claypan, calcareous layer, water erosion, inches) to secondary lime permeability, shrink-swell potential Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Available water capacity: About 4 inches Community Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Drakesflat soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big Carbonates: Slightly effervescent between depths of 23 sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass and 31 inches Coglin soil—black sagebrush, bottlebrush squirreltail, Characteristics of the Coglin Soil Sandberg bluegrass Position on landscape: Tablelands Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— basalt, tuff General management considerations: Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet • The low precipitation and low available water Climatic factors: capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Seeding areas of the more favorable Drakesflat soil Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 123

in this unit is difficult because of the pattern in which gravelly coarse sandy loam they occur with areas of the less favorable extremely 21 to 26 inches—dark brown very gravelly coarse stony Coglin soil. sandy loam • The bedrock and calcareous layer in the Drakesflat 26 to 37 inches—light olive brown very gravelly soil restrict rooting depth. coarse sandy loam • Crusting of the surface layer of the Coglin soil 37 to 47 inches—dark yellowish brown very reduces infiltration and restricts seedling emergence gravelly coarse sandy loam and survival. 47 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly coarse • The calcareous layer and claypan in the Coglin soil sandy loam restrict rooting depth. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The depth to bedrock in the Drakesflat soil limits bedrock construction of water impoundments. Drainage class: Well drained • The surface layer of the Coglin soil is saturated Permeability: Moderately rapid following snowmelt. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Hazard of erosion by water: Severe protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Contrasting Inclusions material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Rock outcrop • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. • Soils that are similar to the Drakespeak soil but are in areas protected from wind and have mountain big Suitable management practices: sagebrush and common snowberry in the potential • Delay grazing until the Coglin soil is firm and the plant community preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Soils that are similar to the Drakespeak soil but have • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the bedrock at a depth of 20 to 60 inches existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the surface. Major Uses • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Watershed, wildlife habitat, livestock grazing droughtiness and a cool growing season. Major Management Factors 72F—Drakespeak very gravelly coarse Slope, water erosion, gravel and cobbles in the soil, sandy loam, 20 to 50 percent south wind erosion, available water capacity slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Composition Low sagebrush, granite gilia, red fescue Drakespeak soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Livestock Grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: Characteristics of the Drakespeak Soil • Cold soil temperatures limit plant growth. • Grazing should be delayed until the soil is warm and Position on landscape: Mountainsides the plants have achieved sufficient growth to withstand Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— grazing pressure. rhyolite • The steepness of slope restricts the operation of Elevation: 7,500 to 8,300 feet ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Climatic factors: broadcast seeding should be used. Mean annual precipitation—30 to 38 inches Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Suitable management practices: Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Delay grazing until late in summer when forage Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December plants have achieved sufficient growth to withstand through March; more than 48 inches—January and grazing pressure. February • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Typical profile: existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 0 to 6 inches—very dark brown very gravelly surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. coarse sandy loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 6 to 21 inches—very dark grayish brown very droughtiness and a short, cool growing season. 124 Soil Survey

73B—Drews loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes • Seeding should be done on the contour to reduce the risk of erosion. Composition Cropland Drews soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. A Characteristics of the Drews Soil suitable cropping system includes small grain and Position on landscape: Lake terraces summer fallow. Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and source—rhyolite, basalt, tuff border systems. Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for Climatic factors: uniform application of water. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • To avoid exposing the subsoil, land smoothing that Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F involves only shallow cuts is best suited. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Typical profile: • Irrigation water management is needed to minimize 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown loam runoff and erosion. 11 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown clay • Using minimum tillage and returning crop residue to loam the soil reduce soil compaction, improve soil tilth, and 16 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam increase the water intake rate. 36 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for gravelly loam windbreaks and environmental plantings. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to bedrock control competing vegetation. Drainage class: Well drained Homesites Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 8 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • This unit is well suited to use as homesites. • Irrigation is needed for the establishment and Contrasting Inclusions maintenance of lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, shade • Deter, Donica, and Drewsgap soils that are on trees, and ornamental trees. adjacent lake terraces • Salisbury soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying lake terraces 73C—Drews loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes • Oxwall soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying lake terraces and have low sagebrush in the potential Composition plant community Drews soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Uses Characteristics of the Drews Soil Cropland, livestock grazing, homesites Position on landscape: Lake terraces Major Management Factor Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; Water erosion source—rhyolite, basalt, tuff Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Climatic factors: Community Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F wheatgrass Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Typical profile: Livestock Grazing 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown loam General management considerations: 11 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown clay • This unit is well suited to livestock grazing and range loam management. 16 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 125

36 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very across the slope, and keeping the surface of the soil gravelly loam rough. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for bedrock windbreaks and environmental plantings. Drainage class: Well drained • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to Permeability: Moderately slow control competing vegetation. Available water capacity: About 8 inches Homesites Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— slight or moderate General management considerations: • Excavation increases the risk of water erosion. Contrasting fInclusions • Irrigation is needed for the establishment and • Deter, Donica, and Drewsgap soils that are on maintenance of lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, shade adjacent lake terraces trees, and ornamental trees in summer. • Salisbury soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher Suitable management practices: lying lake terraces • Reduce the risk of erosion and minimize the cost of • Oxwall soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying maintenance by stabilizing areas that have been lake terraces and have low sagebrush in the potential disturbed. plant community • Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more minimize cuts and fills. than 15 percent • Reduce the risk of erosion on steep cuts and fills by Major Uses establishing a plant cover. • In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by Cropland, livestock grazing, homesites disturbing only the part of the site that is used for Major Management Factors construction. Slope, water erosion, wind erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 73E—Drews loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes Community Composition Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Drews soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Drews Soil General management considerations: • This unit is well suited to livestock grazing and range Position on landscape: Lake terraces management. Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the source—rhyolite, basalt, tuff existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant Climatic factors: cover. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Seed on the contour or across the slope where Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F practical. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Typical profile: Cropland 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown loam General management considerations: 11 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown clay • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous loam cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. 16 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam • Because of the slope, this soil is best suited to 36 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very sprinkler irrigation. gravelly loam • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Irrigation water management reduces runoff and bedrock erosion. Drainage class: Well drained • Reduce the risk of erosion by maintaining crop Permeability: Moderately slow residue on the soil surface, stripcropping, farming Available water capacity: About 8 inches 126 Soil Survey

Hazard of erosion: By water—severe; by wind—slight Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet or moderate Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Deter and Donica soils that are on adjacent lake Frost-free period—70 to 110 days terraces Typical profile: • Oxwall soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown cobbly loam lake terraces and have low sagebrush in the potential 11 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown clay plant community loam • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or 16 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam more than 30 percent 36 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly loam Major Use Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Livestock grazing bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Factors Permeability: Moderately slow Slope, water erosion, wind erosion Available water capacity: About 8 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Contrasting Inclusions Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch • Lasere soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying wheatgrass foot slopes and hills and have low sagebrush in the potential plant community Livestock Grazing • Lakeview soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake General management considerations: terraces • Slope may restrict the operation of ground seeding • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding than 15 percent should be used. Major Uses • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for windbreaks and environmental plantings. Cropland, livestock grazing • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to Major Management Factors control competing vegetation. Slope, rock fragments on the surface, water erosion Suitable management practices: • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter Community on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch cover. wheatgrass • Seed on the contour or across the slope where practical. Livestock Grazing General management considerations: 74C—Drews cobbly loam, 5 to 15 percent • This unit is well suited to livestock grazing and range slopes management. Suitable management practices: Composition • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Drews soil and similar inclusions—85 percent surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Seed on the contour or across the slope where Characteristics of the Drews Soil practical. Cropland Position on landscape: Slump benches on lake terraces General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, alluvium; source— • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous rhyolite, basalt, tuff cropping is not practical unless the soil is irrigated. A Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 127

suitable cropping system includes small grain and Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; summer fallow. source—rhyolite, tuff, volcanic ash • Because of the slope, sprinkler irrigation is best Elevation: 4,700 to 5,200 feet suited to this soil. Climatic factors: • Coarse fragments on the surface make seedbed Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches preparation difficult. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Irrigation water management reduces runoff and Frost-free period—70 to 110 days erosion. Typical profile: • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for 0 to 2 inches—very dark gray gravelly loam windbreaks and environmental plantings. 2 to 11 inches—very dark brown gravelly clay loam • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to 11 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish control competing vegetation. brown gravelly clay 16 to 24 inches—indurated hardpan Suitable management practices: 24 to 60 inches—variegated, stratified very • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. gravelly loam and very gravelly sandy loam • Reduce the risk of erosion by maintaining crop Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (5 to 12 inches) to residue on the surface, stripcropping, farming across the claypan; shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the the slope, and keeping the soil surface rough. hardpan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained 75B—Drews-Oxwall complex, 0 to 5 Permeability: Slow percent slopes Available water capacity: About 2 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Composition Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and 16 inches Drews soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Oxwall soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Lasere soils that are on adjacent hills Characteristics of the Drews Soil • Deter, Donica, Drewsgap, and Salisbury soils that are on adjacent lake terraces Position on landscape: Lake terraces • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; source—rhyolite, basalt, tuff Major Uses Elevation: 4,700 to 5,200 feet Livestock grazing, cropland Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Major Management Factors Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Drews soil—water erosion Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Oxwall soil—depth to the claypan, depth to the Typical profile: hardpan, permeability, shrink-swell potential, 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown loam available water capacity, water erosion 11 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 16 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam Community 36 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very Drews soil—Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, gravelly loam bluebunch wheatgrass Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Oxwall soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch bedrock wheatgrass Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 8 inches Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—slight or General management considerations: moderate • The claypan and hardpan in the Oxwall soil restrict rooting depth. Characteristics of the Oxwall Soil • The low available water capacity of the Oxwall soil Position on landscape: Lake terraces limits forage production and seedling survival. 128 Soil Survey

• The surface layer of the Oxwall soil is saturated 76B—Drewsgap loam, 0 to 5 percent following snowmelt. slopes • The shallow depth to the hardpan in the Oxwall soil limits placement of fenceposts. Composition Suitable management practices: Drewsgap soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth to withstand grazing pressure. Characteristics of the Drewsgap Soil • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Position on landscape: Lake terraces existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. source—tuff, basalt, rhyolite • If the Oxwall soil is seeded, select plants that Elevation: 4,700 to 5,200 feet tolerate droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Climatic factors: • Seed on the contour to reduce erosion. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Cropland Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 110 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous 0 to 8 inches—very dark brown loam cropping is suitable only if the soils are irrigated. A 8 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown fine suitable cropping system includes small grain and sandy loam summer fallow. 14 to 30 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and 30 to 34 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam border systems. 34 to 49 inches—hardpan • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for 49 to 61 inches—strong brown and dark brown uniform application of water. very gravelly loam • To avoid exposing the subsoil, land smoothing that Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the involves only shallow cuts is best suited. hardpan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The shallow depth to the hardpan in the Oxwall soil bedrock limits rooting depth. Drainage class: Well drained • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the Permeability: Moderately slow buildup of a perched water table above the claypan in Available water capacity: About 5 inches the Oxwall soil. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Using minimum tillage and returning crop residue to the soil reduce compaction, improve tilth, and increase Contrasting Inclusions the water intake rate. • Deter and Drews soils that are on adjacent lake • When the Oxwall soil is dry, subsoiling or deep terraces plowing to rip the hardpan can increase the effective • Donica soils that are on alluvial fans on adjacent rooting depth and improve internal drainage. lake terraces • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for • Salisbury soils that are on higher lying lake terraces windbreaks and environmental plantings on the Drews • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent soil. • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Major Uses plantings on the Oxwall soil should be tolerant of Cropland, livestock grazing droughtiness. • The seedling mortality rate on the Oxwall soil is Major Management Factors severe because the high content of clay causes Depth to the hardpan, water erosion moisture stress. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Suitable management practices: Community • Cultivate or apply herbicides to help control competing vegetation on the Oxwall soil. Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. wheatgrass Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 129

Livestock Grazing 0 to 8 inches—very dark brown loam 8 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown fine General management considerations: sandy loam • The hardpan restricts rooting depth. 14 to 30 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam • Seeding should be done on the contour to reduce 30 to 34 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam erosion. 34 to 49 inches—hardpan Cropland 49 to 61 inches—strong brown and dark brown very gravelly loam General management considerations: Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous hardpan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to cropping is not practical unless this soil is irrigated. A bedrock suitable cropping system includes small grain and Drainage class: Well drained summer fallow. Permeability: Moderately slow • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and Available water capacity: About 5 inches border systems. Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for slight or moderate uniform application of water. • To avoid exposing the hardpan, land smoothing that Contrasting Inclusions involves only shallow cuts is best suited. • Salisbury soils that are on higher lying lake terraces • The hardpan limits rooting depth. • Deter and Drews soils that are on adjacent lake • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the terraces buildup of a perched water table above the hardpan. • Donica soils that are on alluvial fans on adjacent • When the soil is dry, ripping the hardpan can lake terraces increase the effective rooting depth and improve • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more internal drainage. than 15 percent • Using minimum tillage and returning crop residue to the soil reduce compaction and improve tilth. Major Uses • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for Cropland, livestock grazing windbreaks and environmental plantings. Major Management Factors Suitable management practices: • Cultivate or apply herbicides to help control Depth to the hardpan, water erosion, wind erosion, competing vegetation. slope • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 76C—Drewsgap loam, 5 to 15 percent Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch slopes wheatgrass Livestock Grazing Composition General management considerations: Drewsgap soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The hardpan restricts rooting depth. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Characteristics of the Drewsgap Soil existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Position on landscape: Lake terraces • Seeding should be done on the contour or across the Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; slope where practical. source—tuff, basalt, rhyolite Cropland Elevation: 4,700 to 5,200 feet Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F cropping is not practical unless this soil is irrigated. A Frost-free period—70 to 110 days suitable cropping system includes small grain and Typical profile: summer fallow. 130 Soil Survey

• Because of the slope, this soil is best suited to • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 inches or sprinkler irrigation. less and have more than 35 percent rock fragments in • The hardpan limits rooting depth. the lower layers • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the • Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent buildup of a perched water table above the hardpan. Major Use • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for windbreaks and environmental plantings. Livestock grazing • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to Major Management Factors control competing vegetation. • Using minimum tillage and returning crop residue to Stones, available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, the soil reduce compaction and improve tilth. permeability, water erosion Suitable management practices: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Community • Regulate the application rate of irrigation water to Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, antelope control runoff and erosion. bitterbrush • When the soil is dry, rip the hardpan to increase the effective rooting depth and improve internal drainage. Livestock Grazing • Reduce the risk of erosion by farming across the General management considerations: slope or along the contour. • Livestock tend to graze in the less stony areas. • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation 77E—Eglirim very stony loam, 2 to 30 of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as percent slopes broadcast seeding should be used. • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, which makes special design of fences necessary. Composition • The low available water capacity limits forage Eglirim soil and similar inclusions—85 percent production and seedling survival. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Characteristics of the Eglirim Soil material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Position on landscape: Colluvial fans steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Suitable management practices: Elevation: 4,200 to 4,700 feet • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Climatic factors: existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • If this soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Frost-free period—70 to 110 days droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Typical profile: 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown very stony loam 16 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely 78F—Eglirim association, 30 to 50 percent stony clay slopes 37 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Eglirim soil, north-facing, and similar inclusions—45 Drainage class: Well drained percent Permeability: Slow Eglirim soil, south-facing, and similar inclusions—40 Available water capacity: About 3 inches percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 16 and Characteristics of the Eglirim Soils 37 inches Position on landscape: North- and south-facing slopes Contrasting Inclusions of colluvial fans • Nuss and Royst soils that are on adjacent hills Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt • Rock outcrop Elevation: 4,200 to 4,700 feet Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 131

Climatic factors: • The soils expand when wet and contract when dry, Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches which makes special design of fences necessary. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Frost-free period—70 to 110 days begins later in spring and moisture is available later in Typical profile: summer on these slopes than on the south-facing 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown very stony loam slopes. 16 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • The areas on south-facing slopes warm up early in stony clay spring; therefore, the forage plants achieve sufficient 37 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely growth for grazing earlier in the growing season. stony loam Suitable management practices: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants bedrock have achieved sufficient growth. Drainage class: Well drained • Minimize erosion to maintain forage production.. Permeability: Slow • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Available water capacity: About 3 inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Hazard of erosion by water: Severe surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 16 and • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 37 inches droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Contrasting Inclusions • Nuss and Royst soils that are on adjacent, higher 79C—Erakatak cobbly loam, 2 to 15 lying hills percent slopes • Rock outcrop • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 inches or Composition less and have more than 35 percent rock fragments in the lower layers Erakatak soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Contrasting inclusions—15 percent more than 50 percent Characteristics of the Erakatak Soil Major Use Position on landscape: Tablelands Livestock grazing Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— tuff, basalt Major Management Factors Elevation: 5,200 to 6,400 feet Slope, water erosion, stones, available water capacity, Climatic factors: shrink-swell potential, permeability Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Community Typical profile: Eglirim soil, north-facing—bluebunch wheatgrass, 0 to 8 inches—dark brown cobbly loam Idaho fescue, Wyoming big sagebrush, Sandberg 8 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Eglirim soil, south-facing—bluebunch wheatgrass, clay Wyoming big sagebrush 30 inches—basalt Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Livestock Grazing bedrock General management considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Livestock tend to graze in the less stony areas. Permeability: Slow • Livestock tend to graze in the easily accessible Available water capacity: About 3 inches areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate the less accessible areas on side slopes. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 18 and • The very stony surface layer and the steepness of 30 inches slope restrict the operation of ground seeding Contrasting Inclusions equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be used. • Rock outcrop 132 Soil Survey

• Newlands soils that are on mountain foot slopes Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Ninemile, Carryback, and Freznik soils that are on Frost-free period—50 to 70 days tablelands and have low sagebrush in the potential Typical profile: plant community 0 to 8 inches—dark brown cobbly loam • Soils that are similar to the Erakatak soil but have 8 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches or more than 40 clay inches 18 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly clay loam Major Uses 30 inches—basalt Livestock grazing, watershed, wildlife habitat Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock Major Management Factors Drainage class: Well drained Rock fragments throughout the soil, permeability, depth Permeability: Slow to bedrock, water erosion, shrink-swell potential Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 18 and Community 30 inches Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, mountain big Characteristics of the Carryback Soil sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Position on landscape: Tablelands Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— General management considerations: tuff, basalt • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Elevation: 5,400 to 6,200 feet limit the period of plant growth. Climatic factors: • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches impoundments. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The rock fragments throughout the soil restrict the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days placement of fenceposts. Typical profile: 0 to 2 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam Suitable management practices: 2 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants loam have achieved sufficient growth. 8 to 15 inches—brown clay • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 15 to 22 inches—brown silty clay loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 22 to 27 inches—brown silt loam surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 27 to 33 inches—brown loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 33 inches—tuff droughtiness and a cool growing season. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (4 to 10 inches) to the 80E—Erakatak-Carryback complex, 15 to claypan 30 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Erakatak soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 15 Carryback soil and similar inclusions—35 percent inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Carbonates: Between depths of 22 and 27 inches— slightly effervescent; below this depth—strongly Characteristics of the Erakatak Soil effervescent Position on landscape: Hillsides, tablelands Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— tuff, basalt • Rock outcrop Elevation: 5,400 to 6,200 feet • Newlands soils that are on mountain foot slopes and Climatic factors: have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches community Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 133

• Ninemile and Freznik soils that are on tablelands existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Soils that are similar to the Carryback soil but have surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Major Use growing season. Livestock grazing Major Management Factors 81E—Felcher very cobbly clay loam, 5 to Erakatak soil—permeability, depth to bedrock, rock 30 percent slopes fragments throughout the soil, water erosion, shrink-swell potential Composition Carryback soil—rock fragments on the surface, Felcher soil and similar inclusions—85 percent permeability, depth to the claypan, depth to Contrasting inclusions—15 percent bedrock, shrink-swell potential, calcareous layer, water erosion Characteristics of the Felcher Soil Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Position on landscape: Mountainsides Community Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet Erakatak soil—Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, Climatic factors: mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Carryback soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F bluebunch wheatgrass Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Livestock Grazing Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam General management considerations: 4 to 24 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season loam limit the period of plant growth. 24 inches—basalt • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Carryback soil are the result of past erosion. bedrock • The surface layer of the Carryback soil is saturated Drainage class: Well drained following snowmelt. Permeability: Moderately slow • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Available water capacity: About 4 inches impoundments. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe • The bedrock in the Erakatak soil restricts rooting depth. Contrasting Inclusions • The claypan, calcareous layer, and bedrock in the • Jesse Camp soils that are on lake terraces Carryback soil restrict rooting depth. • Soils that are similar to the Felcher soil but have • The very cobbly surface layer can restrict the bedrock at a depth of 20 inches or less operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more such as broadcast seeding should be used. than 30 percent • The rock fragments throughout the Erakatak soil restrict the placement of fenceposts. Major Use • Because of the high corrosivity of the Carryback soil Livestock grazing to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, Major Management Factors galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Depth to bedrock, slope, water erosion, available water or pipelines. capacity, rock fragments Suitable management practices: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Community have achieved sufficient growth. • Delay grazing until the Carryback soil is firm and the Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, preferred forage plants can withstand grazing. Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the squirreltail 134 Soil Survey

Livestock Grazing Major Management Factors General management considerations: Slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, available water • The bedrock and rock fragments restrict rooting capacity, rock fragments depth. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • The low precipitation and low available water Community capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • The depth to bedrock and slope limit construction of Bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush water impoundments. Livestock Grazing • The rock fragments throughout the soil limit placement of fenceposts. General management considerations: • The bedrock and rock fragments restrict rooting Suitable management practices: depth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • The low precipitation and low available water existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less droughtiness. accessible areas on side slopes. • The rock fragments throughout the soil limit 82F—Felcher very cobbly clay loam, 30 to placement of fenceposts. 50 percent south slopes • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be used. Composition • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Felcher soil and similar inclusions—85 percent slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than Contrasting inclusions—15 percent on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation earlier in the growing season on the south-facing Characteristics of the Felcher Soil slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Position on landscape: Mountainsides Suitable management practices: Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Climatic factors: surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 12 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F droughtiness. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam 83G—Felcher-Rock outcrop complex, 30 4 to 24 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly to 70 percent south slopes loam 24 inches—basalt Composition Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock Felcher soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Drainage class: Well drained Rock outcrop—25 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: About 4 inches Characteristics of the Felcher Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Position on landscape: Mountainsides Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt • Riddleranch soils that are on north-facing slopes Elevation: 5,000 to 5,800 feet • Soils that are similar to the Felcher soil but have Climatic factors: bedrock at a depth of 20 inches or less Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Major Use Typical profile: Livestock grazing 0 to 4 inches—pale brown very stony clay loam Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 135

4 to 24 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation loam earlier in the growing season on the south-facing 24 inches—basalt slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Suitable management practices: bedrock • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Drainage class: Well drained existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Permeability: Moderately slow surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe droughtiness. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop Position on landscape: Escarpments 84F—Felcher-Westbutte association, 30 to Kind of rock: Basalt 50 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Westbutte soils that are on north-facing slopes at higher elevations and have mountain big sagebrush in Felcher soil and similar inclusions—45 percent the potential plant community Westbutte soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • Floke soils that are on tablelands and have low Contrasting inclusions—15 percent sagebrush in the potential plant community Characteristics of the Felcher Soil • Riddleranch and Fitzwater soils on north-facing mountainsides Position on landscape: South-facing mountainsides • Ratto and Locane soils on tablelands Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 4,700 to 5,800 feet Major Use Climatic factors: Livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Slope, rock fragments on the surface, water erosion, Typical profile: depth to bedrock, available water capacity, Rock 0 to 4 inches—brown very stony clay loam outcrop 4 to 24 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 24 inches—basalt Community Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Felcher soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bedrock bitterbrush Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 4 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Livestock tend to graze in the easily accessible Characteristics of the Westbutte Soil areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in the less accessible areas on side slopes. Position on landscape: North-facing mountainsides • The bedrock and rock fragments restrict rooting Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff depth. Elevation: 4,700 to 5,800 feet • The low available water capacity limits forage Climatic factors: production and seedling survival. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches • The very stony surface layer, areas of Rock outcrop, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F and steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground Frost-free period—50 to 70 days seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast Typical profile: seeding should be used. 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely • The stones on the surface and areas of Rock stony loam outcrop limit placement of fenceposts. 7 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown very • The earlier growing season on the south-facing stony loam slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very stony loam 136 Soil Survey

24 to 33 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast 33 inches—tuff seeding should be used. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • The earlier growing season on the south-facing bedrock slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than Drainage class: Well drained on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation Permeability: Moderate earlier in the growing season on the south-facing Available water capacity: About 3 inches slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Suitable management practices: Contrasting Inclusions • Delay grazing on the Westbutte soil until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient • Rock outcrop growth. • Lambring and Pearlwise soils that are on north-facing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the mountainsides existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands and have low surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. sagebrush in the potential plant community • If the Westbutte soil is seeded, select plants that • Ratto soils that are on adjacent tablelands tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. • Riddleranch soils that are on south-facing • If the Felcher soil is seeded, select plants that mountainsides tolerate droughtiness. • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Major Use 85C—Fertaline gravelly loam, 2 to 15 Livestock grazing percent slopes Major Management Factors Composition Felcher soil—slope, water erosion, available water capacity, rock fragments on the surface, depth to Fertaline soil and similar inclusions—85 percent bedrock Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Westbutte soil—slope, rock fragments on the surface, Characteristics of the Fertaline Soil water erosion, available water capacity, depth to bedrock Position on landscape: Tablelands Parent material: Kind—colluvium and residuum; Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant source—basalt, tuff Community Elevation: 5,300 to 5,500 feet Felcher soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope Climatic factors: bitterbrush Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Westbutte soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F mountain big sagebrush, basin wildrye Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Livestock Grazing 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly General management considerations: loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 11 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly limit the period of plant growth on the Westbutte soil. clay • The content of rock fragments limits placement of 16 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly fenceposts. clay loam • The depth to bedrock and content of rock fragments 21 inches—indurated, extremely gravelly hardpan restrict rooting depth. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 30 inches) to the • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on hardpan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less bedrock, very shallow or shallow (5 to 11 inches) accessible areas on side slopes. to the claypan • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Drainage class: Well drained the unit. Permeability: Upper 11 inches—moderate; below this • The extremely stony or very stony surface layer and depth—very slow the steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground Available water capacity: About 4 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 137

Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate 86C—Fertaline-Coglin complex, 2 to 15 Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and percent slopes 21 inches Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Floke soils that are on tablelands Fertaline soil and similar inclusions—45 percent • Drakesflat soils that are on tablelands and have Coglin soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent community Characteristics of the Fertaline Soil • Coglin soils that are on tablelands and have black sagebrush in the potential plant community Position on landscape: Tablelands Parent material: Kind—colluvium and residuum; Major Use source—basalt, tuff Livestock grazing Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet Climatic factors: Major Management Factors Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Available water capacity, depth to the hardpan, depth Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F to the claypan, permeability, shrink-swell potential, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days water erosion Typical profile: 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant loam Community 11 to 16 inches—brown gravelly clay Bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Sandberg 16 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly bluegrass clay loam 21 inches—indurated, extremely gravelly hardpan Livestock Grazing Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 30 inches) to the General management considerations: hardpan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The claypan and hardpan restrict rooting depth. bedrock, very shallow or shallow (5 to 11 inches) • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. to the claypan • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Drainage class: Well drained limit the period of plant growth. Permeability: Upper 11 inches—moderate; below this • The hardpan limits construction of water depth—very slow impoundments. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and result of past erosion. 21 inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate steel, protection from corrosion or use of Characteristics of the Coglin Soil noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Position on landscape: Tablelands or pipelines. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Suitable management practices: basalt, tuff • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet have achieved sufficient growth. Climatic factors: • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Typical profile: surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 0 to 2 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 2 to 7 inches—dark brown clay shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool 7 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay growing season. loam 138 Soil Survey

16 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. loam Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to used. bedrock, very shallow (2 to 5 inches) to the • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the claypan, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 30 result of past erosion. inches) to secondary lime • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Drainage class: Well drained • Crusting of the surface of the Coglin soil reduces Permeability: Slow infiltration and restricts seedling emergence and Available water capacity: About 4 inches survival. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Unless the hardpan in the Fertaline soil is ripped, it Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 2 and 7 restricts construction of water impoundments. inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Carbonates: Strongly effervescent between depths of protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 16 and 60 inches material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • Floke soils on tablelands • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Drakesflat soils that are on tablelands and have have achieved sufficient growth. Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the community preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the than 15 percent existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Use surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Livestock grazing droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Major Management Factors growing season. Fertaline soil—available water capacity, depth to the hardpan, depth to the claypan, permeability, shrink- 87B—Fitzwater loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes swell potential, water erosion Coglin soil—stones on the surface, calcareous layer, Composition water erosion, depth to the claypan, permeability, shrink-swell potential Fitzwater soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Characteristics of the Fitzwater Soil Fertaline soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Position on landscape: Mountaintops Sandberg bluegrass Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Coglin soil—black sagebrush, bottlebrush squirreltail, basalt, tuff Sandberg bluegrass Elevation: 5,500 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Livestock Grazing Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The claypan and calcareous layer in the Coglin soil Frost-free period—50 to 70 days restrict rooting depth. Typical profile: • The claypan and hardpan in the Fertaline soil restrict 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam rooting depth. 10 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season loam limit the period of plant growth. 19 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly • Seeding areas of the more favorable Fertaline soil in loam this unit is difficult because of the pattern in which they Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to occur with areas of the less favorable extremely stony bedrock Coglin soil. Drainage class: Well drained • The extremely stony surface layer of the Coglin soil Permeability: Moderately rapid Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 139

Available water capacity: About 3 inches Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Anawalt soils that are on tablelands and have low Frost-free period—50 to 70 days sagebrush in the potential plant community Typical profile: • Newlands soils that are on foot slopes and 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely mountainsides stony loam • Soils that have bedrock or a pan at a depth of 40 10 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay inches or less loam 19 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly Major Use loam Livestock grazing Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Major Management Factors Drainage class: Well drained Cobbles and gravel in the soil, available water capacity Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 3 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe Community Contrasting Inclusions Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass • Newlands soils that are on foot slopes and north- facing mountainsides Livestock Grazing • Fitzwater soils that have low sagebrush in the General management considerations: potential plant community • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season • Rock outcrop limit the period of plant growth. Major Use • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. Livestock grazing • Development of water impoundments is limited by Major Management Factors the rock fragments throughout the soil. • The high content of rock fragments in the lower Stones on the surface, cobbles and gravel in the soil, layers restricts rooting depth and the placement of slope, available water capacity, water erosion fenceposts. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Suitable management practices: Community • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, mountain big have achieved sufficient growth. sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Livestock Grazing surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. General management considerations: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season droughtiness and a cool growing season. limit the period of plant growth. • Development of water impoundments is restricted 88E—Fitzwater extremely stony loam, 2 to because of the steepness of slope and the rock 30 percent slopes fragments throughout the soil. • The high content of rock fragments on the surface and in the soil restricts rooting depth and the Composition placement of fenceposts. Fitzwater soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent the unit. • The extremely stony surface layer restricts the Characteristics of the Fitzwater Soil operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods Position on landscape: Mountaintops such as broadcast seeding should be used. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The low available water capacity limits forage basalt, tuff production and seedling survival. 140 Soil Survey

Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season.

89F—Fitzwater extremely stony loam, 30 to 50 percent south slopes

Composition Fitzwater soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Figure 12.—Area of Fitzwater extremely stony loam, 30 to 50 Characteristics of the Fitzwater Soil percent south slopes, in good to excellent range condition. The dominant vegetation is bluebunch Position on landscape: Mountainsides wheatgrass. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— basalt, tuff Major Management Factors Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet Climatic factors: Slope, stones on the surface, cobbles and gravel in the Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches soil, water erosion, available water capacity Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Community Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely Bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big sagebrush stony loam Livestock Grazing 10 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay loam General management considerations: 19 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season loam limit the period of plant growth. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The low available water capacity limits forage bedrock production and seedling survival. Drainage class: Well drained • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Permeability: Moderately rapid ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Available water capacity: About 3 inches accessible areas on side slopes. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The high content of rock fragments on the surface and in the soil restricts rooting depth and the Contrasting Inclusions placement of fenceposts. • Fitzwater soils that have low sagebrush in the • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of potential plant community this unit. • Newlands soils that are on foot slopes and north- • The earlier growing season on the south-facing facing mountainsides slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than • Rock outcrop on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation earlier in the growing season on the south-facing Major Use slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Livestock grazing (fig. 12) • The extremely stony surface layer and the Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 141

steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground Contrasting Inclusions seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast • Harcany soils that are on higher, south-facing seeding should be used. mountainsides Suitable management practices: • Newlands soils that are on foot slopes and north- • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants facing mountainsides have achieved sufficient growth. • Rock outcrop • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Use existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the surface. Livestock grazing • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Major Management Factors droughtiness and a cool growing season. Slope, stones on the surface and in the soil, water erosion, available water capacity 90F—Fitzwater complex, 30 to 50 percent south slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Composition Fitzwater soil, thin surface—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Fitzwater soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—50 Fitzwater soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big percent sagebrush Fitzwater soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Fitzwater Soils General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Position on landscape: Mountainsides limit the period of plant growth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The low available water capacity limits forage basalt, tuff production and seedling survival. Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Climatic factors: ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches accessible areas on side slopes. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Frost-free period—50 to 70 days this unit. Typical profile of the Fitzwater soil, thin surface: • Some areas of this unit have a thin surface layer 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely because of past erosion. These areas support stony loam dominantly low sagebrush. 3 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay • The high content of rock fragments on the surface loam and in the soils restricts rooting depth and the 19 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly placement of fenceposts. loam • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Typical profile of the Fitzwater soil: slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than 0 to 10 inches—very dark brown extremely stony on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation loam earlier in the growing season on the south-facing 10 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay slopes than on the north-facing slopes. loam • The extremely stony surface layer and the 19 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground loam seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to seeding should be used. bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Moderately rapid • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Available water capacity: About 2 inches have achieved sufficient growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 142 Soil Survey

existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. bedrock • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Drainage class: Well drained droughtiness and a cool growing season. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 91F—Fitzwater-Westbutte association, 30 to 50 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Rock outcrop Composition • Felcher and Riddleranch soils on south-facing mountainsides Fitzwater soil and similar inclusions—60 percent • Freznik soils that are on tablelands and have low Westbutte soil and similar inclusions—25 percent sagebrush in the potential plant community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Lambring and Pearlwise soils on north-facing Characteristics of the Fitzwater Soil mountainsides Position on landscape: South-facing mountainsides Major Use Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Livestock grazing basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Major Management Factors Climatic factors: Fitzwater soil—available water capacity, stones on the Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches surface and in the soil, slope, water erosion Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Westbutte soil—available water capacity, stones on Frost-free period—50 to 70 days the surface, slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant stony loam Community 10 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay Fitzwater soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big loam sagebrush 19 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly Westbutte soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, loam mountain big sagebrush, basin wildrye Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Livestock Grazing Drainage class: Well drained General management considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Available water capacity: About 3 inches limit the period of plant growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Characteristics of the Westbutte Soil ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less accessible areas on side slopes. Position on landscape: North-facing mountainsides • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff this unit. Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet • The low available water capacity limits forage Climatic factors: production and seedling survival primarily on the Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Fitzwater soil. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Frost-free period—50 to 70 days slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than Typical profile: on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely earlier in the growing season on the south-facing stony loam slopes than on the north-facing slopes. 7 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown very • The extremely stony surface layer and steepness of stony loam slope restrict the operation of ground seeding 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very stony loam equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding 24 to 33 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam should be used. 33 inches—tuff • The high content of rock fragments on the surface of Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 143

the soils and in the soils restricts rooting depth and the Shrink-swell potential: Floke soil—high between depths placement of fenceposts. of 8 and 12 inches; Floke soil, thin surface—high between depths of 3 and 13 inches Suitable management practices: Drainage class: Well drained • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Permeability: Slow have achieved sufficient growth. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Contrasting Inclusions surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Rock outcrop • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Strips of Rubble land that extend downslope droughtiness and a cool growing season. • Ratto soils that are on tablelands and have Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant community 92C—Floke complex, 2 to 15 percent • Anawalt and Freznik soils that are on tablelands slopes • Soils that are similar to the Floke soils but have bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 10 inches or less or at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Composition • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more Floke soil and similar inclusions—50 percent than 15 percent Floke soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—35 Major Use percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Floke Soils Major Management Factors Stones on the surface, depth to the hardpan, depth to Position on landscape: Tablelands the claypan, permeability, available water capacity, Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff water erosion Elevation: 4,900 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Floke soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Sandberg bluegrass Typical profile of the Floke soil: Floke soil, thin surface—Sandberg bluegrass, low 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark sagebrush grayish brown very stony loam 8 to 12 inches—brown clay Livestock Grazing 12 to 15 inches—brown clay loam 15 to 20 inches—indurated hardpan General management considerations: 20 inches—basalt • The claypan and hardpan restrict rooting depth. Typical profile of the Floke soil, thin surface: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown extremely stony limit the period of plant growth. loam • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 3 to 8 inches—dark brown clay • Some areas of this unit have a thin surface layer 8 to 13 inches—brown clay because of past erosion. These areas support 13 to 19 inches—brown clay loam dominantly low sagebrush. 19 to 21 inches—indurated hardpan • The extremely stony surface layer restricts the 21 inches—basalt operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods Depth class: Floke soil—moderately deep (20 to 30 such as broadcast seeding should be used. inches) to bedrock, shallow (14 to 20 inches) to the • The depth to bedrock limits the construction of water hardpan, very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to the impoundments. claypan; Floke soil, thin surface—moderately deep • The depth to bedrock limits placement of fenceposts (20 to 30 inches) to bedrock, shallow (14 to 20 and makes special design of fences necessary. inches) to the hardpan, very shallow (2 to 5 inches) • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, to the claypan protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Hazard of erosion by water: Floke soil—moderate; material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Floke soil, thin surface—moderate or severe steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 144 Soil Survey

Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches have achieved sufficient growth. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Frost-free period—50 to 70 days forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Typical profile: • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter cobbly loam on the surface. 3 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 9 to 13 inches—brown clay loam droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool 13 to 15 inches—brown gravelly clay loam growing season. 15 to 19 inches—indurated, very gravelly hardpan 19 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly loamy sand 93C—Floke-Ratto complex, 2 to 15 Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to the hardpan; percent slopes very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Slow above the hardpan; very rapid below the hardpan Floke soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Available water capacity: About 2 inches Ratto soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 15 Characteristics of the Floke Soil inches Carbonates: Strongly effervescent between depths of Position on landscape: Tablelands 13 and 15 inches; violently effervescent below this Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff depth Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Rock outcrop Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Coglin soils that are on tablelands and have black Frost-free period—50 to 70 days sagebrush in the potential plant community Typical profile: • Strips of Rubble land that extend downslope in areas 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark of the Floke soil grayish brown very stony loam • Floke soils that have a thinner surface layer and 8 to 12 inches—brown clay support dominantly Sandberg bluegrass 12 to 15 inches—brown clay loam • Freznik soils that support dominantly Sandberg 15 to 20 inches—indurated hardpan bluegrass 20 inches—basalt • Anawalt soils that are on tablelands Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 30 inches) to • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more bedrock, shallow (14 to 20 inches) to the hardpan, than 15 percent very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to the claypan • Soils that are similar to the Floke soil but have Drainage class: Well drained bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 10 inches or less Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 2 inches Major Use Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Livestock grazing Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 12 inches Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Ratto Soil Floke soil—stones on the surface, depth to the claypan, depth to the hardpan, permeability, Position on landscape: Tablelands available water capacity, water erosion Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Ratto soil—depth to the hardpan, permeability, Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, Climatic factors (mean annual): water erosion Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 145

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Community tuff, basalt, rhyolite, volcanic ash Elevation: 4,400 to 4,700 feet Floke soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Climatic factors: Sandberg bluegrass Mean annual precipitation—14 to 16 inches Ratto soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Reference profile: Livestock Grazing 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay General management considerations: loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 2 to 20 inches—dark brown, mottled silt loam limit the period of plant growth. 20 to 32 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay loam • The claypan in the Floke soil restricts rooting depth. 32 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly coarse • The hardpan in the Ratto soil restricts rooting depth. sand • The surface layer of the Floke soil is saturated Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) following snowmelt. Drainage class: Poorly drained and somewhat poorly • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the drained Floke soil are the result of past erosion. Permeability: Slow and moderate • The depth to the hardpan limits construction of water Available water capacity: About 8 inches impoundments. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • The depth to the hardpan limits placement of Depth to seasonal high water table: November through fenceposts and makes special design of fences May—0 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 necessary. inches • The very stony surface layer of the Floke soil Frequency of flooding: Frequent for brief periods from restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. November through April Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Salinity: Very slightly saline to strongly saline; salinity used. is highest adjacent to the lake • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Sodicity: Slightly sodic and moderately sodic protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Carbonates: Slightly effervescent to violently material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized effervescent steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • Tandy soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats in • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Goose Lake Valley have achieved sufficient growth. • Narrow dunelike strips that are at the upper edge of • Delay grazing until the Floke soil is firm and the the unit and consist of sandy material over extremely preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. gravelly sand • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Stream channels that cut and fill annually existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Major Uses • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Wildlife habitat, livestock grazing droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool growing season. Major Management Factors Wetness, salinity, sodicity, permeability 94A—Fluvaquents, 0 to 2 percent slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Composition Nuttall alkaligrass, inland saltgrass Fluvaquents and similar inclusions—90 percent Livestock Grazing Contrasting inclusions—10 percent General management considerations: Characteristics of the Fluvaquents • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Position on landscape: Shorelines adjacent to Goose • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Lake nesting for waterfowl. 146 Soil Survey

• Water on the surface and the high water table restrict and mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant rooting depth and survival of plants. community • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants • Mesman soils that are on slightly lower lying lake and restrict seedling survival. terraces and have dominantly needleandthread and • Excess sodium in the soils results in nutrient basin big sagebrush in the potential plant community imbalances and a caustic root environment. • McConnel soils that are on slightly lower lying lake • Dispersion and crusting of the surface reduce the terraces and have dominantly Thurber needlegrass and water intake rate and restrict seedling emergence and Sandberg bluegrass in the potential plant community survival. • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent • Stream corridors are subject to cutting and filling Major Uses during periods of flooding. Livestock grazing, cropland Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until the soils are adequately drained Major Management Factors and are firm enough to withstand trampling by Permeability, wind erosion, available water capacity livestock. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant wetness, salinity, and sodicity and that provide cover Community for nesting waterfowl. Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, Thurber needlegrass 95B—Fordney gravelly loamy sand, 0 to 5 Livestock Grazing percent slopes General management considerations: • The low available water capacity limits forage Composition production and seedling survival. Fordney soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation Contrasting inclusions—15 percent is removed or degraded. • The moderately rapid permeability and potential for Characteristics of the Fordney Soil seepage limit construction of water impoundments. Position on landscape: Terraces • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. Parent material: Kind—alluvium, eolian sand; source— Suitable management practices: tuff, basalt, volcanic ash • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Elevation: 4,400 to 5,000 feet existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Climatic factors: on the surface. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F droughtiness. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Typical profile: Cropland 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly General management considerations: loamy sand • Irrigation is needed for crops. 7 to 46 inches—dark brown loamy sand • Because of the moderately rapid permeability and 46 to 60 inches—brown sand rapid water intake rate, this soil is best suited to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to sprinkler irrigation. bedrock • Because of the low available water capacity, light Drainage class: Excessively drained and frequent applications of irrigation water are needed. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Available water capacity: About 5 inches protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized moderate steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Contrasting Inclusions • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. • Harriman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and • The seedling mortality rate is moderate because of have dominantly bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye, the low available water capacity. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 147

Suitable management practices: terraces and have dominantly Thurber needlegrass and • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Sandberg bluegrass in the potential plant community • Adjust the application of irrigation water to the • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more available water capacity, the water intake rate, and the than 15 percent needs of the crop grown to avoid overirrigating and Major Uses leaching of plant nutrients. • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in Livestock grazing, cropland narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, Major Management Factors maintaining crop residue on the surface, and using minimum tillage. Permeability, wind erosion, slope, available water • To ensure the establishment and survival of capacity seedlings, use continuous cultivation, mulch, or Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant herbicides to control competing vegetation. Community Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, Thurber 95C—Fordney gravelly loamy sand, 5 to needlegrass 15 percent slopes Livestock Grazing Composition General management considerations: • The low available water capacity limits forage Fordney soil and similar inclusions—85 percent production and seedling survival. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation Characteristics of the Fordney Soil is removed or degraded. • The moderately rapid permeability and potential for Position on landscape: Terraces seepage limit construction of water impoundments. Parent material: Kind—alluvium, eolian sand; source— • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. tuff, basalt, volcanic ash Elevation: 4,400 to 5,000 feet Suitable management practices: Climatic factors: • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F on the surface. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Typical profile: droughtiness. 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly Cropland loamy sand 7 to 46 inches—dark brown loamy sand General management considerations: 46 to 60 inches—brown sand • Irrigation is needed for crops. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Because of the slope and the rapid water intake rate, bedrock this soil is best suited to sprinkler irrigation. Drainage class: Excessively drained • Because of the droughtiness and low available water Permeability: Moderately rapid capacity, light and frequent applications of irrigation Available water capacity: About 5 inches water are needed. Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, moderate protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Contrasting Inclusions steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental • Harriman soils that are on lake terraces and have plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. dominantly bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye, and • The seedling mortality rate is moderate because of mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant the low available water capacity. community • Mesman soils that are on slightly lower lying lake Suitable management practices: terraces and have dominantly needleandthread and • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. basin big sagebrush in the potential plant community • To reduce water erosion, adjust the application of • McConnel soils that are on slightly lower lying lake irrigation water to the water intake rate. 148 Soil Survey

• Adjust the application of irrigation water to the • Carryback soils that are on tablelands and have available water capacity, the water intake rate, and the dominantly bluebunch wheatgrass in the potential plant needs of the crop grown to avoid overirrigating and community leaching of plant nutrients and to reduce runoff. • Floke soils that are on tablelands • Maintain crop residue on the surface to reduce water • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent erosion. • Soils that have a cobbly or stony surface layer • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in Major Use narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, maintaining crop residue on the surface, and using Livestock grazing minimum tillage. Major Management Factors • To ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings, use continuous cultivation, mulch, or Stones on the surface, depth to the claypan, herbicides to control competing vegetation. permeability, depth to bedrock, shrink-swell potential, available water capacity 96C—Freznik very stony loam, thin Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant surface, 2 to 15 percent slopes Community Sandberg bluegrass, low sagebrush Composition Livestock Grazing Freznik soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Characteristics of the Freznik Soil limit the period of plant growth. • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Position on landscape: Tablelands • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water source—tuff, basalt impoundments. Elevation: 5,600 to 6,400 feet • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation Climatic factors: of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches broadcast seeding should be used. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days result of past erosion. Typical profile: • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. loam • Special design of fences is needed because of the 3 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay subsoil that expands when wet and contracts when dry 25 to 32 inches—yellowish brown clay loam and because of the rock fragments on the surface. 32 inches—slightly fractured basalt • The low available water capacity limits forage Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to production and seedling survival. bedrock, very shallow (1 to 5 inches) to the • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of claypan the unit. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Permeability: Upper 3 inches—moderate; below this protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive depth—very slow material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Available water capacity: About 5 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 3 and 25 Suitable management practices: inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Contrasting Inclusions • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred • Rock outcrop forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Strips of Rubble land that extend downslope • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Deseed soils that are on tablelands and have existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. community • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 149

droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Major Uses growing season. Cropland, hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Major Management Factors 97A—Goose Lake silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Wetness, shrink-swell potential, permeability, clayey layer Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Goose Lake soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Tufted hairgrass Characteristics of the Goose Lake Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Lake terraces General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment, alluvium; • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife source—tuff, rhyolite, basalt in spring. Elevation: 4,500 to 4,725 feet • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Climatic factors: nesting for waterfowl. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F and puddling of the surface layer. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • A high water table early in the growing season Typical profile: restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. 0 to 6 inches—black silt loam • The clayey layer restricts rooting depth and water 6 to 10 inches—very dark gray silt loam movement. 10 to 42 inches—very dark gray silty clay • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts 42 to 62 inches—dark gray clay loam when dry, which makes special design of fences Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to necessary. bedrock, shallow (13 to 20 inches) to the clayey Suitable management practices: layer • Delay grazing until the soil is adequately drained Drainage class: Poorly drained and is firm enough to withstand trampling by Permeability: Slow livestock. Available water capacity: About 9 inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight have achieved sufficient growth. Depth to seasonal high water table: February through • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate August—6 inches above the surface to 48 inches wetness and shrinking and swelling and that provide below the surface; rest of year—more than 48 cover for nesting waterfowl. inches Frequency of flooding: Rare Cropland and Hayland Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and 42 inches General management considerations: • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants Contrasting Inclusions and other crops. • Thunderegg soils that are on terraces, some of which • The rooting depth is limited by the clayey layer. are slightly higher lying • The seasonal high water table provides some • Lakeview soils that are on slightly higher lying supplemental moisture for plants in summer. terraces and have dominantly basin wildrye and basin • Irrigation is needed for most crops. big sagebrush in the potential plant community • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, • Stockdrive soils that are on slightly higher lying and border systems. terraces and have dominantly basin wildrye, inland • If furrow or border irrigation systems are used, land saltgrass, and black greasewood in the potential plant leveling may be needed to ensure uniform application community of water. 150 Soil Survey

• To avoid exposing the clayey layer, land smoothing below the surface; rest of year—more than 48 that involves only shallow cuts is best suited. inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Frequency of flooding: Rare protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 42 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Salinity: Slightly saline in the upper 10 inches • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Sodicity: Slightly sodic in the upper 10 inches plantings should be tolerant of wetness. Contrasting features: • Because this soil is poorly drained, the seedling • Thunderegg soils that are on terraces, some of which mortality rate is moderate. are slightly higher lying, and have dominantly tufted • Spring planting may be delayed because of wetness. hairgrass and Nebraska sedge in the potential plant community Suitable management practices: • Lakeview soils that are on slightly higher lying • Use open ditches to remove surface water in spring. terraces and have dominantly basin wildrye and basin • Irrigate during the dry period late in summer or in fall. big sagebrush in the potential plant community • Because the permeability is slow, regulate the • Stockdrive soils that are on slightly higher lying application of irrigation water to avoid ponding of the terraces and have dominantly basin wildrye, inland surface and the buildup of a perched water table. saltgrass, and black greasewood in the potential plant • Maintain soil tilth and reduce compaction of the soil community by returning crop residue to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. Major Uses Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat 98A—Goose Lake silt loam, sodic, 0 to 1 Major Management Factors percent slopes Wetness, shrink-swell potential, permeability, sodicity, salinity, clayey layer Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Goose Lake soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Nuttall alkaligrass, inland saltgrass Characteristics of the Goose Lake Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Lake terraces General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. tuff, rhyolite, basalt, volcanic ash • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Elevation: 4,500 to 4,725 feet nesting for waterfowl. Climatic factors: • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches and puddling of the surface. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Frost-free period—70 to 110 days and restrict seedling survival. Typical profile: • A high water table early in the growing season 0 to 6 inches—black silt loam restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. 6 to 10 inches—very dark gray silt loam • The clayey layer restricts rooting depth and water 10 to 42 inches—very dark gray silty clay movement. 42 to 62 inches—dark gray clay loam • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to when dry, which makes special design of fences bedrock, shallow (13 to 20 inches) to the clayey necessary. layer Drainage class: Poorly drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Slow • Delay grazing until the soil is adequately drained and Available water capacity: About 7 inches is firm enough to withstand trampling by livestock. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Depth to seasonal high water table: February through have achieved sufficient growth. August—6 inches above the surface to 48 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 151

wetness, sodicity, salinity, and shrinking and swelling 99A—Goose Lake silty clay loam, wet, 0 to and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. 1 percent slopes Hayland Composition General management considerations: Goose Lake soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Wetness, salinity, and sodicity limit the choice of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent hay and pasture plants. • The rooting depth is limited by the clayey layer. Characteristics of the Goose Lake Soil • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental Position on landscape: Lake terraces moisture for plants in summer. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Removal of salts and sodium is difficult unless the tuff, rhyolite, basalt soil is drained. Elevation: 4,500 to 4,725 feet • Irrigation may be needed to meet the needs of the Climatic factors: crops grown and to leach salts below the root zone. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F and border systems. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • If furrow or border irrigation is used, land leveling Typical profile: may be needed for uniform application of irrigation 0 to 6 inches—black silty clay loam water. 6 to 10 inches—very dark gray silt loam • To avoid exposing the clayey layer, land smoothing 10 to 42 inches—very dark gray silty clay that involves only shallow cuts is best suited. 42 to 62 inches—dark gray clay loam • The soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, which Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to limits the amount that is available to plants. bedrock, shallow (13 to 20 inches) to the clayey • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, layer protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Drainage class: Poorly drained material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Permeability: Slow steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Available water capacity: About 9 inches • Irrigation and drainage are needed for intensive Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight management. Depth to seasonal high water table: February through • Because of the content of salts, trees and shrubs August—12 inches above the surface to 36 inches suitable for windbreaks and environmental plantings below the surface; rest of year—more than 36 are limited and the seedling mortality is severe. inches • Spring planting may be delayed because of wetness. Frequency of flooding: Rare Suitable management practices: Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and • Use open ditches to remove surface water in spring. 42 inches • Reduce the content of salts and sodium by applying Contrasting Inclusions proper amounts of soil amendments and by leaching. • Irrigate during the dry period late in summer or early • Thunderegg soils that are on terraces, some of which in fall. are slightly higher lying, and have dominantly tufted • Because permeability is slow, regulate the hairgrass and Nebraska sedge in the potential plant application of irrigation water to avoid ponding of the community. surface and the buildup of a perched water table. • Lakeview soils that are on slightly higher lying • Maintain soil tilth and reduce soil compaction by terraces and have dominantly basin wildrye and basin returning crop residue to the soil and keeping tillage at big sagebrush in the potential plant community. a minimum. • Stockdrive soils that are on slightly higher lying • Select plants that can tolerate wetness. terraces and have dominantly basin wildrye, inland 152 Soil Survey

saltgrass, and black greasewood in the potential plant material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized community steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks or environmental Major Uses plantings should be tolerant of wetness. Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • Because this soil is poorly drained, the seedling mortality rate is moderate. Major Management Factors Suitable management practices: Wetness, shrink-swell potential, permeability, clayey • Irrigate during the dry period late in summer and in layer fall. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Use open ditches to remove surface water in spring. Community • Because permeability is slow, regulate the application of irrigation water to avoid ponding of the Spikerush, dock, Baltic rush surface and the buildup of a perched water table. Livestock Grazing • Maintain tilth and reduce compaction by returning crop residue to the soil. General management considerations: • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 100C—Hager complex, 2 to 15 percent nesting for waterfowl. slopes • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction and puddling of the surface. Composition • A high water table early in the growing season restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. Hager soil and similar inclusions—45 percent • The clayey layer restricts the rooting depth and water Hager soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—40 movement. percent • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Contrasting inclusions—15 percent when dry, which makes special design of fences Characteristics of the Hager Soils necessary. Position on landscape: Tablelands Suitable management practices: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Delay grazing until the soil is adequately drained and basalt, tuff is firm enough to withstand trampling by livestock. Elevation: 4,500 to 5,200 feet • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Climatic factors: have achieved sufficient growth. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F wetness and shrinking and swelling and that provide Frost-free period—90 to 110 days cover for nesting waterfowl. Typical profile of the Hager soil: Hayland 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark brown cobbly loam General management considerations: 8 to 24 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants. silty clay loam • The rooting depth is limited by the clayey layer. 24 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown loam • The seasonal high water table provides some 37 to 42 inches—indurated hardpan supplemental moisture for plants in summer. 42 inches—tuff • Irrigation may be needed late in summer or in fall. Typical profile of the Hager soil, thin surface: • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, 0 to 3 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam and border systems. 3 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown • If furrow or border irrigation is used, land leveling silty clay loam may be needed for uniform application of water. 12 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown loam • To avoid exposing the clayey layer, land leveling that 37 to 42 inches—indurated hardpan involves only shallow cuts is best suited. 42 inches—tuff • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Carbonates: Hager soil—slightly effervescent between protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive depths of 24 and 37 inches; Hager soil, thin Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 153

surface—violently effervescent between depths of occur with areas of the less favorable extremely stony 12 and 42 inches Hager soil, thin surface. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the • The extremely stony surface layer of the Hager soil, hardpan; deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock thin surface, restricts the operation of ground seeding Drainage class: Well drained equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Permeability: Moderately slow should be used. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Contrasting Inclusions steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Drakesflat soils that are on tablelands near the • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. higher elevations and that have dominantly bluebunch Suitable management practices: wheatgrass and Sandberg bluegrass in the potential • Minimize erosion of the surface layer to maintain plant community forage production. • Felcher soils that are on adjacent steep escarpments • Minimize the risk of water erosion by preserving the and have dominantly bluebunch wheatgrass and existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter antelope bitterbrush in the potential plant community on the surface. • Coglin soils that are near the higher elevations • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Old Camp soils that are near the lower elevations droughtiness. and have dominantly Indian ricegrass and Thurber needlegrass in the potential plant community • Soils that are similar to the Hager soils but have a 101C—Hallihan gravelly fine sandy loam, hardpan at a depth of 20 inches or less 0 to 15 percent slopes • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent Major Use Composition Livestock grazing Hallihan soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Hallihan Soil Hager soil—available water capacity, depth to the hardpan, water erosion, calcareous layer Position on landscape: Mountainsides Hager, thin surface—stones on the surface, water Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— erosion, available water capacity, depth to the rhyolite hardpan, calcareous layer Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Hager soil—Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big Frost-free period—20 to 50 days sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December squirreltail, spiny hopsage through April; more than 48 inches—January Hager soil, thin surface—black sagebrush, bottlebrush through March squirreltail, Sandberg bluegrass Typical profile: 2 inches to 0—white fir and lodgepole pine needles Livestock Grazing 0 to 2 inches—black gravelly fine sandy loam General management considerations: 2 to 13 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish • The low precipitation and low available water brown gravelly fine sandy loam capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. 13 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very • Some areas of this unit have a thin surface layer gravelly fine sandy loam because of past erosion. These areas support 21 to 43 inches—pale brown very gravelly sandy dominantly black sagebrush. loam • The extremely stony surface layer of the Hager soil, 43 to 60 inches—pale brown extremely gravelly thin surface, restricts rooting depth and seedling sandy loam emergence. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Seeding areas of the more favorable Hager soil in bedrock this unit is difficult because of the pattern in which they Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 154 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderately rapid Characteristics of the Hallihan Soil Available water capacity: About 4 inches Position on landscape: Mountainsides Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Contrasting Inclusions rhyolite Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet • Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent, south-facing Climatic factors: mountainsides Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches • Soils that are similar to the Hallihan soil but have Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Major Use Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December through April; more than 48 inches—January Woodland through March Major Management Factors Typical profile: 2 inches to 0—white fir and lodgepole pine needles Cold temperatures in summer, available water capacity, 0 to 2 inches—black gravelly fine sandy loam rock fragments 2 to 13 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant brown gravelly fine sandy loam Community 13 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly fine sandy loam White fir, ponderosa pine 21 to 43 inches—pale brown very gravelly sandy Woodland loam 43 to 60 inches—pale brown extremely gravelly Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual sandy loam increment: 57 cubic feet per acre per year for white Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to fir at age 70 bedrock General management considerations: Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Permeability: Moderately rapid trees. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. Contrasting Inclusions • Cuts and fills are stable. • The rock fragments limit the planting of trees. • Chocktoot, Hammersley, and Kittleson soils that are • Because of the droughtiness and the cold on adjacent mountainsides temperatures in summer, larger than normal planting • Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent, south-facing stock, a higher planting rate, or additional plantings mountainsides may be needed. • Longjohn soils that are on adjacent, higher lying • To minimize soil displacement and compaction, use mountainsides designated skid trails and low-pressure ground • Soils that are similar to the Hallihan soil but have equipment, log in areas that are covered with a bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Major Use surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. Woodland Major Management Factors 102E—Hallihan gravelly fine sandy loam, Cold temperatures in summer, slope, available water 15 to 40 percent north slopes capacity, rock fragments, water erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Hallihan soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent White fir, ponderosa pine Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 155

Woodland Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet Climatic factors: Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches increment: 57 cubic feet per acre per year for white Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F fir at age 70 Frost-free period—20 to 50 days General management considerations: Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small through April; more than 48 inches—January trees. through March • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. Typical profile: • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. 2 inches to 0—white fir and lodgepole pine needles • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. 0 to 2 inches—black gravelly fine sandy loam • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. 2 to 13 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a brown gravelly fine sandy loam buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 13 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very Management of these areas should be designed to gravelly fine sandy loam minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or 21 to 43 inches—pale brown very gravelly sandy skidded through riparian areas. loam • Because of the droughtiness and the cold 43 to 60 inches—pale brown extremely gravelly temperatures in summer, larger than normal planting sandy loam stock, a higher planting rate, or additional plantings Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to may be needed. bedrock • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 4 inches Suitable management practices: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • To minimize soil compaction, displacement, and erosion, use designated skid trails and low-pressure Contrasting Inclusions ground equipment, log in areas that are covered with a • Chocktoot and Kittleson soils that are on adjacent minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen mountainsides surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil • Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent, south-facing is wet. mountainsides • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and • Longjohn soils that are on adjacent, higher lying temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, mountainsides scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the • Soils that are similar to the Hallihan soil but have surface. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • To reduce compaction, adjust yarding operations to the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Major Use fragment in the surface layer. Woodland • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy equipment causes soil disturbance and compaction Major Management Factors and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the surface to Cold temperatures in summer, slope, water erosion, reduce sheet and rill erosion. available water capacity, rock fragments Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 102G—Hallihan gravelly fine sandy loam, Community 40 to 60 percent north slopes White fir, ponderosa pine Composition Woodland Hallihan soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Contrasting inclusions—15 percent increment: 57 cubic feet per acre per year for white Characteristics of the Hallihan Soil fir at age 70 Position on landscape: Mountainsides General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small rhyolite trees. 156 Soil Survey

• To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a 15 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown clay buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas loam and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. 24 to 35 inches—dark brown clay • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. 35 to 50 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly clay • Dry, unsurfaced roads are dusty. 50 inches—highly weathered tuff • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain Drainage class: Well drained and require large cuts and fills that remove land from Permeability: Slow production. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Hazard of erosion by water: Severe to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 24 and • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. 50 inches • Because of the droughtiness and the cold Characteristics of the Kittleson Soil temperatures in summer, larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional plantings Position on landscape: Mountainsides may be needed. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— pyroclastic rock Suitable management practices: Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet • To minimize soil displacement, cable yarding Climatic factors: systems should be used. Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F in spring when the soils are wet. Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. through April; more than 48 inches—January • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by through March seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil Typical profile: surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. 3 inches to 0—white fir needles • Leave slash material on the soil to minimize sheet 0 to 44 inches—dark brown sandy loam and rill erosion. 44 inches—highly weathered tuff Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock 103E—Hammersley-Kittleson complex, 15 Drainage class: Well drained to 40 percent north slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 6 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Composition Contrasting Inclusions Hammersley soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Kittleson soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • Chocktoot and Hallihan soils that are on adjacent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent mountainsides • Soils that have south aspects or slopes of more than Characteristics of the Hammersley Soil 40 percent Position on landscape: Mountainsides Major Use Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— pyroclastic rock Woodland Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet Major Management Factors Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches Hammersley soil—cold temperatures in summer, Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F slope, water erosion, permeability Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Kittleson soil—cold temperatures in summer, slope, Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December water erosion, depth to bedrock through April; more than 48 inches—January Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant through March Community Typical profile: 3 inches to 0—white fir needles Hammersley and Kittleson soils—white fir, ponderosa 0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown loam pine Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 157

Woodland 103G—Hammersley-Kittleson complex, 40 Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual to 70 percent north slopes increment: Hammersley and Kittleson soils—57 cubic feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70 Composition General management considerations: Hammersley soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Kittleson soil and similar inclusions—35 percent trees. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The clay layer in the Hammersley soil restricts permeability. Characteristics of the Hammersley Soil • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Position on landscape: Mountainsides Hammersley soil are slippery and sticky, and those on Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— the Kittleson soil are soft. pyroclastic rock • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Kittleson Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet soil are dusty. Climatic factors: • Cuts and fills on the Hammersley soil slough when Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches wet, and those on the Kittleson soil are stable. Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Frost-free period—20 to 50 days buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Management of these areas should be designed to through April; more than 48 inches—January minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or through March skidded through riparian areas. Typical profile: • Because of the cold temperatures in summer, larger 3 inches to 0—white fir needles than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or 0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown loam additional plantings may be needed. 15 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown clay • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 loam to allow for long-term establishment of plants. 24 to 35 inches—dark brown clay Suitable management practices: 35 to 50 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly • To minimize soil compaction, erosion, and clay displacement, use designated skid trails and low- 50 inches—highly weathered tuff pressure ground equipment, log in areas that are Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock covered with a minimum of 12 inches of snow or that Drainage class: Well drained have a frozen surface layer, and avoid logging in Permeability: Slow spring. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe the content of soil moisture and content of organic Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 24 and matter in the surface layer. 50 inches • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Characteristics of the Kittleson Soil equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Position on landscape: Mountainsides surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and pyroclastic rock temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on Climatic factors: the surface. Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches • Reduce the risk of erosion and displacement of the Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Hammersley soil by limiting vehicle access to periods Frost-free period—20 to 50 days when the soil is dry or frozen. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December 158 Soil Survey

through April; more than 48 inches—January riparian areas, a buffer zone should be maintained through March around these areas and disturbance should be Typical profile: minimized. Trees should not be felled into or skidded 3 inches to 0—white fir needles through riparian areas. 0 to 44 inches—dark brown sandy loam • Because of the cold temperatures in summer, larger 44 inches—highly weathered tuff than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock additional plantings may be needed. Drainage class: Well drained • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Permeability: Moderately rapid to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Available water capacity: About 6 inches Suitable management practices: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding Contrasting Inclusions systems. • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging • Chocktoot and Hallihan soils that are on adjacent in spring when the soils are wet. mountainsides • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by • Soils that are more than 35 percent rock fragments seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil throughout surface, and accumulating slash on the surface. • Soils that are stony in the upper 15 inches • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Major Use • Leave slash material on the soil to minimize sheet and rill erosion. Woodland • To reduce the risk of soil erosion and displacement Major Management Factors on the Hammersley soil, limit vehicle access to periods when the soil is dry or frozen. Hammersley soil—cold temperatures in summer, slope, water erosion, permeability Kittleson soil—cold temperatures in summer, slope, 104E—Harcany very gravelly loam, 15 to water erosion, depth to bedrock 30 percent slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Composition Hammersley and Kittleson soils—white fir, ponderosa Harcany soil and similar inclusions—85 percent pine Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Woodland Characteristics of the Harcany Soil Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Position on landscape: Mountainsides increment: Hammersley and Kittleson soils—57 Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— cubic feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70 basalt General management considerations: Elevation: 6,000 to 8,000 feet • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Climatic factors: trees. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 16 inches • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F and require large cuts and fills that remove land from Frost-free period—20 to 50 days production. Typical profile: • The clay layer in the Hammersley soil restricts 0 to 24 inches—very dark brown very gravelly permeability. loam • Wet, unsurfaced roads on the Hammersley soil are 24 to 40 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly sticky and on the Kittleson soil are soft. loam • The bedrock in the Hammersley soil has fair quality 40 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam for use as base and grade material in road Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to construction. bedrock • Cuts and fills on the Hammersley soil slough when Drainage class: Well drained wet, and those on the Kittleson soil are stable. Permeability: Moderate • To maintain the quantity and quality of the water in Available water capacity: About 4 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 159

Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Fitzwater soils that are on south-facing slopes Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or Typical profile of the Harcany soil: more than 30 percent 0 to 24 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam Major Use 24 to 40 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly Livestock grazing loam 40 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam Major Management Factors Typical profile of the Harcany soil, thin surface: Available water capacity, rock fragments, water 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very gravelly erosion, slope loam 14 to 40 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant loam Community 40 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, mountain big Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 3 to 4 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe • Cold soil temperatures and a very short growing Contrasting Inclusions season limit the period of plant growth. • The low available water capacity limits forage • Rock outcrop production and seedling survival. • Fitzwater and Newlands soils that are at the lower • The rock fragments throughout the soil limit the elevations placement of fenceposts. • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring or early in summer Major Use when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Livestock grazing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Management Factors surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Available water capacity, rock fragments, water erosion • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a cool, very short growing season. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 105E—Harcany complex, 5 to 30 percent Harcany soil—Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, slopes mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Harcany soil, thin surface—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Composition Livestock Grazing Harcany soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Harcany soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—35 General management considerations: percent • Cold soil temperatures and a very short growing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent season limit the period of plant growth. • The rock fragments throughout the soil limit the Characteristics of the Harcany Soils placement of fenceposts. Position on landscape: Mountains • The steepness of slope and rock fragments limit the Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— construction of water impoundments. basalt, tuff • Some areas of this unit have a thin surface layer 160 Soil Survey

because of past erosion. These areas support Contrasting Inclusions dominantly low sagebrush. • Fitzwater soils that are on adjacent, south-facing • The low available water capacity limits forage slopes or are at the lower elevations production and seedling survival. • Rock outcrop Suitable management practices: • Soils that are similar to the Harcany soils but have • Delay grazing until late in spring or early in bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches summer when forage plants have achieved sufficient Major Use growth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Livestock grazing existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Management Factors surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Slope, rock fragments, water erosion, available water cool, very short growing season. capacity Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 106F—Harcany complex, 30 to 50 percent Community north slopes Harcany soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye Composition Harcany soil, thin surface—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Harcany soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Harcany soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—35 Livestock Grazing percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Cold soil temperatures and a very short growing Characteristics of the Harcany Soils season limit the period of plant growth. • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Position on landscape: Mountains begins later in spring and moisture is available until Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— later in summer on these slopes than on the south- basalt, tuff facing slopes. Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet • Some areas of this unit have a thin surface layer Climatic factors: because of past erosion. These areas support Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches dominantly low sagebrush. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F • Livestock tend to graze in the easily accessible Frost-free period—20 to 50 days areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they Typical profile of the Harcany soil: graze in the less accessible areas on side 0 to 24 inches—very dark brown very gravelly slopes. loam • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding 24 to 40 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding loam should be used. 40 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam • The rock fragments throughout the soils limit the Typical profile of the Harcany soil, thin surface: placement of fenceposts. 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very gravelly • The low available water capacity limits forage loam production and seedling survival. 14 to 40 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam Suitable management practices: 40 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam • Delay grazing until late in spring or early in summer Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. bedrock • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Drainage class: Well drained existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Permeability: Moderate surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Available water capacity: About 3 to 4 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Hazard of erosion by water: Severe cool, very short growing season. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 161

107E—Harcany complex, high Major Management Factors precipitation, 5 to 30 percent slopes Rock fragments, water erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Harcany soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Harcany soil—rough fescue, mountain big sagebrush, Harcany soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—35 Idaho fescue percent Harcany soil, thin surface—rough fescue, Idaho Contrasting inclusions—15 percent fescue, low sagebrush Characteristics of the Harcany Soils Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Mountains General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Cold soil temperatures and a very short growing basalt, tuff season limit the period of plant growth. Elevation: 7,000 to 8,000 feet • Some areas of this unit have a thin surface layer Climatic factors: because of past erosion. These areas support Mean annual precipitation—16 to 18 inches dominantly low sagebrush. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F • The steepness of slope and rock fragments limit the Frost-free period—20 to 50 days construction of water impoundments. Typical profile of the Harcany soil: • Rock fragments throughout the profile limit the 0 to 24 inches—very dark brown very gravelly placement of fenceposts. loam 24 to 40 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly Suitable management practices: loam • Delay grazing until summer when forage plants have 40 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam achieved sufficient growth. Typical profile of the Harcany soil, thin surface: • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown very existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the gravelly loam surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 14 to 40 inches—very dark yellowish brown very • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a gravelly loam short, cool growing season. 40 to 60 inches—very dark yellowish brown extremely stony loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 108G—Harcany-Rock outcrop complex, bedrock 30 to 70 percent north slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Composition Available water capacity: About 3 to 4 inches Harcany soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe Harcany soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—30 Contrasting Inclusions percent Rock outcrop—20 percent • Harcany soils that are at lower elevations and do not Contrasting inclusions—15 percent have rough fescue in the potential plant community • Rock outcrop Characteristics of the Harcany Soils • Small spring areas and snow pockets that support dominantly basin wildrye, Cusick bluegrass, mountain Position on landscape: Escarpments big sagebrush, mountain snowberry, Idaho fescue, Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— bluebunch wheatgrass, and antelope bitterbrush basalt, tuff • Soils that are similar to the Harcany soils but have Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Climatic factors: • Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Livestock grazing Typical profile of the Harcany soil: 162 Soil Survey

0 to 24 inches—very dark brown very gravelly • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on loam ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less 24 to 40 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly accessible areas on side slopes. loam • The steepness of slope and areas of Rock outcrop 40 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. Typical profile of the Harcany soil, thin surface: Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be 0 to 14 inches—very dark brown very gravelly used. loam • Some areas of this unit have a thin surface because 14 to 40 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly of past erosion. These areas support dominantly low loam sagebrush. 40 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam • The rock fragments throughout the soil and the areas Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to of Rock outcrop restrict the placement of fenceposts. bedrock Suitable management practices: Drainage class: Well drained • Delay grazing until late in spring or early in summer Permeability: Moderate when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Available water capacity: About 3 to 4 inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Position on landscape: Escarpments cool, very short growing season. Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff Contrasting Inclusions 109B—Harriman loam, 0 to 5 percent • Fitzwater soils that are on south-facing slopes at slopes lower elevations • Soils that are similar to the Harcany soils but have Composition bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Harriman soil and similar inclusions—85 percent more than 70 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Rubble land Characteristics of the Harriman Soil Major Use Position on landscape: Lake terraces Livestock grazing Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— rhyolite, basalt, tuff Major Management Factors Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet Slope, water erosion, available water capacity, Rock Climatic factors: outcrop Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Community Typical profile: Harcany soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye 2 to 10 inches—very dark brown loam Harcany soil, thin surface—Idaho fescue, low 10 to 40 inches—dark brown clay loam sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass 40 to 64 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Livestock Grazing bedrock General management considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Cold soil temperatures and a very short growing Permeability: Moderately slow season limit the period of plant growth. Available water capacity: About 9 inches • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate begins later in spring and moisture is available until Contrasting Inclusions later in summer on these slopes than on the south- facing slopes. • Deter soils that are on adjacent lake terraces Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 163

• Mesman soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake soil to minimize soil compaction, improve soil tilth, and terraces and have dominantly basin big sagebrush and increase the water intake rate. black greasewood in the potential plant community • Cultivate or apply herbicides to help control • McConnel soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake competing vegetation. terraces and fans and have dominantly basin big Homesites sagebrush and Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant community General management considerations: • Lasere soils that are on adjacent hills and have • This unit is well suited to homesites. dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant • Irrigation is needed for the establishment and community. maintenance of lawn grasses, shrubs, vines, shade • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent trees, and ornamental trees in summer. • Soils that are similar to the Harriman soil but have a hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches or more 109C—Harriman loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes Major Uses Cropland, livestock grazing, homesites Composition Major Management Factor Harriman soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Water erosion Characteristics of the Harriman Soil Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Position on landscape: Lake terraces Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye, antelope basalt, tuff, rhyolite, volcanic ash bitterbrush, Idaho fescue Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet Livestock Grazing Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • The low precipitation limits forage production and Frost-free period—70 to 110 days seedling survival. Typical profile: Suitable management practices: 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 2 to 10 inches—very dark brown loam droughtiness. 10 to 40 inches—dark brown clay loam • Seed on the contour to reduce the risk of erosion. 40 to 64 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Cropland bedrock Drainage class: Well drained General management considerations: Permeability: Moderately slow • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Available water capacity: About 9 inches cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and slight or moderate border systems. • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for Contrasting Inclusions uniform application of water. • Deter soils that are on adjacent lake terraces • To avoid exposing the clay loam, land smoothing that • McConnel soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake includes only shallow cuts is best suited. terraces and fans and have dominantly basin big • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for sagebrush and Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential windbreaks and environmental plantings on this soil. plant community Suitable management practices: • Lasere soils that are on adjacent hills and have • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant • Manage irrigation water to minimize runoff and community erosion. • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more • Use minimum tillage and return crop residue to the than 15 percent 164 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to the Harriman soil but have a Characteristics of the Hart Soil hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Position on landscape: Relict fan piedmonts on Major Uses tablelands Parent material: Kind—alluvium, residuum; source— Livestock grazing, cropland basalt, tuff Major Management Factors Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Slope, wind erosion, water erosion Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Community Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye, antelope 0 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam bitterbrush, Idaho fescue 9 to 19 inches—brown clay Livestock Grazing 19 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty clay loam General management considerations: 25 to 30 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam • The low precipitation limits forage production and 30 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly seedling survival. loam Suitable management practices: 43 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • Seed on the contour or across the slope where calcium carbonate in fractures practical. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock, very • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate shallow or shallow (7 to 10 inches) to the claypan droughtiness. Drainage class: Well drained • Minimize the risk of erosion by seeding, preserving Permeability: Very slow the existing plant cover, accumulating litter on the Available water capacity: About 5 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 19 Cropland inches General management considerations: Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 25 inches— • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous violently effervescent; below this depth—strongly cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. effervescent • Because of the slope, this soil is best suited to Contrasting Inclusions sprinkler irrigation. • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. • Newlands soils that are on mountainsides and foot • Irrigation water management controls runoff and slopes and have dominantly mountain big sagebrush in reduces erosion. the potential plant community • Reduce the risk of erosion by farming across the • Hart soils that are on fans and have a surface layer slope, stripcropping, maintaining crop residue on the that is less than 7 inches thick surface, and keeping the soil surface rough. • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for • Soils that are similar to the Hart soil but have a windbreaks and environmental plantings on this soil. hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Cultivation or application of herbicides helps to Major Use control competing vegetation. Livestock grazing 110C—Hart very gravelly loam, 2 to 15 Major Management Factors percent slopes Shrink-swell potential, depth to the claypan, calcareous layer, permeability, water erosion Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Hart soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 165

Livestock Grazing 30 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam General management considerations: 43 inches—tuff that has coatings of calcium and • The claypan and calcareous layer restrict rooting silica in fractures depth. Typical profile of the Hart soil, thin surface: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 0 to 4 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam limit the period of plant growth. 4 to 15 inches—brown clay • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 15 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the clay loam result of past erosion. 25 to 30 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts 30 to 43 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and loam damage structures. 43 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, calcium carbonate in fractures protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Depth class: Hart soil—deep (40 to 60 inches) to material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized bedrock, very shallow or shallow (7 to 10 inches) steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. to the claypan; Hart soil, thin surface—deep (40 to Suitable management practices: 60 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (4 to 7 inches) • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants to the claypan have achieved sufficient growth. Drainage class: Well drained • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Permeability: Very slow forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Shrink-swell potential: Hart soil—high between depths on the surface. of 9 and 19 inches; Hart soil, thin surface—high • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate between depth of 4 and 15 inches shrinking and swelling and a cool growing season. Carbonates: Hart soil—violently effervescent between depths of 19 and 25 inches, strongly effervescent below this depth; Hart soil, thin surface—violently 111C—Hart complex, 2 to 15 percent effervescent between depths of 15 and 25 inches, slopes strongly effervescent below this depth Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Newlands soils that are on mountainsides and foot Hart soil and similar inclusions—45 percent slopes and have dominantly mountain big sagebrush in Hart soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—40 the potential plant community percent • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Soils that are similar to the Hart soils but have a Characteristics of the Hart Soils hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Position on landscape: Relict fan piedmonts on Major Use tablelands Livestock grazing Parent material: Kind—alluvium, residuum; source— basalt, tuff Major Management Factors Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet Cobbles on the surface, depth to the claypan, Climatic factors: calcareous layer, permeability, shrink-swell Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches potential, water erosion Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Dominant Vegetation In Potential Plant Typical profile of the Hart soil: Community 0 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam 9 to 19 inches—brown clay Hart soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch 19 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty wheatgrass clay loam Hart soil, thin surface—black sagebrush, bottlebrush 25 to 30 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam squirreltail, Sandberg bluegrass 166 Soil Survey

Livestock Grazing 50 to 55 inches—brown silt loam 55 to 65 inches—light gray and brown very fine General management considerations: sandy loam and silt loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to limit the period of plant growth. bedrock • The claypan and calcareous layer restrict rooting Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained depth. Permeability: Slow • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— result of past erosion. moderate • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Depth to seasonal high water table: February through when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and April—24 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 damage structures. inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Salinity: Slightly saline protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Sodicity: Strongly sodic material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Carbonates: Strongly effervescent to violently steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. effervescent in the upper part Suitable management practices: Characteristics of the Turpin Soil • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred of 0 to 5 percent forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the tuff, basalt existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Elevation: 4,200 to 4,600 feet surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Climatic factors: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F growing season. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy clay 112C—Helphenstein-Turpin-Kewake loam complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes 5 to 20 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy clay loam Composition 20 to 29 inches—dark grayish brown sandy clay loam Helphenstein soil and similar inclusions—40 percent 29 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown loam Turpin soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Kewake soil and similar inclusions—20 percent bedrock Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Drainage class: Well drained Characteristics of the Helphenstein Soil Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 3 inches Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—slight or of 0 to 1 percent moderate Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Salinity: Upper 20 inches—slightly saline; below this tuff, basalt depth—moderately saline Elevation: 4,200 to 4,600 feet Sodicity: Strongly sodic throughout Climatic factors: Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches effervescent throughout Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Characteristics of the Kewake Soil Typical profile: 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy Position on landscape: Sand dunes in lake basins that loam have slopes of 2 to 15 percent 7 to 36 inches—brown loam Parent material: Eolian sand 36 to 50 inches—dark brown silt loam Elevation: 4,200 to 4,600 feet Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 167

Climatic factors: • Excess sodium in the soils results in nutrient Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches imbalances and a caustic root environment. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Helphenstein and Turpin soils reduce infiltration and Typical profile: restrict seedling emergence and survival. 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand • Water movement is rapid through the Kewake soil 10 to 60 inches—dark brown fine sand and slow through the Helphenstein and Turpin soils. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Water erosion is a concern on the Turpin soil because bedrock of the steepness of slope, the slow permeability, and Drainage class: Excessively drained the poor structure of the surface layer. Permeability: Rapid • Because of the sandy texture of the surface, the Available water capacity: About 3 inches soils in this unit are subject to wind erosion if the Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by vegetation is removed or degraded and the surface is wind—very severe exposed. Salinity: Slightly saline • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Sodicity: Moderately sodic or strongly sodic protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Carbonates: Violently effervescent throughout material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or Contrasting Inclusions pipelines. • Ozamis and Reese soils that are on adjacent lake • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. terraces and have dominantly alkali sacaton in the • If the vegetation is removed, range seeding is potential plant community needed to control blowing and drifting sand. • McConnel soils that are on very gravelly, higher lying • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and lake terraces and alluvial fans environmental plantings on the Helphenstein soil are limited, and the seedling mortality rate is severe Major Uses because of the concentration of salts. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • The Turpin and Kewake soils generally are not suited to growing trees and shrubs for windbreaks and Major Management Factors environmental plantings. Onsite investigation is needed Helphenstein soil—salinity, sodicity, wind erosion, to determine whether trees and shrubs can be grown if available water capacity, permeability special treatment is used. Turpin soil—salinity, sodicity, available water capacity, Suitable management practices: permeability • Delay grazing in spring until the Helphenstein soil is Kewake soil—wind erosion, salinity, sodicity, available firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand water capacity, permeability grazing pressure. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Community existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the surface. Helphenstein soil—black greasewood, inland saltgrass, • If the Helphenstein and Kewake soils are seeded, basin wildrye select plants that tolerate droughtiness, slight salinity, Turpin soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin and moderate or strong sodicity. wildrye • If the Turpin soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Kewake soil—Indian ricegrass, black greasewood, droughtiness and strong sodicity. fourwing saltbush, needleandthread, basin wildrye, basin big sagebrush Livestock Grazing 113A—Icene-Lofftus-Pit complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes General management considerations: • The low precipitation and low available water Composition capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Icene soil and similar inclusions—35 percent and restrict seedling survival. Lofftus soil and similar inclusions—30 percent • The sodic surface layer severely limits range Pit soil and similar inclusions—25 percent recovery and seedling survival. Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 168 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Icene Soil Depth to perched water table: March through June—12 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 inches Position on landscape: Lake terraces Salinity: Moderately saline Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Sodicity: Moderately sodic tuff, basalt Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet effervescent throughout Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Characteristics of the Pit Soil Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in basins Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Parent material: Kind—alluvium over lacustrine Typical profile: sediment; source—tuff, basalt 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet loam Climatic factors: 5 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches 10 to 28 inches—dark brown loam Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F 28 to 65 inches—dark brown silt loam Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Typical profile: bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to 0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment 6 to 25 inches—black clay Drainage class: Moderately well drained 25 to 40 inches—very dark grayish brown clay Permeability: Slow 40 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay Available water capacity: About 1 inch loam Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to moderate bedrock, very shallow (6 to 10 inches) to the clay Depth to seasonal high water table: February through layer April—24 to 72 inches; rest of year—more than 72 Drainage class: Poorly drained inches Permeability: Slow Salinity: Upper 10 inches—slightly saline or moderately Available water capacity: About 8 inches saline; below this depth—strongly saline Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Sodicity: Upper 10 inches—strongly sodic; below this Depth to seasonal high water table: December through depth—moderately sodic May—6 inches above the surface to 36 inches Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently below the surface; rest of year—more than 36 effervescent throughout inches Characteristics of the Lofftus Soil Frequency of flooding: Rare Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 6 and 40 Position on landscape: Lake terraces inches Parent material: Kind—ash mantle over lacustrine Carbonates: Upper 36 inches—noneffervescent; below sediment; source—tuff, basalt this depth—strongly effervescent Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F lying lake terraces Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Playas Typical profile: • Boravall soils that are on alluvial flats in lake basins 0 to 30 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam 30 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown hardpan Major Uses 50 to 60 inches—stratified lacustrine sediment Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the hardpan; very deep (more than 60) to bedrock Major Management Factors Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Permeability: Above the hardpan—moderate; through Icene soil—sodicity, salinity, available water capacity, the hardpan—very slow depth to dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment, Available water capacity: About 1 inch permeability, wind erosion Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Lofftus soil—depth to the hardpan, salinity, sodicity, slight or moderate available water capacity, wetness, wind erosion Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 169

Pit soil—wetness, shrink-swell potential, permeability Lofftus soils by preserving the existing plant cover and accumulating litter on the surface. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • If the Icene soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Community slight or moderate salinity, strong sodicity, and Icene soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin droughtiness. wildrye • If the Lofftus soil is seeded, select plants that Lofftus soil—basin wildrye, black greasewood tolerate seasonal wetness, strong salinity, strong Pit soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland sodicity, and droughtiness in summer. saltgrass, alkali cordgrass • If the Pit soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate seasonal wetness, shrinking and swelling, and frost Livestock Grazing heaving and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. General management considerations: Hayland • The low precipitation limits forage production and seedling survival. General management considerations: • Excess sodium in the Icene and Lofftus soils results • Wetness of the Lofftus and Pit soils limits the choice in nutrient imbalances and a caustic root environment. of hay and pasture plants and the period of access for • Salts in the Icene and Lofftus soils reduce the haying operations. amount of water available to plants and restrict • The concentration of salts and sodium in the Icene seedling survival. and Lofftus soils limits the selection of hay and • Dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Icene pasture plants. soil restricts rooting depth. • The Icene and Lofftus soils tie up large amounts of • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Lofftus phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available and Icene soils reduce infiltration and restrict seedling to plants. emergence. • Because the Lofftus and Pit soils are very sticky • The Icene and Lofftus soils are subject to wind when wet, machinery becomes embedded. erosion if the vegetation is removed or degraded and • Haying operations on the Lofftus and Pit soils should the surface is exposed. take place only after the soils have been adequately • The cemented hardpan in the Lofftus soil restricts drained. rooting depth. • Ripping the hardpan in the Lofftus soil improves soil • The Lofftus soil is very sticky when wet or moist. drainage and increases the effective rooting depth. • A high water table early in the growing season in the • Ripping the dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment Lofftus and Pit soils restricts rooting depth. in the Icene soil increases the effective rooting depth. • The Pit soil provides food and cover for wetland • The Icene and Pit soils generally are not suited to wildlife. growing trees and shrubs for windbreaks and • Grazing should be deferred during the period of environmental plantings. Onsite investigation is needed nesting for waterfowl. to determine whether trees and shrubs can be grown if • Grazing when the surface of the Pit soil is wet special treatment is used. results in compaction and poor tilth. • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive plantings on the Lofftus soil are limited and the material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized seedling mortality rate is severe. steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. 114B—Icene-Mesman-Reese complex, 0 • Range seeding controls wind erosion on the Icene to 5 percent slopes and Lofftus soils. Composition Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the Icene soil and similar inclusions—35 percent preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth Mesman soil and similar inclusions—25 percent to withstand grazing pressure. Reese soil and similar inclusions—25 percent • Reduce the risk of wind erosion on the Icene and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 170 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Icene Soil Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes Available water capacity: About 2 inches of 0 to 1 percent Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— moderate tuff, basalt Salinity: Upper 9 inches—slightly saline; below this Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet depth—strongly saline Climatic factors: Sodicity: Upper 9 inches—moderately sodic; below this Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches depth—slightly sodic or moderately sodic Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Characteristics of the Reese Soil Typical profile: Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins that 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy have slopes of 0 to 1 percent loam Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— 5 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam tuff, basalt 10 to 28 inches—dark brown loam Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet 28 to 65 inches—dark brown silt loam Climatic factors: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Drainage class: Moderately well drained Typical profile: Permeability: Slow 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very fine sandy loam Available water capacity: About 1 inch 4 to 10 inches—brown loam Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam moderate 20 to 33 inches—brown loam Depth to seasonal high water table: February through 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy April—24 to 72 inches; rest of year—more than 72 loam inches 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam Salinity: Upper 10 inches—slightly saline or moderately Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to saline; below this depth—strongly saline bedrock Sodicity: Upper 10 inches—strongly sodic; below this Drainage class: Poorly drained depth—moderately sodic Permeability: Slow Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Available water capacity: About 1 inch effervescent throughout Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Characteristics of the Mesman Soil moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: March through Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes July—12 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 of 0 to 5 percent inches Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this tuff, basalt depth—moderately saline or slightly saline Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this Climatic factors: depth—moderately sodic Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F effervescent throughout Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam • Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent lake terraces 9 to 20 inches—brown sandy clay loam • Als soils that are on adjacent dunes 20 to 25 inches—brown silt loam Major Uses 25 to 35 inches—brown very fine sandy loam 35 to 60 inches—brown silt loam Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Major Management Factors bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to consolidated, compacted sediment Icene soil—salinity, available water capacity, sodicity, Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 171

wind erosion, permeability, depth to dense, plantings on the Mesman and Reese soils are limited consolidated lacustrine sediment and the seedling mortality rate is severe. Mesman soil—available water capacity, salinity, Suitable management practices: sodicity, wind erosion, permeability, depth to • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Reese soil—wetness, available water capacity, salinity, surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. sodicity, wind erosion, permeability, frost action • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant salinity, sodicity, and droughtiness in summer. Community • Allow the Reese soil to drain adequately before grazing to prevent damage to the soil and plants. Icene soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin wildrye Mesman soil—basin big sagebrush, spiny hopsage, 115A—Icene-Playas complex, 0 to 1 black greasewood, Indian ricegrass, basin wildrye percent slopes Reese soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali cordgrass Composition Livestock Grazing Icene soil and similar inclusions—55 percent General management considerations: Playas—30 percent • The low precipitation and low available water Contrasting inclusions—15 percent capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Characteristics of the Icene Soil • Excess sodium in the soils results in nutrient imbalances and a caustic root environment. Position on landscape: Lake terraces • Dispersion and crusting of the surface reduce Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and tuff, basalt survival. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Grazing on the Reese soil when the surface is wet Climatic factors: results in compaction and puddling. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F and restrict seedling survival. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The Reese soil provides food and cover for wetland Typical profile: wildlife early in spring. 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy • A high water table early in the growing season loam restricts rooting depth. 5 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam • Dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the 10 to 28 inches—dark brown loam Mesman and Icene soils restricts rooting depth. 28 to 65 inches—dark brown silt loam • If the vegetation is removed or degraded and the Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to surface is exposed, wind erosion is a problem. bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of Drainage class: Moderately well drained noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Permeability: Slow aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Available water capacity: About 1 inch pipelines. Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. moderate • Range seeding controls wind erosion in areas where Depth to seasonal high water table: February through the vegetation has been removed. April—24 to 72 inches; rest of year—more than 72 • Plants on the Reese soil are subject to damage inches because of a high potential for frost action. Salinity: Upper 10 inches—slightly saline or moderately • The Icene soil generally is not suited to growing saline; below this depth—strongly saline trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Sodicity: Upper 10 inches—strongly sodic; below this plantings. depth—moderately sodic • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental effervescent throughout 172 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Playas Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Position on landscape: Basin floors Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Icene soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin tuff, basalt wildrye Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Livestock Grazing Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • The low precipitation and low available water Frost-free period—90 to 110 days capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Reference profile: • Variable yearly ponding in the areas of Playas results 0 to 6 inches—silty clay loam in an unstable plant community. 6 to 60 inches—stratified silty clay and silty clay • The areas of Playas provide habitat for wetland loam wildlife in spring and early in summer. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Excess sodium results in nutrient imbalances and a bedrock caustic root environment. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce Permeability: Very slow infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and Hazard of erosion by wind: None to severe, depending survival. on the time of year • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Depth to seasonal water table: February through and restrict seedling survival. September—12 inches above the surface to 12 • Dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Icene inches below the surface; rest of year—more than soil restricts rooting depth. 12 inches • If the vegetation on the Icene soil is removed or Shrink-swell potential:High degraded, wind erosion is a problem. Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline • Because of the lack of vegetation, the areas of Sodicity: Strongly sodic Playas are subject to wind erosion late in summer or Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently early in fall. effervescent throughout • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel Contrasting Inclusions and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, • Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent lake terraces aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or • Reese soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying pipelines. lake terraces • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. • Als soils that are on adjacent dunes • This unit generally is not suited to growing trees and • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings. lying lake terraces • If the vegetation is removed, range seeding controls Major Uses wind erosion. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing in spring until the soil is firm and the Major Management Factors preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Icene soil—sodicity, salinity, available water capacity, • If the Icene soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate wind erosion, permeability, depth to dense, strong sodicity, moderate salinity, and droughtiness in consolidated lacustrine sediment summer. Playas—sodicity, salinity, available water capacity, • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the permeability, seasonal wetness, shrink-swell existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the potential, wind erosion surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 173

116G—Itca very cobbly loam, 30 to 70 • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. percent north slopes • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. • The bedrock and rock fragments restrict rooting Composition depth. Itca soil and similar inclusions—90 percent • The shallow depth to bedrock and content of rock Contrasting inclusions—10 percent fragments limit the placement of fenceposts. • Steepness of slope and rock fragments on the Characteristics of the Itca Soil surface restrict the operation of ground seeding Position on landscape: Mountainsides equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— should be used. basalt, tuff • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Elevation: 4,500 to 5,400 feet result of past erosion. Climatic factors: • If this soil is disturbed, slopes are likely to be Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches unstable. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Suitable management practices: Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Typical profile: have achieved sufficient growth. 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred 5 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. 12 to 16 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 16 inches—basalt existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan • If this soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Drainage class: Well drained droughtiness, shrink-swell potential, and a cool growing Permeability: Slow season. Available water capacity: About 1 inch Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe Contrasting Inclusions 117F—Itca-Bullump complex, 30 to 50 percent north slopes • Soils that have south-facing slopes • Rock outcrop Composition Major Use Itca soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Livestock grazing Bullump soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Itca Soil Stones and cobbles throughout the soil, depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, permeability, slope, Position on landscape: Mountainsides water erosion, available water capacity, shrink- Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— swell potential basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,300 to 5,500 feet Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Climatic factors: Community Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Livestock Grazing Typical profile: General management considerations: 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 5 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam limit the period of plant growth. 12 to 16 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay • The growing season on the north-facing slopes 16 inches—basalt begins later in spring and moisture is available until Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very later in summer on these slopes than on the south- shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan facing slopes. Drainage class: Well drained 174 Soil Survey

Permeability: Slow Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 1 inch General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Characteristics of the Bullump Soil limit the period of plant growth. • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Position on landscape: Mountainsides, hillsides begins later in spring and moisture is available until Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— later in summer on these slopes than on south-facing basalt, tuff, rhyolite slopes. Elevation: 5,300 to 5,500 feet • The surface layer of the Itca soil is saturated Climatic factors: following snowmelt. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Frost-free period—50 to 70 days accessible areas on side slopes. Typical profile: • The steepness of slope and rock fragments on the 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely surface restrict the operation of ground seeding gravelly loam equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very should be used. gravelly clay loam • The low available water capacity of the Itca soil 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very limits forage production and seedling survival. gravelly clay loam • The content of rock fragments and the shallow depth 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely to bedrock in the Itca soil limit placement of gravelly loam fenceposts. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the bedrock Itca soil are the result of past erosion. Drainage class: Well drained • If the Itca soil is disturbed, slopes are likely to be Permeability: Moderately slow unstable. Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Contrasting Inclusions have achieved sufficient growth. • Soils that have south-facing slopes • Delay grazing until the Itca soil is firm and the • Rock outcrop preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Very shallow soils that have dominantly curlleaf • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the mountainmahogany in the potential plant community existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Booth soils that are in less sloping areas • If this unit is needed, select plants that tolerate • Soils that are similar to the Bullump soil but have droughtiness and a cool growing season. few rock fragments throughout the soil Major Use 118B—Jesse Camp silt loam, 2 to 5 Livestock grazing percent slopes Major Management Factors Composition Itca soil—slope, water erosion, stones and cobbles Jesse Camp soil and similar inclusions—85 percent throughout the soil, depth to the claypan, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent permeability, depth to bedrock, available water capacity, shrink-swell potential Characteristics of the Jesse Camp Soil Bullump soil—slope, water erosion Position on landscape: Lake terraces Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Community basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet Itca soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch Climatic factors: wheatgrass Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Bullump soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg bluegrass Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 175

Typical profile: Characteristics of the Kewake Soil 0 to 34 inches—dark brown silt loam Position on landscape: Sand dunes in lake basins that 34 to 50 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam have slopes of 1 to 15 percent 50 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very Parent material: Eolian sand gravelly sandy loam Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Climatic factors: bedrock Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Permeability: Moderately slow Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Available water capacity: About 5 inches Typical profile: Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand moderate 10 to 60 inches—dark brown fine sand Carbonates: Between depths of 34 and 50 inches— Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to strongly effervescent bedrock Salinity: Between depths of 4 and 60 inches—slightly Drainage class: Excessively drained saline or moderately saline Permeability: Rapid Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by • Spangenburg soils that are on slightly lower lying wind—very severe lake terraces Salinity: Slightly saline Major Use Sodicity: Moderately sodic or strongly sodic Carbonates: Violently effervescent throughout Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Helphenstein Soil Major Management Factor Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes Wind erosion of 0 to 1 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Community tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Basin wildrye, basin big sagebrush Climatic factors: Livestock Grazing Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The low precipitation limits forage production and Typical profile: reduces seedling survival. 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, loam protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 7 to 36 inches—brown loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 36 to 50 inches—dark brown silt loam steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 50 to 55 inches—brown silt loam • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. 55 to 65 inches—light gray and brown very fine • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the sandy loam and silt loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. bedrock Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 119C—Kewake-Helphenstein complex, 0 Permeability: Slow to 15 percent slopes Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— moderate Composition Depth to seasonal high water table: February through Kewake soil and similar inclusions—55 percent April—24 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 Helphenstein soil and similar inclusions—30 percent inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Salinity: Slightly saline 176 Soil Survey

Sodicity: Strongly sodic • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. effervescent in the upper part • The Kewake soil generally is not suited to growing trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Contrasting Inclusions plantings. Onsite investigation is needed to determine • Icene and Turpin soils that are on adjacent lake whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special terraces and have dominantly shadscale in the treatment is used. potential plant community • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and • Reese soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying environmental plantings on the Helphenstein soil are lake terraces and have dominantly alkali sacaton in the limited, and the seedling mortality rate is severe potential plant community because of the concentration of salts. • Crump soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake Suitable management practices: terraces and support dominantly sedges and cattails • Delay grazing in spring until the Helphenstein soil is • Ozamis soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand have dominantly alkali sacaton in the potential plant grazing pressure. community • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Major Uses existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the surface. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Major Management Factors droughtiness, slight salinity, and moderate or strong sodicity. Kewake and Helphenstein soils—wind erosion, available water capacity, salinity, sodicity, permeability 120C—Kewake-Icene complex, 0 to 15 Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant percent slopes Community Composition Kewake soil—Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, black greasewood, fourwing saltbush, Kewake soil and similar inclusions—55 percent needleandthread, basin wildrye Icene soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Helphenstein soil—black greasewood, inland saltgrass, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent basin wildrye Characteristics of the Kewake Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Sand dunes in lake basins that General management considerations: have slopes of 1 to 15 percent • The low precipitation and low available water Parent material: Eolian sand capacity limit forage production and seedling Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet survival. Climatic factors: • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches and restrict seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Excess sodium in the soils results in nutrient Frost-free period—90 to 110 days imbalances and a caustic root environment. Typical profile: • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand Helphenstein soil reduce infiltration and restrict 10 to 60 inches—dark brown fine sand seedling emergence and survival. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Because the surface layer is sandy, the soils in this bedrock unit are subject to wind erosion if the vegetation is Drainage class: Excessively drained removed or degraded and the surface is exposed. Permeability: Rapid • Water movement is rapid through the Kewake soil Available water capacity: About 3 inches and slow through the Helphenstein soil. Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, wind—very severe protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Salinity: Slightly saline material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Sodicity: Moderately sodic or strongly sodic steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Carbonates: Violently effervescent throughout Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 177

Characteristics of the Icene Soil Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes of 0 to 1 percent Kewake soil—Indian ricegrass, black greasewood, Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— fourwing saltbush, needleandthread, basin wildrye, tuff, basalt basin big sagebrush Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Icene soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin Climatic factors: wildrye Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Livestock Grazing Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • The low precipitation and low available water 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. loam • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants 5 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam and restrict seedling survival. 10 to 28 inches—dark brown loam • Excess sodium in the soils results in nutrient 28 to 65 inches—dark brown silt loam imbalances and a caustic root environment. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The sodic surface layer of the Kewake soil severely bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to limits seedling survival. dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Icene Drainage class: Moderately well drained soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling emergence Permeability: Slow and survival. Available water capacity: About 1 inch • Dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Icene Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— soil restricts rooting depth. moderate • Water movement is rapid through the Kewake soil Depth to seasonal high water table: February through and slow through the Icene soil. April—24 to 72 inches; rest of year—more than 72 • Because the surface layer is sandy, the soils in this inches unit are subject to wind erosion if the vegetation is Salinity: Upper 10 inches—slightly saline or moderately removed or degraded and the surface is exposed. saline; below this depth—strongly saline • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Sodicity: Upper 10 inches—strongly sodic; below this protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive depth—moderately sodic material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. effervescent throughout • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. Contrasting Inclusions • These soils generally are not suited to growing trees • Turpin soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental • Ozamis and Reese soils that are on adjacent, lower plantings. Onsite investigation is needed to determine lying lake terraces and have dominantly alkali sacaton whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special and inland saltgrass in the potential plant community treatment is used. • Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower Suitable management practices: lying lake terraces and do not have shadscale in the • Delay grazing in spring until the Icene soil is firm and potential plant community the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing Major Uses pressure. • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Major Management Factors on the surface. • If the Kewake soil is seeded, select plants that Kewake soil—sodicity, salinity, available water tolerate droughtiness, moderate or strong sodicity, and capacity, wind erosion slight salinity. Icene soil—sodicity, salinity, available water capacity, • If the Icene soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate wind erosion, depth to dense, consolidated droughtiness in summer, strong sodicity, and slight or lacustrine sediment moderate salinity. 178 Soil Survey

121C—Kewake-Ozamis-Reese complex, 0 Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight to 15 percent slopes Depth to seasonal high water table: March through June—12 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 inches Composition Frequency of flooding: Rare Kewake soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Salinity: Upper 9 inches—moderately saline; below this Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—30 percent depth—slightly saline Reese soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Characteristics of the Reese Soil Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins that Characteristics of the Kewake Soil have slopes of 0 to 1 percent Position on landscape: Sand dunes in lake basins that Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— have slopes of 1 to 15 percent tuff, basalt Parent material: Eolian sand Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very fine sandy loam 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand 4 to 10 inches—brown loam 10 to 60 inches—dark brown fine sand 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 20 to 33 inches—brown loam bedrock 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy Drainage class: Excessively drained loam Permeability: Rapid 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam Available water capacity: About 3 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by bedrock wind—very severe Drainage class: Poorly drained Salinity: Slightly saline Permeability: Slow Sodicity: Moderately sodic or strongly sodic Available water capacity: About 1 inch Carbonates: Violently effervescent throughout Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— moderate Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil Depth to seasonal high water table: March through Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins that July—12 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 have slopes of 0 to 1 percent inches Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Frequency of flooding: Rare tuff, basalt Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet depth—moderately saline or slightly saline Climatic factors: Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches depth—moderately sodic Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently degrees F effervescent throughout Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—black silty clay • Alvodest soils that are on alluvial flats in basins 9 to 12 inches—black clay loam • Playas 12 to 19 inches—black silty clay • Turpin soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying 19 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown loam lake terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Crump and Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent, bedrock slightly lower lying lake terraces Drainage class: Poorly drained Major Uses Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 3 inches Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 179

Major Management Factors trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings. Onsite investigation is needed to determine Kewake soil—available water capacity, salinity, whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special sodicity, wind erosion, permeability treatment is used. Ozamis soil—salinity, available water capacity, • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and wetness, frost action, clayey surface layer environmental plantings on the Ozamis and Reese Reese soil—salinity, sodicity, wetness, available water soils are limited, and the seedling mortality rate is capacity, frost action, permeability, wind erosion severe because of the concentration of salts. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Suitable management practices: Community • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Kewake soil—Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter black greasewood, fourwing saltbush, on the surface. needleandthread, basin wildrye • Allow the Ozamis and Reese soils to adequately Ozamis and Reese soils—alkali sacaton, alkali drain before grazing to prevent damage to the soils and bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali cordgrass plants. • If the Kewake soil is seeded, select plants that Livestock Grazing tolerate droughtiness, slight salinity, and moderate or strong sodicity. General management considerations: • If the Ozamis soil is seeded, select plants that • The low precipitation and low available water tolerate moderate salinity, wetness, and frost heaving. capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • If the Reese soil is seeded, select plants that • The Ozamis and Reese soils provide food and cover tolerate strong salinity, strong sodicity, wetness, for wetland wildlife early in spring. droughtiness in summer, and frost heaving. • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants and restrict seedling survival. • Excess sodium in the Kewake and Reese soils 122E—Kittleson sandy loam, 15 to 40 results in nutrient imbalances and a caustic root percent north slopes environment. • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Reese Composition soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and survival. Kittleson soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Grazing when the Ozamis and Reese soils are wet Contrasting inclusions—15 percent results in compaction and poor tilth of the surface Characteristics of the Kittleson Soil layer. • A high water table in the Ozamis and Reese soils Position on landscape: Mountainsides early in the growing season restricts rooting depth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The surface layer of the Ozamis soil expands when pyroclastic rock wet and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet plant roots. Climatic factors: • Water movement is rapid through the Kewake soil Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches and moderately slow through the Ozamis and Reese Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F soils. Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Because the surface layer is sandy, the Kewake and Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Reese soils are subject to wind erosion if the through April; more than 48 inches—January vegetation is removed or degraded and the surface is through March exposed. Typical profile: • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 3 inches to 0—white fir needles protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 0 to 44 inches—dark brown sandy loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 44 inches—highly weathered tuff steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Drainage class: Well drained • Range seeding controls wind erosion on the Kewake Permeability: Moderately rapid and Reese soils. Available water capacity: About 6 inches • The Kewake soil generally is not suited to growing Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 180 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the surface. • Chocktoot, Hallihan, and Hammersley soils that are • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy on adjacent mountainsides equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance • Polander soils that are on adjacent, south-facing and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil mountainsides surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Soils that are similar to the Kittleson soils but have • Reduce the risk of soil erosion and displacement by bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more limiting vehicle access to periods when the soil is dry • Soils that have slopes of more than 40 percent or frozen. Major Use Woodland 123E—Kittleson-Hallihan complex, 15 to Major Management Factors 40 percent north slopes Cold temperatures in summer, slope, water erosion, Composition depth to bedrock Kittleson soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Hallihan soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent White fir, ponderosa pine Characteristics of the Kittleson Soil Woodland Position on landscape: Mountainsides Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— increment: 57 cubic feet per acre per year for white pyroclastic rock fir at age 70 Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F trees. Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. through April; more than 48 inches—January • Cuts and fills are stable. through March • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Typical profile: to allow for long-term establishment of plants. 3 inches to 0—white fir needles • To maintain the quantity and quality of the water, a 0 to 44 inches—dark brown sandy loam buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 44 inches—highly weathered tuff Management of these areas should be designed to Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Drainage class: Well drained skidded through riparian areas. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because of the cold temperatures in summer, larger Available water capacity: About 6 inches than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or Hazard of erosion by water: Severe additional plantings may be needed. Characteristics of the Hallihan Soil Suitable management practices: • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Position on landscape: Mountainsides use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— equipment, log in areas that are covered with a rhyolite minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Elevation: 6,300 to 7,200 feet surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil Climatic factors: is wet. Mean annual precipitation—30 to 34 inches • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F the content of moisture and organic matter in the Frost-free period—20 to 50 days surface layer. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and through April; more than 48 inches—January temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, through March Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 181

Typical profile: • The bedrock in the Hallihan soil is of fair quality for 2 inches to 0—white fir and lodgepole pine needles use as base and grade material for road construction. 0 to 2 inches—black gravelly fine sandy loam • The rock fragments in the Hallihan soil limit planting. 2 to 13 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish • To maintain the quantity and quality of the water, a brown gravelly fine sandy loam buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 13 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very Management of these areas should be designed to gravelly fine sandy loam minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or 21 to 43 inches—pale brown very gravelly sandy skidded through riparian areas. loam • Because of the cold temperatures in summer, larger 43 to 60 inches—pale brown extremely gravelly than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or sandy loam additional plantings may be needed. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Suitable management practices: bedrock • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Permeability: Moderately rapid equipment, log in areas that are covered with a Available water capacity: About 4 inches minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Hazard of erosion by water: Severe surface layer, and avoid logging in spring. Contrasting Inclusions • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock • Chocktoot and Hammersley soils that are on fragments in the surface layer. adjacent mountainsides • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and • Soils that have southerly aspects or have slopes of temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, more than 40 percent scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the Major Use surface. • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Woodland equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Major Management Factors and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. Kittleson soil—cold temperatures in summer, slope, • Reduce the risk of soil erosion and displacement by water erosion, depth to bedrock limiting vehicle access to periods when the Kittleson Hallihan soil—cold temperatures in summer, slope, soil is dry or frozen. water erosion, rock fragments, available water capacity Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 124A—Lakeview loam, 0 to 2 percent Community slopes Kittleson and Hallihan soils—white fir, ponderosa pine Composition Woodland Lakeview soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual increment: Kittleson and Hallihan soils—57 cubic Characteristics of the Lakeview Soil feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70 Position on landscape: Flood plains and alluvial fans in General management considerations: Goose Lake Valley • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, rhyolite, trees. basalt, volcanic ash • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet Kittleson soil are soft, and those on the Hallihan soil Climatic factors: are firm. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Cuts and fills on the Kittleson soil are stable, and Frost-free period—70 to 110 days those on the Hallihan soil ravel when dry. Typical profile: • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 0 to 4 inches—black loam to allow for long-term establishment of plants. 4 to 14 inches—black silty clay loam 182 Soil Survey

14 to 20 inches—very dark brown sandy clay loam Suitable management practices: 20 to 32 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to clay loam prevent damage to the soil and plants. 32 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown sandy clay • Maintain adequate plant cover in fall to protect the loam soil from erosion during flooding in spring. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Cropland bedrock Drainage class: Moderately well drained General management considerations: Permeability: Moderately slow • Most climatically adapted crops can be grown. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Irrigation is needed for maximum production. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, Depth to seasonal high water table: March through and border systems. September—30 to 60 inches; rest of year—more • If furrow or border systems are used, land leveling or than 60 inches smoothing may be needed for uniform application of Frequency of flooding: Occasional for brief periods from irrigation water. March through May • This soil is easily compacted when wet. • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for Contrasting Inclusions windbreaks and environmental plantings. • Ozamis soils that are on alluvial flats and have Suitable management practices: dominantly tufted hairgrass, Baltic rush, and Nebraska • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. sedge in the potential plant community • Minimize compaction of the soil by returning crop • Drews soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake residue to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. terraces and have dominantly Idaho fescue and • Maintain crop residue or stubble on the soil surface mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant to protect the soil from erosion during flooding in community spring. Major Uses Cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat 125A—Lakeview silty clay loam, 0 to 2 Major Management Factor percent slopes Flooding Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Lakeview soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Basin wildrye Characteristics of the Lakeview Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Flood plains and alluvial fans in General management considerations: Goose Lake Valley • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, rhyolite, • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of basalt, volcanic ash moisture in the soil. Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet • Stream channels are subject to cutting and filling Climatic factors: during periods of flooding. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • If the vegetation is removed or degraded, this soil is Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F subject to erosion during flooding in spring. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • Grazing should be managed to maintain or increase Typical profile: the abundance of plants that help to stabilize 0 to 14 inches—black silty clay loam streambanks, reduce erosion, and moderate water 14 to 20 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam temperatures. 20 to 32 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy • Streambank erosion can be reduced and the quality clay loam and quantity of water improved by fencing riparian 32 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown sandy clay areas. loam Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 183

Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Cropland bedrock General management considerations: Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Most climatically adapted crops can be grown. Permeability: Moderately slow • Irrigation is needed for maximum production. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight and border systems. Depth to seasonal high water table: March through • Land leveling or smoothing may be needed for September—30 to 60 inches; rest of year—more uniform application of irrigation water applied by furrow than 60 inches or border systems. Frequency of flooding: Occasional for brief periods from • The silty clay loam surface layer restricts the March through May operation of equipment to periods late in spring and in Contrasting Inclusions summer. • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for • Ozamis soils that are on alluvial flats and have windbreaks and environmental plantings. dominantly tufted hairgrass, Baltic rush, and Nebraska sedge in the potential plant community Suitable management practices: • Drews soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. terraces and have dominantly Idaho fescue and • Maintain crop residue or stubble on the surface to mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant protect the soil from erosion during flooding in spring. community • Reduce crusting and compaction of the surface by keeping tillage at a minimum and returning crop residue Major Uses to the soil. Cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Major Management Factors 126A—Lakeview silty clay loam, sodic, 0 Flooding, silty surface layer to 2 percent slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Lakeview soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Basin wildrye Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Lakeview Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Flood plains in Goose Lake • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. Valley • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, rhyolite, moisture in the soil. basalt, volcanic ash • Stream channels are subject to cutting and filling Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet during periods of flooding. Climatic factors: • If the vegetation is removed or degraded, this soil is Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches subject to erosion during flooding in spring. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Grazing should be managed to maintain or increase Frost-free period—70 to 110 days the abundance of plants that help to stabilize Typical profile: streambanks, reduce erosion, and moderate water 0 to 14 inches—black silty clay loam temperatures. 14 to 20 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam Suitable management practices: 20 to 32 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to clay loam prevent damage to the soil and plants. 32 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown sandy clay • Maintain adequate plant cover in fall to protect the loam soil from erosion during flooding in spring. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Fence riparian areas to reduce streambank erosion bedrock and improve the quality and quantity of the water. Drainage class: Moderately well drained 184 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderately slow • Maintain adequate plant cover in fall to protect the Available water capacity: About 5 inches soil from erosion during flooding in spring. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Fence riparian areas to reduce streambank erosion Depth to seasonal high water table: March through and improve the quality and quantity of the water. September—30 to 60 inches; rest of year—more Cropland than 60 inches Frequency of flooding: Occasional for brief periods from General management considerations: March through May • The concentration of salts and sodium limits the Salinity: Slightly saline throughout production of some hay and pasture plants and other Sodicity: Upper 14 inches—slightly sodic; below this crops. depth—moderately sodic • Irrigation is needed for maximum production. • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, Contrasting Inclusions and border systems. • Lakeview soils that are not saline or sodic • Land leveling is needed for uniform application of • Ozamis soils that are on alluvial flats and have irrigation water applied by furrow or border systems. dominantly tufted hairgrass, Baltic rush, and Nebraska • Because of the silty clay loam surface layer, the sedge in the potential plant community operation of equipment should be restricted to periods • Drews soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake late in spring and in summer. terraces and have dominantly Idaho fescue and • Removing salts without applying proper amounts of mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant soil amendments causes dispersion and crusting of the community soil surface. • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Major Uses plantings should be tolerant of the sodicity of the soil. Cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Suitable management practices: Major Management Factors • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. • Reduce the content of sodium by applying proper Flooding, silty surface layer, sodicity amounts of soil amendments and leaching the soil with Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant good-quality irrigation water. Community • Reduce crusting and compaction of the surface by keeping tillage at a minimum and returning crop residue Basin wildrye, inland saltgrass, black greasewood to the soil. Livestock Grazing • Apply irrigation water at a rate that does not exceed the permeability rate to prevent a buildup of the water General management considerations: table and a concentration of salts and sodium. • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient imbalances and a caustic root environment. 127A—Lakeview silty clay loam, low • Crusting of the soil surface reduces infiltration and precipitation, 0 to 2 percent slopes restricts seedling emergence and survival. • Salts reduce the amount of water available for plant Composition growth. • Stream channels are subject to cutting and filling Lakeview soil and similar inclusions—85 percent during periods of flooding. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • If the vegetation is removed or degraded, this soil is Characteristics of the Lakeview Soil subject to erosion during flooding in spring. • Grazing should be managed to maintain or increase Position on landscape: Alluvial fans in Chewaucan the abundance of plants that help to stabilize Valley streambanks, reduce erosion, and moderate water Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, rhyolite, temperatures. and basalt mixed with volcanic ash Suitable management practices: Elevation: 4,400 to 4,800 feet • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Climatic factors: prevent damage to the soil and plants. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • If this soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F sodicity. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 185

Typical profile: • Fence riparian areas to reduce streambank erosion 0 to 14 inches—black silty clay loam and improve the quality and quantity of the water. 14 to 20 inches—very dark brown sandy clay loam Cropland 20 to 32 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy clay loam General management considerations: 32 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown sandy clay • Most climatically adapted crops can be grown if loam irrigation water is available. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, bedrock and border systems. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Land leveling or smoothing may be needed for Permeability: Moderately slow uniform application of irrigation water applied by furrow Available water capacity: About 8 inches or border systems. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for Depth to seasonal high water table: December through windbreaks and environmental plantings. May—12 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 Suitable management practices: inches • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Frequency of flooding: Rare • Reduce compaction of the soil and crusting of the Contrasting Inclusions surface layer by returning crop residue to the soil and keeping tillage at a minimum. • Ozamis soils that are on alluvial flats and have dominantly alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, and inland saltgrass in the potential plant community 128A—Lakeview-Stockdrive complex, 0 to • Crump soils that are on alluvial flats and have 2 percent slopes dominantly rushes, sedges, and cattails in the potential plant community Composition • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake terraces and have dominantly needleandthread and Lakeview soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Indian ricegrass in the potential plant community Stockdrive soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Uses Characteristics of the Lakeview Soil Cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Major Management Factor Position on landscape: Flood plains that have slopes of 0 to 2 percent Droughtiness Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, rhyolite, Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant and basalt mixed with volcanic ash Community Elevation: 4,700 to 4,760 feet Climatic factors: Basin wildrye, creeping wildrye Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Livestock Grazing Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 110 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. 0 to 14 inches—black silty clay loam • The low precipitation limits forage production and 14 to 20 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam seedling survival. 20 to 32 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of clay loam moisture in the soil. 32 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown sandy clay • Grazing should be managed to maintain or increase loam the abundance of plants that help to stabilize Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to streambanks, reduce erosion, and moderate water bedrock temperatures. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Permeability: Moderately slow Suitable management practices: Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to 12Hazard of erosion by water: Slight prevent damage to the soil and plants. Depth to seasonal high water table: March through 186 Soil Survey

September—30 to 60 inches; rest of year—more lower lying lake terraces and have dominantly tufted than 60 inches hairgrass and Nebraska sedge in the potential plant Frequency of flooding: Occasional for brief periods from community March through May Major Uses Characteristics of the Stockdrive Soil Cropland, hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Lake terraces in areas that are Major Management Factors slightly higher than the Lakeview soils and have slopes of 0 to 1 percent Lakeview soil—flooding Parent material: Kind—eolian material over lacustrine Stockdrive soil—sodicity, salinity, available water sediment; source—tuff, basalt, rhyolite, volcanic capacity, wetness, permeability, wind erosion ash Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Elevation: 4,700 to 4,760 feet Community Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Lakeview soil—basin wildrye Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Stockdrive soil—basin wildrye, inland saltgrass, black Frost-free period—70 to 110 days greasewood Typical profile: Livestock Grazing 0 to 3 inches—brown fine sandy loam 3 to 6 inches—dark brown loam General management considerations: 6 to 12 inches—dark brown silty clay loam • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. 12 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy • Grazing should be deferred during the period of loam nesting for waterfowl. 29 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown very • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of gravelly sand moisture in the Lakeview soil. 32 to 34 inches—dark grayish brown extremely • Stream channels in areas of the Lakeview soil are gravelly sand subject to cutting and filling during periods of flooding. 34 to 38 inches—brown very gravelly sand • If the vegetation is removed or degraded, the 38 to 44 inches—dark brown sand Lakeview soil is subject to erosion during flooding in 44 to 56 inches—dark brown silty clay loam spring. 56 to 66 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay • Grazing on the Lakeview soil should be managed to loam maintain or increase the abundance of plants that help Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to to stabilize streambanks, reduce erosion, and bedrock, moderately deep or deep (25 to 45 moderate water temperatures. inches) to stratified sand and gravel • Salts in the Stockdrive soil reduce the amount of Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained water available to plants and restrict seedling survival. Permeability: Upper part—slow; middle part—rapid; • Excess sodium in the Stockdrive soil results in lower part—moderately slow nutrient imbalances and a caustic root environment. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Stockdrive soil reduce the water intake rate, which moderate causes ponding, and restrict seedling emergence and Depth to perched water table: March through May—6 survival. inches above the surface to 48 inches below the • The low available water capacity of the Stockdrive surface; rest of the year—more than 48 inches soil limits forage production and seedling survival. Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline • The Stockdrive soil is subject to wind erosion if the Sodicity: Strongly sodic vegetation is removed or degraded. Carbonates: Upper 32 inches—violently effervescent • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand on the Stockdrive soil. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • Drews soils that are on slightly higher lying lake • Allow the soils to drain adequately before grazing to terraces and have dominantly Idaho fescue, mountain prevent damage to the soils and plants. big sagebrush, and antelope bitterbrush in the potential • Maintain adequate plant cover on the Lakeview soil plant community in fall to protect the soil from erosion during flooding in • Goose Lake and Thunderegg soils that are on slightly spring. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 187

• Minimize the risk of wind erosion on the Stockdrive keeping tillage at a minimum and returning crop residue soil by maintaining existing plant cover, seeding, and to the soils. accumulating litter on the soil surface. • If the Stockdrive soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate wetness, salinity, and sodicity. 129E—Lambring-Rock outcrop complex, • Fence riparian areas of the Lakeview soil to reduce 5 to 30 percent slopes streambank erosion and improve the quality and quantity of the water. Composition Cropland Lambring soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—45 percent General management considerations: Lambring soil and similar inclusions—25 percent • Most climatically adapted crops can be grown on the Rock outcrop—15 percent Lakeview soil, but salts and sodium limit the selection Contrasting inclusions—15 percent and production of hay and pasture plants and other crops on the Stockdrive soil. Characteristics of the Lambring Soils • Irrigation is needed for maximum production on the Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides Lakeview soil and for leaching of salts in the Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Stockdrive soil. basalt, tuff • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler, furrow, Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet and border systems. Climatic factors: • Land leveling may be needed for uniform application Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches of irrigation water applied by furrow and border Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F systems. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • A high water table and water on the surface in spring Typical profile of the Lambring soil, thin surface: restrict access by equipment and limit plant survival. 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown very gravelly • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for loam windbreaks and environmental plantings on the 5 to 20 inches— dark brown very cobbly loam Lakeview soil. 20 to 25 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and loam environmental plantings on the Stockdrive soil are 25 to 45 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly limited, and the seedling mortality rate is severe sandy loam because of the concentration of salts. 45 inches—basalt • Irrigation is needed on the Stockdrive soil to prevent Typical profile of the Lambring soil: a rise in the level of the water table and the 0 to 10 inches—very dark brown very gravelly subsequent upward movement of salts and sodium in loam the soil. 10 to 20 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • The content of sodium in the Stockdrive soil can be 20 to 34 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly reduced by applying proper amounts of soil loam amendments. Salts can be leached by applying good- 34 to 52 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly quality irrigation water. sandy loam • Because of the high corrosivity of the Stockdrive soil 52 inches—basalt to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, Drainage class: Well drained galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Available water capacity: About 4 inches or pipelines. Permeability: Moderate Suitable management practices: Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop • Maintain crop residue or stubble on the surface of the Lakeview soil to protect the soil from erosion during Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides flooding in spring. Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff • Minimize the risk of wind erosion on the Stockdrive Contrasting Inclusions soil by keeping the surface rough and maintaining residue on the surface. • Westbutte soils • Reduce crusting and compaction of the surface by • Fitzwater soils that are on south-facing slopes and 188 Soil Survey

have Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— community basalt, tuff • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet than 30 percent Climatic factors: • Rubble land Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Livestock grazing Typical profile of the Lambring soil: 0 to 10 inches—very dark brown very gravelly Major Management Factors loam Lambring soils—rock fragments throughout the soils, 10 to 20 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam water erosion, Rock outcrop 20 to 34 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 34 to 52 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly Community sandy loam Lambring soil, thin surface—Idaho fescue, low 52 inches—basalt sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile of the Lambring soil, thin surface: Lambring soil—Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass 5 to 20 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam 20 to 25 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly Livestock Grazing loam General management considerations: 25 to 45 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season sandy loam limit the period of plant growth. 45 inches—basalt • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock the unit. Drainage class: Well drained • Seeding is difficult because of the pattern in which Permeability: Moderate the soils occur with areas of Rock outcrop. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • The rock fragments and areas of Rock outcrop Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe restrict the placement of fenceposts. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: Escarpments • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff have achieved sufficient growth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Contrasting Inclusions existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Westbutte soils that are on north-facing surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. mountainsides • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a • Riddleranch soils that are on south-facing cool growing season. mountainsides and have Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant community 130G—Lambring-Rock outcrop complex, • Rubble land 30 to 70 percent north slopes Major Use Livestock grazing Composition Major Management Factors Lambring soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Lambring soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—25 Lambring soils—slope, water erosion, rock fragments percent throughout the soils, Rock outcrop Rock outcrop—15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Community Characteristics of the Lambring Soils Lambring soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, Position on landscape: Escarpments, hillsides bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 189

Lambring soil, thin surface—Idaho fescue, low Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches Livestock Grazing Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight General management considerations: Depth to seasonal high water table: January through • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season May—6 inches above the surface to 24 inches limit the period of plant growth. below the surface; rest of year—more than 24 • The growing season on the north-facing slopes inches begins later in spring and moisture is available until Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 60 later in summer on these slopes than on south-facing inches slopes. Contrasting Inclusions • The rock fragments and areas of Rock outcrop restrict the placement of fenceposts. • Mudpot soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on lake terraces and support dominantly spikerush, dock, ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less povertyweed, and mat muhly accessible areas on side slopes. • Swalesilver soils that are on adjacent lake terraces • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of and have dominantly silver sagebrush in the potential the unit. plant community • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding • Soils that have slopes of more than 2 percent equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Major Uses should be used. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Major Management Factors have achieved sufficient growth. Wetness, frost action, permeability, shrink-swell • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the potential existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Community cool growing season. Creeping wildrye, bottlebrush squirreltail Livestock Grazing 131A—Langslet silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes General management considerations: • This soil provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. • Variable yearly ponding results in an unstable plant Composition community. Langslet soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent nesting for waterfowl. • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Characteristics of the Langslet Soil and puddling of the surface. Position on landscape: Low lake terraces • The clayey layer restricts permeability, which causes Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— ponding, and restricts seedling emergence and basalt, tuff survival. Elevation: 5,100 to 5,200 feet • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Climatic factors: which can rip and tear plant roots and makes special Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches design of fences necessary. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The low precipitation limits forage production and Frost-free period—70 to 90 days seedling survival. Typical profile: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam limit the period of plant growth. 8 to 47 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay • A seasonal high water table and ponding during the 47 to 60 inches—olive silty clay growing season restrict the rooting depth of non-water Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to tolerant plants. bedrock • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 190 Soil Survey

protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 23 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Contrasting Inclusions • Because of a high potential for frost action, seedlings on this unit are subject to winterkill and other • Booth soils that are on the upper part of slopes damage. • Nuss soils that are on the upper part of slopes and • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental have curlleaf mountainmahogany and ponderosa pine plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness in summer. in the potential plant community • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the • Rock outcrop high content of clay causes moisture stress late in • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent summer and in fall. • Soils that are similar to the Lasere soil but have a very cobbly surface layer Suitable management practices: • Soils that are similar to the Lasere soil but have • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches prevent damage to the soil and plants. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Major Use wetness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool growing Livestock grazing season and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing Major Management Factors vegetation. Water erosion, depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, permeability, shrink-swell potential 132C—Lasere loam, 2 to 15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant slopes Community Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Composition Livestock Grazing Lasere soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: Characteristics of the Lasere Soil • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Position on landscape: Wave-cut benches on hills and • Pedestaled plants are the result of past erosion. mountains • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Parent material: Kind—lake sediment; source—basalt, impoundments. tuff • The low available water capacity limits forage Elevation: 4,800 to 5,300 feet production and seedling survival. Climatic factors: • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F damage structures and makes special design of Frost-free period—70 to 110 days fences necessary. Typical profile: • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown loam plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. 3 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown loam • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the 10 to 15 inches—brown silty clay high content of clay causes moisture stress. 15 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay loam Suitable management practices: 23 to 25 inches—pale yellow weathered tuff • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the 25 inches—tuff preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the bedrock, very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the claypan surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Drainage class: Well drained • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Permeability: Slow shrinking and swelling. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate vegetation. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 191

133E—Lasere very stony loam, 5 to 30 surface, permeability, available water capacity, percent slopes shrink-swell potential, water erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Lasere soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Lasere Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Wave-cut benches on hills and • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. mountains • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, lacustrine sediment; • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts source—basalt, tuff when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and Elevation: 4,800 to 5,300 feet damage structures and makes special design of Climatic factors: fences necessary. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Frost-free period—70 to 110 days broadcast seeding should be used. Typical profile: • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown very stony loam result of past erosion. 3 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown very stony • The depth to bedrock and the slope limit construction loam of water impoundments. 10 to 15 inches—brown silty clay • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 15 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay the unit. loam • The low available water capacity limits forage 23 to 25 inches—pale yellow weathered tuff production and seedling survival. 25 inches—tuff Suitable management practices: Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred bedrock, very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to the forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. claypan • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Drainage class: Well drained existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Permeability: Slow surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and 23 inches Contrasting Inclusions 134F—Lasere very stony loam, 30 to 50 percent south slopes • Booth soils that are on the upper part of slopes • Nuss soils that are on the upper part of slopes and Composition have curlleaf mountainmahogany and ponderosa pine in the potential plant community Lasere soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Rock outcrop Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more Characteristics of the Lasere Soil than 30 percent • Soils that are similar to the Lasere soil but have Position on landscape: Hillsides bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Parent material: Kind—colluvium, lacustrine sediment, residuum; source—basalt, tuff Major Use Elevation: 4,800 to 5,300 feet Livestock grazing Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Major Management Factors Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, stones on the Frost-free period—70 to 110 days 192 Soil Survey

Typical profile: slope restrict the operation of ground seeding 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown very stony loam equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding 3 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown very stony should be used. loam • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts 10 to 15 inches—brown silty clay when dry, which makes special design of fences 15 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay necessary. loam • Slopes may be unstable if this soil is disturbed. 23 to 25 inches—pale yellow weathered tuff • The earlier growing season on the south-facing 25 inches—tuff slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation bedrock, very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to the earlier in the growing season on the south-facing claypan slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Slow • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred Available water capacity: About 3 inches forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 23 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Contrasting Inclusions • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. • Nuss soils that are on the upper part of slopes and have curlleaf mountainmahogany and ponderosa pine in the potential plant community 135C—Lasere complex, 2 to 15 percent • Rock outcrop slopes • Booth soils that are on the upper part of slopes • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Composition • Soils that are similar to the Lasere soil but have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Lasere soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Lasere soil, thick surface, and similar inclusions—35 Major Use percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Lasere Soils Water erosion, slope, depth to the claypan, depth to Position on landscape: Wave-cut benches on hills and bedrock, shrink-swell potential, available water mountains capacity, stones on the surface, permeability Parent material: Kind—colluvium, lacustrine sediment; source—basalt, tuff Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Elevation: 4,800 to 5,300 feet Community Climatic factors: Bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Livestock Grazing Typical profile of the Lasere soil: General management considerations: 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown loam • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on 3 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown loam ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less 10 to 15 inches—brown silty clay accessible areas on side slopes. 15 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of loam the unit. 23 to 25 inches—pale yellow weathered tuff • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. 25 inches—tuff • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Typical profile of the Lasere soil, thick surface: • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown loam result of past erosion. 3 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown loam • The very stony surface layer and the steepness of 15 to 20 inches—brown silty clay Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 193

20 to 28 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 28 to 30 inches—pale yellow weathered tuff existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 30 inches—tuff surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth class: Lasere soil—moderately deep (20 to 40 • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate inches) to bedrock, very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to shrinking and swelling. the claypan; Lasere soil, thick surface— moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, shallow (10 to 15 inches) to the claypan 136E—Lasere-Lorella complex, 5 to 30 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Lasere soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil Lorella soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Booth soils that are on the upper part of slopes Characteristics of the Lasere Soil • Nuss soils that are on the upper part of slopes and Position on landscape: Wave-cut benches, hillsides have curlleaf mountainmahogany and ponderosa pine Parent material: Kind—colluvium, lacustrine sediment; in the potential plant community source—basalt, tuff • Rock outcrop Elevation: 4,800 to 5,500 feet • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent Climatic factors: • Soils that are similar to the Lasere soils but have a Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches very cobbly surface layer Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Soils that are similar to the Lasere soils but have Frost-free period—70 to 110 days bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Typical profile: Major Use 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown very stony loam 3 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown very stony Livestock grazing loam Major Management Factors 10 to 15 inches—brown silty clay 15 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay Depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, water erosion, loam permeability, shrink-swell potential 23 to 25 inches—pale yellow weathered tuff Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 25 inches—tuff Community Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to the Lasere soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch claypan wheatgrass Drainage class: Well drained Lasere soil, thick surface—Idaho fescue, antelope Permeability: Slow bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Available water capacity: About 3 inches sagebrush Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Livestock Grazing Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and 23 inches General management considerations: • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Characteristics of the Lorella Soil • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Position on landscape: Rock benches, hillsides • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— which can rip and tear plant roots and damage tuff, basalt structures and makes special design of fences Elevation: 4,800 to 5,500 feet necessary. Climatic factors: • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches impoundments. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Suitable management practices: Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the Typical profile: 194 Soil Survey

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 4 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam • The very stony surface layer restricts operation of 19 inches—tuff ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock broadcast seeding should be used. Drainage class: Well drained • The soils expand when wet and contract when dry, Permeability: Slow which can rip and tear plant roots and damage Available water capacity: About 1 inch structures and makes special design of fences Hazard of erosion by water: Severe necessary. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and • The shallow depth of the Lorella soil limits placement 19 inches of fenceposts. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the • Bullump soils that are on north-facing hillsides preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Nuss soils that are on higher lying rock benches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Booth soils that are on higher lying benches and existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the hillsides surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Rock outcrop • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Soils that have an extremely cobbly loam surface droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. layer • Soils that are similar to the Lasere soil but have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches 137G—Lasere-Lorella-Bullump • Soils that are similar to the Lorella soil but have association, 30 to 70 percent slopes bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Major Use Composition Livestock grazing Lasere soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Lorella soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Major Management Factors Bullump soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Lasere soil—stones on the surface, depth to the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent claypan, depth to bedrock, shrink-swell potential, Characteristics of the Lasere Soil water erosion, permeability, available water capacity Position on landscape: South-facing hillsides that have Lorella soil—stones on the surface, depth to bedrock, slopes of 30 to 50 percent available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, Parent material: Kind—colluvium, lacustrine sediment; water erosion, permeability source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 4,800 to 5,500 feet Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Climatic factors: Community Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Lasere soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Idaho fescue Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Lorella soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope Typical profile: bitterbrush, Idaho fescue 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown very stony loam 3 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown very stony Livestock Grazing loam General management considerations: 10 to 15 inches—brown silty clay • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 15 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay the unit. loam • The claypan and bedrock in the Lasere soil restrict 23 to 25 inches—pale yellow weathered tuff rooting depth. 25 inches—tuff • The bedrock in the Lorella soil restricts rooting depth. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • The depth to bedrock and steepness of slope limit bedrock, very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to the the construction of water impoundments. claypan • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Drainage class: Well drained result of past erosion. Permeability: Slow Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 195

Available water capacity: About 3 inches Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Booth and Nuss soils that are on north-facing Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and hillsides and on south-facing slopes in the higher lying 23 inches areas Characteristics of the Lorella Soil • Rock outcrop • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Position on landscape: South-facing hillsides that have more than 70 percent slopes of 30 to 70 percent • Soils that are similar to the Bullump soil but have Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet Major Use Climatic factors: Livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Lasere soil—water erosion, slope, stones on the Typical profile: surface, depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, 4 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam permeability 19 inches—tuff Lorella soil—water erosion, slope, stones on the Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock surface, depth to bedrock, available water Drainage class: Well drained capacity, shrink-swell potential, permeability Permeability: Slow Bullump soil—water erosion, slope Available water capacity: About 1 inch Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and Community 19 inches Lasere soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Characteristics of the Bullump Soil Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass Position on landscape: North-facing mountainsides and Lorella soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big hillsides that have slopes of 30 to 70 percent sagebrush Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Bullump soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, rhyolite, tuff, basalt antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg bluegrass Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet Livestock Grazing Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The claypan and bedrock in the Lasere soil restrict Frost-free period—50 to 70 days rooting depth. Typical profile: • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely the unit. gravelly loam • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less gravelly clay loam accessible areas on side slopes. 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very • The very stony surface layer of the Lasere and gravelly clay loam Lorella soils and the steepness of slope restrict the 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods gravelly loam such as broadcast seeding should be used. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The subsoil of the Lasere and Lorella soils expands bedrock when wet and contracts when dry, which makes Drainage class: Well drained special design of fences necessary. Permeability: Moderately slow • The low available water capacity of the Lasere and Available water capacity: About 5 inches Lorella soils limits forage production and seedling Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe survival. 196 Soil Survey

• Slopes may be unstable if the Lasere and Lorella Drainage class: Well drained soils are disturbed. Permeability: Moderate • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Available water capacity: About 10 inches slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation Contrasting Inclusions earlier in the growing season on the south-facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes. • Booth soils that are on adjacent benches, foot • The bedrock in the Lorella soil restricts rooting depth. slopes, and hills and have low sagebrush in the • The shallow depth of the Lorella soil and the rock potential plant community fragments in the Lorella and Bullump soils limit • Winterim soils that are on adjacent hills placement of fenceposts and make special design of • Salisbury soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake fences necessary. terraces • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more limit plant growth on the Bullump soil. Grazing should than 15 percent be delayed until late in spring when forage plants have • Soils that are similar to the Lobert soil but have achieved sufficient growth. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Suitable management practices: Major Use • Delay grazing on the Lasere and Lorella soils until Woodland the soils are firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Major Management Factor • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Water erosion existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • If the Lorella and Lasere soils are seeded, select Community plants that tolerate droughtiness and shrinking and Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope swelling. bitterbrush, Ross sedge • If the Bullump soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate a cool growing season. Woodland Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual 138C—Lobert loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes increment: 69 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 40 Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 225 board feet per acre Composition per year for ponderosa pine at age 150 Lobert soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. Characteristics of the Lobert Soil • Because this soil is warm and droughty, larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or Position on landscape: High lake terraces additional plantings may be needed. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine material; source— tuff, basalt Suitable management practices: Elevation: 5,200 to 6,000 feet • To minimize compaction, use designated skid trails Climatic factors: and low-pressure ground equipment, log in areas that Mean annual precipitation—16 to 20 inches are covered with a minimum of 12 inches of snow or Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F that have a frozen surface layer, and avoid logging in Frost-free period—70 to 110 days spring. Typical profile: • To prevent rutting, restrict vehicle access to periods 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles when the soil is dry or frozen. 0 to 60 inches—dark brown loam • Reduce competing vegetation by mechanical Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock bedrock grazing. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 197

139B—Locane cobbly clay loam, 2 to 8 Livestock Grazing percent slopes General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Composition limit the period of plant growth. • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. Locane soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The low available water capacity limits forage Contrasting inclusions—15 percent production and seedling survival. Characteristics of the Locane Soil • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water impoundments. Position on landscape: Tablelands • The shallow depth and rock fragments in the soil Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— limit placement of fenceposts and make special design basalt, tuff of fences necessary. Elevation: 5,450 to 5,650 feet • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Climatic factors: protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Suitable management practices: 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly clay • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants loam have achieved sufficient growth. 2 to 10 inches—brown clay loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly droughtiness and a cool growing season. clay • Improve areas that are heavily infested with 18 inches—basalt undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, applying chemicals. shallow (10 to 15 inches) to the claypan Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow 140C—Locane-Anawalt complex, 2 to 15 Available water capacity: About 1 inch percent slopes Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and 18 inches Composition Contrasting Inclusions Locane soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Anawalt soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • Small areas of Playas that are on adjacent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent tablelands • Swalesilver soils that are in depressions and have Characteristics of the Locane Soil silver sagebrush in the potential plant community Position on landscape: Tablelands • Rock outcrop Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Anawalt soils that are on tablelands and have low basalt, tuff sagebrush in the potential plant community Elevation: 5,100 to 6,200 feet • Soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent Climatic factors: Major Use Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Livestock grazing Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Major Management Factors Typical profile: 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly clay Available water capacity, depth to bedrock, depth to loam the claypan, permeability, shrink-swell potential 2 to 10 inches—brown clay loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Community clay 18 inches—basalt Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, Sandberg bluegrass shallow (10 to 15 inches) to the claypan 198 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained Anawalt soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg Permeability: Slow bluegrass, low sagebrush Available water capacity: About 1 inch Livestock Grazing Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and General management considerations: 18 inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season limit the period of plant growth. Characteristics of the Anawalt Soil • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth, Position on landscape: Tablelands especially in the Anawalt soil. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Development of water impoundments is restricted by basalt, tuff the shallow depth to bedrock. Elevation: 5,100 to 6,200 feet • The surface layer of the Anawalt soil is saturated Climatic factors: following snowmelt. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Anawalt soil are the result of past erosion. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The low available water capacity limits forage Typical profile: production and seedling survival. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown loam • The shallow depth and rock fragments in the Locane 4 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown loam soil limit placement of fenceposts and make special 9 to 17 inches—dark brown clay design of fences necessary. 17 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, calcium carbonate in fractures protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized shallow (3 to 10 inches) to the claypan steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Slow • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Available water capacity: About 2 inches have achieved sufficient growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Delay grazing until the Anawalt soil is firm and the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 17 preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Contrasting Inclusions existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Rock outcrop • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Swalesilver soils that are in depressions and have droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool silver sagebrush in the potential plant community growing season. • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent • Improve areas that are heavily infested with • Soils that are similar to the Locane and Anawalt soils undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or but have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches applying chemicals. Major Use Livestock grazing 140E—Locane-Anawalt complex, 15 to 30 Major Management Factors percent slopes Locane soil—depth to bedrock, available water Composition capacity, depth to the claypan, shrink-swell potential, permeability Locane soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Anawalt soil—depth to bedrock, depth to the claypan, Anawalt soil and similar inclusions—40 percent shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, Contrasting inclusions—10 percent permeability, water erosion Characteristics of the Locane Soil Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Position on landscape: Mountainsides Community Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Locane soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big basalt, tuff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass Elevation: 5,800 to 6,100 feet Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 199

Climatic factors: Major Management Factors Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Available water capacity, depth to bedrock, depth to Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F the claypan, shrink-swell potential, permeability, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days water erosion Typical profile: 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly clay Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant loam Community 2 to 10 inches—brown clay loam Locane soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big 10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass clay Anawalt soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, 18 inches—basalt Sandberg bluegrass Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, shallow (10 to 15 inches) to the claypan Livestock Grazing Drainage class: Well drained General management considerations: Permeability: Slow • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Available water capacity: About 1 inch limit the period of plant growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth, Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and especially on the Anawalt soil. 18 inches • The low available water capacity limits forage Characteristics of the Anawalt Soil production and seedling survival. • The surface layer of the Anawalt soil is saturated Position on landscape: Mountainsides following snowmelt. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the basalt, tuff Anawalt soil are the result of past erosion. Elevation: 5,800 to 6,100 feet • The shallow depth and rock fragments in the Locane Climatic factors: soil limit placement of fenceposts and make special Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches design of fences necessary. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Typical profile: material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown loam steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 4 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown loam 9 to 17 inches—dark brown clay Suitable management practices: 17 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • Delay grazing in spring until the forage plants have calcium carbonate in fractures achieved sufficient growth. Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very • Delay grazing until the Anawalt soil is firm and the shallow (3 to 10 inches) to the claypan preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth Drainage class: Well drained to withstand grazing pressure. Permeability: Slow • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Available water capacity: About 2 inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Hazard of erosion: By water—severe surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 17 • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate inches droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool growing season. Contrasting Inclusions • Rock outcrop • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or 141A—Lofftus-Mesman complex, 0 to 2 more than 30 percent percent slopes • Soils that are similar to the Locane soil but do not have a claypan Composition Major Use Lofftus soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Mesman soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 200 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Lofftus Soil Salinity: Upper 9 inches—slightly saline; below this depth—strongly saline Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes Sodicity: Slightly sodic or moderately sodic throughout of 0 to 1 percent Parent material: Kind—ash mantle over lacustrine Contrasting Inclusions sediment; source—tuff, basalt • Icene soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet have dominantly shadscale and black greasewood in Climatic factors: the potential plant community Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Orovada soils that are on alluvial fans and have Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F dominantly basin wildrye and basin big sagebrush in Frost-free period—90 to 110 days the potential plant community Typical profile: • Pit soils that are on adjacent basin terraces 0 to 30 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam 30 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown hardpan Major Uses 50 to 60 inches—stratified lacustrine sediment Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, hayland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the Major Management Factors hardpan Lofftus soil—salinity, sodicity, depth to the hardpan, Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained available water capacity, wetness, wind erosion Permeability: Moderate above the hardpan and very Mesman soil—salinity, sodicity, available water slow through it capacity, permeability, depth to dense, Available water capacity: About 1 inch consolidated lacustrine sediment, wind erosion Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— slight or moderate Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Depth to perched water table: March through June—12 Community to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 inches Lofftus soil—basin wildrye, black greasewood, inland Salinity: Moderately saline saltgrass Sodicity: Moderately sodic Mesman soil—basin big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently black greasewood, basin wildrye, spiny hopsage effervescent throughout Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Mesman Soil Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes General management considerations: of 0 to 2 percent • The low precipitation and low available water Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. tuff, basalt • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet and restrict seedling survival. Climatic factors: • The cemented hardpan in the Lofftus soil restricts Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches rooting depth. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Excess sodium results in nutrient imbalances and a Frost-free period—90 to 110 days caustic root environment. Typical profile: • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce 0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and 9 to 20 inches—brown sandy clay loam survival. 20 to 25 inches—brown silt loam • The Lofftus soil is very sticky when moist or wet. 25 to 35 inches—brown very fine sandy loam • A seasonal high water table in the Lofftus soil early 35 to 60 inches—brown silt loam in the growing season restricts rooting depth. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Mesman soil restricts rooting depth. dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment • If the vegetation is removed or degraded and the Drainage class: Well drained surface is exposed, the soils in this unit are subject to Permeability: Slow wind erosion. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • If the vegetation is removed, range seeding is Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— needed to control wind erosion. moderate • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 201

Suitable management practices: sediment; source—tuff, basalt • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Climatic factors: surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Delay grazing until the Lofftus soil is adequately Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F drained and is firm. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • If the Lofftus soil is seeded, select plants that Typical profile: tolerate droughtiness in summer, salinity, sodicity, and 0 to 30 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam seasonal wetness. 30 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown hardpan • If the Mesman soil is seeded, select plants that 50 to 60 inches—stratified lacustrine sediment tolerate droughtiness in summer, salinity, and sodicity. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the Hayland hardpan General management considerations: Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • Wetness of the Lofftus soil restricts access for Permeability: Moderate above the hardpan and very haying operations. slow through it • Because the Lofftus soil is very sticky when wet, Available water capacity: About 1 inch machinery becomes embedded. Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— • The concentration of salts and sodium limits the slight or moderate production of some hay and pasture plants. Depth to perched water table: March through June—12 • The soils in this unit tie up large amounts of to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 inches phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available Salinity: Moderately saline to plants. Sodicity: Moderately sodic • Wetness of the Lofftus soil limits the choice of hay Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently and pasture plants. effervescent throughout • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel Characteristics of the Reese Soil and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— pipelines. tuff, basalt • Haying operations are restricted to periods when the Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Lofftus soil is adequately drained. Climatic factors: • Ripping the hardpan in the Lofftus soil improves Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches drainage and increases the effective rooting depth. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Ripping the dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment Frost-free period—90 to 110 days in the Mesman soil increases the effective rooting Typical profile: depth. 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very fine sandy • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and loam environmental plantings on this unit are limited, and the 4 to 10 inches—brown loam seedling mortality rate is severe because of the 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam concentration of salts. 20 to 33 inches—brown loam 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy 142A—Lofftus-Reese complex, 0 to 1 loam percent slopes 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Composition Drainage class: Poorly drained Lofftus soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Permeability: Slow Reese soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Available water capacity: About 1 inch Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— moderate Characteristics of the Lofftus Soil Depth to seasonal high water table: March through Position on landscape: Lake terraces July—12 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 Parent material: Kind—ash mantle over lacustrine inches 202 Soil Survey

Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. depth—moderately saline or slightly saline • If the vegetation is removed, range seeding is Sodicity: Upper 20 inches—strongly sodic; below this needed to control wind erosion. depth—moderately sodic • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants on Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently the Reese soil are subject to winterkill and other effervescent throughout damage. • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and Contrasting Inclusions environmental plantings are limited, and the seedling • Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent lake terraces mortality rate is severe because of the concentration • Icene and Mesman soils that are on adjacent, higher of salts. lying lake terraces Suitable management practices: • Playas • Delay grazing until the soils are adequately drained Major Uses and are firm enough to withstand trampling by livestock. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • Rip the hardpan in the Lofftus soil to improve Major Management Factors drainage and increase the effective rooting depth. • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Lofftus soil—depth to the hardpan, available water existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the capacity, sodicity, salinity, wetness, wind erosion surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Reese soil—available water capacity, sodicity, salinity, • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate wetness, permeability, frost action, wind erosion moderate or strong salinity and sodicity, droughtiness Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant in summer, and seasonal wetness. Community Lofftus soil—basin wildrye, black greasewood, inland 143F—Longjohn gravelly coarse sandy saltgrass loam, 15 to 50 percent north slopes Reese soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali cordgrass Composition Livestock Grazing Longjohn soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The low precipitation and low available water Characteristics of the Longjohn Soil capacity of the surface layer limit forage production and seedling survival. Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Range recovery is slow because of the sodicity and Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— salinity. rhyolite • Excess sodium in the soils results in nutrient Elevation: 6,800 to 8,400 feet imbalances and a caustic root environment. Climatic factors: • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce Mean annual precipitation—30 to 38 inches infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F survival. Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • The Lofftus soil is very sticky when moist or wet. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—November • Wind erosion is a concern if the vegetation is through May; more than 48 inches—January removed or degraded and the soil surface is exposed. through March • The cemented hardpan in the Lofftus soil restricts Typical profile: rooting depth. 1 inch to 0—pine needles • The high water table early in the growing season 0 to 1 inch—black gravelly coarse sandy restricts rooting depth. loam • The Reese soil provides food and cover for wetland 1 inch to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly coarse wildlife early in spring. sandy loam • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 5 to 13 inches—dark brown very gravelly coarse protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive sandy loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 13 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown very steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. gravelly coarse sandy loam Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 203

24 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly coarse • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy sandy loam equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the surface to bedrock reduce sheet and rill erosion. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Restrict the use of prescribed burning to periods Permeability: Moderately rapid when the slash has a moderate to high content of Available water capacity: About 4 inches moisture or consider alternative disposal techniques. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Contrasting Inclusions scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the • Chocktoot, Drakespeak, and Twelvemile soils that surface. are on adjacent mountainsides at lower elevations • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Major Uses Woodland, watershed 144E—Lorella very stony loam, 2 to 30 Major Management Factors percent slopes Available water capacity, rock fragments, cold temperatures in summer, slope, water erosion Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Lorella soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, western white pine, Characteristics of the Lorella Soil white fir Position on landscape: Hillsides Woodland Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— tuff, basalt General management considerations: Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Climatic factors: trees. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • The bedrock is of fair quality for use as base and Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F grade material for road construction. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • The content of rock fragments limits planting. Typical profile: • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 4 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay to allow for long-term establishment of plants. loam • To maintain the quantity and quality of the water, a 19 inches—tuff buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock Management of these areas should be designed to Drainage class: Well drained minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Permeability: Slow skidded through riparian areas. Available water capacity: About 1 inch • Because of the droughtiness and cold temperatures Hazard of erosion by water: Severe in summer, larger than normal planting stock, a Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and higher planting rate, or additional plantings may be 19 inches needed. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • To minimize compaction and erosion, use designated • Lasere soils that are on hillsides and have low skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment, log in sagebrush in the potential plant community areas that are covered with a minimum of 12 inches of • Booth soils that are on hillsides at the higher snow or that have a frozen surface layer, and avoid elevations and have low sagebrush in the potential logging in spring. plant community • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding • Nuss soils that are on hillsides at the higher systems. elevations and have curlleaf mountainmahogany in the • Avoid logging in spring to reduce compaction and potential plant community erosion. • Rock outcrop 204 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to the Lorella soil but have Climatic factors: bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Livestock grazing 0 to 8 inches—very dark brown gravelly sandy loam Major Management Factors 8 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Stones on the surface, depth to bedrock, water 12 inches—tuff erosion, available water capacity, permeability, Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock shrink-swell potential Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Available water capacity: About 1 inch Community Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch moderate wheatgrass Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 12 inches Livestock Grazing Contrasting Inclusions General management considerations: • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. • Redcanyon soils that are on steep, north- and south- • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of facing hillsides the unit. • Chewaucan soils that are on high lake terraces • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as than 15 percent broadcast seeding should be used. • Soils that are similar to the Lorella soil but have • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches and makes special design of fences necessary. Major Use • Development of water impoundments is restricted by the shallow depth to bedrock. Livestock grazing • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Major Management Factors when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and damage structures and makes special design of Depth to bedrock, available water capacity, fences necessary. permeability, water erosion, wind erosion, shrink- swell potential Suitable management practices: • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Community surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, antelope • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate bitterbrush droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Livestock Grazing 145C—Lorella gravelly sandy loam, low General management considerations: precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. • The low precipitation and low available water capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Composition • Development of water impoundments is restricted by Lorella soil, low precipitation, and similar inclusions— the shallow depth to bedrock. 85 percent • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts Contrasting inclusions—15 percent and makes special design of fences necessary. • The subsoil expands when wet and contracts when Characteristics of the Lorella Soil dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and damage structures. Position on landscape: Hillsides • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. Parent material: Kind—eolian sand over colluvium and residuum; source—tuff, basalt Suitable management practices: Elevation: 4,600 to 5,000 feet • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 205

existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Available water capacity: About 1 inch surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Contrasting Inclusions droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. • Rock outcrop • Lambring soils that are on north-facing 146G—Lorella-Itca complex, 30 to 70 mountainsides percent slopes • Badland • Soils that are similar to the Itca soil but have Composition bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Lorella soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Itca soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Major Use Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Lorella Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: South-facing mountainsides Lorella soil—slope, depth to bedrock, water erosion, Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— available water capacity, permeability, shrink-swell basalt, tuff potential Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Itca soil—slope, depth to the claypan, depth to Climatic factors: bedrock, water erosion, available water capacity, Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches permeability, stones and cobbles throughout the Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F soil, shrink-swell potential Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Typical profile: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very gravelly clay Community loam Lorella soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big 4 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam sagebrush 19 inches—tuff Itca soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock wheatgrass Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 1 inch Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe General management considerations: Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 19 • Cold temperatures in the Itca soil limit plant growth. inches Grazing on the north-facing slopes should be delayed until the soil is warm and the forage plants have Characteristics of the Itca Soil achieved sufficient growth. Position on landscape: North-facing mountainsides • The bedrock in the Lorella soil restricts rooting depth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The bedrock and claypan in the Itca soil restrict basalt, tuff rooting depth. Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet • The content of rock fragments and the shallow depth Climatic factors: to bedrock in the Itca soil limit placement of Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches fenceposts. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Itca soil are the result of past erosion. Typical profile: • The low available water capacity limits forage 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam production and seedling survival. 5 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam • The surface layer of the Itca soil is saturated 12 to 16 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay following snowmelt. 16 inches—basalt • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan accessible areas on side slopes. Drainage class: Well drained • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Permeability: Slow the unit. 206 Soil Survey

• The subsoil of the Lorella soil expands when wet and Available water capacity: About 1 inch contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The steepness of slope and rock fragments on the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and surface restrict the operation of ground seeding 19 inches equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Characteristics of the Lasere Soil should be used. • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Position on landscape: Hillsides slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on Parent material: Kind—colluvium, lake sediment; the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation source—basalt, tuff earlier in the growing season on the south-facing Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Suitable management practices: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Delay grazing on the Itca soil until late in spring Frost-free period—70 to 110 days when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Typical profile: • Delay grazing until the Itca soil is firm and the 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown very stony loam preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth 3 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown very stony to withstand grazing pressure. loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 10 to 15 inches—brown silty clay existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 15 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 23 to 25 inches—pale yellow weathered tuff • If the Lorella soil is seeded, select plants that 25 inches—tuff tolerate droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • If the Itca soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate bedrock, very shallow or shallow (4 to 15 inches) droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool to the claypan growing season. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow 147F—Lorella-Lasere complex, 30 to 50 Available water capacity: About 3 inches percent south slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 10 and 23 inches Composition Contrasting Inclusions Lorella soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Lasere soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • Nuss soils that are on hillsides at the higher Contrasting inclusions—15 percent elevations and have curlleaf mountainmahogany in the potential plant community Characteristics of the Lorella Soil • Soils that are similar to the Lasere soil but have Position on landscape: Hillsides bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Bullump soils that are on north-facing mountainsides tuff, basalt and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet community Climatic factors: • Rock outcrop Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F more than 50 percent Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Major Use Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam Livestock grazing 4 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Major Management Factors 19 inches—tuff Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock Lorella soil—water erosion, slope, stones on the Drainage class: Well drained surface, depth to bedrock, permeability, available Permeability: Slow water capacity, shrink-swell potential Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 207

Lasere soil—water erosion, slope, depth to the 148F—Lorella-Rock outcrop complex, 30 claypan, stones on the surface, depth to bedrock, to 50 percent south slopes permeability, shrink-swell potential Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Lorella soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Lorella soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Rock outcrop—35 percent sagebrush Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Lasere soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Characteristics of the Lorella Soil Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass Position on landscape: Hillsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Livestock Grazing tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,500 to 5,300 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F accessible areas on side slopes. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Typical profile: the unit. 0 to 8 inches—very dark brown very gravelly clay • The bedrock and claypan in the Lasere soil restrict loam rooting depth. 8 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay • The surface layer of the Lasere soil is saturated 12 inches—tuff following snowmelt. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock • The shallow depth to bedrock in the Lorella soil limits Drainage class: Well drained placement of fenceposts. Permeability: Slow • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Available water capacity: About 1 inch slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on Hazard of erosion by water: Severe the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 12 earlier in the growing season on the south-facing inches slopes than on the north-facing slopes. • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop when dry, which makes special design of fences Position on landscape: Hillsides necessary. Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Lasere soil are the result of past erosion. Contrasting Inclusions • The very stony surface layer and the steepness of • Redcanyon soils that are on north- and south-facing slope restrict the operation of ground seeding hillsides equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding • Booth soils that are on north-facing hillsides at the should be used. higher elevations and have low sagebrush in the • Slopes are likely to be unstable if this unit is potential plant community disturbed. • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Suitable management practices: more than 50 percent • Delay grazing until the Lasere soil is firm and the Major Use preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth to withstand grazing pressure. Livestock grazing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Management Factors existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, available water • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate capacity, permeability, shrink-swell potential, Rock droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. outcrop 208 Soil Survey

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Lorella soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big Typical profile: sagebrush 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very stony loam Livestock Grazing 4 to 19 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam 19 inches—tuff General management considerations: Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Drainage class: Well drained ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Permeability: Slow accessible areas on side slopes. Available water capacity: About 1 inch • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe the unit. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and • The low precipitation limits forage production and 19 inches seedling survival. • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Characteristics of the Rubble land • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Position on landscape: Escarpments when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. Parent material: Tuff, basalt • The steepness of slope and areas of Rock outcrop restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. Contrasting Inclusions Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be • Lasere soils that are on hillsides and have low used. sagebrush in the potential plant community • The shallow depth to bedrock and areas of Rock • Bullump soils that are on north-facing hillsides at the outcrop limit placement of fenceposts and make higher elevations and have mountain big sagebrush in special design of fences necessary. the potential plant community • The earlier growing season on the south-facing • Booth soils that are on north-facing hillsides at the slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on higher elevations and have low sagebrush in the the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation potential plant community earlier in the growing season on the south-facing • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or slopes than on the north-facing slopes. more than 70 percent • Slopes are likely to be unstable if this unit is disturbed. Major Use Suitable management practices: Livestock grazing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Management Factors existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Stones on the surface, slope, water erosion, depth to • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate bedrock, permeability, available water capacity, droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. shrink-swell potential, Rubble land Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 149G—Lorella-Rubble land complex, 30 to Community 70 percent south slopes Lorella soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big sagebrush Composition Livestock Grazing Lorella soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Rubble land—35 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Characteristics of the Lorella Soil accessible areas on side slopes. Position on landscape: Hillsides and escarpments • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— the unit. tuff, basalt • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet • The very stony surface layer, steepness of slope, Climatic factors: and areas of Rubble land restrict the operation of Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 209

ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Available water capacity: About 7 inches broadcast seeding should be used. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • The shallow depth to bedrock and the areas of Depth to seasonal high water table: December through Rubble land limit placement of fenceposts and make May—60 to 72 inches; rest of year—more than 72 special design of fences necessary. inches • Slopes are likely to be unstable if this unit is Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 47 disturbed. inches • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Characteristics of the Boulder Lake Soil slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation Position on landscape: Basin floors earlier in the growing season on the south-facing Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— slopes than on the north-facing slopes. basalt, tuff • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches Suitable management practices: Mean annual air temperature—43 to 47 degrees F • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Frost-free period—60 to 90 days existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Typical profile: surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 0 to 2 inches—grayish brown silty clay • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 2 to 35 inches—grayish brown silty clay droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. 35 to 60 inches—light brownish gray silty clay loam 150A—Macyflet-Boulder Lake association, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 0 to 2 percent slopes bedrock Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Very slow Composition Available water capacity: About 5 inches Macyflet soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Boulder Lake soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Depth to perched water table: December through Contrasting inclusions—15 percent June—6 inches above the surface to 18 inches below the surface; rest of year—more than 18 Characteristics of the Macyflet Soil inches Position on landscape: Terraces in basins Shrink-swell potential: High Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Carbonates: Between depths of 28 and 42 inches— tuff, basalt strongly effervescent; below this depth—violently Elevation: 5,700 to 6,200 feet effervescent Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 47 degrees F • Mudpot soils that are on lower lying lake terraces Frost-free period—50 to 90 days and do not have shrubs in the potential plant Typical profile: community 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam • Soils that are similar to the Macyflet soil 9 to 32 inches—brown clay but are stony, cobbly, or gravelly and are along 32 to 47 inches—olive brown, mottled clay the edge of basins, adjacent to steeper colluvial 47 to 49 inches—light gray loamy sand slopes 49 to 60 inches—light brownish gray, mottled Major Uses loamy fine sand Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat bedrock, very shallow (5 to 10 inches) to the Major Management Factors claypan Drainage class: Moderately well drained Macyflet soil—depth to the claypan, permeability, Permeability: Very slow shrink-swell potential 210 Soil Survey

Boulder Lake soil—wetness, shrink-swell potential, spring when the soil is adequately drained and forage permeability, clayey surface layer plants have achieved sufficient growth. • If the Macyflet soil is seeded, select plants that Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant tolerate a cool growing season. Community • If the Boulder Lake soil is seeded, select plants that Macyflet soil—Sandberg bluegrass, low sagebrush tolerate seasonal ponding, shrinking and swelling, and Boulder Lake soil—Nevada bluegrass, creeping a cool growing season and that provide cover for wildrye, silver sagebrush nesting waterfowl. Livestock Grazing General management considerations: 151C—Madeline-Ninemile complex, 5 to 15 • The Boulder Lake soil provides food and cover for percent slopes wetland wildlife. • The surface layer of the Macyflet soil is saturated Composition following snowmelt. Madeline soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • The low precipitation limits forage production and Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—35 percent seedling survival. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season limit the period of plant growth. Characteristics of the Madeline Soil • The claypan in the Macyflet soil restricts rooting Position on landscape: Tablelands depth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Crusting of the surface of the Macyflet soil reduces basalt, tuff infiltration and restricts seedling emergence and Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet survival. Climatic factors: • The soils expand when wet and contract when dry, Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches which can rip and tear plant roots and damage Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F structures. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • A seasonal high water table in the Boulder Lake soil Typical profile: increases the amount of available moisture in the soil 0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly late in summer. loam • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 12 to 19 inches—brown gravelly clay loam nesting for waterfowl. 19 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • A high water table and ponding on the Boulder Lake calcium carbonate in fractures soil during the growing season restrict the rooting depth Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very of non-water-tolerant plants. shallow or shallow (7 to 15 inches) to the claypan • Because of the high corrosivity of the Boulder Lake Drainage class: Well drained soil to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use Permeability: Slow of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, Available water capacity: About 2 inches galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or pipelines. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 12 and • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and 19 inches environmental plantings on the Macyflet soil should be tolerant of droughtiness. Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil • The Boulder Lake soil generally is not suited to Position on landscape: Tablelands growing trees and shrubs for windbreaks and Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— environmental plantings. Onsite investigation is needed basalt, tuff to determine whether trees and shrubs can be grown if Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet special treatment is used. Climatic factors: • The seedling mortality rate on the Macyflet soil is Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches severe because the high content of clay causes Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F moisture stress. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Suitable management practices: Typical profile: • Delay grazing on the Boulder Lake soil until late in 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 211

7 to 15 inches—dark brown clay Suitable management practices: 15 to 19 inches—dark brown gravelly clay • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 19 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and have achieved sufficient growth. calcium carbonate in fractures • Delay grazing until the Ninemile soil is firm and the Depth class: Moderately deep (10 to 20 inches) to preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. bedrock, very shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the claypan existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Drainage class: Well drained surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Permeability: Very slow • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Available water capacity: About 2 inches droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate growing season. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 19 inches 151E—Madeline-Ninemile complex, 15 to Contrasting Inclusions 30 percent slopes • Newlands soils that are on toe slopes of mountains • Carryback soils that are on tablelands Composition Major Use Madeline soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Madeline Soil Madeline soil—depth to bedrock, available water Position on landscape: Tablelands capacity, permeability, shrink-swell potential, depth Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— to the claypan, water erosion basalt, tuff Ninemile soil—depth to the claypan, permeability, Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, Climatic factors: depth to bedrock, water erosion Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Community Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Madeline soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, 0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly basin big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass loam Ninemile soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch 12 to 19 inches—brown gravelly clay loam wheatgrass 19 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Livestock Grazing calcium carbonate in fractures Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very General management considerations: shallow or shallow (7 to 15 inches) to the claypan • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Drainage class: Well drained limit the period of plant growth. Permeability: Slow • The low available water capacity limits forage Available water capacity: About 2 inches production and seedling survival. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 12 and • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts 19 inches and makes special design of fences necessary. Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water impoundments. Position on landscape: Tablelands • The surface layer of the Ninemile soil is saturated Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— following snowmelt. basalt, tuff • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet Ninemile soil are the result of past erosion. Climatic factors: • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F damage structures. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days 212 Soil Survey

Typical profile: Suitable management practices: 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 7 to 15 inches—dark brown clay have achieved sufficient growth. 15 to 19 inches—dark brown gravelly clay • Delay grazing until the Ninemile soil is firm and the 19 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. calcium carbonate in fractures • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Drainage class: Well drained • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Permeability: Very slow droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Available water capacity: About 2 inches growing season. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 19 inches 152A—Malin silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Newlands soils that are on toe slopes of mountains Composition • Carryback soils that are on tablelands Malin soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Major Use Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Malin Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Madeline soil—depth to bedrock, slope, permeability, Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; water erosion, depth to the claypan, available source—basalt, tuff, rhyolite, volcanic ash water capacity, shrink-swell potential Elevation: 4,700 to 4,780 feet Ninemile soil—depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, Climatic factors: slope, permeability, water erosion, available water Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches capacity, shrink-swell potential Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Typical profile: Community 0 to 10 inches—black silty clay loam Madeline soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, 10 to 15 inches—very dark gray silty clay basin big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass loam Ninemile soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch 15 to 25 inches—very dark grayish brown silty wheatgrass clay loam 25 to 37 inches—grayish brown clay loam Livestock Grazing 37 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam General management considerations: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season bedrock limit the period of plant growth. Drainage class: Poorly drained • The low available water capacity limits forage Permeability: Slow production and seedling survival. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • The bedrock and claypan restrict rooting depth. Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— • The surface layer of the Ninemile soil is saturated moderate following snowmelt. Depth to seasonal high water table: March through • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the June—12 inches above the surface to 48 inches Ninemile soil are the result of past erosion. below the surface; rest of year—more than 48 • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts inches when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and Frequency of flooding: Rare damage structures. Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts Sodicity: Moderately sodic or strongly sodic and makes special design of fences necessary. Carbonates: Strongly effervescent throughout Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 213

Contrasting Inclusions • Removing salts and sodium is difficult unless the soil is drained. • Pit soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and have • Irrigation may be needed to meet plant needs and dominantly creeping wildrye, Nevada bluegrass, and leach salts below the root zone. silver sagebrush in the potential plant community • Wetness limits the choice of plants and increases • Ozamis soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and the risk of winterkill. have dominantly alkali sacaton and alkali bluegrass in • A high water table early in spring restricts rooting the potential plant community depth and plant survival. • Thunderegg soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental lying lake terraces and have dominantly tufted moisture for plants late in summer and in fall. hairgrass in the potential plant community • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants Major Uses are subject to winterkill and other damage. • The soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, which Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, cropland, hayland limits the amount that is available to plants. Major Management Factors • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of Salinity, sodicity, available water capacity, wetness, noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, frost action aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant pipelines. Community • Irrigation and drainage are needed if this unit is intensively managed. Nuttall alkaligrass, inland saltgrass • The content of sodium in the soil can be reduced by Livestock Grazing applying proper amounts of soil amendments. Salts can be leached from the soil by applying good-quality General management considerations: irrigation water. • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife • Unless proper amounts of soil amendments are in spring. applied, removing salts causes dispersion and crusting • Grazing should be deferred during the period of of the soil surface. nesting for waterfowl. • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent a • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction rise in the level of the water table and the subsequent and puddling of the surface. upward movement of salts and sodium in the soil. • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants • Drainage is difficult because of the nearly level slope and restrict seedling survival. and the lack of outlets. • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and imbalances and a caustic root environment. environmental plantings are limited, and the seedling • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce mortality rate is severe because of the concentration infiltration, cause ponding, and restrict seedling of salts. emergence and survival. • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. 153A—McConnel very gravelly sandy Suitable management practices: loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes • Delay grazing until the soil is adequately drained and is firm enough to withstand trampling by livestock. Composition • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate McConnel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent wetness, strong sodicity, strong salinity, and frost Contrasting inclusions—15 percent heaving and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. Characteristics of the McConnel Soil Cropland and Hayland Position on landscape: Lake terraces General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt • The concentration of salts and sodium limits the Elevation: 4,500 to 4,800 feet selection and production of hay and pasture plants and Climatic factors: other crops. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches 214 Soil Survey

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F livestock watering ponds and other water Frost-free period—90 to 110 days impoundments. Typical profile: • This soil is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly is removed or degraded. sandy loam • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. 10 to 22 inches—brown very gravelly coarse sandy • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. loam Suitable management practices: 22 to 60 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by maintaining loamy coarse sand adequate plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to on the soil surface. bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 25 • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate inches) to sand and gravel droughtiness. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Cropland Available water capacity: About 2 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—slight or • Irrigation is needed for crops. moderate • Because of the very rapid permeability of the lower Carbonates: Between depths of 10 and 22 inches— part of the soil and the rapid water intake rate, sprinkler strongly effervescent irrigation is best suited to this soil. Contrasting Inclusions • Because of the low available water capacity, light and frequent applications of irrigation water are needed. • Mesman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and • Gravel in the surface layer causes rapid abrasion of have dominantly basin big sagebrush and some black tillage equipment. sagebrush and basin wildrye in the potential plant • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, community protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive • Zorravista soils that are on adjacent dunes and have material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized fourwing saltbush in the potential plant community steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Deter soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental lake terraces and have dominantly bluebunch plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. wheatgrass in the potential plant community • The seedling mortality rate is severe because of the • McNye soils that are on bedrock-controlled lake low available water capacity. terraces • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application • Soils that have slopes of more than 2 percent of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation and Major Uses ensure establishment and survival of seedlings. Livestock grazing, cropland Suitable management practices: • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Major Management Factors • Adjust the application of irrigation water to the Gravel, available water capacity, permeability, available water capacity, the water intake rate, and the seepage, wind erosion needs of the crop grown to avoid overirrigating, control runoff, and prevent leaching of plant nutrients. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in Community narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, Indian ricegrass, Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big maintaining crop residue on the surface, and using sagebrush, needleandthread minimum tillage. Livestock Grazing 153C—McConnel very gravelly sandy General management considerations: loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes • The low precipitation and low available water capacity limit forage production and seedling Composition survival. • The risk of seepage and the very rapid permeability McConnel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent of the lower part of the soil limit the construction of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 215

Characteristics of the McConnel Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Fans, lake terraces General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt • The low precipitation and low available water Elevation: 4,500 to 5,200 feet capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Climatic factors: • The steepness of slope and the risk of seepage limit Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches construction of water impoundments. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation Frost-free period—90 to 110 days is removed or degraded. Typical profile: • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive sandy loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 10 to 22 inches—brown very gravelly coarse sandy steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. loam • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. 22 to 60 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. loamy coarse sand • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 25 • The seedling mortality rate may be severe because inches) to sand and gravel of the low available water capacity. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation and Available water capacity: About 2 inches ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings. Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—slight or Suitable management practices: moderate • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by maintaining Carbonates: Between depths of 10 and 22 inches— adequate plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter strongly effervescent on the soil surface. Contrasting Inclusions • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness. • Hager and Old Camp soils that are on adjacent tablelands and have spiny hopsage and small amounts of bluebunch wheatgrass in the potential plant 154C—McConnel extremely stony loam, 5 community to 15 percent slopes • Mesman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and have dominantly basin big sagebrush and some black Composition greasewood and basin wildrye in the potential plant community McConnel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Zorravista soils that are on adjacent dunes and have Contrasting inclusions—15 percent fourwing saltbush in the potential plant community Characteristics of the McConnel Soil • McNye soils that are on bedrock-controlled lake terraces Position on landscape: Fans • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more Parent material: Kind—alluvium with colluvial material than 15 percent in the upper part; source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 4,400 to 4,900 feet Major Use Climatic factors: Livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Gravel, available water capacity, permeability, Typical profile: seepage, wind erosion 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 10 to 22 inches—brown very gravelly coarse sandy Community loam Indian ricegrass, Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big 22 to 60 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly sagebrush, needleandthread loamy coarse sand 216 Soil Survey

Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 25 steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. inches) to sand and gravel • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid droughtiness and moderate sodicity. Available water capacity: About 2 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Salinity: Between depths of 22 and 60 inches—slightly 155C—McConnel very gravelly sandy saline loam, cold, 2 to 15 percent slopes Sodicity: Between depths of 22 and 60 inches— moderately sodic Composition Carbonates: Between depths of 10 and 60 inches— McConnel soil and similar inclusions—90 percent strongly effervescent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Contrasting Inclusions Characteristics of the McConnel Soil • Rock outcrop Position on landscape: Fans • Deppy soils that are on adjacent alluvial fans and do Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt, tuff not support black greasewood or basin wildrye Elevation: 5,000 to 5,200 feet • Wildhill soils that are on bedrock-controlled lake Climatic factors: terraces and do not support black greasewood or basin Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches wildrye Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Mesman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more Typical profile: than 15 percent 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly Major Use sandy loam 10 to 22 inches—brown very gravelly coarse sandy Livestock grazing loam Major Management Factors 22 to 60 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand Available water capacity, permeability, stones on the Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to surface, sodicity, water erosion bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 25 Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant inches) to sand and gravel Community Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Shadscale, black greasewood, basin wildrye Available water capacity: About 2 inches Livestock Grazing Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Carbonates: Between depths of 10 and 22 inches— General management considerations: strongly effervescent • Salts and sodium in the lower part of the soil reduce the amount of water available to plants. Contrasting Inclusions • The low precipitation and low available water • Norad soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and capacity limit forage production and seedling have dominantly winterfat in the potential plant survival. community • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of • Brace soils that are on tablelands and have the unit. dominantly needleandthread in the potential plant • The extremely stony surface layer restricts the community operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be used. Major Use • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Livestock grazing Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 217

Major Management Factors Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly Available water capacity, permeability, gravel, sandy loam seepage 10 to 22 inches—brown very gravelly coarse sandy Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant loam Community 22 to 60 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to big sagebrush bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 25 Livestock Grazing inches) to sand and gravel Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained General management considerations: Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid • The low available water capacity limits forage Available water capacity: About 2 inches production and seedling survival. Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—slight or • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season moderate limit the period of plant growth. Salinity: Between depths of 22 and 60 inches—slightly • The steepness of slope and risk of seepage limit saline construction of water impoundments. Sodicity: Between depths of 22 and 60 inches— • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, moderately sodic protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Carbonates: Between depths of 10 and 60 inches— material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized strongly effervescent steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Contrasting Inclusions plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. • McConnel soils that are on slightly higher lying lake • The seedling mortality rate is severe because of the terraces, are not influenced by sodium and salt, and low available water capacity. have dominantly Thurber needlegrass and Wyoming big • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application sagebrush in the potential plant community of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation and • Wildhill soils that are on bedrock-controlled lake ensure establishment and survival of seedlings. terraces and do not support black greasewood or basin Suitable management practices: wildrye • Minimize the risk of erosion by maintaining adequate • Mesman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the • Zorravista soils that are on adjacent dunes and have surface. dominantly needleandthread and fourwing saltbush in • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate the potential plant community droughtiness and a cool growing season. • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent Major Use 156B—McConnel gravelly sandy loam, Livestock grazing sodic substratum, 0 to 5 percent slopes Major Management Factors Gravel, available water capacity, permeability, sodicity, Composition wind erosion, seepage McConnel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Community Characteristics of the McConnel Soil Basin big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, black greasewood, basin wildrye, spiny hopsage Position on landscape: Fans, lake terraces Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,500 to 4,800 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • The low precipitation and low available water Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • The risk of seepage and the very rapid permeability Frost-free period—90 to 110 days in the lower part of the soil limit the construction of 218 Soil Survey

livestock watering ponds and other water Salinity: Between depths of 22 and 60 inches—slightly impoundments. saline • Salts and sodium in the lower part of the soil reduce Sodicity: Between depths of 22 and 60 inches— the amount of water available to plants. moderately sodic • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation Carbonates: Between depths of 10 and 60 inches— is removed or degraded. strongly effervescent • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Characteristics of the Icene Soil protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. of 0 to 1 percent • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,500 to 4,800 feet Suitable management practices: Climatic factors: • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by maintaining Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches adequate plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F on the surface. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Typical profile: droughtiness and moderate sodicity. 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy loam 157C—McConnel-Icene complex, 0 to 15 5 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam percent slopes 10 to 28 inches—dark brown loam 28 to 60 inches—dark brown silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Composition bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to McConnel soil and similar inclusions—55 percent dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment Icene soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Drainage class: Moderately well drained Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 2 inches Characteristics of the McConnel Soil Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Position on landscape: Fans and lake terraces that moderate have slopes of 1 to 15 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: February through Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt April—24 to 72 inches; rest of year—more than 72 Elevation: 4,500 to 4,800 feet inches Climatic factors: Salinity: Upper 10 inches—slightly saline or moderately Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches saline; below this depth—strongly saline Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Sodicity: Upper 10 inches—strongly sodic; below this Frost-free period—90 to 110 days depth—moderately sodic Typical profile: Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly effervescent throughout sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 10 to 22 inches—brown very gravelly coarse sandy loam • McConnel soils that are on slightly higher lying lake 22 to 60 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly terraces and fans, are not influenced by sodium and loamy coarse sand salt, and have dominantly Thurber needlegrass and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 25 community inches) to sand and gravel • Mesman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Reese soils that are on slightly lower lying lake Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid terraces Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Ozamis soils that are moderately saline and are on Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by slightly lower lying lake basin terraces wind—slight or moderate • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 219

Major Use • If the Icene soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness, strong sodicity, and strong salinity. Livestock grazing Major Management Factors 158F—McConnel association, 30 to 50 McConnel soil—available water capacity, gravel, percent slopes sodicity, wind erosion, permeability, seepage Icene soil—available water capacity, salinity, sodicity, Composition permeability, depth to dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment, wind erosion McConnel soil, north slopes, and similar inclusions— 45 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant McConnel soil, south slopes, and similar inclusions— Community 40 percent McConnel soil—basin big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent black greasewood, basin wildrye, spiny hopsage Characteristics of the McConnel Soils Icene soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin wildrye Position on landscape: North- and south-facing side slopes of lake terraces (fig. 13) Livestock Grazing • The seedling mortality rate is severe because of the low available water capacity. General management considerations: • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application • The low precipitation and low available water of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation and capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. ensure establishment and survival of seedlings. • The risk of seepage and the very rapid permeability in the lower part of the McConnel soil limit the construction of water impoundments. • The strongly sodic surface layer of the Icene soil severely limits seedling survival. • Dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Icene soil restrict rooting depth. • Excess sodium in the Icene soil results in nutrient imbalances and a caustic root environment. • Salts in the Icene soil and in the lower part of the McConnel soil reduce the amount of water available to plants and restrict seedling survival. • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Icene soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and survival. • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation is removed or degraded. • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Figure 13.—Area of McConnel association, 30 to 50 percent protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive slopes, on gravelly lake terraces in Warner Valley. The material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized town of Plush is in center, and Hart Mountain is in steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. background. • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt, tuff • Range seeding controls blowing or drifting sand. Elevation: 4,500 to 5,200 feet Suitable management practices: Climatic factors: • Delay grazing in spring until the Icene soil is firm and Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F pressure. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by maintaining Typical profile: adequate plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly on the surface. sandy loam • If the McConnel soil is seeded, select plants that 10 to 22 inches—brown very gravelly coarse sandy tolerate droughtiness. loam 220 Soil Survey

22 to 60 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate loamy coarse sand droughtiness. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock, shallow or moderately deep (10 to 25 inches) to sand and gravel 159C—McNye-Wildhill complex, 2 to 15 Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained percent slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Available water capacity: About 2 inches Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Severe McNye soil and similar inclusions—65 percent Carbonates: Between depths of 10 and 22 inches— Wildhill soil and similar inclusions—20 percent strongly effervescent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Contrasting Inclusions Characteristics of the McNye Soil • Hager and Old Camp soils that are on adjacent Position on landscape: Bedrock-controlled lake tablelands terraces • McNye soils that are on bedrock-controlled lake Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt terraces Elevation: 4,500 to 5,200 feet Major Use Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Livestock grazing Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: Slope, water erosion, available water capacity, 0 to 7 inches—brown cobbly loam permeability, gravel 7 to 16 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 16 to 27 inches—brown extremely cobbly loamy Community sand 27 to 42 inches—brown extremely gravelly loamy McConnel soil, north slopes—bluebunch wheatgrass, sand Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, 42 inches—fractured basalt ephedra Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock McConnel soil, south slopes—Indian ricegrass, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate General management considerations: Carbonates: Between depths of 7 and 16 inches— • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on slightly effervescent ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less accessible areas on side slopes. Characteristics of the Wildhill Soil • The low precipitation and low available water Position on landscape: Bedrock-controlled lake capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. terraces • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Elevation: 4,500 to 5,200 feet should be used. Climatic factors: • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches begins later in spring and moisture is available until Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F later in summer on these slopes than on the south- Frost-free period—90 to 110 days facing slopes. Typical profile: Suitable management practices: 0 to 6 inches—brown very stony loam • Minimize erosion of the surface layer to maintain the 6 to 19 inches—brown extremely stony loam potential of the soils to produce forage. 19 to 26 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by maintaining adequate 26 inches—basalt plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter on the Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to surface. bedrock Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 221

Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Moderately slow • Minimize erosion of the surface layer to maintain the Available water capacity: About 3 inches potential of the soils to produce forage. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Carbonates: Between depths of 6 and 19 inches— existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter slightly effervescent; 19 to 26 inches—strongly on the surface. effervescent • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness. Contrasting Inclusions • Hager and Old Camp soils that are on adjacent tablelands and have bluebunch wheatgrass in the 160F—McNye-Wildhill complex, 30 to 50 potential plant community percent south slopes • Rock outcrop • Soils that are similar to the Wildhill soil but have Composition bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches McNye soil and similar inclusions—60 percent • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent Wildhill soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Major Use Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the McNye Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: South-facing slopes of bedrock- controlled lake terraces McNye soil—available water capacity, seepage, rock Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt fragments throughout, permeability, water erosion Elevation: 4,500 to 5,200 feet Wildhill soil—available water capacity, stones on the Climatic factors: surface, rock fragments throughout, depth to Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches bedrock, water erosion Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Community Typical profile: 0 to 7 inches—brown cobbly loam McNye soil—Wyoming big sagebrush, Indian 7 to 16 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam ricegrass, Thurber needlegrass, needleandthread 16 to 27 inches—brown extremely cobbly loamy Wildhill soil—shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian sand ricegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail 27 to 42 inches—brown extremely gravelly loamy Livestock Grazing sand 42 inches—fractured basalt General management considerations: Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • The low precipitation and low available water Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid • The bedrock in the Wildhill soil restricts rooting Available water capacity: About 3 inches depth. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • The very stony surface layer of the Wildhill soil Carbonates: Between depths of 7 and 16 inches— restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. slightly effervescent Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Characteristics of the Wildhill Soil used. • The depth to bedrock and moderately rapid Position on landscape: South-facing slopes of bedrock- permeability of the McNye soil limit construction of controlled lake terraces water impoundments. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt • The rock fragments on and in the soils restrict the Elevation: 4,500 to 5,200 feet placement of fenceposts. Climatic factors: • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Frost-free period—90 to 110 days steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Typical profile: • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. 0 to 6 inches—brown very stony loam 222 Soil Survey

6 to 19 inches—brown extremely stony loam operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods 19 to 26 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam such as broadcast seeding should be used. 26 inches—basalt • The growing season on the south-facing slopes Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to begins earlier in spring and droughtiness is a limitation bedrock earlier in summer on these slopes than on north-facing Drainage class: Well drained slopes. Permeability: Moderately slow • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Available water capacity: About 3 inches Suitable management practices: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Minimize erosion of the surface layer to maintain the Carbonates: Between depths of 6 and 19 inches— potential of the soil to produce forage. slightly effervescent; 19 to 26 inches—strongly • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the effervescent existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Contrasting Inclusions on the surface. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Hager and Old Camp soils that are on adjacent droughtiness. tablelands and have bluebunch wheatgrass in the potential plant community • Old Camp soils that are on tablelands 161C—Merlin extremely stony loam, 0 to • Rock outcrop 15 percent slopes • Soils that are similar to the Wildhill soil but have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Composition • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Merlin soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Major Use Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Merlin Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Tablelands McNye soil—slope, water erosion, available water Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—basalt, tuff capacity, permeability, rock fragments throughout, Elevation: 5,000 to 7,000 feet seepage Climatic factors: Wildhill soil—slope, water erosion, available water Mean annual precipitation—22 to 24 inches capacity, rock fragments throughout, stones on the Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F surface, depth to bedrock Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely Community stony loam McNye soil—Indian ricegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, 4 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam Thurber needlegrass 7 to 18 inches—dark brown clay Wildhill soil—shadscale, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush 18 inches—hard fractured basalt squirreltail Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, shallow or very shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the Livestock Grazing claypan General management considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • The low precipitation and low available water Permeability: Very slow capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 18 accessible areas on side slopes. inches • The bedrock in the Wildhill soil restricts rooting Contrasting Inclusions depth. • The rock fragments on and in the soils restrict the • Booth soils that are on tablelands placement of fenceposts. • Soils that are similar to the Merlin soil but have • Slope and rock fragments on the surface restrict the bedrock at a depth of 10 inches or less Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 223

Major Use Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Livestock grazing Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: Depth to bedrock, depth to the claypan, shrink-swell 0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam potential, available water capacity, water erosion 9 to 20 inches—brown sandy clay loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 20 to 25 inches—brown silt loam Community 25 to 35 inches—brown very fine sandy loam 35 to 60 inches—brown silt loam Sandberg bluegrass, low sagebrush Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Livestock Grazing bedrock; moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to consolidated, compacted sediment General management considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Permeability: Slow • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Available water capacity: About 2 inches limit the period of plant growth. Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. moderate • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Salinity: Upper 9 inches—slightly saline; below this impoundments. depth—strongly saline • The extremely stony surface layer restricts the Sodicity: Upper 9 inches—moderately sodic; below this operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods depth—slightly sodic or moderately sodic such as broadcast seeding should be used. • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts Contrasting Inclusions and makes special design of fences necessary. • Icene soils that are on lake terraces and have • The subsoil expands when wet and contracts when dominantly shadscale and black greasewood in the dry, which makes special design of fences necessary. potential plant community • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of • Helphenstein soils that are on lower lying lake the unit. terraces and have dominantly black greasewood and Suitable management practices: inland saltgrass in the potential plant community • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Als soils that are on dunes have achieved sufficient growth. Major Uses • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, cropland • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Management Factors existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Salinity, sodicity, permeability, available water • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate capacity, wind erosion, depth to dense, droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool consolidated lacustrine sediment growing season. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 162B—Mesman fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 Basin big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, black percent slopes greasewood, basin wildrye, spiny hopsage Livestock Grazing Composition Mesman soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The low precipitation and low available water capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Characteristics of the Mesman Soil • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Position on landscape: Lake terraces and restrict seedling survival. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient tuff, basalt, volcanic ash imbalances and a caustic root environment. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce 224 Soil Survey

infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and Suitable management practices: survival. • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment • Reduce the content of sodium by applying proper restricts rooting depth. amounts of soil amendments and then leaching the • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation salts by carefully applying irrigation water. is removed or degraded. • Because of the slow permeability, manage the • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. application of irrigation water to avoid overirrigating. • If the vegetation is removed, range seeding is • Reduce crusting of the surface by returning crop needed to control wind erosion. residue to the soil, keeping tillage at a minimum, and regularly adding organic matter. Suitable management practices: • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the maintaining crop residue on the surface, maintaining a surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. plant cover, and keeping the surface of the soil rough. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate slight salinity, moderate sodicity, and droughtiness in summer. 163B—Mesman fine sandy loam, mildly • Improve areas that are heavily infested with alkaline, 0 to 5 percent slopes undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or applying chemicals. Composition Cropland Mesman soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Characteristics of the Mesman Soil cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. • This unit is best suited to sprinkler irrigation, but Position on landscape: Lake terraces border systems can be used in the more nearly level Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— areas. tuff, basalt, volcanic ash • Land leveling is needed for uniform application of Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet irrigation water applied by border systems. Climatic factors: • The salinity and sodicity of the soil limit the selection Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches of crops that can be grown. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Wind erosion is a concern in barren areas. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, which Typical profile: limits the amount that is available to plants. 0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel 9 to 20 inches—brown sandy clay loam and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of 20 to 25 inches—brown silt loam noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, 25 to 35 inches—brown very fine sandy loam aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or 35 to 60 inches—brown silt loam pipelines. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Removing salts without applying proper amounts of bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to soil amendments causes dispersion and crusting of the consolidated, compacted sediment soil surface. Drainage class: Well drained • If this unit is irrigated, the available water capacity Permeability: Slow can be improved by leaching salts below the root zone. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment is Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— softened by applying irrigation water. moderate • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and Salinity: Upper 9 inches—slightly saline; below this environmental plantings are limited, and the seedling depth—strongly saline mortality rate is severe because of the concentration Sodicity: Upper 9 inches—slightly sodic; below this of salts. depth—slightly sodic or moderately sodic • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application Contrasting Inclusions of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation and ensure establishment and survival of seedlings. • Icene soils that are on lake terraces and have Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 225

dominantly shadscale and black greasewood in the undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or potential plant community applying chemicals. • Helphenstein soils that are on lower lying lake Cropland terraces and have dominantly black greasewood and inland saltgrass in the potential plant community General management considerations: • Als soils that are on dunes • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous • Mesman soils that are moderately sodic in the cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. upper part and have dominantly basin big • Sprinkler irrigation is most efficient, but border sagebrush and black greasewood in the potential plant irrigation can be used in the more nearly level areas. community • Land leveling is needed for uniform application of irrigation water applied by border systems. Major Uses • The salinity and sodicity of the soil limit the kinds of Livestock grazing, cropland, wildlife habitat crops that can be grown. • Wind erosion is a concern in barren areas. Major Management Factors • The soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, which Salinity, sodicity, permeability, available water limits the amount that is available to plants. capacity, wind erosion, depth to dense, • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel consolidated lacustrine sediment and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Community pipelines. Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, Thurber • Removing salts without applying proper amounts of needlegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, soil amendments causes dispersion and crusting of the needleandthread soil surface. • If this soil is irrigated, the available water capacity is Livestock Grazing improved by leaching salts below the root zone. General management considerations: • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the • The low precipitation and low available water lower part is softened by applying irrigation water. capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants environmental plantings are limited, and the seedling and restrict seedling survival. mortality rate is severe because of the concentration • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient of salts. imbalances and a caustic root environment. • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation and infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and ensure establishment and survival of seedlings. survival. Suitable management practices: • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. restricts rooting depth. • Reduce the content of sodium by applying proper • This soil is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation amounts of soil amendments and then leaching the is removed or degraded. salts by carefully applying irrigation water. • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. • Because of the slow permeability, manage the • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. application of irrigation water to avoid overirrigating. Suitable management practices: • Reduce crusting of the surface by returning crop • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the residue to the soil, keeping tillage at a minimum, and existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the regularly adding organic matter. surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate slight narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, salinity, slight sodicity, and droughtiness in summer. maintaining crop residue on the surface, maintaining a • Improve areas that are heavily infested with plant cover, and keeping the surface of the soil rough. 226 Soil Survey

163C—Mesman fine sandy loam, mildly Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant alkaline, 5 to 15 percent slopes Community Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, Thurber Composition needlegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, needleandthread Mesman soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Mesman Soil General management considerations: • The low precipitation and low available water Position on landscape: Lake terraces capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants basalt, tuff, volcanic ash and restrict seedling survival. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient Climatic factors: imbalances and a caustic root environment. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and Frost-free period—90 to 110 days survival. Typical profile: • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment 0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam restricts rooting depth. 9 to 20 inches—brown sandy clay loam • This soil is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation 20 to 25 inches—brown silt loam is removed or degraded. 25 to 35 inches—brown very fine sandy • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. loam • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. 35 to 60 inches—brown silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Suitable management practices: bedrock; moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the consolidated, compacted sediment existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Drainage class: Well drained surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Permeability: Slow • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate slight Available water capacity: About 3 inches salinity, slight sodicity, and droughtiness in summer. Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— • Improve areas that are heavily infested with moderate undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or Salinity: Upper 9 inches—slightly saline; below this applying chemicals. depth—strongly saline Cropland Sodicity: Upper 9 inches—slightly sodic; below this depth—slightly sodic or moderately sodic General management considerations: • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Contrasting Inclusions cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. • Pait soils that are on colluvial fans and foot slopes • Because of the slope, sprinkler irrigation is best • McConnel soils that are on alluvial fans and lake suited to this soil. terraces • The salinity and sodicity of the soil limit the kinds of • Icene soils that are on lake terraces and have crops that can be grown. dominantly shadscale and black greasewood in the • The soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, which potential plant community limits the amount that is available to plants. • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel than 15 percent and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Major Uses aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, cropland pipelines. • Removing salts without applying proper amounts of Major Management Factors soil amendments causes dispersion and crusting of the Slope, salinity, sodicity, available water capacity, soil surface. permeability, water erosion, wind erosion, depth to • If this soil is irrigated, the available water capacity is dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment improved by leaching salts below the root zone. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 227

• The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Permeability: Slow lower part is softened by applying irrigation water. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by environmental plantings are limited, and the seedling wind—moderate mortality rate is severe because of the concentration Salinity: Upper 9 inches—slightly saline; below this of salts. depth—strongly saline • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application Sodicity: Upper 9 inches—slightly sodic; below this of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation and depth—slightly sodic or moderately sodic ensure establishment and survival of seedlings. Characteristics of the Als Soil Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: Sand dunes in lake basins that • Reduce the risk of water erosion by farming across have slopes of 2 to 15 percent the slope. Parent material: Kind—eolian sand over lacustrine • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in sediment; source—tuff, basalt narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet maintaining crop residue on the surface, maintaining a Climatic factors: plant cover, and keeping the surface of the soil rough. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Reduce the amount of sodium in the soil by applying Frost-free period—90 to 110 days proper amounts of soil amendments and then leaching Typical profile: the salts by carefully applying irrigation water. 0 to 45 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand • Reduce crusting of the surface by returning crop 45 to 60 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam residue to the soil, keeping tillage at a minimum, and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to regularly adding organic matter. bedrock Drainage class: Excessively drained 164C—Mesman-Als complex, 0 to 15 Permeability: Moderate percent slopes Available water capacity: About 4 inches Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by wind—very severe Composition Sodicity: Slightly sodic or moderately sodic Mesman soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Contrasting Inclusions Als soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Icene soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and have dominantly shadscale and black greasewood in Characteristics of the Mesman Soil the potential plant community Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes • Helphenstein soils that are on lower lying lake of 0 to 2 percent terraces and have dominantly black greasewood and Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— inland saltgrass in the potential plant community basalt, tuff Major Uses Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Major Management Factors Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Mesman soil—available water capacity, salinity, Typical profile: sodicity, permeability, depth to dense, consolidated 0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam lacustrine sediment, wind erosion 9 to 20 inches—brown sandy clay loam Als soil—available water capacity, sodicity, wind 20 to 25 inches—brown silt loam erosion, slope 25 to 35 inches—brown very fine sandy loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 35 to 60 inches—brown silt loam Community Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock; moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Mesman soil—basin big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, consolidated, compacted sediment Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, Drainage class: Well drained needleandthread 228 Soil Survey

Als soil—Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, black aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or greasewood, fourwing saltbush, needleandthread, pipelines. basin wildrye • Removing salts from the Mesman soil without applying proper amounts of soil amendments causes Livestock Grazing dispersion and crusting of the soil surface. General management considerations: • If the soils in this unit are irrigated. the available • The low precipitation and low available water water capacity is improved by leaching salts below the capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. root zone. • Excess sodium in the Mesman soil results in nutrient • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the imbalances and a caustic root environment. lower part of the Mesman soil is softened by applying • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the irrigation water. Mesman soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and emergence and survival. environmental plantings on the Mesman soil are • Salts in the Mesman soil reduce the amount of water limited, and the seedling mortality rate is severe available to plants and restrict seedling survival. because of the concentration of salts. • The soils in this unit are subject to wind erosion if • Continuous cultivation, use of mulch, or application the vegetation is removed or degraded. of herbicides helps to control competing vegetation and • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the ensure establishment and survival of seedlings on the Mesman soil restricts rooting depth. Mesman soil. • Water movement is slow through the Mesman soil • The Als soil generally is not suited to growing trees and rapid through the upper part of the Als soil. and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. plantings. Onsite investigation is needed to determine • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special treatment is used. Suitable management practices: • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Suitable management practices: existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Reduce the amount of sodium in the soils by • If the Mesman soil is seeded, select plants that applying proper amounts of soil amendments and then tolerate droughtiness in summer, slight sodicity, and leaching the salts by carefully applying irrigation water. slight salinity. • Reduce crusting and compaction of the soil surface • If the Als soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate by returning crop residue to the soil, keeping tillage at moderate sodicity and droughtiness in summer. a minimum, and regularly adding organic matter. • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in Cropland narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, General management considerations: maintaining crop residue on the surface, planting field • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous windbreaks, maintaining a plant cover, and limiting the cropping is suitable only if the soils are irrigated. width of strips of unprotected soils. • Sprinkler irrigation is most efficient and best suited to the soils in this unit. • Light and frequent applications of irrigation water are 165C—Mound stony loam, 0 to 15 percent needed on the Als soil because of the rapid slopes permeability in the upper part of the soil. • Leveling is needed for uniform application of water. Composition • To avoid exposing the more strongly saline and sodic Mound soil and similar inclusions—85 percent lower part of the profile, land leveling that involves only Contrasting inclusions—15 percent shallow cuts is best suited. • The concentration of salts and sodium limits the Characteristics of the Mound Soil selection of crops. • The soils in this unit tie up large amounts of Position on landscape: Mountainsides phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; to plants. source—basalt, tuff • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of Climatic factors: noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 229

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The rock fragments on the surface make tree Frost-free period—50 to 70 days planting and the operation of ground seeding equipment Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December difficult. through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small February trees. Typical profile: Suitable management practices: 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa • To minimize compaction and soil displacement, use pine needles, cones, and limbs designated skid trails and low-pressure ground 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony equipment, log in areas that are covered with a loam minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay is wet. 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock 45 inches—brown tuff fragments in the surface layer. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is Drainage class: Well drained dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the Permeability: Slow surface. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Contrasting Inclusions and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Booth soils that are on adjacent benches and hillsides and have low sagebrush or mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community 166G—Mound stony loam, 40 to 60 • Rock outcrop percent north slopes • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent • Mound soils that are very cobbly loam or very stony Composition loam in the upper part • Soils that are similar to the Mound soil but have Mound soil and similar inclusions—85 percent bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Use Characteristics of the Mound Soil Woodland Position on landscape: Mountainsides Major Management Factors Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; source—basalt, tuff Stones on the surface and in the soil, permeability Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Climatic factors: Community Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Woodland through March; more than 48 inches—January and February Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Typical profile: increment: 69 cubic feet per acre per year for 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa ponderosa pine at age 40; 64 cubic feet per acre pine needles, cones, and limbs per year for white fir at age 70 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 225 board feet per acre loam per year for ponderosa pine at age 150 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam General management considerations: 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam and sticky. 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff • The clayey layer restricts permeability. 45 inches—brown tuff 230 Soil Survey

Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • To minimize soil displacement, cable yarding Drainage class: Well drained systems should be used. Permeability: Slow • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Available water capacity: About 5 inches to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Suitable management practices: Contrasting Inclusions • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. • Booth soils that are on adjacent hillsides and have • Leave slash on the soil surface to minimize sheet low sagebrush or mountain big sagebrush in the and rill erosion. potential plant community • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads • Rock outcrop on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent or • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by more than 60 percent seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the surface, or • Mound soils that are very cobbly loam or very stony accumulating slash on the surface. loam in the upper part • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is • Soils that are similar to the Mound soil but have dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches surface. Major Use Woodland 167E—Mound stony loam, slump, 2 to 30 Major Management Factors percent slopes Stones on the surface and in the soil, permeability, Composition slope, water erosion Mound soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Community Characteristics of the Mound Soil White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Position on landscape: Slump benches on mountains Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; Woodland source—tuff Elevation: 4,700 to 5,500 feet Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Climatic factors: increment: 69 cubic feet per acre per year for Mean annual precipitation—22 to 25 inches ponderosa pine at age 40; 64 cubic feet per acre Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F per year for white fir at age 70 Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 225 board feet per acre Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December per year for ponderosa pine at age 150 through March; more than 48 inches—January and General management considerations: February • Wet, unsurfaced roads are slippery and sticky. Typical profile: • The clayey layer restricts permeability. 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa • The rock fragments on the surface can make tree pine needles, cones, and limbs planting and road construction difficult. 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony • Roads located at midslope are difficult to construct loam and maintain and require large cuts and fills that 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam remove land from production. 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam • Cutbanks are difficult to revegetate because of the 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff clayey layer. 45 inches—brown tuff • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock trees. Drainage class: Well drained • To maintain the quantity and quality of the water, a Permeability: Slow buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas Available water capacity: About 5 inches and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 231

Contrasting Inclusions use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment, log in areas that are covered with a • Winterim soils that are on adjacent plateaus and minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen mountainsides and have dominantly ponderosa pine in surface layer, and avoid logging in spring. the potential plant community • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to • Royst soils that are on adjacent hillsides and have the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock dominantly western juniper and mountain big fragments in the surface layer. sagebrush and scattered ponderosa pine in the • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy potential plant community equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance • Nuss stony loam that is on adjacent hillsides and and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the surface to has dominantly mountain big sagebrush and Idaho reduce sheet and rill erosion. fescue in the potential plant community • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is • Rock outcrop dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the • Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent surface. • Soils that are similar to the Mound soil but are stony • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and throughout temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, • Soils that are similar to the Mound soil but have scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches surface. Major Use Woodland 168F—Mound very bouldery loam, slump, Major Management Factors 30 to 50 percent north slopes Permeability, stones on the surface and in the soil, Composition water erosion Mound soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Community Characteristics of the Mound Soil White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Position on landscape: Slump benches and areas at the base of Winter Rim Woodland Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual source—tuff increment: 69 cubic feet per acre per year for Elevation: 4,700 to 5,500 feet ponderosa pine at age 40; 64 cubic feet per acre Climatic factors: per year for white fir at age 70 Mean annual precipitation—22 to 25 inches Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 225 board feet per acre Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F per year for ponderosa pine at age 150 Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December General management considerations: through March; more than 48 inches—January • This unit slumps because of the highly fractured and through March faulted tuffaceous bedrock. Typical profile: • The uneven slopes and hummocky topography 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa restrict the operation of equipment. pine needles, cones, and small limbs • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown very and sticky. bouldery loam • The rock fragments on the surface can make tree 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam planting, operation of ground seeding equipment, and 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay road construction difficult. 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam • The clayey layer restricts permeability. 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 45 inches—brown tuff • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock trees. Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Slow • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Available water capacity: About 5 inches 232 Soil Survey

Hazard of erosion by water: Severe buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. Contrasting Inclusions • To minimize soil displacement, cable yarding • Winterim soils that are on adjacent mountainsides systems should be used. and have dominantly ponderosa pine in the potential Suitable management practices: plant community • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging • Royst soils that are on adjacent hillsides and have in spring when the soil is wet. dominantly western juniper and mountain big • Leave slash on the soil to minimize sheet and rill sagebrush and scattered ponderosa pine in the erosion. potential plant community • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads • Nuss soils that are on adjacent hillsides and have on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. dominantly mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by in the potential plant community seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the surface, or • Rock outcrop accumulating slash on the surface. • Soils that have slopes of more than 50 percent or • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is less than 30 percent dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the • Mound soils that are very stony loam throughout surface. • Soils that are similar to the Mound soil but have bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches Major Use 169E—Mound-Polander complex, 15 to 40 percent north slopes Woodland Major Management Factors Composition Slope, water erosion, boulders on the surface, Mound soil and similar inclusions—50 percent permeability Polander soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Characteristics of the Mound Soil White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, Position on landscape: Mountainsides heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; source—basalt, tuff Woodland Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet Climatic factors: Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches increment: 69 cubic feet per acre per year for Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F ponderosa pine at age 40; 64 cubic feet per acre Frost-free period—50 to 70 days per year for white fir at age 70 Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 225 board feet per acre through March; more than 48 inches—January and per year for ponderosa pine at age 150 February General management considerations: Typical profile: • This soil slumps because of the highly fractured and 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa faulted tuff. pine needles, cones, and limbs • Wet, unsurfaced roads are slippery and sticky. 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony • The rock fragments on the surface make tree loam planting difficult. 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay trees. 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam • The clayey layer restricts permeability. 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 45 inches—brown tuff • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Drainage class: Well drained • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Permeability: Slow Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 233

Available water capacity: About 5 inches Woodland Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Characteristics of the Polander Soil increment: Mound soil—69 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 40 and 64 cubic Position on landscape: Mountainsides feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Polander soil—55 cubic feet per acre per year for pyroclastic rock ponderosa pine at age 50 and 64 cubic feet per Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet acre per year for white fir at age 70 Climatic factors: Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Mound soil—225 board Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F 150; Polander soil—172 board feet per acre per Frost-free period—50 to 70 days year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December through March; more than 48 inches—January and General management considerations: February • The clayey layer in the Mound soil restricts Typical profile: permeability. 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Mound 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy soil are slippery and sticky, and those on the Polander loam soil are soft. 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Polander 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly soil are dusty. loam • Cuts and fills on the Mound soil slough when wet, 50 inches—highly weathered tuff and those on the Polander soil are stable. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • The rock fragments on the surface of the Mound soil Drainage class: Well drained can make tree planting and operation of ground Permeability: Moderately rapid seeding equipment difficult. Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Hazard of erosion by water: Severe trees. • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Contrasting Inclusions buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. • Rogger and Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent Management of these areas should be designed to mountainsides minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or • Soils that are on south-facing slopes skidded through riparian areas. • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 more than 40 percent to allow for long-term establishment of plants. • Soils that are similar to the Mound and Polander Suitable management practices: soils but have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Major Use use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment, log in areas that are covered with a Woodland minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Major Management Factors surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soils are wet. Mound soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to surface, permeability the content of moisture and organic matter in the Polander soil—slope, water erosion surface layer. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Community temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the Mound and Polander soils—white fir, ponderosa pine, surface. common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy bluegrass equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance 234 Soil Survey

and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the surface to through March; more than 48 inches—January and reduce sheet and rill erosion. February • Reduce the risk of erosion and minimize Typical profile: displacement of the Mound soil by limiting vehicle 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles access to periods when the soil is dry or frozen. 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam 169G—Mound-Polander complex, 40 to 70 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam percent north slopes 50 inches—highly weathered tuff Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Composition Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Mound soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Available water capacity: About 6 inches Polander soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Contrasting Inclusions Characteristics of the Mound Soil • Rogger and Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent Position on landscape: Mountainsides mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; • Soils that are on south-facing slopes source—basalt, tuff • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet • Soils that are similar to the Mound and Polander Climatic factors: soils but have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Woodland Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December through March; more than 48 inches—January and Major Management Factors February Mound soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the Typical profile: surface, permeability 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa Polander soil—slope, water erosion pine needles, cones, and limbs 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant loam Community 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Mound and Polander soils—white fir, ponderosa pine, 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam bluegrass 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff 45 inches—brown tuff Woodland Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Drainage class: Well drained increment: Mound soil—69 cubic feet per acre per Permeability: Slow year for ponderosa pine at age 40 and 64 cubic Available water capacity: About 5 inches feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe Polander soil—55 cubic feet per acre per year for Characteristics of the Polander Soil ponderosa pine at age 50 and 64 cubic feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70 Position on landscape: Mountainsides Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Mound soil—225 board Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age pyroclastic rock 150; Polander soil—172 board feet per acre per Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The clayey layer in the Mound soil restricts Frost-free period—50 to 70 days permeability. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Wet, unsurfaced roads on the Mound soil are Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 235

slippery and sticky, and those on the Polander soil are through March; more than 48 inches—January and soft. February • Dry, unsurfaced roads on the Polander soil are dusty. Typical profile: • Cuts and fills on the Mound soil slough when wet, 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa and those on the Polander soil are stable. pine needles, cones, and limbs • Roads constructed at midslope are difficult to 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony maintain and require large cuts and fills that remove loam land from production. 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam • The rock fragments on the surface of the Mound soil 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay can make tree planting difficult. 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff trees. 45 inches—brown tuff • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock a buffer zone should be maintained around riparian Drainage class: Well drained areas and disturbance of these areas should be Permeability: Slow minimized. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • To minimize soil displacement, cable yarding Hazard of erosion by water: Severe systems should be used. Characteristics of the Polander Soil • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Position on landscape: Mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Suitable management practices: pyroclastic rock • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet in spring when the soils are wet. Climatic factors: • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the surface, or Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F accumulating slash on the surface. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Leave slash on the soil to minimize sheet and rill Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December erosion. through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads February on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Typical profile: • Reduce the risk of erosion and minimize 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles displacement of the Mound soil by limiting vehicle 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy access to periods when the soil is dry or frozen. loam 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam 170E—Mound-Polander complex, 15 to 40 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam percent south slopes 50 inches—highly weathered tuff Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderately rapid Mound soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Available water capacity: About 6 inches Polander soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Contrasting Inclusions Characteristics of the Mound Soil • Rogger and Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent Position on landscape: Mountainsides mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; • Soils that are on north-facing slopes source—basalt, tuff • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet more than 40 percent Climatic factors: • Soils that are similar to the Mound and Polander Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches soils but have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Woodland 236 Soil Survey

Major Management Factors • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Mound soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the equipment, log in areas that are covered with a surface, permeability minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Polander soil—slope, water erosion surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant soils are wet. Community • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to the content of moisture and organic matter in the Mound and Polander soils—white fir, ponderosa pine, surface layer. common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and bluegrass temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Woodland scarifying the surface, or accumulating slash on the surface. Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy increment: Mound soil—69 cubic feet per acre per equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance year for ponderosa pine at age 40 and 64 cubic and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the surface to feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; reduce sheet and rill erosion. Polander soil—55 cubic feet per acre per year for • Reduce the risk of erosion and minimize ponderosa pine at age 50 and 64 cubic feet per displacement of the Mound soil by limiting vehicle acre per year for white fir at age 70 access to periods when the soil is dry or frozen. Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Mound soil—225 board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 150; Polander soil—172 board feet per acre per 170G—Mound-Polander complex, 40 to 70 year for ponderosa pine at age 160 percent south slopes General management considerations: Composition • Soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty than those on north-facing slopes. Mound soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling Polander soil and similar inclusions—40 percent survival. Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Mound Characteristics of the Mound Soil soil are slippery and sticky, and those on the Polander soil are soft. Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Polander Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; soil are dusty. source—basalt, tuff • Cuts and fills on the Mound soil slough when wet, Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet and those on the Polander soil are stable. Climatic factors: • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The clayey layer in the Mound soil restricts Frost-free period—50 to 70 days permeability. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • The rock fragments on the surface of the Mound soil through March; more than 48 inches—January and can make tree planting and operation of ground February seeding equipment difficult. Typical profile: • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa trees. pine needles, cones, and limbs • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. loam Management of these areas should be designed to 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay skidded through riparian areas. 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam Suitable management practices: 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff • The use of shade cards increases seedling survival. 45 inches—brown tuff Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 237

Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Permeability: Slow increment: Mound soil—69 cubic feet per acre per Available water capacity: About 5 inches year for ponderosa pine at age 40 and 64 cubic Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; Characteristics of the Polander Soil Polander soil—55 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 50 and 64 cubic feet per Position on landscape: Mountainsides acre per year for white fir at age 70 Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Mound soil—225 board pyroclastic rock feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet 150; Polander soil—172 board feet per acre per Climatic factors: year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty than Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December those on north-facing slopes. through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling February survival. Typical profile: • Wet, unsurfaced roads on the Mound soil are 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles slippery and sticky, and those on the Polander soil are 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy soft. loam • Dry, unsurfaced roads on the Polander soil are dusty. 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam • The clayey layer in the Mound soil restricts 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam permeability. 50 inches—highly weathered tuff • Cuts and fills on the Mound soil slough when wet, Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock and those on the Polander soil are stable. Drainage class: Well drained • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Permeability: Moderately rapid to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe and require large cuts and fills that remove land from production. Contrasting Inclusions • The rock fragments on the surface of the Mound soil • Rogger and Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent can make tree planting difficult. mountainsides • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small • Soils that are on north-facing slopes trees. • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a • Soils that are similar to the Mound and Polander buffer zone should be maintained around the riparian soils but have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches areas and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. Major Use • The use of shade cards increases seedling survival. Woodland • To minimize soil displacement, cable yarding systems should be used. Major Management Factors Suitable management practices: Mound soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging surface, permeability in spring when the soils are wet. Polander soil—slope, water erosion • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil Community surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. • Leave slash on the soil to minimize sheet and rill Mound and Polander soils—white fir, ponderosa pine, erosion. common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads bluegrass on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. 238 Soil Survey

• Reduce the risk of erosion and soil displacement by and mountain big sagebrush leaves limiting vehicle access on the Mound soil to periods 0 to 4 inches—black very stony loam when the soil is dry or frozen. 4 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay 27 to 29 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff 29 inches—tuff 171E—Mound-Royst-Nuss association, 15 Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to to 40 percent slopes bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 3 inches Mound soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Royst soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 27 Nuss soil and similar inclusions—20 percent inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Characteristics of the Nuss Soil Characteristics of the Mound Soil Position on landscape: Convex areas on south-facing Position on landscape: North-facing mountainsides hillsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam through March; more than 48 inches—January and 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam February 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff Typical profile: 19 inches—tuff 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock pine needles, cones, and limbs Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony Permeability: Moderate loam Available water capacity: About 2 inches 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam Contrasting Inclusions 42 to 45 inches—partially weathered tuff • Booth soils that are on hillsides, mountainsides, and 45 inches—tuff benches and have dominantly low sagebrush or Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant Drainage class: Well drained community Permeability: Slow • Rock outcrop Available water capacity: About 5 inches • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or Hazard of erosion by water: Severe more than 40 percent Characteristics of the Royst Soil Major Uses Position on landscape: Concave and plane areas on Mound and Royst soils—livestock grazing, woodland south-facing hillsides Nuss soil—livestock grazing Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— tuff, basalt Major Management Factors Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Mound soil—stones on the surface and in the soil, Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches water erosion, slope, permeability Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Royst soil—stones on the surface and in the soil, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, Typical profile: slope, depth to bedrock, water erosion, 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine needles and twigs permeability Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 239

Nuss soil—depth to bedrock, available water capacity, Woodland stones on the surface, slope, water erosion Mound and Royst soils Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Community increment: Mound soil—69 cubic feet per acre per Mound soil—white fir, ponderosa pine, common year for ponderosa pine at age 40 and 64 cubic snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; Royst Royst soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, soil—50 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa antelope bitterbrush, Ross sedge pine at age 50 Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Mound soil—225 board mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 150; Royst soil—150 board feet per acre per year Livestock Grazing for ponderosa pine at age 190 Mound, Royst, and Nuss soils General management considerations: General management considerations: • The clayey layer restricts permeability. • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Mound limit the period of plant growth. soil are slippery and sticky, and those on the Royst • The bedrock in the Royst and Nuss soils restricts soil are firm. rooting depth. • Cuts and fills slough when wet. • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of • Accumulations of snow on the north-facing slopes the unit. can bend or break small trees. • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on • The rock fragments on the surface can make tree ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less planting and operation of ground seeding equipment accessible areas on side slopes. difficult. • The low available water capacity of the Royst and • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Nuss soils limits forage production and seedling buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. survival. Management of these areas should be designed to • The stony surface layer and the steepness of slope minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. skidded through riparian areas. Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be • The soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty used. than those on north-facing slopes. • The Royst soil expands when wet and contracts • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling survival when dry, which makes special design of fences on the south-facing slopes. necessary. • The bedrock in the Royst soil restricts rooting depth. • The earlier growing season on the south-facing • Trees may be blown down during periods of soil slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on wetness and high winds. the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 earlier in the growing season on the south-facing to allow for long-term establishment of plants. slopes than on the north-facing slopes. • Because the Royst soil on south-facing slopes is • The shallow depth and stones on the surface of the hotter in summer and droughty, larger than normal Nuss soil limit placement of fenceposts and make planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional special design of fences necessary. plantings may be needed. Suitable management practices: Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, have achieved sufficient growth. use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the equipment, log in areas that are covered with a existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate soils are wet. droughtiness and a cool growing season. • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to • Improve areas that are heavily infested with the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or fragments in the surface layer. applying chemicals. • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy 240 Soil Survey

equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Characteristics of the Royst Soil and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Position on landscape: Concave and plane areas on surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. south-facing hillsides • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, tuff, basalt scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet the soil surface. Climatic factors: • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soils are Frost-free period—50 to 70 days dry or frozen to minimize puddling, rutting, compaction, Typical profile: and erosion. 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine needles and twigs • Use shade cards on south-facing slopes to increase and mountain big sagebrush leaves seedling survival. 0 to 4 inches—black very stony loam • Use mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or 4 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay livestock grazing to control competing vegetation. 27 to 29 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff 29 inches—tuff 171G—Mound-Royst-Nuss association, 40 Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to to 60 percent slopes bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Composition Available water capacity: About 3 inches Mound soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Royst soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 27 Nuss soil and similar inclusions—20 percent inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Characteristics of the Nuss Soil Characteristics of the Mound Soil Position on landscape: Convex areas on south-facing Position on landscape: North-facing mountainsides hillsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam through March; more than 48 inches—January and 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam February 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff Typical profile: 19 inches—tuff 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock pine needles, cones, and limbs Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony Permeability: Moderate loam Available water capacity: About 2 inches 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay Contrasting Inclusions 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam 42 to 45 inches—partially weathered tuff • Booth soils that are on hillsides and mountainsides 45 inches—tuff and have dominantly low sagebrush or mountain big Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock sagebrush in the potential plant community Permeability: Slow • Rock outcrop Available water capacity: About 5 inches • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent or Hazard of erosion by water: Severe more than 60 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 241

Major Uses Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Mound and Royst soils—livestock grazing, woodland have achieved sufficient growth. Nuss soil—livestock grazing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Management Factors existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Mound soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate surface and in the soil, permeability droughtiness and a cool growing season. Royst soil—slope, water erosion, stones on the • Improve areas that are heavily infested with surface and in the soil, shrink-swell potential, undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or available water capacity, depth to bedrock, applying chemicals. permeability Nuss soil—slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, Woodland available water capacity, stones on the surface Mound and Royst soils Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Community increment: Mound soil—69 cubic feet per acre per Mound soil—white fir, ponderosa pine, common year for ponderosa pine at age 40 and 64 cubic snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; Royst Royst soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, soil—50 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa antelope bitterbrush, Ross sedge pine at age 50 Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Mound soil—225 board mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 150; Royst soil—150 board feet per acre per year Livestock Grazing for ponderosa pine at age 190 Mound, Royst, and Nuss soils General management considerations: General management considerations: • The clayey layer restricts permeability. • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season • Wet, unsurfaced roads on the Mound soil are limit the period of plant growth. slippery and sticky, and those on the Royst soil are • The bedrock in the Royst and Nuss soils restricts firm. rooting depth. • Cuts and fills slough when wet. • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of • Accumulations of snow on the north-facing slopes the unit. can bend or break small trees. • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on • The rock fragments on the surface can make tree ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less planting difficult. accessible areas on side slopes. • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain • The low available water capacity limits forage and require large cuts and fills that remove land from production and seedling survival on the Royst and production. Nuss soils. • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a • The stony surface layer and steepness of slope buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be • The south-facing slopes are more droughty than the used. north-facing slopes. • The Royst soil expands when wet and contracts • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling survival when dry, which makes special design of fences on the south-facing slopes. necessary. • The bedrock in the Royst soil restricts rooting depth. • The earlier growing season on the south-facing • Trees may be blown down during periods of soil slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on wetness and high winds. the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation • To minimize soil displacement, cable yarding earlier in the growing season on the south-facing systems should be used. slopes than on the north-facing slopes. • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 • The shallow depth and stones on the surface of the to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Nuss soil limit placement of fenceposts and make • Because the Royst soil on south-facing slopes is special design of fences necessary. hotter in summer and droughty, larger than normal 242 Soil Survey

planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional Contrasting Inclusions plantings may be needed. • Anawalt and Floke soils that are on tablelands Suitable management practices: adjacent to basin floors and have dominantly low • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass in the potential the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock plant community fragments in the surface layer. • Freznik soils that are on tablelands adjacent to basin • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by floors and have dominantly low sagebrush and seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil Sandberg bluegrass in the potential plant community surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. • Swalesilver soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads lying lake basin terraces and have silver sagebrush in on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. the potential plant community • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is • Bicondoa soils that are on adjacent flood plains dry or frozen to minimize puddling, rutting, compaction, • Norad soils that are on adjacent lake basin terraces and erosion. and have dominantly winterfat in the potential plant • Use shade cards to increase seedling survival. community • Use mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or Major Uses livestock grazing to control competing vegetation. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat 172A—Mudpot silty clay, 0 to 2 percent Major Management Factors slopes Wetness, permeability, shrink-swell potential, frost action, clayey surface layer Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mudpot soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Spikerush, dock, Baltic rush, povertyweed, mat muhly, Characteristics of the Mudpot Soil bottlebrush squirreltail Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Lake terraces Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— General management considerations: tuff, basalt • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet • Variable yearly ponding results in an unstable plant Climatic factors: community. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F nesting for waterfowl. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction of Typical profile: the surface layer. 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay • The clayey surface layer limits infiltration and 5 to 60 inches—grayish brown silty clay restricts seedling emergence and survival. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, bedrock which can rip and tear plant roots and make special Drainage class: Poorly drained design of fences necessary. Permeability: Slow • The low precipitation limits forage production and Available water capacity: About 5 inches seedling survival. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • A seasonal high water table and ponding during the Depth to seasonal high water table: January through growing season restrict the rooting depth of non-water- July—12 inches above the surface to 12 inches tolerant plants. below the surface; rest of year—more than 12 • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season inches limit the period of plant growth. Shrink-swell potential: High • Only a sparse stand of perennial grasses is Carbonates: Upper 49 inches—noneffervescent or produced in the potential plant community, but slightly effervescent; below this depth—strongly abundant annual forbs are produced when precipitation effervescent is favorable. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 243

• Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Shrink-swell potential: High protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Carbonates: Upper 49 inches—noneffervescent or material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized slightly effervescent; below this depth—strongly steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. effervescent • Because of a high potential for frost action, Characteristics of the Swalesilver Soil seedlings are subject to winterkill and other damage. • The soil in this unit generally is not suited to growing Position on landscape: Lake terraces in basins trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— plantings. Onsite investigation is needed to determine basalt, tuff whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet treatment is used. Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Suitable management practices: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Frost-free period—70 to 90 days prevent damage to the soil and plants. Typical profile: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 0 to 4 inches—very dark gray loam wetness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool growing 4 to 9 inches—light gray silt loam season and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. 9 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown clay 12 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay 173A—Mudpot-Swalesilver complex, 0 to 24 to 36 inches—dark brown clay loam 2 percent slopes 36 to 60 inches—brown silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock, very shallow (2 to 10 inches) to the Composition claypan Mudpot soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Swalesilver soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Permeability: Upper 9 inches—moderate; between Contrasting inclusions—15 percent depths of 9 and 24 inches—very slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches Characteristics of the Mudpot Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Position on landscape: Lake basin floors Depth to seasonal high water table: February through Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— May—12 inches above the surface to 6 inches basalt, tuff below the surface; rest of year—more than 6 Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet inches Climatic factors: Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 24 Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Typical profile: • Spangenburg soils that are on adjacent, slightly 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay higher lying lake terraces and have dominantly 5 to 60 inches—grayish brown silty clay Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to community bedrock Major Uses Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Slow Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Available water capacity: About 5 inches Major Management Factors Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Depth to seasonal high water table: January through Mudpot soil—wetness, permeability, shrink-swell July—12 inches above the surface to 12 inches potential, clayey surface layer below the surface; rest of year—more than 12 Swalesilver soil—wetness, permeability, depth to the inches claypan, shrink-swell potential 244 Soil Survey

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Community wetness and provide cover for nesting waterfowl. • Control competing vegetation on the Swalesilver soil Mudpot soil—Baltic rush, spikerush, mat muhly, by cultivating or applying herbicides. bottlebrush squirreltail, povertyweed Swalesilver soil—silver sagebrush, Nevada bluegrass, creeping wildrye 174C—Newlands-Hart complex, 5 to 15 Livestock Grazing percent slopes

General management considerations: Composition • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Newlands soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Hart soil and similar inclusions—35 percent nesting for waterfowl. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Grazing when the soils are wet results in compaction of the surface layer. Characteristics of the Newlands Soil • The soils expand when wet and contract when dry, Position on landscape: Mountain foot slopes which can rip and tear plant roots and make special Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt design of fences necessary. Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet • The low precipitation limits forage production and Climatic factors: seedling survival. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • The claypan in the Swalesilver soil restricts rooting Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F depth and permeability. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Variable yearly ponding on the Mudpot soil results in Typical profile: an unstable plant community. 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown loam • A seasonal high water table and ponding during the 7 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam growing season restrict the rooting depth of non-water- 36 to 49 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam tolerant plants. 49 inches—tuff • Only a sparse stand of perennial grasses generally is Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock produced in the potential plant community on the Drainage class: Well drained Mudpot soil, but abundant perennial forbs are Permeability: Moderately slow produced. Available water capacity: About 7 inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate limit the period of plant growth. • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Characteristics of the Hart Soil protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Position on landscape: Fans material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Parent material: Kind—alluvium, residuum; source— steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. basalt, tuff • Because of a high potential for frost action in the Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Mudpot soil, seedlings are subject to winterkill and Climatic factors: other damage. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • The Mudpot soil generally is not suited to growing Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Frost-free period—50 to 70 days plantings. Onsite investigation is needed to determine Typical profile: whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special 0 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam treatment is used. 9 to 19 inches—brown clay • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental 19 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty plantings on the Swalesilver soil should be tolerant of clay loam droughtiness in summer. 25 to 30 inches—brown very gravelly loam • The seedling mortality rate on the Swalesilver soil is 30 to 43 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam severe because the high content of clay causes 43 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and moisture stress late in summer and in fall. calcium carbonate in fractures Suitable management practices: Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock, very • Allow the soils to drain adequately before grazing to shallow (7 to 10 inches) to the claypan prevent damage to the soil and plants. Drainage class: Well drained Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 245

Permeability: Very slow Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 5 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 19 limit the period of plant growth. inches • The claypan and calcareous layer in the lower part of Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 25 inches— the Hart soil restrict rooting depth. violently effervescent; below this depth—strongly • The surface layer of the Hart soil is saturated effervescent following snowmelt. Contrasting Inclusions • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Hart soil are the result of past erosion. • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands • The subsoil of the Hart soil expands when wet and • Mascamp soils that are on foothills and toe slopes contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots • Soils that are similar to the Newlands soil but have and damage structures. bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of less than 40 inches • Because of the high corrosivity of the Hart soil to or more than 60 inches uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of • Soils that are similar to the Newlands soil but have noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, more than 35 percent coarse fragments throughout galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Major Use or pipelines. Livestock grazing (fig. 14) Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. • Delay grazing until the Hart soil is firm and the preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth to withstand grazing pressure. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If the Newlands soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate a cool growing season. • If the Hart soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate shrinking and swelling and a cool growing season.

175E—Newlands-Hart-Mascamp complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Figure 14.—Area of Newlands-Hart complex, 5 to 15 percent Newlands soil and similar inclusions—35 percent slopes. The Newlands soil supports dominantly Hart soil and similar inclusions—30 percent antelope bitterbrush and mountain big sagebrush (dark-colored vegetation), and the Hart soil supports Mascamp soil and similar inclusions—20 percent dominantly low sagebrush (light-colored vegetation). Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Characteristics of the Newlands Soil Major Management Factors Newlands soil—water erosion Position on landscape: Mountain foot slopes, Hart soil—shrink-swell potential, depth to the claypan, mountainsides permeability, calcareous layer, water erosion Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Climatic factors: Community Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Newlands soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Canby bluegrass, antelope bitterbrush Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Hart soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch Typical profile: wheatgrass 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown loam 246 Soil Survey

7 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam 2 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown very 36 to 49 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam gravelly clay loam 49 inches—tuff 5 to 12 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock 12 inches—basalt Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Permeability: Moderately slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: About 7 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Available water capacity: About 1 inch Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Characteristics of the Hart Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Fans Parent material: Kind—alluvium, residuum; source— • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands basalt, tuff • Soils that are similar to the Newlands soil but have Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of less than 40 inches Climatic factors: or more than 60 inches Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Soils that are similar to the Newlands soil but have Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F more than 35 percent rock fragments throughout Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Soils that are similar to the Mascamp soil but are Typical profile: more than 20 inches deep to bedrock 0 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or 9 to 19 inches—brown clay more than 30 percent 19 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty Major Use clay loam 25 to 30 inches—brown very gravelly loam Livestock grazing 30 to 43 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam Major Management Factors 43 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and calcium carbonate in fractures Newlands soil—water erosion, slope Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock, very Hart soil—permeability, calcareous layer, depth to the shallow (7 to 10 inches) to the claypan claypan, shrink-swell potential, water erosion, Drainage class: Well drained slope Permeability: Very slow Mascamp soil—depth to bedrock, available water Available water capacity: About 5 inches capacity, water erosion, slope Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 19 Community inches Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 25 inches— Newlands soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, violently effervescent; below this depth—strongly Canby bluegrass, antelope bitterbrush effervescent Hart soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Characteristics of the Mascamp Soil Mascamp soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, Position on landscape: Mountain toe slopes, bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye mountainsides Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— tuff, basalt General management considerations: Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Climatic factors: limit the period of plant growth. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • The claypan and calcareous layer in the lower part of Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F the Hart soil restrict rooting depth. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The surface layer of the Hart soil is saturated Typical profile: following snowmelt. 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown very • The bedrock in the Mascamp soil restricts rooting gravelly loam depth. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 247

• Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Hart and Mascamp soils are the result of past erosion. Characteristics of the Hart Soil • The subsoil of the Hart soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots Position on landscape: Fans and damage structures. Parent material: Kind—alluvium, residuum; source— • The shallow depth of the Mascamp soil limits basalt, tuff placement of fenceposts. Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet • Because of the high corrosivity of the Hart soil to Climatic factors: uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Frost-free period—50 to 70 days or pipelines. Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam Suitable management practices: 9 to 19 inches—brown clay • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 19 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly silty have achieved sufficient growth. clay loam • Delay grazing until the Hart soil is firm and the 25 to 30 inches—brown very gravelly loam preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. 30 to 43 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 43 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the calcium carbonate in fractures surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock, very • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate shallow (7 to 10 inches) to the claypan droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Drainage class: Well drained growing season. Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches 176F—Newlands-Hart-Mascamp complex, Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 30 to 50 percent north slopes Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 19 inches Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 25 inches— Composition violently effervescent; below this depth—strongly Newlands soil and similar inclusions—35 percent effervescent Hart soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Characteristics of the Mascamp Soil Mascamp soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Mountain toe slopes, mountainsides Characteristics of the Newlands Soil Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Position on landscape: Mountainsides, mountain foot tuff, basalt slopes Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Climatic factors: Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Climatic factors: Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—50 to 70 days 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown very Typical profile: gravelly loam 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown loam 2 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown very 7 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam gravelly clay loam 36 to 49 inches—strong brown gravelly clay 5 to 12 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam loam 12 inches—basalt 49 inches—tuff Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 1 inch Available water capacity: About 7 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 248 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands should be used. • Soils that are similar to the Newlands soil but have • The shallow depth of the Mascamp soil limits bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of less than 40 inches placement of fenceposts. or more than 60 inches • Soils that are similar to the Newlands soil but have Suitable management practices: more than 35 percent rock fragments throughout • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Soils that are similar to the Mascamp soil but have have achieved sufficient growth. bedrock at a depth of more than 20 inches • Delay grazing until the Hart soil is firm and the • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. more than 50 percent • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Use surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Livestock grazing • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Major Management Factors growing season. Newlands soil—slope, water erosion Hart soil—slope, water erosion, permeability, calcareous layer, depth to the claypan, shrink-swell 177C—Newlands-Ninemile complex, 5 to potential 15 percent slopes Mascamp soil—slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, available water capacity Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Newlands soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Community Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Newlands soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye, antelope Characteristics of the Newlands Soil bitterbrush Position on landscape: Mountain foot slopes, Hart soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch mountainsides wheatgrass Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Mascamp soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye Climatic factors: Livestock Grazing Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Typical profile: begins later in spring and moisture is available until 0 to 7 inches—very dark brown loam later in summer on these slopes than on the south- 7 to 26 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam facing slopes. 26 to 36 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 34 to 49 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam limit the period of plant growth. 49 inches—tuff • The claypan and calcareous layer in the lower part of Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock the Hart soil restrict rooting depth. Drainage class: Well drained • Livestock prefer to graze in the easily accessible Permeability: Moderately slow areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in Available water capacity: About 7 inches the less accessible areas on side slopes. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • The surface layer of the Hart soil is saturated Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil following snowmelt. • The bedrock in the Mascamp soil restricts rooting Position on landscape: Mountainsides, tablelands depth. Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the tuff, basalt Hart soil are the result of past erosion. Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet • The subsoil of the Hart soil expands when wet and Climatic factors: contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 249

Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant Frost-free period—50 to 70 days roots and damage structures. Typical profile: • The depth to bedrock in the Ninemile soil limits 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam construction of water impoundments. 7 to 15 inches—dark brown clay • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the 15 to 19 inches—dark brown gravelly clay Ninemile soil are the result of past erosion. 19 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Suitable management practices: calcium carbonate in fractures • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very have achieved sufficient growth. shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan • Delay grazing until the Ninemile soil is firm and the Drainage class: Well drained preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Permeability: Very slow • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Available water capacity: About 2 inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 19 • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate inches droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Contrasting Inclusions growing season. • Carryback soils that are on tablelands • Soils that are similar to the Newlands soil but have 178C—Ninemile very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 20 to 40 inches percent slopes • Soils that are similar to the Ninemile soil but have bedrock at a depth of less than 10 inches Composition Major Use Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil Newlands soil—water erosion Position on landscape: Tablelands Ninemile soil—available water capacity, depth to the Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— claypan, permeability, depth to bedrock, shrink- basalt, tuff swell potential, water erosion Elevation: 5,300 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Newlands soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big sagebrush, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Canby bluegrass, antelope bitterbrush Typical profile: Ninemile soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam wheatgrass 7 to 15 inches—dark brown clay 15 to 19 inches—dark brown gravelly clay Livestock Grazing 19 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and General management considerations: calcium carbonate in fractures • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very limit the period of plant growth. shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan • The surface layer of the Ninemile soil is saturated Drainage class: Well drained following snowmelt. Permeability: Very slow • The claypan and bedrock in the Ninemile soil restrict Available water capacity: About 2 inches rooting depth. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • The low available water capacity of the Ninemile soil Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 19 limits forage production and seedling survival. inches • The shallow depth of the Ninemile soil limits Contrasting Inclusions placement of fenceposts. • The subsoil of the Ninemile soil expands when wet • Derapter and Riddleranch soils that are on south- 250 Soil Survey

facing mountainsides and have Wyoming big • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate sagebrush in the potential plant community droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool • Newlands and Westbutte soils that are on north- growing season. facing mountainsides and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community • Carryback and Hart soils that are on tablelands 179C—Ninemile very cobbly loam, low • Ninemile soils that have a very stony loam surface precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes layer Composition Major Use Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil Depth to bedrock, depth to the claypan, shrink-swell Position on landscape: Tablelands potential, available water capacity, permeability, Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— water erosion tuff, basalt Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Elevation: 4,500 to 5,500 feet Community Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Livestock Grazing Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: General management considerations: 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. 7 to 15 inches—dark brown clay • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the 15 to 19 inches—dark brown gravelly clay result of past erosion. 19 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. calcium carbonate in fractures • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very impoundments. shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan • Crusting of the soil surface reduces infiltration and Drainage class: Well drained restricts seedling emergence and survival. Permeability: Very slow • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Available water capacity: About 2 inches limit the period of plant growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 19 and makes special design of fences necessary. inches • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. Contrasting Inclusions • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts • Oreneva soils that are on adjacent tablelands and when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and have Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant damage structures. community Suitable management practices: • Rock outcrop • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Soils that are similar to the Ninemile soils but have have achieved sufficient growth. bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches or less than 10 • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred inches forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Use existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Livestock grazing Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 251

Major Management Factors Elevation: 5,300 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Available water capacity, depth to the claypan, Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches permeability, depth to bedrock, water erosion, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F shrink-swell potential Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Typical profile: Community 0 to 2 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam 2 to 8 inches—dark brown clay Bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Sandberg 8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly clay bluegrass 17 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Livestock Grazing calcium carbonate in fractures Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very General management considerations: shallow (1 to 3 inches) to the claypan • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Drainage class: Well drained limit the period of plant growth. Permeability: Very slow • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 2 and 17 result of past erosion. inches • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. Contrasting Inclusions • Crusting of the soil surface reduces infiltration and • Hart soils that are on fan piedmonts and have restricts seedling emergence and survival. bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue in the • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water potential plant community impoundments. • Newlands soils that are on mountain toe slopes and • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant and makes special design of fences necessary. community • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, • Soils that are similar to the Ninemile soil but have which makes special design of fences necessary. bedrock at a depth of less than 10 inches Suitable management practices: • Ninemile soils that have more than 35 percent of the • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants surface covered with stones or cobbles have achieved sufficient growth. Major Use • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Livestock grazing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Management Factors existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth to the claypan, thin surface layer, depth to • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate bedrock, permeability, available water capacity, droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool shrink-swell potential, water erosion growing season. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 180C—Ninemile extremely gravelly loam, Sandberg bluegrass, low sagebrush thin surface, 2 to 15 percent slopes Livestock Grazing Composition General management considerations: Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Contrasting inclusions—15 percent limit the period of plant growth. • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Position on landscape: Tablelands result of past erosion. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water basalt, tuff impoundments. 252 Soil Survey

• The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Contrasting Inclusions • Crusting of the surface layer reduces infiltration and • Hart soils that are on fan piedmonts and have restricts seedling emergence and survival. bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue in the • The low available water capacity limits forage potential plant community production and seedling survival. • Newlands soils that are on mountain toe slopes and • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant and makes special design of fences necessary. community • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, • Soils that are similar to the Ninemile soils but have which makes special design of fences necessary. bedrock at a depth of less than 10 inches Suitable management practices: • Ninemile soils that have more than 35 percent of the • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants surface covered with stones or cobbles have achieved sufficient growth. Major Use • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Livestock grazing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Management Factors existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth to the claypan, thin surface layer, water erosion, • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate slope, depth to bedrock, permeability, available droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool water capacity, shrink-swell potential growing season. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 180E—Ninemile extremely gravelly loam, Sandberg bluegrass, low sagebrush thin surface, 15 to 30 percent slopes Livestock Grazing Composition General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent limit the period of plant growth. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the result of past erosion. Position on landscape: Tablelands • The claypan and bedrock restrict rooting depth. Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— • Crusting of the surface layer reduces infiltration and basalt, tuff restricts seedling emergence and survival. Elevation: 5,300 to 6,500 feet • The low available water capacity limits forage Climatic factors: production and seedling survival. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • The shallow depth limits placement of Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F fenceposts and makes special design of fences Frost-free period—50 to 70 days necessary. Typical profile: • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, 0 to 2 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam which makes special design of fences necessary. 2 to 8 inches—dark brown clay 8 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly clay Suitable management practices: 17 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants calcium carbonate in fractures have achieved sufficient growth. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred shallow (1 to 3 inches) to the claypan forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Drainage class: Well drained • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Permeability: Very slow existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Available water capacity: About 2 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 2 and 17 droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool inches growing season. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 253

181C—Ninemile-Westbutte complex, 2 to Available water capacity: About 3 inches 15 percent slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Carryback soils that are on tablelands Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—60 percent • Lambring soils that are on north-facing hillsides and Westbutte soil and similar inclusions—30 percent mountainsides Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Felcher and Riddleranch soils that are on south- facing mountainsides and have Wyoming big Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil sagebrush in the potential plant community Position on landscape: Tablelands Major Use Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— basalt, tuff Livestock grazing Elevation: 5,300 to 6,800 feet Major Management Factors Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Ninemile soil—depth to bedrock, depth to the claypan, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days permeability, water erosion Typical profile: Westbutte soil—stones on the surface, water erosion, 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam available water capacity, water erosion, depth to 7 to 15 inches—dark brown clay bedrock 15 to 19 inches—dark brown gravelly clay Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 19 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Community calcium carbonate in fractures Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very Ninemile soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan bluegrass, wheatgrass Drainage class: Well drained Westbutte soil—Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, Permeability: Very slow mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Available water capacity: About 2 inches Livestock Grazing Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 7 and 19 General management considerations: inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season limit the period of plant growth. Characteristics of the Westbutte Soil • The low available water capacity limits forage Position on landscape: Mountains, hills production and seedling survival. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, loess; source—tuff, • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the basalt Ninemile soil are the result of past erosion. Elevation: 5,300 to 6,800 feet • The surface layer of the Ninemile soil is saturated Climatic factors: following snowmelt. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • The claypan and bedrock in the Ninemile soil restrict Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F rooting depth. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The bedrock and rock fragments in the Westbutte Typical profile: soil restrict rooting depth. 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water stony loam impoundments. 7 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown very • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of stony loam the unit. 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very stony loam • The extremely stony surface layer of the Westbutte 24 to 33 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam soil restricts the operation of ground seeding 33 inches—tuff equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to should be used. bedrock • The shallow depth of the Ninemile soil limits Drainage class: Well drained placement of fenceposts. Permeability: Moderate • The subsoil of the Ninemile soil expands when wet 254 Soil Survey

and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant Depth to seasonal high water table: February through roots and damage structures. March—48 to 60 inches; rest of year—more than 60 inches Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Contrasting Inclusions have achieved sufficient growth. • Westside soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher • Delay grazing until the Ninemile soil is firm and the lying tablelands and lake terraces and have dominantly preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth needleandthread and Wyoming big sagebrush in the to withstand grazing pressure. potential plant community • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • McConnel soils that are on adjacent lake terraces existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the and have dominantly Thurber needlegrass and surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Wyoming big sagebrush • If the Ninemile soil is seeded, select plants that • Soils that are similar to the Norad soils but have a tolerate droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a hardpan or bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches cool growing season. • If the Westbutte soil is seeded, select plants that Major Uses tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Major Management Factors 182A—Norad silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Permeability, wind erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Norad soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Winterfat, Indian ricegrass, fourwing saltbush Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Norad Soil General management considerations: • This unit provides habitat for antelope in winter. Position on landscape: Lake terraces • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— limit the period of plant growth. basalt, tuff • The low precipitation limits forage production and Elevation: 5,000 to 5,200 feet seedling survival. Climatic factors: • Crusting of the soil surface reduces infiltration. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The very shallow depth to the clayey layer restricts Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F permeability and results in very brief periods of ponding Frost-free period—70 to 90 days or saturation of the surface layer during snowmelt. Typical profile: • Wind erosion is a concern if the vegetation is 0 to 2 inches—dark gray silt loam removed or degraded. 2 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 4 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive grayish brown silty clay loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 6 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 10 to 24 inches—dark brown and brown silty clay • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. loam • Range seeding is needed if the plant cover is not 24 to 33 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay sufficient to protect the soil from wind erosion. loam 33 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam Suitable management practices: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred bedrock forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Permeability: Slow existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Available water capacity: About 11 inches on the surface. Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a moderate cool growing season. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 255

183B—Nuss gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season slopes, eroded limit the period of plant growth. • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the result of past erosion. Composition • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Nuss soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The low available water capacity limits forage Contrasting inclusions—15 percent production and seedling survival. • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Characteristics of the Nuss Soil impoundments. Position on landscape: Rock benches, wave-cut • The shallow depth limits the placement of terraces on hills fenceposts and makes special design of fences Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt, necessary. volcanic ash Suitable management practices: Elevation: 4,900 to 5,100 feet • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Climatic factors: have achieved sufficient growth. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Typical profile: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly droughtiness and a cool growing season. loam 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam 17 to 19 inches—fractured, weathered tuff 184C—Observation-Booth complex, 0 to 19 inches—tuff 15 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 2 inches Observation soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Booth soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Contrasting Inclusions Characteristics of the Observation Soil • Booth soils that are on hills • Winterim soils that are in north-facing ravines and Position on landscape: Tablelands have ponderosa pine in the potential plant community Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Soils that are similar to the Nuss soils but have basalt, tuff bedrock at a depth of 4 to 10 inches Elevation: 5,500 to 7,600 feet • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent Climatic factors: • Soils that have as much as 35 percent of the surface Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches covered with stones Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Major Use Typical profile: Livestock grazing 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown cobbly loam Major Management Factors 7 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown clay Depth to bedrock, available water capacity, water loam erosion, thin surface layer 14 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam 25 inches—tuff Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Community bedrock Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Livestock Grazing Available water capacity: About 4 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 256 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Booth Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on General management considerations: hills • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt limit the period of plant growth. Elevation: 5,500 to 7,600 feet • The bedrock in the Observation soil and the claypan Climatic factors: in the Booth soil restrict rooting depth. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F impoundments. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The Booth soil expands when wet and contracts Typical profile: when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown silty clay damage structures. 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay following snowmelt. 24 to 26 inches—olive brown, partially weathered • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the tuff Booth soil are the result of past erosion. 26 inches—unweathered tuff Suitable management practices: Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants bedrock have achieved sufficient growth. Drainage class: Well drained • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and the Permeability: Slow preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. inches • If the Observation soil is seeded, select plants that Contrasting Inclusions tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. • If the Booth soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Nuss soils that are in convex areas and have curlleaf shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool mountainmahogany and scattered ponderosa pine and growing season. western juniper in the potential plant community • Swalesilver soils that are in depressional areas and have silver sagebrush in the potential plant community 185C—Old Camp very cobbly loam, 2 to • Merlin soils that are on benches on tablelands 15 percent slopes • Soils that have more than 15 percent of the surface covered with stones Composition • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent Old Camp soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Major Use Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Old Camp Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Tablelands Observation soil—depth to bedrock, permeability, Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— available water capacity, water erosion basalt, tuff Booth soil—depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, Elevation: 4,500 to 5,200 feet shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, Climatic factors: permeability, water erosion Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Community Typical profile: Observation soil—Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam bluebunch wheatgrass 5 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch 9 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely wheatgrass cobbly clay loam Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 257

15 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Characteristics of the Old Camp Soil calcium carbonate in fractures Position on landscape: Hillsides Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Drainage class: Well drained basalt, tuff Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Available water capacity: About 2 inches Climatic factors: Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • McConnel soils that are on adjacent lake terraces Typical profile: and have dominantly needleandthread and some basin 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam big sagebrush in the potential plant community 5 to 9 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam • Hager soils that are on adjacent tablelands 9 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Soils that are similar to the Old Camp soil but have cobbly clay loam bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 15 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and Major Use calcium carbonate in fractures Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock Livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Factors Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 2 inches Depth to bedrock, available water capacity, water Hazard of erosion by water: Severe erosion, rock fragments Contrasting Inclusions Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community • Rock outcrop • Diaz soils that are on adjacent tablelands and have Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Indian dominantly needleandthread and some basin big ricegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail, bluebunch sagebrush in the potential plant community wheatgrass • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Livestock Grazing more than 50 percent General management considerations: Major Use • The low precipitation and low available water Livestock grazing capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • The depth to bedrock restricts rooting depth and Major Management Factors construction of water impoundments. Slope, water erosion, available water capacity, depth to • The shallow depth to bedrock and content of rock bedrock fragments limit placement of fenceposts and make special design of fences necessary. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. Community Suitable management practices: Indian ricegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Thurber • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the needlegrass existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Livestock Grazing on the surface. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate General management considerations: droughtiness. • The low precipitation and low available water capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on 186F—Old Camp very cobbly loam, 30 to ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less 50 percent south slopes accessible areas on side slopes. • The depth to bedrock restricts rooting depth. Composition • The shallow depth to bedrock and content of rock fragments limit placement of fenceposts and make Old Camp soil and similar inclusions—85 percent special design of fences necessary. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding 258 Soil Survey

equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Major Use should be used. Livestock grazing • The earlier growing season on the south-facing slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on Major Management Factors the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation Depth to bedrock, water erosion, permeability, available earlier in the growing season on the south-facing water capacity slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Suitable management practices: Community • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming on the surface. big sagebrush • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Livestock Grazing droughtiness. General management considerations: • The depth to bedrock restricts rooting depth. 187C—Oreneva very gravelly loam, 2 to 15 • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season percent slopes limit the period of plant growth. • The depth to bedrock limits the construction of water Composition impoundments. • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Oreneva soil and similar inclusions—85 percent protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Contrasting inclusions—15 percent material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Characteristics of the Oreneva Soil steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Position on landscape: Tablelands Suitable management practices: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants basalt, tuff have achieved sufficient growth. Elevation: 5,300 to 5,700 feet • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Climatic factors: existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Frost-free period—50 to 70 days droughtiness and a cool growing season. Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam 4 to 21 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam 187E—Oreneva very gravelly loam, 15 to and very gravelly loam 30 percent slopes 21 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and calcium carbonate in fractures Composition Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Oreneva soil and similar inclusions—85 percent bedrock Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Characteristics of the Oreneva Soil Available water capacity: About 3 inches Position on landscape: Tablelands Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Contrasting Inclusions basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,300 to 5,700 feet • Anawalt soils that are on tablelands and have low Climatic factors: sagebrush in the potential plant community Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Soils that are similar to the Oreneva soil but have Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 10 to 20 inches or Frost-free period—50 to 70 days 40 to 60 inches Typical profile: • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 259

4 to 21 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam 188B—Orovada-Mesman complex, 0 to 5 and very gravelly loam percent slopes 21 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and calcium carbonate in fractures Composition Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock Orovada soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Drainage class: Well drained Mesman soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: About 3 inches Characteristics of the Orovada Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Position on landscape: Alluvial fans Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Kind—alluvium over lacustrine • Anawalt soils that are on tablelands and have low sediment; source—tuff, basalt sagebrush in the potential plant community Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Soils that are similar to the Oreneva soil but have Climatic factors: bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 10 to 20 inches or Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches 40 to 60 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Major Use Typical profile: Livestock grazing 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam Major Management Factors 7 to 31 inches—very dark grayish brown, very dark Water erosion, depth to bedrock, slope, available water brown, and dark brown silt loam, loam, and capacity, permeability sandy loam 31 to 34 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant gravelly sand Community 34 to 42 inches—brown and yellowish brown sandy Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming loam that has brittle nodules big sagebrush 42 to 65 inches—strongly cemented hardpan Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to the hardpan; Livestock Grazing very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained General management considerations: Permeability: Moderate • The depth to bedrock restricts rooting depth. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— limit the period of plant growth. moderate • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Salinity: Between depths of 31 and 42 inches— protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive moderately saline material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Carbonates: Between depths of 34 and 65 inches— steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. slightly effervescent to strongly effervescent Suitable management practices: Characteristics of the Mesman Soil • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Position on landscape: Lake terraces • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the tuff, basalt surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Climatic factors: droughtiness and a cool growing season. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches 260 Soil Survey

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Mesman soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling Typical profile: emergence and survival. 0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam • The hardpan in the Orovada soil restricts rooting 9 to 20 inches—dark brown sandy clay loam depth. 20 to 25 inches—brown silt loam • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the 25 to 35 inches—brown very fine sandy loam Mesman soil restricts rooting depth. 35 to 60 inches—brown silt loam • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to is removed or degraded. bedrock; moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. consolidated, compacted sediment • If the vegetation is removed, range seeding is Drainage class: Well drained needed to control wind erosion. Permeability: Slow Suitable management practices: Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the moderate surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Salinity: Upper 9 inches—slightly saline; below this • If the Orovada soil is seeded, select plants that depth—strongly saline tolerate droughtiness in summer. Sodicity: Upper 9 inches—moderately sodic; below this • If the Mesman soil is seeded, select plants that depth—slightly sodic or moderately sodic tolerate moderate sodicity, slight salinity, and Contrasting Inclusions droughtiness in summer. • Improve areas that are heavily infested with • Icene soils that are on lower lying lake terraces and undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or have black greasewood and shadscale in the potential applying chemicals. plant community • Lofftus soils that are on lower lying lake terraces and Cropland have basin wildrye, black greasewood, and inland General management considerations: saltgrass in the potential plant community • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Major Uses cropping is suitable only if the soils are irrigated. • Sprinkler irrigation is most efficient, but border Cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat irrigation can be used in the more nearly level areas. Major Management Factors • Land leveling is needed for uniform application of irrigation water applied by the border method. Orovada soil—depth to the hardpan, water erosion, • The salinity and sodicity of the Mesman soil limit the wind erosion, available water capacity selection of crops that can be grown. Mesman soil—available water capacity, salinity, • The Mesman soil ties up large amounts of sodicity, permeability, depth to dense, consolidated phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available lacustrine sediment, wind erosion to plants. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel Community and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Orovada soil—basin wildrye, creeping wildrye aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Mesman soil—basin big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, pipelines. black greasewood, basin wildrye, spiny hopsage • If the Mesman soil is irrigated, the available water Livestock Grazing capacity can be improved by leaching salts below the root zone. General management considerations: • Because of the slow permeability of the Mesman • The low precipitation limits forage production and soil, the application of irrigation water should be seedling survival. managed to avoid overirrigating. • The low available water capacity because of the • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the salts and sodium limits forage production and seedling development of a perched water table above the survival on the Mesman soil. hardpan and the dense, consolidated lacustrine • Excess sodium in the Mesman soil results in nutrient sediment. imbalances and a caustic root environment. • Removing salts from the Mesman soil without Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 261

applying proper amounts of soil amendments causes hardpan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to dispersion and crusting of the soil surface. bedrock • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Drainage class: Well drained lower part of the Mesman soil can be softened by Permeability: Slow applying irrigation water or by ripping. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate plantings on the Orovada soil should be tolerant of Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and droughtiness. 16 inches • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and Contrasting inclusions environmental plantings on the Mesman soil are limited, and the seedling mortality rate is severe • Salisbury soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and because of the concentration of salts. have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant community Suitable management practices: • Drews and Drewsgap soils that are on adjacent, • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. slightly lower lying lake terraces and have • Reduce the content of salts and sodium in the mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant Mesman soil by applying proper amounts of soil community amendments, leaching, and carefully applying irrigation • Lasere soils that are on adjacent hillsides and foot water. slopes • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, maintaining crop residue on the surface, and Major Uses maintaining a plant cover. Livestock grazing, cropland • The rooting depth in the Orovada soil can be improved by ripping the hardpan. Major Management Factors Depth to the claypan, depth to the hardpan, available 189B—Oxwall gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent water capacity, shrink-swell potential, permeability, slopes water erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Oxwall soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Oxwall Soil General management considerations: • The claypan and hardpan restrict rooting depth. Position on landscape: Lake terraces • The shallow depth to the hardpan limits Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; placement of fenceposts and makes special design of source—rhyolite, tuff, volcanic ash fences necessary. Elevation: 4,700 to 5,200 feet • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement are the Climatic factors: result of past erosion. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • The low available water capacity limits forage Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F production and seedling survival. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt Typical profile: because of the slow permeability of the claypan. 0 to 2 inches—very dark gray gravelly loam 2 to 11 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam Suitable management practices: 11 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the brown gravelly clay preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth 16 to 24 inches—indurated hardpan to withstand grazing pressure. 24 to 60 inches—variegated, stratified very • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the gravelly loam and gravelly sandy loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (5 to 12 inches) to on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant the claypan; shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the cover. 262 Soil Survey

• If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Elevation: 4,700 to 5,200 feet droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Climatic factors: • Seed on the contour to reduce erosion. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Cropland Frost-free period—70 to 110 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous 0 to 2 inches—very dark gray gravelly loam cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. A 2 to 11 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam suitable cropping system includes small grain and 11 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish summer fallow. brown gravelly clay • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and 16 to 24 inches—indurated hardpan border systems. 24 to 60 inches—variegated, stratified very • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for gravelly loam and gravelly sandy loam uniform application of water. Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (5 to 12 inches) to • To avoid exposing the claypan or the hardpan, land the claypan; shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the smoothing that involves only shallow cuts is best hardpan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to suited. bedrock • The depth to the hardpan and claypan limits rooting Drainage class: Well drained depth. Permeability: Slow • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the Available water capacity: About 2 inches buildup of a perched water table above the claypan. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Because of the slow permeability of the claypan, Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and irrigation water should be managed so that it does not 16 inches pond on the surface and damage crops. Characteristics of the Salisbury Soil • When the soil is dry, subsoiling or deep plowing to rip the hardpan can increase the effective rooting depth Position on landscape: Lake terraces and improve internal drainage. Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental source—tuff, basalt, rhyolite plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. Elevation: 4,700 to 5,200 feet • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the Climatic factors: high content of clay causes moisture stress. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Suitable management practices: Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Typical profile: • Apply water at a slow rate over a long period to 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown and very dark ensure that the root zone is properly wetted. grayish brown loam • Use minimum tillage and return crop residue to the 11 to 16 inches—dark brown clay soil to minimize compaction and improve soil tilth. 16 to 20 inches—dark brown clay loam • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing 20 to 28 inches—dark brown indurated hardpan vegetation. 28 to 43 inches—dark grayish brown strongly cemented hardpan 190B—Oxwall-Salisbury complex, 0 to 5 43 to 60 inches—yellowish brown silt loam percent slopes Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the claypan, very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the hardpan Composition Drainage class: Well drained Oxwall soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Permeability: Slow Salisbury soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Available water capacity: About 4 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and Characteristics of the Oxwall Soil 16 inches Position on landscape: Lake terraces Contrasting inclusions Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; source—rhyolite, tuff, volcanic ash • Lasere soils that are on adjacent hills or foot slopes Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 263

• Donica soils that are on alluvial fans on adjacent • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and lake terraces border systems. • Drews and Drewsgap soils that are on slightly lower • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for lying lake terraces uniform application of water. • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent • To avoid exposing the claypan or the hardpan, land smoothing that involves only shallow cuts is best Major Uses suited. Livestock grazing, cropland • The depth to the claypan and hardpan limits rooting depth. Major Management Factors • When the soils are dry, subsoiling or deep plowing to Oxwall soil—depth to the hardpan, depth to the rip the hardpan can increase the effective rooting depth claypan, permeability, available water capacity, and improve internal drainage. shrink-swell potential, water erosion • Use minimum tillage and return crop residue to the Salisbury soil—depth to the claypan, permeability, soil to minimize compaction and improve soil tilth. depth to the hardpan, water erosion, shrink-swell • Because of the slow permeability of the claypan, potential irrigation water needs to be managed so that it does not pond on the surface and damage crops. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Community plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. Oxwall soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the wheatgrass high content of clay causes moisture stress. Salisbury soil—Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, Suitable management practices: bluebunch wheatgrass • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Livestock Grazing • Apply water at a slow rate over a long period to ensure that the root zone is properly wetted. General management considerations: • Manage irrigation water to prevent the buildup of a • The claypan and hardpan in the Oxwall soil restrict perched water table above the claypan. rooting depth. • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. vegetation. • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Oxwall soil are the result of past erosion. • The low available water capacity of the Oxwall soil 191A—Ozamis loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes limits forage production and seedling survival. • The subsoil of the Oxwall and Salisbury soils Composition expands when wet and contracts when dry, which makes special design of fences necessary. Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The shallow depth to the hardpan in the Oxwall soil Contrasting inclusions—15 percent limits the placement of fenceposts. Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the Position on landscape: Stream bottoms and areas preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. adjacent to alluvial flats in lake basins • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the source—tuff, basalt surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Climatic factors: droughtiness and shrinking and swelling. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 14 inches • Seed on the contour to reduce erosion. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Cropland Typical profile: General management considerations: 0 to 10 inches—black loam • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous 10 to 34 inches—dark gray silt loam cropping is suitable only if the soils are irrigated. A 34 to 36 inches—very pale brown coarse pumice suitable cropping system includes small grain and sand summer fallow. 36 to 60 inches—dark gray very fine sandy loam 264 Soil Survey

Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to wetness and frost heaving and that provide cover for bedrock nesting waterfowl. Drainage class: Poorly drained Hayland Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • Wetness limits the period of access and the choice Depth to seasonal high water table: March through of hay and pasture plants. September—6 inches above the surface to 48 • Unless the soil is adequately drained, machinery inches below the surface; rest of year—more than compacts the surface layer and becomes embedded. 48 inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Frequency of flooding: Rare or occasional protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Contrasting inclusions steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Reese soils that are on adjacent, higher lying alluvial • Haying operations are restricted to periods late in flats in Warner and Chewaucan Valleys summer or early in fall because of seasonal wetness. • Crump soils that are on adjacent, lower lying alluvial • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants flats in Warner and Chewaucan Valleys are subject to winterkill and other damage. • Lakeview soils that are on adjacent stream terraces • This soil generally is not suited to growing trees and in Goose Lake Valley shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings. • Pit soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats Onsite investigation is needed to determine whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special treatment is Major Uses used. Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Major Management Factors 192A—Ozamis silty clay loam, 0 to 1 Wetness, frost action percent slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Tufted hairgrass, Nebraska sedge, Baltic rush, northern Contrasting inclusions—15 percent mannagrass, reedgrass Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins (see General management considerations: fig. 15, next page) • Because the water on the surface is from spring Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; alluvium; snowmelt, the amount and duration varies. source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Climatic factors: nesting for waterfowl. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 14 inches • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F and puddling of the surface. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The low precipitation limits forage production. Typical profile: • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of 0 to 10 inches—black silty clay loam moisture available for plant growth. 10 to 34 inches—dark gray silt loam • A high water table and ponding early in the growing 34 to 36 inches—very pale brown coarse pumice season restrict rooting depth. sand • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. 36 to 60 inches—dark gray very fine sandy loam Suitable management practices: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to bedrock prevent damage to the soil and plants. Drainage class: Poorly drained • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Permeability: Moderately slow Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 265

Livestock Grazing General management considerations: • Because the water on the surface is from spring snowmelt, the amount and duration varies. During years when the winters are wet, ponding lasts until midsummer or late in summer. During years when the winters are dry, ponding lasts for only short periods in spring. • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. • Grazing should be deferred during the period of nesting for waterfowl. • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction and puddling of the surface. • The low precipitation limits forage production. • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of moisture available for plant growth. • A high water table and ponding early in the growing season restrict rooting depth. Figure 15.—Area of Ozamis silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent • Because the surface layer is silty, the season of use slopes, on alluvial flats in foreground. Well drained begins later in summer because of increased water Drews loam on lake terraces in background. content. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Suitable management practices: Depth to seasonal high water table: March through • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to September—6 inches above the surface to 48 prevent damage to the soil and plants. inches below the surface; rest of year—more than • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 48 inches wetness and frost heaving and that provide cover for Frequency of flooding: Rare nesting waterfowl. Contrasting inclusions Hayland • Reese soils that are on slightly higher lying alluvial flats in Warner and Chewaucan Valleys and support General management considerations: dominantly alkali sacaton, inland saltgrass, and alkali • Wetness limits the period of access for haying bluegrass operations. • Crump soils that are on slightly lower lying alluvial • Unless the soil is adequately drained, machinery flats in Warner and Chewaucan Valleys and support compacts the soil surface layer and becomes dominantly sedges and cattails embedded. • Lakeview soils that are on adjacent stream terraces • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants in Goose Lake Valley and increases the risk of winterkill. • Pit soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats and • Haying operations are restricted to periods late in support dominantly spikerush, Baltic rush, dock, summer or early in fall because of seasonal wetness. povertyweed, and mat muhly • Because of a high potential for frost action, seedlings are subject to winterkill and other Major Uses damage. Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Major Management Factors material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Wetness, frost action, silty surface layer steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • This soil generally is not suited to growing trees and Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings. Community Onsite investigation is needed to determine whether Tufted hairgrass, Nebraska sedge, Baltic rush, northern trees and shrubs can be grown if special treatment is mannagrass, reedgrass used. 266 Soil Survey

193A—Ozamis silty clay, saline, 0 to 1 Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant percent slopes Community Alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali Composition cordgrass Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Livestock Grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife early in spring. Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins • The low precipitation and low available water Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; capacity of the surface layer limit forage production source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash and seedling survival. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Climatic factors: and puddling of the surface. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The moderately saline surface layer limits range Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F recovery and seedling survival. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The surface layer expands when wet and contracts Typical profile: when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. 0 to 9 inches—black silty clay • A high water table early in the growing season 9 to 12 inches—black clay loam restricts rooting depth. 12 to 19 inches—black silty clay • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of 19 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown loam moisture available for plant growth. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. bedrock Drainage class: Poorly drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Moderately slow • Allow the soil to adequately drain before grazing to Available water capacity: About 3 inches prevent damage to the soil and plants. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Depth to seasonal high water table: March through wetness, moderate salinity, and frost heaving. June—12 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 Hayland inches Frequency of flooding: Rare General management considerations: Salinity: Upper 9 inches—moderately saline; below this • Wetness limits the period of access for haying depth—slightly saline operations. • Unless the soil is adequately drained, machinery Contrasting inclusions compacts the surface layer and becomes embedded. • Crump soils that are on slightly lower lying alluvial • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants flats and increases the risk of winterkill. • Icene soils that are on slightly higher lying lake • The soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, which terraces limits the amount that is available to plants. • Reese soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of Major Uses noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Major Management Factors • Haying operations are restricted to periods late Salinity, wetness, available water capacity, frost in summer or early in fall because of seasonal action, clayey surface layer wetness. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 267

• Because of a high potential for frost action, plants Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F are subject to winterkill and other damage. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and Typical profile: environmental plantings are limited, and the seedling 0 to 8 inches—black muck mortality rate is severe because of the concentration 8 to 13 inches—black silt of salts. 13 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock 194A—Ozamis-Crump-Reese complex, 0 Drainage class: Very poorly drained to 1 percent slopes Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 14 inches Composition Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—35 percent to 42 inches below the surface throughout the Crump soil and similar inclusions—30 percent year Reese soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Frequency of flooding: Rare Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Load supporting capacity when wet: Low Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil Characteristics of the Reese Soil Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet tuff, basalt Climatic factors: Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Climatic factors: Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—90 to 110 days 0 to 9 inches—black silty clay Typical profile: 9 to 12 inches—black clay loam 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam 12 to 19 inches—black silty clay 4 to 10 inches—brown loam 19 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown loam 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 20 to 33 inches—brown loam bedrock 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy Drainage class: Poorly drained loam Permeability: Moderately slow 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam Available water capacity: About 3 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Hazard of erosion by water: Slight bedrock Depth to seasonal high water table: March through Drainage class: Poorly drained June—12 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 Permeability: Slow inches Available water capacity: About 1 inch Frequency of flooding: Rare Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Salinity: Upper 9 inches—moderately saline; below this Depth to seasonal high water table: November through depth—slightly saline August—12 inches above the surface to 24 inches below the surface; rest of year—more than 24 Characteristics of the Crump Soil inches Position on landscape: Concave areas on alluvial flats Frequency of flooding: Rare adjacent to open water areas in lake basins Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this Parent material: Kind—silty lacustrine sediment; depth—moderately saline or slightly saline source—tuff, basalt Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet depth—moderately sodic Climatic factors: Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches effervescent throughout 268 Soil Survey

Major Uses Suitable management practices: • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat prevent damage to the soil and plants. Major Management Factors • If the Ozamis soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate wetness, moderate salinity, and frost heaving. Ozamis soil—wetness, salinity, frost action, available • If the Crump soil is seeded, select plants that water capacity, clayey surface layer tolerate frost heaving and periods of inundation and Crump soil—wetness, frost action, load supporting that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. capacity • If the Reese soil is seeded, select plants that Reese soil—wetness, salinity, sodicity, permeability, tolerate periods of inundation, strong salinity, frost frost action, available water capacity heaving, and strong sodicity and that provide cover for Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant nesting waterfowl. Community Hayland Ozamis soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland General management considerations: saltgrass, alkali cordgrass • Wetness limits the period of access for haying Crump soil—sedges, rushes, cattails operations. Reese soil—unstable plant community • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental Livestock Grazing moisture for plants. • Wetness, salinity, and sodicity limit the choice of General management considerations: hay and pasture plants. • Because the water on the surface of the Crump and • Unless the soils are adequately drained, machinery Reese soils is from spring snowmelt, the amount and compacts the surface layer and becomes embedded. duration varies. During years when the winters are wet, • The Ozamis and Reese soils tie up large amounts of ponding lasts until midsummer or late in summer. phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available During years when the winters are dry, ponding lasts to plants. for only short periods in spring. • Because of the high content of organic matter in the • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. surface layer of the Crump soil, removing the plant • Grazing should be deferred during the period of cover when the soil is dry increases the risk of wind nesting for waterfowl. erosion. • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction of • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel the surface layer and poor tilth. and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of • A high water table during the growing season and noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, spring ponding restrict rooting depth. aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or • The low precipitation and low available water pipelines. capacity of the surface layer limit forage production • Haying operations are restricted to periods late and seedling survival. in summer or early in fall because of seasonal • Excess sodium in the Reese soil results in nutrient wetness. imbalances and a caustic root environment. • Because of the high potential for frost action, plants • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce are subject to winterkill and other damage. infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and • To minimize the risk of wind erosion on the Crump survival. soil, restrict disturbance of the surface and maintain • The strong sodicity and salinity of the surface layer plant cover. of the Reese soil severely limit range recovery and • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and seedling survival. environmental plantings on the Ozamis soil are limited, • The moderately salinity of the surface layer of the and the seedling mortality rate is severe because of Ozamis soil limits range recovery and seedling the concentration of salts. survival. • The Crump and Reese soils generally are not suited • The surface layer of the Ozamis soil expands when to growing trees and shrubs for windbreaks and wet and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear environmental plantings. Onsite investigation is needed plant roots. to determine whether trees and shrubs can be grown if • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. special treatment is used. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 269

195A—Ozamis-Reese complex, 0 to 1 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to percent slopes bedrock Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Slow Composition Available water capacity: About 1 inch Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Reese soil and similar inclusions—35 percent moderate Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: March through July—12 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil inches Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Frequency of flooding: Rare Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash depth—moderately saline or slightly saline Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this Climatic factors: depth—moderately sodic Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F effervescent throughout Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Contrasting inclusions Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—black loam • Crump soils that are on slightly lower lying alluvial 10 to 34 inches—dark gray silt loam flats 34 to 36 inches—very pale brown coarse pumice • Als soils that are on adjacent dunes sand • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake 36 to 60 inches—dark gray very fine sandy loam terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Major Uses bedrock Drainage class: Poorly drained Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Major Management Factors Available water capacity: About 4 inches Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Ozamis soil—wetness, frost action Depth to seasonal high water table: March through Reese soil—salinity, sodicity, wetness, permeability, September—6 inches above the surface to 48 available water capacity, frost action, wind erosion inches below the surface; rest of year—more than Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 48 inches Community Frequency of flooding: Rare Ozamis soil—tufted hairgrass, northern mannagrass, Characteristics of the Reese Soil Nebraska sedge, reedgrass, Baltic rush Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Reese soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— saltgrass, alkali cordgrass tuff, basalt Livestock Grazing Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Because the water on the surface of the Ozamis soil Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F is from spring snowmelt, the amount and duration Frost-free period—90 to 110 days varies. During years when the winters are wet, ponding Typical profile: lasts until midsummer or late in summer. During years 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very fine sandy when the winters are dry, ponding lasts for only short loam periods in spring. 4 to 10 inches—brown loam • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 20 to 33 inches—brown loam nesting for waterfowl. 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy • Grazing when the soils are wet results in compaction loam and puddling of the surface. 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam • The low precipitation limits forage production. 270 Soil Survey

• A seasonal high water table increases the amount of whether trees and shrubs can be grown if special moisture available for plant growth. treatment is used. • A high water table and ponding on the Ozamis soil • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and early in the growing season restrict the rooting depth. environmental plantings on the Reese soil are limited, • The strongly sodic and saline surface layer and low and the seedling mortality rate is severe because of available water capacity of the Reese soil limit range the concentration of salts. recovery and seedling survival. • Excess sodium in the Reese soil results in nutrient imbalances and a caustic root environment. 196C—Pait gravelly loam, 5 to 15 percent • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Reese slopes soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and survival. Composition • The Reese soil is subject to wind erosion if the Pait soil and similar inclusions—85 percent vegetation is removed or degraded and the soil surface Contrasting inclusions—15 percent is exposed. • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Characteristics of the Pait Soil Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: Fans and foot slopes below • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to escarpments prevent damage to the soil and plants. Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt • If the vegetation is removed from the Reese soil, Elevation: 4,500 to 5,000 feet range seeding is needed to control wind erosion. Climatic factors: • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • If the Ozamis soil is seeded, select plants that Typical profile: tolerate wetness and frost heaving and that provide 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly cover for nesting waterfowl. loam • If the Reese soil is seeded, select plants that 8 to 24 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly tolerate strong sodicity, strong salinity, droughtiness in loam summer, wetness, and frost heaving. 24 to 41 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam and very gravelly loamy sand Hayland 41 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly loamy General management considerations: sand • Wetness limits the period of access for haying Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to operations. bedrock • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants Drainage class: Well drained and increases the risk of winterkill. Permeability: Moderate • Unless the soils are adequately drained, machinery Available water capacity: About 4 inches compacts the surface layer and becomes embedded. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants Contrasting inclusions are subject to winterkill and other damage. • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, • Icene soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive terraces and have dominantly shadscale and black material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized greasewood in the potential plant community steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, lower • Haying operations are restricted to periods late in lying lake terraces and have dominantly summer or early in fall because of seasonal wetness. needleandthread and Indian ricegrass in the potential • The Ozamis soil generally is not suited to growing plant community trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental • Pait soils that have a stony loam or cobbly loam plantings. Onsite investigation is needed to determine surface layer Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 271

Major Uses 197E—Pait very cobbly loam, 5 to 30 Hay and pasture, livestock grazing percent slopes Major Management Factors Composition Available water capacity, rock fragments, water erosion Pait soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Community Characteristics of the Pait Soil Bottlebrush squirreltail, Thurber needlegrass, Indian Position on landscape: Fans and foot slopes below ricegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big escarpments sagebrush Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Livestock Grazing Elevation: 4,500 to 5,000 feet Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The low precipitation and low available water Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The high content of rock fragments restricts the Typical profile: placement of fenceposts. 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. cobbly loam Suitable management practices: 8 to 24 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate loam droughtiness. 24 to 41 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the loam and very gravelly loamy sand existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter 41 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly loamy on the surface. sand Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Cropland bedrock General management considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Permeability: Moderate cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Because of the slope, sprinkler irrigation is best Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe suited to this unit. Contrasting inclusions • Because of the low available water capacity, light and frequent applications of irrigation water are needed. • Icene soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake • The rock fragments in the surface layer cause rapid terraces and have dominantly shadscale and black wear of tillage equipment. greasewood in the potential plant community • Irrigation water management is needed to ensure • Mesman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and optimum production and to control deep percolation, have dominantly needleandthread and Indian ricegrass runoff, and water erosion. in the potential plant community • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental • Riddleranch soils that are on north-facing hillsides plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. and have dominantly Idaho fescue in the potential plant • The seedling mortality rate is moderate because of community the low available water capacity. • Old Camp soils that are on adjacent tablelands Suitable management practices: Major Use • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Livestock grazing • Reduce the risk of erosion by maintaining crop residue on the surface, stripcropping, farming across Major Management Factors the slope, and keeping the surface of the soil rough. • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing Available water capacity, cobbles on the surface, water vegetation. erosion 272 Soil Survey

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Characteristics of the Pait Soil Community Position on landscape: Slump benches that have Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, slopes of 1 to 15 percent Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt squirreltail (fig. 16) Elevation: 4,500 to 5,000 feet Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown very stony loam 8 to 24 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam 24 to 41 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam and very gravelly loamy sand 41 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly loamy sand Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Characteristics of the Icene Soil Figure 16.—Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass in an area of Pait very cobbly loam, 5 to 30 Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes percent slopes. This soil extends from the old shoreline of 0 to 1 percent of the Pleistocene lake to the basin floor. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— tuff, basalt Livestock Grazing Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • The low precipitation and low available water Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 • The high content of rock fragments in the soil degrees F restricts the placement of fenceposts. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy Suitable management practices: loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 5 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter 10 to 28 inches—dark brown loam on the surface. 28 to 65 inches—dark brown silt loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to droughtiness. bedrock; moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment 198C—Pait-Icene complex, 0 to 15 percent Drainage class: Moderately well drained slopes Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 1 inch Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Composition moderate Pait soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: February through Icene soil and similar inclusions—35 percent April—24 to 72 inches; rest of year—more than 72 Contrasting inclusions—15 percent inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 273

Salinity: Upper 10 inches—slightly saline or moderately noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, saline; below this depth—strongly saline galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Sodicity: Upper 10 inches—strongly sodic; below this or pipelines. depth—moderately sodic • The very stony surface layer of the Pait soil restricts Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other effervescent throughout methods such as broadcast seeding should be used. • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Contrasting inclusions Suitable management practices: • Helphenstein soils that are near the Icene soil, are • Delay grazing until the Icene soil is firm and the on adjacent, slightly lower lying lake terraces, and do preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. not have shadscale in the potential plant community • Minimize the risk of wind and water erosion by • Icene and Pait soils that have boulders scattered on preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, and the surface accumulating litter on the surface. Major Uses • If the Pait soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • If the Icene soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Major Management Factors droughtiness, slight or moderate salinity, and strong sodicity. Pait soil—available water capacity, stones on the surface, water erosion Icene soil—salinity, sodicity, available water capacity, 199E—Pearlwise loam, 2 to 30 percent permeability, depth to dense, consolidated slopes lacustrine sediment, wind erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Pearlwise soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Pait soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big Contrasting inclusions—15 percent sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, Characteristics of the Pearlwise Soil bottlebrush squirreltail Icene soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin Position on landscape: Tablelands and mountains wildrye Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— basalt, loess Livestock Grazing Elevation: 6,000 to 6,300 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • The low precipitation limits forage production and Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Frost-free period—50 to 70 days the Pait soil. Typical profile: • Excess sodium in the Icene soil results in nutrient 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam imbalances and a caustic root environment. 4 to 25 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Salts in the Icene soil reduce the amount of water 25 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly loam available to plants and restrict seedling survival. 35 inches—basalt • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Icene Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling emergence bedrock and survival. Drainage class: Well drained • The strongly sodic surface layer of the Icene soil Permeability: Moderate severely limits seedling survival. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • The dense, consolidated lacustrine sediment in the Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate or severe; by Icene soil restricts rooting depth. wind—moderate • The Icene soil is subject to wind erosion if the Contrasting inclusions vegetation is removed or degraded and the soil surface is exposed. • Rock outcrop • Because of the high corrosivity of the Icene soil to • Anawalt soils that are on tablelands and have low uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of sagebrush in the potential plant community 274 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to the Pearlwise soil but are Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F very gravelly or very cobbly throughout Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Soils that are similar to the Pearlwise soil but have Typical profile: bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy • Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent loam 3 to 12 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam Major Use 12 inches—tuff Livestock grazing Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Factors Permeability: Moderately slow Depth to bedrock, available water capacity, wind Available water capacity: About 2 inches erosion, slope Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Characteristics of the Itca Soil Community Position on landscape: Mountainsides that have slopes Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, mountain big of 5 to 15 percent sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— basalt, tuff Livestock Grazing Elevation: 4,600 to 5,800 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches limit the period of plant growth. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water Typical profile: impoundments. 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam 5 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Suitable management practices: 12 to 16 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 16 inches—basalt have achieved sufficient growth. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Drainage class: Well drained surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Permeability: Slow • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Available water capacity: About 1 inch droughtiness and a cool growing season. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Improve areas that are heavily infested with undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or Contrasting inclusions applying chemicals. • Rock outcrop • Bullump soils that are on north-facing mountainsides 200E—Pernog-Itca association, 5 to 30 • Nuss soils that are on hillsides and have dominantly percent slopes curlleaf mountainmahogany in the potential plant community • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more Composition than 30 percent Pernog soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Major Use Itca soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock grazing Characteristics of the Pernog Soil Major Management Factors Position on landscape: Mountainsides that have slopes Pernog soil—depth to bedrock, available water of 15 to 30 percent capacity, water erosion Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt Itca soil—depth to bedrock, stones and cobbles Elevation: 4,600 to 5,800 feet throughout, water erosion, available water capacity, Climatic factors: depth to the claypan, permeability, shrink-swell Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches potential Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 275

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—8 to 16 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 58 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Pernog soil—Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, Typical profile: bluebunch wheatgrass 0 to 5 inches—black silty clay Itca soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch 5 to 24 inches—black clay wheatgrass 24 to 40 inches—very dark grayish brown clay Livestock Grazing 40 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam General management considerations: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The surface layer of the Itca soil is saturated bedrock following snowmelt. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Permeability: Slow limit the period of plant growth. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • The bedrock and rock fragments restrict rooting Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight depth. Depth to water table: December through May—6 inches • The low available water capacity limits forage above the surface to 36 inches below the surface; production and seedling survival. rest of year—more than 36 inches • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Frequency of flooding: Rare Itca soil are the result of past erosion. Shrink-swell potential: Upper 40 inches—high • The shallow depth and rock fragments limit the placement of fenceposts and make special design of Contrasting inclusions fences necessary. • Ozamis soils that are on adjacent lake terraces • Cobbles on the surface of the Itca soil can restrict • Crump soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other lake terraces in Warner Valley and support dominantly methods such as broadcast seeding should be sedges, rushes, and cattails considered. • Reese soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying • Development of water impoundments is restricted by lake terraces in Warner Valley and have dominantly the shallow depth to bedrock. alkali sacaton, inland saltgrass, alkali cordgrass, and Suitable management practices: alkali bluegrass in the potential plant community • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Major Uses have achieved sufficient growth. • Delay grazing until the Itca soil is firm and the Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Major Management Factors • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Wetness, shrink-swell potential, permeability, frost surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. action, clayey surface layer • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant droughtiness and a cool growing season. Community Creeping wildrye, Nevada bluegrass, silver sagebrush, 201A—Pit silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes mat muhly, sedge Livestock Grazing Composition Pit soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Because the water on the surface is from spring snowmelt, the amount and duration varies. During Characteristics of the Pit Soil years when the winters are wet, ponding lasts until Position on landscape: Alluvial flats and flood plains in midsummer or late in summer. During years when the lake basins winters are dry, ponding lasts for only short periods in Parent material: Kind—alluvium over lacustrine spring. sediment; source—tuff, basalt • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Climatic factors: nesting for waterfowl. 276 Soil Survey

• Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F and puddling of the surface layer. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Typical profile: which can rip and tear plant roots and make special 0 to 5 inches—black silty clay loam design of fences necessary. 5 to 10 inches—black silty clay • A seasonal high water table during the growing 10 to 25 inches—black clay season and ponding in spring restrict rooting depth. 25 to 40 inches—very dark grayish brown clay • This soil is very sticky when wet. 40 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Suitable management practices: bedrock, very shallow (3 to 8 inches) to the clay • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to layer prevent damage to the soil and plants. Drainage class: Poorly drained • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Permeability: Slow shrinking and swelling, seasonal wetness, and frost Available water capacity: About 8 inches heaving and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Hayland Depth to water table (artificially lowered): December through May—6 to 48 inches; rest of year—more General management considerations: than 48 inches • Wetness limits the period of access for haying Frequency of flooding: Rare operations. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 5 and 40 • Unless the soil is adequately drained, machinery inches compacts the surface layer, causes puddling, and becomes embedded. Contrasting inclusions • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental • Ozamis soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and moisture for plants. support dominantly tufted hairgrass and Nebraska • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants sedge and increases the risk of winterkill. • Reese soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, lake terraces and support dominantly creeping wildrye protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Major Uses steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Hayland, cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • Haying operations are restricted to periods late in summer or early in fall because of seasonal wetness. Major Management Factors • Because of the high potential for frost action, plants Shrink-swell potential, permeability, slope, frost action are subject to winterkill and other damage. • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant plantings should be tolerant of wetness. Community Spikerush, dock, Baltic rush, povertyweed, mat muhly, 202A—Pit silty clay loam, drained, 0 to 1 bottlebrush squirreltail percent slopes Livestock Grazing General management considerations Composition • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife Pit soil and similar inclusions—85 percent early in spring. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction and puddling of the surface. Characteristics of the Pit Soil • Because this soil is nearly level, maintaining adequate drainage is difficult. Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Parent material: Kind—alluvium over lacustrine which makes special design of fences necessary. sediment; source—tuff, basalt • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Delay grazing until the soil is adequately drained and Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 277

is firm enough to withstand trampling by livestock. Characteristics of the Pit Soil • Maintain drainage ditches to remove surface water. Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Parent material: Kind—alluvium over lacustrine shrinking and swelling and frost heaving. sediment; source—tuff, basalt Cropland and Hayland Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. A Frost-free period—90 to 110 days suitable cropping system includes small grain and Typical profile: summer fallow. 0 to 5 inches—black silty clay • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and 5 to 25 inches—black clay border systems. 25 to 40 inches—very dark grayish brown clay • Because of the slow permeability, irrigation water 40 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay should be managed to prevent ponding. loam • A high water table early in the growing season Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. bedrock • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental Drainage class: Poorly drained moisture for hay and pasture plants. Permeability: Slow • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Available water capacity: About 8 inches which can rip and tear plant roots. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Depth to water table (artificially lowered): December protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive through May—6 to 48 inches; rest of year—more material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized than 48 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Frequency of flooding: Rare • Because of the high potential for frost action, plants Shrink-swell potential: Upper 40 inches—high are subject to winterkill and other damage. • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Contrasting inclusions plantings should be tolerant of wetness. • Ozamis soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and • Spring planting may be delayed because of wetness. support dominantly tufted hairgrass and Nebraska Suitable management practices: sedge • Maintain drainage systems to allow the soil to drain • Pit soils that have a silty clay loam surface layer more effectively. • Reese soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying • Maintain surface and subsurface drains to prevent lake terraces and support dominantly creeping wildrye ponding of soil surface, to keep the water table at Major Uses desired depths, and to allow for earlier access for haying operations. Cropland, hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Major Management Factors • Manage irrigation water to prevent ponding and a rise in the level of the water table. Shrink-swell potential, permeability, clayey surface • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing layer, frost action, slope vegetation. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community 203A—Pit silty clay, drained, 0 to 1 percent Spikerush, dock, Baltic rush, povertyweed, mat muhly, slopes bottlebrush squirreltail Livestock Grazing Composition General management considerations: Pit soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife Contrasting inclusions—15 percent early in spring. 278 Soil Survey

• Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction desired depths, and to allow for earlier access for and puddling of the surface. haying operations. • The low precipitation limits forage production and • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. seedling survival. • Manage irrigation water to prevent ponding and a rise • Because this soil is nearly level, maintaining in the level of the water table. adequate drainage is difficult. • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, vegetation. which makes special design of fences necessary. • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. 204A—Pit-Ozamis complex, drained, 0 to 1 Suitable management practices: percent slopes • Delay grazing until the soil is adequately drained and is firm enough to withstand trampling by livestock. Composition • Maintain drainage ditches to remove surface water. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Pit soil and similar inclusions—45 percent shrinking and swelling and frost heaving. Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Cropland and Hayland Characteristics of the Pit Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Parent material: Kind—alluvium over lacustrine cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. A sediment; source—tuff, basalt suitable cropping system includes small grain and Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet summer fallow. Climatic factors: • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches border systems. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Because of the slow permeability, irrigation water Frost-free period—90 to 110 days should be managed to prevent ponding. Typical profile: • A high water table early in the growing season 0 to 5 inches—black silty clay restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant hay and 5 to 25 inches—black clay pasture plants. 25 to 40 inches—very dark grayish brown clay • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental 40 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay moisture for hay and pasture plants. loam • The soil is very sticky when wet and very hard when Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to dry. bedrock • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, Drainage class: Poorly drained which can rip and tear plant roots. Permeability: Slow • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Available water capacity: About 8 inches protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Depth to water table: December through May—6 to 48 steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. inches; rest of year—more than 48 inches • Because of the high potential for frost action, plants Frequency of flooding: Rare are subject to winterkill and other damage. Shrink-swell potential: Upper 40 inches—high • Because the clayey surface layer is very sticky, machinery becomes embedded unless the soil is Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil adequately drained. Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Parent material: Kind—alluvium over lacustrine plantings should be tolerant of wetness. sediment; source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash • Spring planting may be delayed because of wetness. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Suitable management practices: Climatic factors: • Maintain the drainage systems to allow the soil to Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches drain more effectively. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Maintain surface and subsurface drains to prevent Frost-free period—90 to 110 days ponding of the surface, to keep the water table at Typical profile: Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 279

0 to 10 inches—black silty clay loam • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. 10 to 34 inches—dark gray silt loam Suitable management practices: 34 to 36 inches—very pale brown coarse pumice • Delay grazing until the soils are adequately drained sand and are firm enough to withstand trampling by 36 to 60 inches—dark gray very fine sandy loam livestock. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Maintain drainage ditches to remove surface water. bedrock • If the Pit soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Drainage class: Poorly drained shrinking and swelling and frost heaving. Permeability: Moderately slow • If the Ozamis soil is seeded, select plants that Available water capacity: About 5 inches tolerate frost heaving. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight Depth to water table: March through June—18 to 48 Cropland and Hayland inches; rest of year—more than 48 inches General management considerations: Frequency of flooding: Rare • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous Contrasting inclusions cropping is suitable only if the soils are irrigated. A suitable cropping system includes small grain and • Crump soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying summer fallow. alluvial flats and support dominantly sedges and • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and cattails border systems. • Reese soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying • Because of the slow permeability of the Pit soil, alluvial flats and support dominantly alkali sacaton, irrigation water needs to be managed to prevent inland saltgrass, and alkali bluegrass ponding of soil surface. • Pit soils that have a silty clay loam surface layer • The Pit soil expands when wet and contracts when Major Uses dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. • The surface of the Pit soil is very sticky when wet Cropland, hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat and very hard when dry. Major Management Factors • A high water table early in the growing season restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. Pit soil—shrink-swell potential, clayey surface layer, • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental slope, frost action, permeability moisture for hay and pasture plants. Ozamis soil—slope, frost action • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Community material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Pit soil—spikerush, dock, Baltic rush, povertyweed, • Because of the high potential for frost action, plants mat muhly, bottlebrush squirreltail are subject to winterkill and other damage. Ozamis soil—tufted hairgrass, Nebraska sedge, Baltic • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental rush, northern mannagrass, reedgrass plantings should be tolerant of wetness. Livestock Grazing • Spring planting may be delayed because of wetness. General management considerations: Suitable management practices: • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife • Maintain drainage systems to allow the soils to drain early in spring. more effectively. • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction • Maintain surface and subsurface drains to prevent and puddling of the surface. ponding of the soil surface, to keep the water table at • The low precipitation limits forage production and desired depths, and to allow for earlier access for seedling survival. haying operations. • Because the soils in this unit are nearly level, • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. maintaining adequate drainage is difficult. • Manage irrigation water to prevent ponding and a rise • The Pit soil expands when wet and contracts in the level of the water table. when dry, which makes special design of fences • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing necessary. vegetation. 280 Soil Survey

205A—Playas greasewood, Indian ricegrass, and spiny hopsage in the potential plant community Composition Major Use Playas—90 percent Wildlife habitat Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Playas Available water capacity, salinity, sodicity, seasonal Position on landscape: Basin floors that have slopes of wetness, permeability, wind erosion, shrink-swell 0 to 1 percent potential Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant tuff, basalt Community Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: None or annuals Mean annual precipitation—8 to 12 inches Livestock Grazing Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days General management considerations: Reference profile: • The unit provides habitat for wetland waterfowl in 0 to 6 inches—silty clay loam spring and early in summer. 6 to 60 inches—stratified silty clay and silty clay • Variable yearly ponding results in an unstable plant loam community. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient bedrock imbalances and a caustic root environment. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Dispersion and crusting of the surface reduce Permeability: Very slow infiltration. Hazard of erosion by wind: None to severe, depending • Because of the lack of vegetation, this unit is on the time of year subject to wind erosion late in summer and early in Depth to seasonal high water table: February through fall. September—12 inches above the surface to 12 inches below the surface; rest of year—more than 12 inches 205B—Playas, dissected Shrink-swell potential: High Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline Composition Sodicity: Strongly sodic Playas—85 percent Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Contrasting inclusions—15 percent effervescent throughout Characteristics of the Playas Contrasting inclusions Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes • Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent, slightly of 2 to 5 percent higher lying lake terraces and have black greasewood, Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— inland saltgrass, and basin wildrye in the potential plant tuff, basalt community Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Reese soils that are on slightly higher lying lake Climatic factors: terraces and have alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches inland saltgrass, and alkali cordgrass in the potential Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F plant community Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Als soils that are on adjacent sand dunes and have Reference profile: Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, black 0 to 6 inches—silty clay loam greasewood, fourwing saltbush, needleandthread, basin 6 to 60 inches—stratified silty clay and silty clay wildrye, spiny hopsage, and creeping wildrye in the loam potential plant community Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake bedrock terraces and have basin big sagebrush, black Drainage class: Poorly drained Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 281

Permeability: Very slow Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— moderate or severe Depth to seasonal high water table: February through April—24 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 inches Shrink-swell potential: High Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline Sodicity: Strongly sodic Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently effervescent throughout Contrasting features: • Reese soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and have alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland Figure 17.—Area of Playas-Helphenstein complex, 0 to 2 saltgrass, and alkali cordgrass in the potential plant percent slopes. The areas of Playas are barren, and the community Helphenstein soil supports vegetation. Major Use Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— tuff, basalt Wildlife habitat Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Major Management Factors Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Available water capacity, salinity, sodicity, seasonal Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F wetness, permeability, shrink-swell potential, Frost-free period—90 to 110 days slope, wind erosion Reference profile: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 0 to 6 inches—silty clay Community 6 to 60 inches—stratified silty clay and silty clay loam Little permanent vegetation Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Livestock Grazing bedrock Drainage class: Poorly drained General management considerations: Permeability: Very slow • Because of the slope and the lack of vegetation, this Hazard of erosion by wind: None to severe, depending unit is subject to wind and water erosion. on the time of year • Excess sodium results in nutrient imbalances and a Depth to seasonal high water table: February through caustic root environment. September—12 inches above the surface to 12 • Dispersion and crusting of the surface reduce inches below the surface; rest of year—more than infiltration. 12 inches Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline 206A—Playas-Helphenstein complex, 0 to Sodicity: Strongly sodic 2 percent slopes Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently effervescent throughout Composition Characteristics of the Helphenstein Soil Playas and similar inclusions—55 percent Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes Helphenstein soil and similar inclusions—30 percent of 0 to 2 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— tuff, basalt Characteristics of the Playas Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Position on landscape: Basin floors that have slopes of Climatic factors: 0 to 1 percent (fig. 17) Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches 282 Soil Survey

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Livestock Grazing Frost-free period—90 to 110 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • Variable yearly ponding on the Playas results in an 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy unstable plant community. loam • The areas of Playas provide habitat for wetland 7 to 36 inches—brown loam wildlife in spring and early in summer. 36 to 50 inches—dark brown silt loam • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 50 to 55 inches—brown silt loam nesting for waterfowl. 55 to 65 inches—light gray and brown very fine • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction sandy loam and silt loam and puddling of the surface. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • The low precipitation and low available water bedrock capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • The strongly sodic surface layer severely limits Permeability: Slow range recovery and seedling survival. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— imbalances and a caustic root environment. moderate • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce Depth to seasonal high water table: February through infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and April—24 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 survival. inches • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Salinity: Slightly saline and restrict seedling survival. Sodicity: Strongly sodic • Because of the fine sandy loam surface layer and Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently the poor structure of the Helphenstein soil, wind effervescent in the upper part erosion is a concern when the soil is dry. Contrasting inclusions • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of • Icene soils that are on slightly higher lying lake noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, terraces and have shadscale, black greasewood, spiny aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or hopsage, basin wildrye, creeping wildrye, and saltgrass pipelines. in the potential plant community • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. • Reese soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and • Trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and have alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland saltgrass, environmental plantings are limited, and the seedling and alkali cordgrass in the potential plant community mortality rate is severe because of the concentration • Als soils that are on adjacent sand dunes and have of salts. Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, black greasewood, fourwing saltbush, needleandthread, basin Suitable management practices: wildrye, spiny hopsage, and creeping wildrye in the • Delay grazing in spring until the Helphenstein soil is potential plant community firm and the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Major Uses • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Major Management Factors • If the Helphenstein soil is seeded, select plants that Playas—wind erosion, available water capacity, tolerate droughtiness in summer, strong sodicity, and salinity, sodicity, seasonal wetness, permeability, slight salinity. shrink-swell potential Helphenstein soil—available water capacity, salinity, sodicity, permeability, wind erosion 207C—Polander sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Composition Helphenstein soil—black greasewood, basin wildrye, Polander soil and similar inclusions—85 percent inland saltgrass Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 283

Characteristics of the Polander Soil Suitable management practices: • To minimize compaction and displacement, use Position on landscape: Mountainsides designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— equipment, log in areas that are covered with a pyroclastic rock minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when soils Climatic factors: are wet. Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F the content of moisture and organic matter in the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days surface layer. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches— December through March; more than 48 inches—January and February 208E—Polander sandy loam, 15 to 40 Typical profile: percent north slopes 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy Composition loam 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam Polander soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 50 inches—highly weathered tuff Characteristics of the Polander Soil Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Position on landscape: Mountainsides Permeability: Moderately rapid Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Available water capacity: About 6 inches pyroclastic rock Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet Climatic factors: Contrasting inclusions Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches • Mound, Rogger, and Twelvemile soils that are on Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F adjacent mountainsides Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but have Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches through March; more than 48 inches—January and February Major Use Typical profile: Woodland 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy Major Management Factors loam None 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 50 inches—highly weathered tuff Community Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, Drainage class: Well drained heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 6 inches Woodland Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Contrasting inclusions increment: 55 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 50 and 57 cubic feet per • Mound, Rogger, and Twelvemile soils that are on acre per year for white fir at age 70 adjacent mountainsides Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 172 board feet per acre • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but have per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 more than 35 percent rock fragments throughout General management considerations: • Soils on south-facing slopes • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but have • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 284 Soil Survey

Major Use 209E—Polander sandy loam, 15 to 40 Woodland percent south slopes Major Management Factors Composition Slope, water erosion Polander soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Community Characteristics of the Polander Soil White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, Position on landscape: Mountainsides heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— Woodland pyroclastic rock Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Climatic factors: increment: 55 cubic feet per acre per year for Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches ponderosa pine at age 50 and 57 cubic feet per Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F acre per year for white fir at age 70 Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 172 board feet per acre Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 through March; more than 48 inches—January and February General management considerations: Typical profile: • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy • Cuts and fills are stable. loam • Accumulations of snow can bend and break small 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam trees 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a 50 inches—highly weathered tuff buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Management of these areas should be designed to Drainage class: Well drained minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Permeability: Moderately rapid skidded through riparian areas. Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Hazard of erosion by water: Severe to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Contrasting inclusions Suitable management practices: • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, • Mound, Rogger, and Twelvemile soils that are on use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground adjacent mountainsides equipment, log in areas that are covered with a • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but have minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen more than 35 percent rock fragments throughout surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil • Soils on south-facing slopes is wet. • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but have • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches the content of moisture and organic matter in the Major Use surface layer. • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Woodland equipment causes soil compaction and Major Management Factors disturbance and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil surface to reduce sheet and rill Slope, water erosion erosion. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Community temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, the soil surface. heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 285

Woodland Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Characteristics of the Polander Soil increment: 55 cubic feet per acre per year for Position on landscape: Mountainsides ponderosa pine at age 50 and 57 cubic feet per Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— acre per year for white fir at age 70 pyroclastic rock Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 172 board feet per acre Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches • Soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty than Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F those on north-facing slopes. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December survival. through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. February • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. Typical profile: • Cuts and fills are stable. 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy trees. loam • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam Management of these areas should be designed to 50 inches—highly weathered tuff minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock skidded through riparian areas. Drainage class: Well drained • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Permeability: Moderately rapid to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Available water capacity: About 6 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Suitable management practices: • Use shade cards to increase seedling survival. Characteristics of the Twelvemile Soil • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Position on landscape: Mountainsides use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— equipment, log in areas that are covered with a rhyolite minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil Climatic factors: is wet. Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F the content of moisture and organic matter in the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days surface layer. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy through March; more than 48 inches—January and equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance February and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Typical profile: surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed conifer • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and needles temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly fine scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on sandy loam the soil surface. 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly fine sandy loam 210E—Polander-Twelvemile-Mound 24 to 37 inches—brown very cobbly fine sandy complex, 15 to 40 percent north slopes loam 37 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Polander soil and similar inclusions—35 percent bedrock Twelvemile soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Mound soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid 286 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: About 4 inches pine, common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler Hazard of erosion by water: Severe bluegrass Characteristics of the Mound Soil Woodland Position on landscape: Mountainsides Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Parent material: Kind—colluvium over residuum; increment: Polander soil—55 cubic feet per acre source—basalt, tuff per year for ponderosa pine at age 50 and 57 cubic Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; Climatic factors: Twelvemile soil—62 cubic feet per acre per year for Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches ponderosa pine at age 50 and 64 cubic feet per Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F acre per year for white fir at age 70; Mound soil— Frost-free period—50 to 70 days 69 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December at age 40 and 64 cubic feet per acre per year for through March; more than 48 inches—January and white fir at age 70 February Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Polander soil—172 Typical profile: board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa age 160; Twelvemile soil—198 board feet per acre pine needles, cones, and limbs per year for ponderosa pine at age 160; Mound 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony soil—225 board feet per acre per year for loam ponderosa pine at age 150 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam General management considerations: 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam Polander soil are soft, on the Twelvemile soil are firm, 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff and on the Mound soil are slippery and sticky. 45 inches—brown tuff • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Polander Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock and Twelvemile soils are dusty. Drainage class: Well drained • When dry, cuts and fills on the Twelvemile soil ravel. Permeability: Slow • When wet, cuts and fills on the Mound soil slough. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • The clayey layer in the Mound soil restricts Hazard of erosion by water: Severe permeability. Contrasting inclusions • The rock fragments on the surface of the Mound soil can make tree planting and the operation of ground • Rogger soils that are on adjacent mountainsides seeding equipment difficult. • Winterim soils that are on adjacent mountainsides at • The rock fragments on the Twelvemile soil make tree lower elevations planting difficult. • Soils on south-facing slopes • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. more than 40 percent Management of these areas should be designed to • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Major Use skidded through riparian areas. • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Woodland trees. Major Management Factors • Because the Twelvemile soil is droughty, larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or Polander soil—slope, water erosion additional plantings may be needed. Twelvemile soil—slope, water erosion, available water • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 capacity, rock fragments to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Mound soil—slope, water erosion, permeability, stones on the surface Suitable management practices: • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Community equipment, log in areas that are covered with a Polander, Twelvemile, and Mound soils—ponderosa minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 287

surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the Characteristics of the Twelvemile Soil soils are wet. Position on landscape: Mountainsides • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock rhyolite fragments in the surface layer. Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Climatic factors: equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, through March; more than 48 inches—January and scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on February the soil surface. Typical profile: • Reduce the risk of soil erosion and displacement by 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed conifer needles limiting vehicle access on the Mound soil to periods 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly fine when the soil is dry or frozen. sandy loam 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown very 211E—Polander-Twelvemile-Mound gravelly fine sandy loam complex, 15 to 40 percent south slopes 24 to 37 inches—brown very cobbly fine sandy loam 24 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Polander soil and similar inclusions—35 percent bedrock Twelvemile soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Mound soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: About 4 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Characteristics of the Polander Soil Characteristics of the Mound Soil Position on landscape: Mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Position on landscape: Mountainsides pyroclastic rock Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet basalt, tuff Climatic factors: Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches Climatic factors: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Mean annual precipitation—18 to 32 inches Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Frost-free period—50 to 70 days through March; more than 48 inches—January and Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December February through March; more than 48 inches—January and Typical profile: February 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles Typical profile: 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed ponderosa loam pine needles, cones, and limbs 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam 0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown stony 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam loam 50 inches—highly weathered tuff 13 to 18 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock 18 to 29 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay Drainage class: Well drained 29 to 42 inches—dark brown clay loam Permeability: Moderately rapid 42 to 45 inches—brown partially weathered tuff Available water capacity: About 6 inches 45 inches—brown tuff Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock 288 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained permeability. Permeability: Slow • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Available water capacity: About 5 inches Polander soil are soft, on the Twelvemile soil are firm, Hazard of erosion by water: Severe and on the Mound soil are slippery and sticky. • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Polander Contrasting inclusions and Twelvemile soils are dusty. • Rogger soils that are on adjacent mountainsides • When wet, cuts and fills on the Mound soil slough. • Winterim soils that are on adjacent mountainsides at • When dry, cuts and fills on the Twelvemile soil ravel. lower elevations • The rock fragments on the surface of the Mound soil • Soils on north-facing slopes can make tree planting and the operation of ground • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or seeding equipment difficult. more than 40 percent • The rock fragments on the surface of the Twelvemile • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 soil make tree planting difficult. inches • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small trees. Major Use • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Woodland buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. Management of these areas should be designed to Major Management Factors minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Polander soil—slope, water erosion skidded through riparian areas. Twelvemile soil—slope, water erosion, available water • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 capacity, rock fragments to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Mound soil—slope, water erosion, permeability, stones Suitable management practices: on the surface • Use shade cards to increase seedling survival. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Community use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment, log in areas that are covered with a Polander, Twelvemile, and Mound soils—white fir, minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen ponderosa pine, common snowberry, heartleaf surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the arnica, Wheeler bluegrass soils are wet. Woodland • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual fragments in the surface layer. increment: Polander soil—55 cubic feet per acre • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy per year for ponderosa pine at age 50 and 57 cubic equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Twelvemile soil—62 cubic feet per acre per year for surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. ponderosa pine at age 50 and 64 cubic feet per • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and acre per year for white fir at age 70; Mound soil— temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 69 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on at age 40 and 64 cubic feet per acre per year for the soil surface. white fir at age 70 • Reduce the risk of soil erosion and minimize Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Polander soil—172 displacement on the Mound soil by limiting vehicle board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at access to periods when the soil is dry or frozen. age 160; Twelvemile soil—198 board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 160; Mound soil—225 board feet per acre per year for 212C—Polander-Xerolls complex, 0 to 15 ponderosa pine at age 150 percent slopes General management considerations: • Soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty than Composition those on north-facing slopes. • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling Polander soil and similar inclusions—45 percent survival. Xerolls and similar inclusions—45 percent • The clayey layer in the Mound soil restricts Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 289

Characteristics of the Polander Soil more than 35 percent rock fragments throughout • Rock outcrop Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but have Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more pyroclastic rock Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet Major Uses Climatic factors: Polander soil—woodland Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches Xerolls—livestock grazing Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Major Management Factors Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Polander soil—none through March; more than 48 inches—January and Xerolls—depth to bedrock, rock fragments, available February water capacity in some areas Typical profile: 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy Community loam Polander soil—white fir, ponderosa pine, common 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam Xerolls—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, 50 inches—highly weathered tuff common snowberry, mountain big sagebrush Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Livestock Grazing Permeability: Moderately rapid Xerolls Available water capacity: About 6 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Characteristics of the Xerolls limit the period of plant growth. Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— areas of the unit. andesite, basalt, tuff • The depth to bedrock in some areas restricts rooting Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet depth and placement of fenceposts. Climatic factors: • The low available water capacity limits forage Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches production and seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The extremely stony surface layer restricts Frost-free period—50 to 70 days the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December methods such as broadcast seeding should be through March used. Reference profile: • The rock fragments on the surface limit placement of 0 to 4 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam fenceposts. 4 to 11 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam • Trees on the Polander soil provide shade and shelter 11 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely for livestock. cobbly loam Suitable management practices: 27 inches—basalt • Delay grazing until summer when forage plants have Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to achieved sufficient growth. bedrock • Minimize the risk of erosion by maintaining the plant Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained and cover, accumulating litter on the soil surface, seeding, well drained and preserving the existing plant cover. Permeability: Moderately rapid to moderately slow • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Available water capacity: About 4 inches short, cool growing season. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight and moderate Woodland Contrasting inclusions Polander soil • Mound, Rogger, and Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent mountainsides Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but are increment: 55 cubic feet per acre per year for 290 Soil Survey

ponderosa pine at age 50 and 57 cubic feet per Available water capacity: About 6 inches acre per year for white fir at age 70 Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 172 board feet per acre Characteristics of the Xerolls per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Position on landscape: Mountainsides General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. andesite, basalt, tuff • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet • Construction of roads and skid trails is difficult Climatic factors: because of the stones on the surface of the Xerolls. Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches Suitable management practices: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees • To minimize compaction and displacement, use Frost-free period—50 to 70 days designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December equipment, log in areas that are covered with a through March minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Reference profile: surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil 0 to 4 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam is wet. 4 to 11 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to 11 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock cobbly loam fragments in the surface layer. 27 inches—basalt Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to bedrock 213E—Polander-Xerolls complex, 15 to 40 Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained and percent north slopes well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid to moderately slow Composition Available water capacity: About 4 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Polander soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Xerolls and similar inclusions—45 percent Contrasting inclusions Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Mound, Rogger, and Twelvemile soils that are on Characteristics of the Polander Soil adjacent mountainsides • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but are Position on landscape: Mountainsides more than 35 percent rock fragments throughout Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Rock outcrop pyroclastic rock • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but have Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Climatic factors: Major Uses Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees Polander soil—woodland Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Xerolls—livestock grazing Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Major Management Factors through March; more than 48 inches—January and February Polander soil—slope, water erosion Typical profile: Xerolls—slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock in 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles some areas; rock fragments in some areas, 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy available water capacity in some areas loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam Community 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam 50 inches—highly weathered tuff Polander soil—white fir, ponderosa pine, common Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Drainage class: Well drained Xerolls—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Permeability: Moderately rapid common snowberry, mountain big sagebrush Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 291

Livestock Grazing • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. Xerolls Management of these areas should be designed to General management considerations: minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season skidded through riparian areas. limit the period of plant growth. Suitable management practices: • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, areas of this unit. use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground • The depth to bedrock in some areas of the Xerolls equipment, log in areas that are covered with a restricts rooting depth and the placement of minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen fenceposts. surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil • The low available water capacity in some areas of is wet. the Xerolls limits forage production and seedling • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to survival. the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock • The extremely stony surface layer restricts the fragments in the surface layer. operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy such as broadcast seeding should be used. equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance • The rock fragments on the surface limit placement of and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil fenceposts. surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • The trees on the Polander soil provide shade and • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and shelter for livestock. temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, • The growing season on the north-facing slopes scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on begins later in spring and moisture is available until the soil surface. later in summer on these slopes than on the south- facing slopes. Suitable management practices: 214E—Polander-Xerolls complex, 15 to 40 • Delay grazing until summer when forage plants have percent south slopes achieved sufficient growth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by maintaining the plant Composition cover, accumulating litter on the surface, seeding, and Polander soil and similar inclusions—45 percent preserving the existing plant cover. Xerolls and similar inclusions—45 percent • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Contrasting inclusions—10 percent short, cool growing season. Characteristics of the Polander Soil Woodland Polander soil Position on landscape: Mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual pyroclastic rock increment: 55 cubic feet per acre per year for Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet ponderosa pine at age 50 and 57 cubic feet per Climatic factors: acre per year for white fir at age 70 Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 172 board feet per acre Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Frost-free period—50 to 70 days General management considerations: Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. February • Cuts and fills are stable. Typical profile: • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles to allow for long-term establishment of plants. 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small loam trees. 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam • The rock fragments on the surface of the Xerolls 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam restrict the placement and construction of roads and 50 inches—highly weathered tuff skid trails. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock 292 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained Xerolls—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Permeability: Moderately rapid sagebrush, western juniper Available water capacity: About 6 inches Livestock Grazing Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Xerolls Characteristics of the Xerolls General management considerations: Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— limit the period of plant growth. andesite, basalt, tuff • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet areas of this unit. Climatic factors: • The depth to bedrock in some areas restricts rooting Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches depth and placement of fenceposts. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees • The low available water capacity in some areas Frost-free period—50 to 70 days limits forage production and seedling survival. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • The extremely stony surface layer in some areas through March restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Reference profile: Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be 0 to 4 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam used. 4 to 11 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam • The shallow depth and rock fragments on the surface 11 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely limit placement of fenceposts. cobbly loam • The growing season begins earlier on the south- 27 inches—basalt facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes; however, Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to droughtiness is a limitation earlier in the growing bedrock season on the south-facing slopes. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained and • Trees on the Polander soil provide shade and shelter well drained for livestock. Permeability: Moderately rapid to moderately slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches Suitable management practices: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Delay grazing until summer when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Contrasting Inclusions • Minimize the risk of erosion by maintaining the plant • Mound, Rogger, and Twelvemile soils that are on cover, accumulating litter on the surface, seeding, and adjacent mountainsides preserving the existing plant cover. • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but are • If these soils are seeded, select plants that tolerate more than 35 percent rock fragments throughout a short, cool growing season. • Soils on north-facing slopes Woodland • Rock outcrop • Soils that are similar to the Polander soil but have Polander soil bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Major Uses increment: 55 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 50; 57 cubic feet per acre Polander soil—woodland per year for white fir at age 70 Xerolls—livestock grazing Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 172 board feet per acre Major Management Factors per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Polander soil—slope, water erosion General management considerations: Xerolls—slope; water erosion; depth to bedrock, rock • The soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty fragments, and available water capacity in some than those on north-facing slopes. areas • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling survival. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are soft. Community • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. Polander soil—white fir, ponderosa pine, common • Cuts and fills are stable. snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 293

buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 19 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly loamy Management of these areas should be designed to sand minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to the hardpan; skidded through riparian areas. very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock • The rock fragments on the surface of the Xerolls Drainage class: Well drained restrict the placement and construction of roads and Permeability: Slow above the hardpan; very rapid below skid trails. the hardpan • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Available water capacity: About 2 inches to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 15 Suitable management practices: inches • Use shade cards to increase seedling survival. Carbonates: Between depths of 13 and 15 inches— • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, strongly effervescent; below this depth—violently use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground effervescent equipment, log in areas that are covered with a minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Contrasting Inclusions surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the • Coglin soils that are on tablelands and have black soils are wet. sagebrush in the potential plant community • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to • Floke soils that are on tablelands and have low the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock sagebrush in the potential plant community fragments in the surface layer. • Rock outcrop • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance • Soils that are similar to the Ratto soil but have a and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil hardpan at a depth of 20 to 40 inches surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Major Use temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Livestock grazing scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. Major Management Factors Available water capacity, depth to the hardpan, 215C—Ratto very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 permeability, shrink-swell potential, water erosion percent slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Composition Bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Ratto soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Sandberg bluegrass Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Livestock Grazing Characteristics of the Ratto Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Tablelands • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff limit the period of plant growth. Elevation: 4,800 to 5,500 feet • The hardpan restricts rooting depth. Climatic factors: • The low available water capacity limits forage Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches production and seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts Frost-free period—50 to 70 days and makes special design of fences necessary. Typical profile: • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very when dry, which makes special design of fences cobbly loam necessary. 3 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam • A potential for seepage below the pan limits 9 to 13 inches—brown clay loam construction of water impoundments. 13 to 15 inches—brown gravelly clay loam • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 15 to 19 inches—indurated very gravelly hardpan protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 294 Soil Survey

material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Contrasting Inclusions steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Floke soils that are on tablelands and have low Suitable management practices: sagebrush in the potential plant community • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Soils that are similar to the Ratto soil but have a have achieved sufficient growth. hardpan at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Use existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Livestock grazing • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Major Management Factors shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool growing season. Available water capacity, depth to the hardpan, permeability, shrink-swell potential, water erosion 216C—Ratto very gravelly sandy loam, Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant low precipitation, 2 to 15 percent Community slopes Wyoming big sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, Thurber needlegrass, needleandthread Composition Livestock Grazing Ratto soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The low precipitation and low available water Characteristics of the Ratto Soil capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • The hardpan restricts rooting depth. Position on landscape: Tablelands • The shallow depth limits placement of fenceposts Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff and makes special design of fences necessary. Elevation: 4,800 to 5,200 feet • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Climatic factors: when dry, which makes special design of fences Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches necessary. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • A potential for seepage below the hardpan limits Frost-free period—70 to 90 days construction of water impoundments. Typical profile: • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive gravelly sandy loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 3 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 9 to 13 inches—brown clay loam • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. 13 to 15 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Suitable management practices: 15 to 19 inches—indurated gravelly hardpan • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 19 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly loamy existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the sand surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to the hardpan; • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool Drainage class: Well drained growing season. Permeability: Slow above the hardpan; very rapid below the hardpan Available water capacity: About 2 inches 217C—Ratto-Coglin complex, 2 to 15 Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— percent slopes slight or moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 15 Composition inches Carbonates: Between depths of 13 and 15 inches— Ratto soil and similar inclusions—55 percent strongly effervescent; below this depth—violently Coglin soil and similar inclusions—30 percent effervescent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 295

Characteristics of the Ratto Soil Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 2 and 7 inches Position on landscape: Tablelands Carbonates: Between depths of 16 and 60 inches— Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff strongly effervescent Elevation: 4,900 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Floke soils that are on tablelands and have low Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F sagebrush in the potential plant community Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Soils that are similar to the Coglin soil but have Typical profile: bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 40 to 60 inches 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very • Soils that are similar to the Ratto soil but have cobbly loam bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 8 to 12 inches or 3 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam more than 20 inches 9 to 13 inches—brown clay loam 13 to 15 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Major Use 15 to 19 inches—indurated very gravelly hardpan Livestock grazing 19 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly loamy sand Major Management Factors Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to the hardpan; Ratto soil—available water capacity, depth to the very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock hardpan, permeability, shrink-swell potential, water Drainage class: Well drained erosion Permeability: Slow above the hardpan; very rapid below Coglin soil—stones on the surface, calcareous layer, the hardpan permeability, water erosion, shrink-swell potential, Available water capacity: About 2 inches depth to the claypan Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 15 Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant inches Community Carbonates: Between depths of 13 and 15 inches— strongly effervescent; below this depth—violently Ratto soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big effervescent sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass Coglin soil—black sagebrush, bottlebrush squirreltail, Characteristics of the Coglin Soil Sandberg bluegrass (fig. 18) Position on landscape: Tablelands Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— basalt, tuff Elevation: 4,900 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: 0 to 2 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam 2 to 7 inches—dark brown clay 7 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam 16 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam Depth class: Very shallow (2 to 5 inches) to the claypan; very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Depth to secondary lime: 10 to 30 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Figure 18.—Black sagebrush, bottlebrush squirreltail, and Available water capacity: About 4 inches Sandberg bluegrass on the Coglin soil in an area of Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Ratto-Coglin complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes. 296 Soil Survey

Livestock Grazing 218C—Ratto-Coglin complex, low General management considerations: precipitation, 2 to 15 percent slopes • Seeding areas of the more favorable Ratto soil in this unit is difficult because of the pattern in which they Composition occur with areas of the Coglin soil. Ratto soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Coglin soil and similar inclusions—35 percent limit the period of plant growth. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The calcareous lower layer and claypan in the Coglin soil restrict rooting depth. Characteristics of the Ratto Soil • The surface layer of the Coglin soil is saturated Position on landscape: Tablelands following snowmelt. Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff • The hardpan in the Ratto soil restricts rooting depth. Elevation: 4,800 to 5,200 feet • The low available water capacity limits forage Climatic factors: production and seedling survival. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The shallow depth of the Ratto soil limits placement Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F of fenceposts. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Crusting of the surface of the Coglin soil reduces Typical profile: infiltration and restricts seedling emergence and 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very survival. gravelly sandy loam • The extremely stony surface layer of the Coglin soil 3 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. 9 to 13 inches—brown clay loam Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be 13 to 15 inches—brown gravelly clay loam used. 15 to 19 inches—indurated very gravelly hardpan • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the 19 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly loamy Coglin soil are the result of past erosion. sand • The shallow depth of the Ratto soil limits placement Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to the hardpan; of fenceposts and makes special design of fences very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock necessary. Drainage class: Well drained • The soils in this unit expand when wet and contract Permeability: Slow above the hardpan; very rapid below when dry, which makes special design of fences the hardpan necessary. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • A potential for seepage below the hardpan in the Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— Ratto soil limits construction of water impoundments. slight or moderate • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 15 protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive inches material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Carbonates: Between depths of 13 and 15 inches— steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. strongly effervescent; below this depth—violently Suitable management practices: effervescent • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Characteristics of the Coglin Soil have achieved sufficient growth. • Delay grazing until the Coglin soil is firm and the Position on landscape: Tablelands preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the basalt, tuff existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Elevation: 4,800 to 5,200 feet surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Climatic factors: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F growing season. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 297

Typical profile: unit is difficult because of the pattern in which they 0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely occur with areas of the Coglin soil. stony loam • The calcareous lower layer and claypan in the Coglin 2 to 7 inches—dark brown clay soil restrict rooting depth. 7 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay • The surface layer of the Coglin soil is saturated loam following snowmelt. 16 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay • The hardpan in the Ratto soil restricts rooting depth. loam • The shallow depth of the Ratto soil limits placement Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to of fenceposts. bedrock, very shallow (2 to 5 inches) to the • Crusting of the surface of the Coglin soil reduces claypan infiltration and restricts seedling emergence and Depth to secondary lime: 10 to 30 inches survival. Drainage class: Well drained • The extremely stony surface layer of the Coglin soil Permeability: Slow restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Available water capacity: About 4 inches Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate used. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 2 and 7 • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the inches Coglin soil are the result of past erosion. Carbonates: Between depths of 16 and 60 inches— • The soils in this unit expand when wet and contract strongly effervescent when dry, which makes special design of fences necessary. Contrasting Inclusions • A potential for seepage below the hardpan in the • Floke soils that are on tablelands and have low Ratto soil limits construction of water impoundments. sagebrush in the potential plant community • This unit is suited to winter grazing. • Soils that are similar to the Coglin soil but have Suitable management practices: bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Delay grazing until the Coglin soil is firm and the • Soils that are similar to the Ratto soil but have preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 8 to 12 inches or • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the more than 20 inches existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Use surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Livestock grazing shrinking and swelling, droughtiness, and a cool Major Management Factors growing season. Ratto soil—available water capacity, depth to the hardpan, permeability, shrink-swell potential, water 219D—Raz-Brace complex, 2 to 20 erosion percent slopes Coglin soil—stones on the surface, calcareous layer, permeability, water erosion, shrink-swell potential, Composition depth to the claypan Raz soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Brace soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Ratto soil—Wyoming big sagebrush, needleandthread, Characteristics of the Raz Soil Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass Coglin soil—black sagebrush, bottlebrush squirreltail, Position on landscape: Tablelands Sandberg bluegrass Parent material: Kind—colluvium and alluvium; source—tuff, basalt Livestock Grazing Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • The low precipitation and low available water Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Seeding areas of the more favorable Ratto soil in this Frost-free period—50 to 70 days 298 Soil Survey

Typical profile: Brace soil—calcareous layer, available water capacity, 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam depth to the hardpan, depth to bedrock, water 3 to 13 inches—dark brown cobbly clay loam erosion 13 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant clay loam Community 18 to 21 inches—indurated hardpan 21 inches—basalt Raz soil—Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big Depth class: Shallow (10 to 18 inches) to the hardpan; sagebrush, bottlebrush squirreltail, Indian moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock ricegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass Drainage class: Well drained Brace soil—Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Permeability: Moderately slow Wyoming big sagebrush Available water capacity: About 2 inches Livestock Grazing Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate General management considerations: Characteristics of the Brace Soil • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Position on landscape: Tablelands limit the period of plant growth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The calcareous lower layer and hardpan in the Brace tuff, basalt soil restrict rooting depth. Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet • The hardpan in the Raz soil restricts rooting depth. Climatic factors: • The low available water capacity limits forage Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches production and seedling survival. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The shallow depth of the Raz soil limits placement of Frost-free period—50 to 70 days fenceposts. Typical profile: • The depth to bedrock and to the hardpan limits 0 to 3 inches—dark brown loam construction of water impoundments. 3 to 9 inches—dark brown cobbly loam • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 9 to 19 inches—dark brown silty clay loam protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 19 to 25 inches—yellowish brown extremely material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized gravelly loam steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 25 to 35 inches—indurated hardpan Suitable management practices: 35 inches—basalt • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 37 inches) to the have achieved sufficient growth. hardpan; moderately deep (22 to 40 inches) to • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the bedrock existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Drainage class: Well drained surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Permeability: Moderately slow • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Available water capacity: About 4 inches droughtiness. Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by wind—moderate Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 25 inches— 220C—Raz-Brace complex, overblown, 2 violently effervescent to 15 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Coglin soils that are on tablelands and have black sagebrush in the potential plant community Raz soil and similar inclusions—55 percent • Soils that are similar to the Brace soil but have Brace soil and similar inclusions—35 percent bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 40 inches or more Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Major Use Characteristics of the Raz Soil Livestock grazing Position on landscape: Tablelands Parent material: Kind—eolian sand over colluvium and Major Management Factors alluvium; source—tuff, basalt Raz soil—available water capacity, depth to the Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet hardpan, depth to bedrock, water erosion Climatic factors: Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 299

Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches bedrock or a hardpan at a depth of 40 inches or Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F more Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Soils that are similar to the Raz soil but have Typical profile: bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 0 to 3 inches—dark brown loamy sand • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more 3 to 13 inches—dark brown cobbly clay loam than 15 percent 13 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly Major Use clay loam 18 to 21 inches—indurated hardpan Livestock grazing 21 inches—basalt Major Management Factors Depth class: Shallow (10 to 18 inches) to the hardpan; moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock Raz soil—available water capacity, depth to the Drainage class: Well drained hardpan, wind erosion, depth to bedrock Permeability: Upper 3 inches—rapid; below this depth— Brace soil—calcareous layer, permeability, available moderately slow water capacity, depth to the hardpan, wind erosion, Available water capacity: About 2 inches depth to bedrock Hazard of erosion: By water—moderate; by wind— Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant severe Community Characteristics of the Brace Soil Raz and Brace soils—needleandthread, basin big Position on landscape: Tablelands sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, basin wildrye Parent material: Kind—eolian sand over colluvium and Livestock Grazing residuum; source—tuff, basalt Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches limit the period of plant growth. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The calcareous lower layer and hardpan in the Brace Frost-free period—50 to 70 days soil restrict rooting depth. Typical profile: • The hardpan in the Raz soil restricts rooting depth. 0 to 3 inches—dark brown loamy sand • The low available water capacity limits forage 3 to 9 inches—dark brown cobbly loam production and seedling survival. 9 to 19 inches—dark brown silty clay loam • The shallow depth of the Raz soil limits placement of 19 to 25 inches—yellowish brown extremely fenceposts. gravelly loam • The depth to bedrock and to the hardpan limits 25 to 35 inches—indurated hardpan construction of water impoundments 35 inches—basalt • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 37 inches) to the is removed or degraded. hardpan; moderately deep (22 to 40 inches) to • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, bedrock protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Drainage class: Well drained material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Permeability: Upper 3 inches—rapid; between depths of steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 3 and 9 inches—moderate; between depths of 9 • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. and 25 inches—moderately slow Available water capacity: About 3 inches Suitable management practices: Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants wind—severe have achieved sufficient growth. Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 25 inches— • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving violently effervescent the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant Contrasting Inclusions cover. • Coglin soils that are on adjacent tablelands • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Soils that are similar to the Brace soil but have droughtiness. 300 Soil Survey

221F—Redcanyon-Rock outcrop Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant complex, 30 to 50 percent north slopes Community Redcanyon soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big Composition sagebrush Redcanyon soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Livestock Grazing Rock outcrop—35 percent General management considerations: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Characteristics of the Redcanyon Soil begins later in spring and moisture is available until later in summer on these slopes than on the south- Position on landscape: Escarpments, hillsides facing slopes. Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Climatic factors: accessible areas on side slopes. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony or Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F bouldery areas of this unit. Frost-free period—70 to 110 days • The low available water capacity limits forage Typical profile: production and seedling survival. 0 to 8 inches—dark brown extremely bouldery • The extremely bouldery surface layer, steepness of loam slope, and areas of Rock outcrop restrict the operation 8 to 18 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as 18 to 31 inches—dark brown extremely bouldery broadcast seeding should be used. loam • The rock fragments throughout the soil and the areas 31 inches—basalt of Rock outcrop restrict the placement of fenceposts. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to bedrock Suitable management practices: Drainage class: Well drained • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Permeability: Moderate existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Available water capacity: About 2 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Hazard of erosion: Severe • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Carbonates: Between depths of 29 and 31 inches— droughtiness. violently effervescent Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop 222F—Redcanyon-Rock outcrop Position on landscape: Escarpments complex, 30 to 50 percent south slopes Kind of rock: Basalt Composition Contrasting Inclusions Redcanyon soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • McConnel soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake Rock outcrop—35 percent terraces and fans Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Chewaucan soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying bedrock-controlled lake terraces Characteristics of the Redcanyon Soil • Lasere soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying Position on landscape: Escarpments, hillsides bedrock-controlled lake terraces and have dominantly Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt low sagebrush in the potential plant community Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Climatic factors: Major Use Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Livestock grazing Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Major Management Factors Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—dark brown extremely bouldery Slope, rock fragments, available water capacity, water loam erosion, Rock outcrop 8 to 18 inches—dark brown very bouldery loam Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 301

18 to 31 inches—dark brown extremely bouldery earlier in the growing season on the south-facing loam slopes than on the north-facing slopes. 31 inches—basalt • The rock fragments throughout the soil and the areas Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to of Rock outcrop restrict the placement of fenceposts. bedrock Suitable management practices: Drainage class: Well drained • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Permeability: Moderate existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Available water capacity: About 2 inches surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Hazard of erosion: Severe • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Carbonates: Between depths of 29 and 31 inches— droughtiness. violently effervescent Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop 223A—Reese very fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 Position on landscape: Escarpments percent slopes Kind of rock: Basalt Contrasting Inclusions Composition • McConnel soils that are on adjacent, lower lying lake Reese soil and similar inclusions—85 percent basin terraces and fans Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Chewaucan soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher Characteristics of the Reese Soil lying bedrock-controlled lake terraces • Lasere soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in basins bedrock-controlled lake terraces and have dominantly Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— low sagebrush in the potential plant community tuff, basalt • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Climatic factors: Major Use Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Livestock grazing Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Major Management Factors Typical profile: Slope, rock fragments, available water capacity, water 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very fine sandy loam erosion, Rock outcrop 4 to 10 inches—brown loam 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 20 to 33 inches—brown loam Community 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy Redcanyon soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big loam sagebrush 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Livestock Grazing bedrock General management considerations: Drainage class: Poorly drained • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Permeability: Slow ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Available water capacity: About 1 inch accessible areas on side slopes. Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony or moderate bouldery areas of this unit. Depth to seasonal high water table: March through • The low available water capacity limits forage July—12 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 production and seedling survival. inches • The extremely bouldery surface layer, steepness of Frequency of flooding: Rare slope, and areas of Rock outcrop restrict the operation Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as depth—moderately saline or slightly saline broadcast seeding should be used. Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this • The earlier growing season on the south-facing depth—moderately sodic slopes allows for earlier grazing on these slopes than Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently on the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation effervescent throughout 302 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental plantings are limited and the seedling mortality rate is • Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent, slightly severe. higher lying lake terraces and have black greasewood in the potential plant community Suitable management practices: • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to terraces and have basin big sagebrush and black prevent damage to the soil and plants. greasewood in the potential plant community • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the • Icene soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the terraces and have shadscale and black greasewood in surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. the potential plant community • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Playas strong salinity, strong sodicity, droughtiness in summer, frost heaving, and wetness. Major Uses Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat 224A—Reese loam, drained, 0 to 1 percent Major Management Factors slopes Available water capacity, sodicity, salinity, wetness, permeability, wind erosion, frost action Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Reese soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali Characteristics of the Reese Soil cordgrass Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— tuff, basalt, volcanic ash General management considerations: Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife Climatic factors: early in spring. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The low precipitation and low available water Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. degrees F • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Frost-free period—90 to 110 days and puddling of the surface. Typical profile: • A high water table early in the growing season 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam restricts rooting depth. 4 to 10 inches—brown loam • The strong sodicity and salinity of the surface layer 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam severely limit range recovery and seedling survival. 20 to 33 inches—brown loam • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy imbalances and a caustic root environment. loam • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to survival. bedrock • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation Drainage class: Poorly drained is removed or degraded and the soil surface is Permeability: Slow exposed. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Depth to water table (artificially lowered): March material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized through July—24 to 36 inches; rest of year—more steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. than 36 inches • This unit is suited to winter grazing in winter. Frequency of flooding: Rare • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. Salinity: Upper 10 inches—slightly saline; below this • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants depth—moderately saline or slightly saline are subject to winterkill and other damage. Sodicity: Upper 10 inches—moderately sodic; below • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and this depth—strongly sodic or moderately sodic Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 303

Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental effervescent throughout moisture for hay and pasture plants. • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Contrasting Inclusions protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive • Reese soils that have not been drained material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized • Turpin soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. terraces • Because of the high potential for frost action, plants • Soils that have a silty clay loam or very fine sandy are subject to winterkill and other damage. loam surface layer • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental Major Uses plantings are limited and the seedling mortality rate is Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat moderate. Major Management Factors Suitable management practices: • Maintain the drainage systems to allow the soil to Available water capacity, sodicity, salinity, permeability, drain more effectively. slope, frost action • Maintain surface and subsurface drains to prevent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant ponding of the soil surface, keep the water table at Community desired depths, and allow for earlier access for haying operations. Creeping wildrye Livestock Grazing 225A—Reese loam, wet, 0 to 1 percent General management considerations: slopes • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife early in spring. Composition • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction and puddling of the surface. Reese soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The low precipitation, low available water capacity, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent salinity, and sodicity limit forage production and Characteristics of the Reese Soil seedling survival. • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins imbalances and a caustic root environment. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce tuff, basalt infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet survival. Climatic factors: • Unless adequate drainage is maintained, salts will Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches move upward in the soil. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Because this soil is nearly level, adequate drainage Frost-free period—90 to 100 days is difficult to maintain. Typical profile: • This unit is suited for grazing in winter. 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam 4 to 10 inches—brown loam Suitable management practices: 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to 20 to 33 inches—brown loam prevent damage to the soil and plants. 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy • Maintain drainage ditches to remove surface water. loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam moderate sodicity and frost heaving. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Hayland bedrock Drainage class: Poorly drained General management considerations: Permeability: Slow • Salinity and sodicity limit the choice and production Available water capacity: About 1 inch of hay and pasture plants. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • Wetness increases the risk of winterkill and restricts Depth to seasonal high water table: November through the period suitable for haying. August—12 inches above the surface to 24 inches 304 Soil Survey

below the surface; rest of year—more than 24 • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel inches and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of Frequency of flooding: Rare noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or depth—moderately saline or slightly saline pipelines. Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. depth—moderately sodic Suitable management practices: Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to effervescent throughout prevent damage to the soil and plants. Contrasting Inclusions • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate periods of inundation, strong salinity, strong sodicity, • Turpin soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake and frost heaving and that provide cover for nesting terraces waterfowl. • Reese soils that are in slightly higher lying areas and are not ponded Major Uses 226A—Reese-Ozamis complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes Wildlife habitat, livestock grazing Major Management Factors Composition Salinity, sodicity, wetness, permeability, frost action, Reese soil and similar inclusions—45 percent available water capacity Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Characteristics of the Reese Soil Unstable Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Livestock Grazing tuff, basalt, volcanic ash General management considerations: Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • Because the water on the surface is from snowmelt Climatic factors: in spring, the amount and duration varies. During years Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches when the winters are wet, ponding lasts until Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F midsummer or late in summer. During years when the Frost-free period—90 to 110 days winters are dry, ponding lasts for only short periods in Typical profile: spring. 0 to 4 inches—dark brown silty clay • Variable yearly ponding results in an unstable plant 4 to 10 inches—brown loam community. 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife. 20 to 33 inches—brown loam • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy nesting for waterfowl. loam • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction of 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam the surface layer and poor tilth. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • A high water table during the growing season and bedrock spring ponding restrict rooting depth. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient Permeability: Slow imbalances and a caustic root environment. Available water capacity: About 1 inch • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and Depth to high water table: March through July—12 to survival. 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 inches • The strong sodicity and salinity of the surface Frequency of flooding: Rare layer severely limit range recovery and seedling Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this survival. depth—moderately saline or slightly saline Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 305

Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this Livestock Grazing depth—moderately sodic General management considerations: Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife effervescent throughout early in spring. Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction and puddling of the surface. Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins • The salinity and sodicity of the surface layer reduce Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— the amount of water available to plants and severely tuff, basalt, volcanic ash limit seedling survival. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • A high water table early in the growing season Climatic factors: restricts the rooting depth. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • A seasonal high water table increases the amount of Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F moisture available for plant growth. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Excess sodium in the Reese soil results in nutrient Typical profile: imbalances and a caustic root environment. 0 to 9 inches—black silty clay • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce 9 to 12 inches—black clay loam infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and 12 to 19 inches—black silty clay survival. 19 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown loam • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Suitable management practices: Drainage class: Poorly drained • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Permeability: Moderately slow prevent damage to the soil and plants. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight wetness, salinity, sodicity, and frost heaving. Depth to seasonal high water table: March through Hayland June—12 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 inches General management considerations: Frequency of flooding: Rare • Wetness limits the period of access for haying Salinity: Upper 9 inches—moderately saline; below this operations. depth—slightly saline • Wetness limits the choice of hay and pasture plants and increases the risk of winterkill. Contrasting Inclusions • The salinity and sodicity of the soil limit the choice • Crump soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying of hay and pasture plants. alluvial flats • Unless the soils are adequately drained, • Icene soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying machinery compacts the surface layer and becomes lake terraces embedded. • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Major Uses and restrict seedling survival. Hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat • The concentration of salts and sodium limits the production of some hay and pasture plants. Major Management Factors • The soils in this unit tie up large amounts of Reese soil—salinity, sodicity, wetness, available water phosphorus, which limits the amount that is available capacity, permeability, frost action, clayey surface to plants. layer • Because of the high corrosivity of the Reese soil to Ozamis soil—salinity, wetness, available water uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of capacity, frost action, clayey surface layer noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant or pipelines. Community • Because of the high corrosivity of the Ozamis soil to Reese and Ozamis soils—alkali sacaton, alkali uncoated steel and concrete, protection from corrosion bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali cordgrass or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized 306 Soil Survey

steel, aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this pipelines. depth—moderately sodic • Haying operations are restricted to periods late in Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently summer or early in fall because of seasonal wetness. effervescent throughout • Because of the high potential for frost action, plants Characteristics of the Playas are subject to winterkill and other damage. • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and Position on landscape: Basin floors shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— plantings are limited and the seedling mortality rate is tuff, basalt severe. Trees and shrubs should be tolerant of Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet wetness. Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F 227A—Reese-Playas complex, 0 to 1 Frost-free period—90 to 110 days percent slopes Reference profile: 0 to 6 inches—silty clay loam Composition 6 to 60 inches—stratified silty clay and silty clay loam Reese soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Playas—35 percent bedrock Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Drainage class: Poorly drained Characteristics of the Reese Soil Permeability: Very slow Hazard of erosion by wind: None to severe, depending Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins on time of year Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Depth to seasonal high water table: February through tuff, basalt September—12 inches above the surface to 12 Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet inches below the surface; rest of year—more than Climatic factors: 12 inches Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Shrink-swell potential: High Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Sodicity: Strongly sodic Typical profile: Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently 0 to 4 inches—dark brown very fine sandy loam effervescent throughout 4 to 10 inches—brown loam Contrasting Inclusions 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam 20 to 33 inches—brown loam • Crump, Boravall, and Ozamis soils that are on 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy adjacent alluvial flats loam • Helphenstein soils that are on adjacent lake terraces 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam • Mesman soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to terraces bedrock • Icene soils that are on adjacent, higher lying lake Drainage class: Poorly drained terraces Permeability: Slow Major Uses Available water capacity: About 1 inch Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat moderate Major Management Factors Depth to seasonal high water table: March through July—12 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 Reese soil—available water capacity, sodicity, salinity, inches wetness, permeability, frost action, wind erosion Frequency of flooding: Rare Playas—available water capacity, sodicity, salinity, Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this permeability, seasonal wetness, wind erosion, depth—moderately saline or slightly saline shrink-swell potential Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 307

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 228F—Riddleranch very gravelly loam, 30 Community to 50 percent north slopes Reese soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland saltgrass, alkali cordgrass Composition Livestock Grazing Riddleranch soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: • Because the water on the surface of the Characteristics of the Riddleranch Soil Playas is from snowmelt in spring, the amount Position on landscape: Mountainsides and duration varies. During years when the winters Parent material: Kind—basalt, tuff; source—colluvium are wet, ponding lasts until midsummer or late Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet in summer. During years when the winters are Climatic factors: dry, ponding lasts for only short periods in Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches spring. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The areas of Playas provide habitat for wetland Frost-free period—50 to 70 days wildlife in spring and early in summer. Typical profile: • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 0 to 15 inches—very dark brown very gravelly nesting for waterfowl. loam • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction 15 to 23 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam and puddling of the surface. 23 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • The low precipitation and low available water cobbly loam capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. 31 inches—highly fractured basalt • The strong sodicity and salinity of the surface layer Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to severely limit range recovery and seedling survival. bedrock • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient Drainage class: Well drained imbalances and a caustic root environment. Permeability: Moderate • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce Available water capacity: About 2 inches infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and Hazard of erosion by water: Severe survival. • A high water table in the Reese soil early in the Contrasting Inclusions growing season restricts rooting depth. • Riddleranch soils that are on mountainsides and • Because of the high corrosivity of the Playas to have dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant uncoated steel and concrete, protection from corrosion community or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized • Felcher soils that are on south-facing slopes at the steel, aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or lower elevations pipelines. • Rock outcrop • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. • If the vegetation is removed or degraded, range Major Use seeding is needed to control wind erosion. Livestock grazing • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants are subject to winterkill and other damage. Major Management Factors • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and Slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, available water shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental capacity, rock fragments throughout plantings are limited and the seedling mortality rate is severe. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Suitable management practices: • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Wyoming big prevent damage to the soil and plants. sagebrush • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Livestock Grazing moderate salinity, strong sodicity, droughtiness, frost heaving, and seasonal wetness and that provide cover General management considerations: for nesting waterfowl. • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season 308 Soil Survey

limit the period of plant growth. 12 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • The growing season on the north-facing slopes cobbly loam begins later in spring and moisture is available until 25 inches—highly fractured basalt later in summer on these slopes than on the south- Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to facing slopes. bedrock • The bedrock and rock fragments restrict rooting Drainage class: Well drained depth. Permeability: Moderate • The rock fragments throughout the soil restrict the Available water capacity: About 2 inches placement of fenceposts. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe • The low available water capacity limits forage Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop production and seedling survival. • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding Position on landscape: Escarpments equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff should be used. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • Felcher soils that are on south-facing slopes at the • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants lower elevations have achieved sufficient growth. • Rubble land • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Use surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Livestock grazing • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. Major Management Factors Slope, depth to bedrock, water erosion, available water 229G—Riddleranch-Rock outcrop capacity, rock fragments throughout the soils, complex, 30 to 70 percent north slopes Rock outcrop Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Composition Community Riddleranch soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Riddleranch soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch Riddleranch soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions— wheatgrass, Wyoming big sagebrush 30 percent Riddleranch soil, thin surface—Idaho fescue, low Rock outcrop—20 percent sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Characteristics of the Riddleranch Soils Position on landscape: Mountainsides (fig. 19) Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile of the Riddleranch soil: 0 to 15 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam 15 to 23 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam 23 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loam 31 inches—highly fractured basalt Figure 19.—Area of Riddleranch-Rock outcrop complex, 30 Typical profile of the Riddleranch soil, thin surface: to 70 percent north slopes, on steep escarpment of Poker Jim Ridge, above the Pleistocene lake shoreline. 0 to 12 inches—very dark brown very gravelly Riddleranch very gravelly loam, 30 to 50 percent north loam slopes, in foreground. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 309

Livestock Grazing Drainage class: Poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained General management considerations: Permeability: Rapid • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Available water capacity: About 4 inches limit the period of plant growth. Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Depth to seasonal high water table: April through begins later in spring and moisture is available until June—at the surface to a depth of 36 inches; rest later in summer on these slopes than on the south- of year—more than 36 inches facing slopes. Frequency of flooding: Frequent for brief to long periods • The bedrock and rock fragments restrict rooting following prolonged, high-intensity storms or depth. snowmelt • The rock fragments throughout the soils and the areas of Rock outcrop restrict placement of Contrasting Inclusions fenceposts. • McConnel soils • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on • Soils that have been diked and protected from ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less flooding accessible areas on side slopes. • Slope and the areas of Rock outcrop restrict the Major Uses operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods Recreation, wildlife habitat such as broadcast seeding should be used. • The low available water capacity limits forage Major Management Factors production and seedling survival. Rock fragments, wetness Suitable management practices: Wildlife Habitat • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. General management considerations: • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • The frequent periods of flooding result in an unstable existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the plant community. surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • This unit is subject to cutting and filling during • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate periods of flooding. droughtiness and a cool growing season. • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. • A potential for seepage limits construction of water impoundments. 230A—Riverwash

Composition 231G—Rock outcrop-Felcher association, 30 to 70 percent south slopes Riverwash and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Composition Characteristics of the Riverwash Rock outcrop—50 percent Position on landscape: Flood plains that are along the Felcher soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Chewaucan River, near the town of Paisley, and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent have slopes of 0 to 2 percent Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt, tuff, rhyolite Position on landscape: Escarpments Elevation: 4,300 to 4,400 feet Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff Climatic factors: Characteristics of the Felcher Soil Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Position on landscape: Mountainsides Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Reference profile: Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet 0 to 60 inches—stratified sand and gravel Climatic factors: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 310 Soil Survey

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Frost-free period—70 to 90 days surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Typical profile: • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 0 to 4 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam droughtiness. 4 to 24 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly loam 24 inches—basalt 232G—Rock outcrop-Rubble land Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to complex, 50 to 75 percent slopes bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Rock outcrop—45 percent Available water capacity: About 4 inches Rubble land—40 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Contrasting Inclusions Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop and • Riddleranch soils that are on adjacent, north-facing Rubble land mountainsides Position on landscape: Escarpments near Coleman • Soils that are similar to the Felcher soil but have Rim, Warner Rim, Abert Rim, Hart Mountain, bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches Guano Canyon, and Fisher Canyon • Rubble land Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff Major Uses Elevation: 5,000 to 7,000 feet Climatic factors: Watershed, livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—8 to 18 inches Major Management Factors Mean annual air temperature—43 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Slope, water erosion, available water capacity, depth to bedrock, rock fragments, Rock outcrop Contrasting Inclusions Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Riddleranch soils that are near the Hart Mountain Community escarpment • Felcher soils that are near the Guano Canyon Felcher soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope escarpment bitterbrush • Bullump and Royst soils that are near the Abert Rim Livestock Grazing escarpment General management considerations: Major Use • The bedrock and rock fragments restrict rooting Watershed depth. • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. 233G—Rock outcrop-Xerolls complex, • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on cool, 10 to 80 percent slopes ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less accessible areas on side slopes. Composition • Slope and the areas of Rock outcrop restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods Rock outcrop—50 percent such as broadcast seeding should be used. Xerolls and similar inclusions—40 percent • The areas of Rock outcrop and the rock fragments in Contrasting inclusions—10 percent the soil limit placement of fenceposts. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop • The earlier growing season on the south-facing slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on Position on landscape: Escarpments, mountainsides the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt, rhyolite earlier in the growing season on the south-facing Characteristics of the Xerolls slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: North- and south-facing • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the mountainsides and escarpments Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 311

Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in andesite, basalt, tuff the less accessible areas on side slopes. Elevation: 5,000 to 7,200 feet • Uniform distribution of livestock is difficult because Climatic factors: of the slope and the lack of permanent water Mean annual precipitation—14 to 28 inches developments. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December areas of this unit. through March • The depth to bedrock in some areas restricts rooting Reference profile: depth and placement of fenceposts. 0 to 4 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam • The low available water capacity in some areas 4 to 11 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam limits forage production and seedling survival. 11 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • The extremely stony surface layer, areas of Rock cobbly loam outcrop, and steepness of slope restrict the operation 27 inches—basalt of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to broadcast seeding should be used. bedrock • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained and begins later in spring and moisture is available until well drained later in summer on these slopes than on the south- Permeability: Moderately rapid to moderately slow facing slopes. Available water capacity: About 4 inches Suitable management practices: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe and very severe • Delay grazing until summer when forage plants have Contrasting Inclusions achieved sufficient growth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Booth soils that are on adjacent benches and existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the hillsides and have low sagebrush in the potential plant soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. community • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a • Polander, Rogger, and Woodchopper soils that are on short, cool growing season. adjacent mountainsides and support dominantly ponderosa pine and white fir • Rubble land 234F—Rock outcrop-Xerolls complex, Major Uses warm, 20 to 50 percent slopes Watershed, livestock grazing Composition Major Management Factors Rock outcrop—55 percent Slope, Rock outcrop, depth to bedrock, rock fragments Xerolls and similar inclusions—30 percent in some areas Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop Community Position on landscape: Hillsides, escarpments Xerolls, north-facing—Idaho fescue, curlleaf Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt mountainmahogany, common snowberry, mountain Characteristics of the Xerolls big sagebrush, isolated ponderosa pine Xerolls, south-facing—bluebunch wheatgrass, Position on landscape: Benches and hillsides that have mountain big sagebrush, some Idaho fescue and slopes of 20 to 35 percent western juniper Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Livestock Grazing tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,700 to 5,300 feet General management considerations: Climatic factors: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Mean annual precipitation—10 to 14 inches limit the period of plant growth. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Livestock prefer to graze in the easily accessible Frost-free period—70 to 110 days 312 Soil Survey

Reference profile: Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very stony loam used. 3 to 10 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Suitable management practices: 10 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 12 inches—tuff soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate bedrock droughtiness. Drainage class: Moderately well drained and well drained Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid 235E—Rogger very gravelly fine sandy Available water capacity: About 2 inches loam, 15 to 40 percent north slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Lorella soils that are on adjacent hillsides and have Rogger soil and similar inclusions—85 percent dominantly bluebunch wheatgrass and Wyoming big Contrasting inclusions—15 percent sagebrush in the potential plant community Characteristics of the Rogger Soil • Redcanyon soils that are on adjacent steep escarpments and have dominantly bluebunch Position on landscape: Mountainsides wheatgrass and Wyoming big sagebrush in the Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— potential plant community andesite, basalt, tuff • Soils that have slopes of less than 20 percent or Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet more than 50 percent Climatic factors: • Rubble land Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Uses Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Watershed, livestock grazing Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December through March; more than 48 inches—January and Major Management Factors February Slope; water erosion; Rock outcrop; rock fragments, Typical profile: depth to bedrock, and available water capacity in 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir some areas needles 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown very gravelly fine Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant sandy loam Community 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown very Xerolls—Sandberg bluegrass, low sagebrush gravelly fine sandy loam 12 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very Livestock Grazing gravelly fine sandy loam General management considerations: 21 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on loam ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less 36 inches—weathered basalt accessible areas on side slopes. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony bedrock areas of this unit. Drainage class: Well drained • The depth to bedrock in some areas restricts the Permeability: Moderate rooting depth and placement of fenceposts. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The low available water capacity in some Hazard of erosion by water: Severe areas limits forage production and seedling Contrasting Inclusions survival. • Slope and the areas of Rock outcrop restrict • Woodchopper soils that are on adjacent the operation of ground seeding equipment. mountainsides Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 313

• Soils that are similar to the Rogger soil but are less and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil than 35 percent rock fragments throughout surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Soils that are similar to the Rogger soil but have • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, • Soils on south-facing slopes scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. Major Use Woodland 235G—Rogger very gravelly fine sandy Major Management Factors loam, 40 to 60 percent north slopes Depth to bedrock, water erosion, available water capacity, slope, rock fragments Composition Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Rogger soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, Characteristics of the Rogger Soil heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Position on landscape: Mountainsides Woodland Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— andesite, basalt, tuff Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet increment: 69 cubic feet per acre per year for Climatic factors: ponderosa pine at age 40 and 91 cubic feet per Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches acre per year for white fir at age 70 Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 225 board feet per acre Frost-free period—50 to 70 days per year for ponderosa pine at age 150 Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December General management considerations: through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. February • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. Typical profile: • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. needles • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown very gravelly fine trees. sandy loam • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown very buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. gravelly fine sandy loam Management of these areas should be designed to 12 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or gravelly fine sandy loam skidded through riparian areas. 21 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. loam • Because this soil is droughty, larger than normal 36 inches—weathered basalt planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to plantings may be needed. bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Moderate • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Available water capacity: About 3 inches use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Hazard of erosion by water: Severe equipment, log in areas that are covered with a minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Contrasting Inclusions surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. • Chocktoot soils that are on mountainsides at higher • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to elevations the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock • Polander and Twelvemile soils that are on adjacent fragments in the surface layer. mountainsides • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy • Soils that are similar to the Rogger soil but are less equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance than 35 percent rock fragments throughout 314 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to the Rogger soil but have soil surface, or accumulating slash on the soil bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches surface. Major Use Woodland 236G—Rogger-Bullump association, 40 to 60 percent north slopes Major Management Factors Slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, available water Composition capacity, rock fragments Rogger soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Bullump soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, Characteristics of the Rogger Soil heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Position on landscape: Mountainsides Woodland Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— andesite, basalt, tuff Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Elevation: 6,000 to 6,300 feet increment: 69 cubic feet per acre per year for Climatic factors: ponderosa pine at age 40; 91 cubic feet per acre Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches per year for white fir at age 70 Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 225 board feet per acre degrees F per year for ponderosa pine at age 150 Frost-free period—50 to 70 days General management considerations: Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Dry, unsurfaced roads are dusty. February • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. Typical profile: • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir and require large cuts and fills that remove land from needles production. 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown very gravelly fine • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. sandy loam • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown very • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a gravelly fine sandy loam buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas 12 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. gravelly fine sandy loam • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small 21 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly trees. loam • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 36 inches—weathered basalt 2 to 1 to allow for long-term establishment of Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to plants. bedrock • Because this soil is droughty, larger than normal Drainage class: Well drained planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional Permeability: Moderate plantings may be needed. Available water capacity: About 3 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Suitable management practices: • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding Characteristics of the Bullump Soil systems. • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging Position on landscape: Mountainsides in spring when the soils are wet. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Leave slash on the soil to minimize sheet and rill rhyolite, tuff, basalt erosion. Elevation: 6,000 to 6,300 feet • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads Climatic factors: on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F by seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 315

Typical profile: • Slope restricts the operation of ground seeding 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding gravelly loam should be used. 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very • The rock fragments limit the placement of gravelly clay loam fenceposts. 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very Suitable management practices: gravelly loam • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely have achieved sufficient growth. gravelly loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the bedrock soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Drainage class: Well drained • If this soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Permeability: Moderately slow cool growing season. Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Woodland Contrasting Inclusions Rogger soil • Nuss soils that are on hillsides and have curlleaf Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual mountainmahogany in the potential plant community increment: 69 cubic feet per acre per year for • Chocktoot, Polander, and Twelvemile soils that are in ponderosa pine at age 40 and 91 cubic feet per higher lying areas on mountainsides acre per year for white fir at age 70 • Rock outcrop Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 225 board feet per acre • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent or per year for ponderosa pine at age 150 more than 60 percent General management considerations: • Soils that are similar to the Rogger soil but have • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Dry, unsurfaced roads are dusty. • Soils that are similar to the Rogger soil but are very • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. cobbly clay or clay throughout • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. Major Uses • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain and require large cuts and fills. Rogger soil—woodland • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Bullump soil—livestock grazing • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, Major Management Factors a buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas and disturbance of these areas should be Rogger soil—water erosion, slope, available water minimized. capacity, depth to bedrock, rock fragments • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Bullump soil—water erosion, slope trees. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Community to allow for long-term establishment of plants. • Because this soil is droughty, larger than normal Rogger soil—white fir, ponderosa pine, common planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass plantings may be needed. Bullump soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, Sandberg bluegrass Suitable management practices: • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding Livestock Grazing systems. • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging Bullump soil in spring when the soil is wet. General management considerations: • Leave slash on the soil to minimize sheet and rill • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season erosion. limit the period of plant growth. • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate • Livestock tend to graze in the easily accessible roads on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in fills. the less accessible areas on side slopes. • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by 316 Soil Survey

seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil through March; more than 48 inches—January and surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. February Typical profile: 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles 237E—Rogger-Polander complex, 15 to 40 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy percent north slopes loam 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam Composition 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam 50 inches—highly weathered tuff Rogger soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Polander soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Characteristics of the Rogger Soil Available water capacity: About 6 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Position on landscape: Mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Contrasting Inclusions andesite, basalt, tuff • Mound, Twelvemile, and Woodchopper soils that are Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet on adjacent mountainsides Climatic factors: • Soils on south-facing slopes Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 Major Use degrees F Woodland Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Major Management Factors through March; more than 48 inches—January and Rogger soil—depth to bedrock, water erosion, available February water capacity, slope, rock fragments Typical profile: Polander soil—slope, water erosion 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir needles Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown very gravelly fine Community sandy loam Rogger and Polander soils—white fir, ponderosa pine, 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown very common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler gravelly fine sandy loam bluegrass 12 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly fine sandy loam Woodland 21 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual loam increment: Rogger soil—69 cubic feet per acre per 36 inches—weathered basalt year for ponderosa pine at age 40 and 91 cubic Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; bedrock Polander soil—55 cubic feet per acre per year for Drainage class: Well drained ponderosa pine at age 50 and 57 cubic feet per Permeability: Moderate acre per year for white fir at age 70 Available water capacity: About 3 inches Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Rogger soil—225 board Hazard of erosion by water: Severe feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age Characteristics of the Polander Soil 150; Polander soil—172 board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Position on landscape: Mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— General management considerations: pyroclastic rock • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Rogger Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet soil are firm, and those on the Polander soil are soft. Climatic factors: • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches • The rock fragments in the Rogger soil make tree Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F planting difficult. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The bedrock in the Rogger soil restricts rooting Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December depth. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 317

• To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a 27 to 29 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 29 inches—tuff Management of these areas should be designed to Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or bedrock skidded through riparian areas. Drainage class: Well drained • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Permeability: Slow trees. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Because the Rogger soil is droughty, larger than Hazard of erosion by water: Severe normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 27 additional plantings may be needed. inches Suitable management practices: Characteristics of the Nuss Soil • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Position on landscape: Hills use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt equipment, log in areas that are covered with a Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Climatic factors: surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches soils are wet. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Frost-free period—50 to 70 days the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Typical profile: fragments in the surface layer. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil 19 inches—tuff surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Drainage class: Well drained temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Permeability: Moderate scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on Available water capacity: About 2 inches the soil surface. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Contrasting Inclusions 238E—Royst-Nuss complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes • Booth soils that are on hills, benches, and foot slopes and have low sagebrush in the potential plant community Composition • Bullump soils that are on hills and mountains Royst soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Winterim soils that are on plateaus and mountains Nuss soil and similar inclusions—35 percent and have dominantly ponderosa pine in the potential Contrasting inclusions—15 percent plant community • Soils that have slopes of less than 2 percent or more Characteristics of the Royst Soil than 30 percent Position on landscape: Hills • Rock outcrop Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Major Uses tuff, basalt Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Royst soil—livestock grazing and woodland Climatic factors: Nuss soil—livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical profile: Royst soil—stones on the surface, available water 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine needles and twigs, capacity, permeability, water erosion, slope, depth mountain big sagebrush leaves to bedrock, shrink-swell potential 0 to 4 inches—black very stony loam Nuss soil—stones on the surface, available water 4 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay capacity, depth to bedrock, water erosion, slope 318 Soil Survey

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Trees may be blown down during periods of wetness Community and high winds. • Cuts and fills are stable. Royst soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, • Because this soil is hot in summer and droughty, antelope bitterbrush, Ross sedge larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, rate, or additional plantings may be needed. mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass Suitable management practices: Livestock Grazing • To minimize compaction, use designated skid trails Royst and Nuss soils and low-pressure ground equipment and avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. General management considerations: • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance limit the period of plant growth. and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. this unit. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, • The low available water capacity limits forage scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on production and seedling survival. the soil surface. • The shallow depth of the Nuss soil limits placement • Control competing vegetation by mechanical of fenceposts treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • The stony surface layer restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be used. 239F—Royst-Nuss-Rock outcrop • The Royst soil expands when wet and contracts complex, 30 to 50 percent north slopes when dry, which makes special design of fences necessary. Composition Suitable management practices: Royst soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent have achieved sufficient growth. Rock outcrop—20 percent • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Characteristics of the Royst Soil • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. Position on landscape: Hillsides • Improve areas that are heavily infested with Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or tuff, basalt applying chemicals. Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Woodland Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches Royst soil Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Typical profile: increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine needles and twigs, ponderosa pine at age 50 mountain big sagebrush leaves Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 100 board feet per acre 0 to 4 inches—black very stony loam per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 4 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay General management considerations: 27 to 29 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. 29 inches—tuff • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • The rock fragments on the surface make tree bedrock planting and the operation of ground seeding equipment Drainage class: Well drained difficult. Permeability: Slow • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Available water capacity: About 3 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 319

Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 27 Community inches Royst soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Characteristics of the Nuss Soil antelope bitterbrush, Ross sedge Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Position on landscape: Hillsides mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Livestock Grazing Climatic factors: Royst and Nuss soils Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Typical profile: limit the period of plant growth. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam • The growing season on the north-facing slopes 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam begins later in spring and moisture is available until 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff later in summer on these slopes than on the south- 19 inches—tuff facing slopes. Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock • The low available water capacity limits forage Drainage class: Well drained production and seedling survival. Permeability: Moderate • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on Hazard of erosion by water: Severe ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less accessible areas on side slopes. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Position on landscape: Hillsides this unit. Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt • The stony surface layer, areas of Rock outcrop, and steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground Contrasting Inclusions seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast • Booth soils that are on hillsides, benches, and foot seeding should be used. slopes and have low sagebrush in the potential plant • The shallow depth and stones on the surface of the community Nuss soil and the areas of Rock outcrop limit • Bullump soils that are on hillsides placement of fenceposts. • Winterim soils that are on mountainsides and have • The Royst soil expands when wet and contracts dominantly ponderosa pine in the potential plant when dry, which makes special design of fences community necessary. • Mound soils that are on mountainsides and have Suitable management practices: white fir in the potential plant community • Delay grazing until summer when forage plants have • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or achieved sufficient growth. more than 50 percent • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Rubble land existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Major Uses surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Royst soil—livestock grazing, woodland droughtiness and a cool growing season. Nuss soil—livestock grazing Woodland Major Management Factors Royst soil Royst soil—slope, stones on the surface, available water capacity, water erosion, permeability, shrink- Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual swell potential, depth to bedrock, Rock outcrop increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for Nuss soil—slope, stones on the surface, water ponderosa pine at age 50 erosion, available water capacity, depth to Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 100 board feet per acre bedrock, Rock outcrop per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 320 Soil Survey

General management considerations: Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. tuff, basalt • The rock fragments on the surface make tree Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet planting and the operation of ground seeding equipment Climatic factors: difficult. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Trees may be blown down during periods of wetness Frost-free period—50 to 70 days and high winds. Typical profile: • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine needles and twigs, • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. mountain big sagebrush leaves • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain 0 to 4 inches—black very stony loam and require large cuts and fills that remove land from 4 to 27 inches—dark brown extremely stony clay production. 27 to 29 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a 29 inches—tuff buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. bedrock • The areas of Rock outcrop force yarding and Drainage class: Well drained skidding paths to converge, which increases the risks Permeability: Slow of compaction and erosion. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Because this soil is hot in summer and droughty, Hazard of erosion by water: Severe larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 27 rate, or additional plantings may be needed. inches • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Characteristics of the Nuss Soil to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Position on landscape: Hillsides Suitable management practices: Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—tuff, basalt • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet systems. Climatic factors: • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F fragments in the surface layer. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Leave slash on the soil to minimize sheet and rill Typical profile: erosion. 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by 3 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the surface, or 17 to 19 inches—fractured, partially weathered tuff accumulating slash on the surface. 19 inches—tuff • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil Drainage class: Well drained is dry or frozen. Permeability: Moderate • Control competing vegetation mechanical treatment, Available water capacity: About 2 inches chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop 240F—Royst-Nuss-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 50 percent south slopes Position on landscape: Hillsides Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt Composition Contrasting Inclusions Royst soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • Booth soils that are on hillsides, benches, and foot Nuss soil and similar inclusions—30 percent slopes and have low sagebrush in the potential plant Rock outcrop—20 percent community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Bullump soils that are on hillsides • Winterim soils that are on mountainsides and have Characteristics of the Royst Soil dominantly ponderosa pine in the potential plant Position on landscape: Hillsides community Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 321

• Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Suitable management practices: more than 50 percent • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Rubble land have achieved sufficient growth. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Major Uses existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Royst soil—livestock grazing, woodland surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Nuss soil—livestock grazing • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. Major Management Factors Woodland Royst soil—slope, stones on the surface, available water capacity, water erosion, permeability, shrink- Royst soil swell potential, depth to bedrock, Rock outcrop Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Nuss soil—slope, stones on the surface, water increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for erosion, available water capacity, depth to ponderosa pine at age 50 bedrock, Rock outcrop Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 100 board feet per acre Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 Community General management considerations: Royst soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. antelope bitterbrush, Ross sedge • The rock fragments on the surface make tree Nuss soil—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, planting and the operation of ground seeding equipment mountain big sagebrush, Cusick bluegrass difficult. • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. Livestock Grazing • Trees may be blown down during periods of wetness Royst and Nuss soils and high winds. • Cuts and fills slough when wet. General management considerations: • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling limit the period of plant growth. survival. • The bedrock restricts rooting depth. • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain • The low available water capacity limits forage and require large cuts and fills that remove land from production and seedling survival. production. • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on • The areas of Rock outcrop force yarding and ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less skidding paths to converge, which increases the risks accessible areas on side slopes. of compaction and erosion. • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of • Because the soils on south-facing slopes are hot in this unit. summer and droughty, larger than normal planting • The stony surface layer, areas of Rock outcrop, and stock, a higher planting rate, or additional plantings steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground may be needed. seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 seeding should be used. to allow for long-term establishment of plants. • The shallow depth and stones on the surface of the Nuss soil and the areas of Rock outcrop limit Suitable management practices: placement of fenceposts. • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding • The Royst soil expands when wet and contracts systems. when dry, which makes special design of fences • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to necessary. the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock • The earlier growing season on the south-facing fragments in the surface layer. slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on • Leave slash on the soil to minimize sheet and rill the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation erosion. earlier in the growing season on the south-facing • Use shade cards to increase seedling survival. slopes than on the north-facing slopes. • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by 322 Soil Survey

seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil Contrasting Inclusions surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. • Harcany soils that are on south-facing mountainsides • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, at the higher elevations restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soil • Newlands soils that are on adjacent foot slopes and is dry or frozen. north-facing mountainsides • Control competing vegetation by mechanical • Rock outcrop treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Major Uses 241G—Rubble land-Fitzwater complex, 30 Watershed, livestock grazing to 70 percent south slopes Major Management Factors Slope, stones on the surface and in the soil, water Composition erosion, available water capacity, Rubble land Rubble land—45 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Fitzwater soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—25 Community percent Fitzwater soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Fitzwater soil, thin surface —Idaho fescue, low Contrasting inclusions—10 percent sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Fitzwater soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Characteristics of the Rubble land sagebrush Position on landscape: Escarpments, mountainsides Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Characteristics of the Fitzwater Soils General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Position on landscape: Escarpments, mountainsides limit the period of plant growth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The low available water capacity limits forage basalt, tuff production and seedling survival. Elevation: 5,800 to 7,000 feet • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Climatic factors: this unit. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches • Livestock prefer to graze in the easily accessible Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in Frost-free period—50 to 70 days the less accessible areas on side slopes. Typical profile of the Fitzwater soil, thin surface: • The areas of Rubble land, the extremely stony 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely surface layer, and the slope restrict the operation of stony loam ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as 3 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay broadcast seeding should be used. loam • The rock fragments throughout the soil and the areas 19 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly of Rubble land restrict the placement of fenceposts. loam • The earlier growing season on the south-facing Typical profile of the Fitzwater soil: slopes permits earlier grazing on these slopes than on 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely the north-facing slopes. Droughtiness is a limitation stony loam earlier in the growing season on the south-facing 10 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay slopes than on the north-facing slopes. loam 19 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly Suitable management practices: loam • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to have achieved sufficient growth. bedrock • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Drainage class: Well drained existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Permeability: Moderately rapid surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe droughtiness and a cool growing season. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 323

242C—Rutab very gravelly sandy loam, 2 Livestock Grazing to 15 percent slopes General management considerations: • The low precipitation and low available water Composition capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • The risk of seepage limits the construction of Rutab soil and similar inclusions—85 percent livestock watering ponds and other water Contrasting inclusions—15 percent impoundments. Characteristics of the Rutab Soil • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Position on landscape: Alluvial fans material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—tuff, basalt steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Elevation: 5,100 to 5,800 feet Climatic factors: Suitable management practices: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F have achieved sufficient growth. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Typical profile: existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 3 to 8 inches—brown very gravelly loam droughtiness. 8 to 30 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam 30 to 44 inches—brown very gravelly loamy coarse sand 243B—Salisbury loam, 0 to 5 percent 44 to 60 inches—yellowish brown extremely slopes gravelly loamy sand Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Composition bedrock Salisbury soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Permeability: Moderate over rapid Available water capacity: About 3 inches Characteristics of the Salisbury Soil Hazard of erosion: By water—slight or moderate; by wind—slight or moderate Position on landscape: Lake terraces Carbonates: Between depths of 25 and 35 inches— Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; strongly effervescent source—rhyolite, tuff, basalt Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet Contrasting Inclusions Climatic factors: • Coztur and Felcher soils on mountainsides Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches • Rock outcrop Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands and have Frost-free period—70 to 110 days dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant Typical profile: community 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown and very dark grayish brown loam Major Use 11 to 16 inches—dark brown clay Livestock grazing 16 to 20 inches—dark brown clay loam 20 to 28 inches—dark brown, indurated hardpan Major Management Factors 28 to 43 inches—dark grayish brown, strongly Available water capacity, water erosion, wind erosion, cemented hardpan permeability of the lower part 43 to 60 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the claypan; Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the hardpan; Community very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming Drainage class: Well drained big sagebrush Permeability: Slow 324 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: About 4 inches land leveling, land smoothing that involves only Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate shallow cuts is best suited. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and • The depth to the claypan and hardpan limits rooting 16 inches depth. • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the Contrasting Inclusions buildup of a perched water table above the claypan. • Drews soils that are on slightly lower lying lake • When the soil is dry, subsoiling or deep plowing to rip terraces the hardpan can increase the effective rooting depth • Oxwall soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and and improve internal drainage. have low sagebrush in the potential plant community • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for • Donica soils that are on alluvial fans on adjacent windbreaks and environmental plantings on this soil. lake terraces • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent high content of clay causes moisture stress. Major Uses Suitable management practices: • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Livestock grazing, cropland • Apply water slowly over a long period to ensure that Major Management Factors the root zone is properly wetted. • Because of the slow permeability of the subsoil, Depth to the claypan, depth to the hardpan, manage irrigation water so that it does not pond on the permeability, shrink-swell potential, water erosion surface and damage crops. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Use minimum tillage and return crop residue to the Community soil to reduce compaction and improve soil tilth. • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch vegetation. wheatgrass Livestock Grazing 243C—Salisbury loam, 5 to 15 percent General management considerations: slopes • The claypan and hardpan restrict rooting depth. • The surface layer is saturated following snowmelt. Composition • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, which makes special design of fences necessary. Salisbury soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the Characteristics of the Salisbury Soil preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Position on landscape: Lake terraces existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. source—rhyolite, tuff, basalt • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Elevation: 4,700 to 5,000 feet shrinking and swelling. Climatic factors: • Seed on the contour to minimize erosion. Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Cropland Frost-free period—70 to 110 days General management considerations: Typical profile: • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous 0 to 11 inches—very dark brown and very dark cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. A grayish brown loam suitable cropping system includes small grain and 11 to 16 inches—dark brown clay summer fallow. 16 to 20 inches—dark brown clay loam • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and 20 to 28 inches—dark brown, indurated hardpan border systems. 28 to 43 inches—dark grayish brown, strongly • If border irrigation is used, leveling is needed for cemented hardpan uniform application of water. 43 to 60 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • To avoid exposing the claypan and hardpan during Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the claypan; Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 325

moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the hardpan; • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock shrinking and swelling. Drainage class: Well drained • Seed on the contour or across the slope where Permeability: Slow practical. Available water capacity: About 4 inches Cropland Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 11 and General management considerations: 16 inches • Because of the limited precipitation, continuous cropping is suitable only if the soil is irrigated. A Contrasting Inclusions suitable cropping system includes small grain and • Drews soils that are on slightly lower lying lake summer fallow. terraces • Because of the slope, this soil is best suited to • Oxwall soils that are on adjacent lake terraces sprinkler irrigation. and have low sagebrush in the potential plant • The depth to the claypan and hardpan limits rooting community depth. • Donica soils that are on alluvial fans on adjacent • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent the lake terraces buildup of a perched water table above the claypan. • Soils that have slopes of less than 5 percent or more • A wide variety of trees and shrubs can be used for than 15 percent windbreaks and environmental plantings. • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the Major Uses high content of clay causes moisture stress. Livestock grazing, cropland • When the soil is dry, subsoiling or deep plowing to rip the hardpan can increase the effective rooting depth Major Management Factors and improve internal drainage. Slope, permeability, depth to the claypan, depth to the Suitable management practices: hardpan, shrink-swell potential, water erosion • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Regulate the application of irrigation water to control Community runoff and erosion. • Reduce the risk of erosion by farming across the Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch slope or along the contour. wheatgrass • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing Livestock Grazing vegetation.

General management considerations: • The claypan and hardpan restrict rooting depth. 244D—Sherval very cobbly loam, 5 to 20 • The surface layer is saturated during snowmelt. percent slopes • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, which makes special design of fences necessary. Composition Suitable management practices: Sherval soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Characteristics of the Sherval Soil • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Position on landscape: Concave areas on mountains surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. (see fig. 20, next page) 326 Soil Survey

and mountainsides and have white fir and ponderosa pine in the potential plant community • Seeps or springs • Soils that are similar to the Sherval soil but have bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches Major Uses Watershed, wildlife habitat, livestock grazing Major Management Factors Seasonal wetness, permeability, slope, water erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Quaking aspen, Leiberg bluegrass, common snowberry, slender wheatgrass, big bluegrass, mountain big sagebrush Livestock Grazing Figure 20.—Aspen in an area of Sherval very cobbly loam, 5 General management considerations: to 20 percent slopes. • Cold soil temperatures, a short growing season, and extended periods of snow cover limit plant growth. Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff • The water table rises if trees are removed. Elevation: 5,800 to 7,400 feet • Development of springs for livestock and wildlife is Climatic factors: feasible. Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas Frost-free period—30 to 50 days and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December through March; more than 48 inches—January and Suitable management practices: February • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Typical profile: have achieved sufficient growth. 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed grass and • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to aspen leaves prevent damage to the soil and plants. 0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown very • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the cobbly loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 9 to 24 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 24 to 38 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a loam cool growing season. 24 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly clay Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 245C—Simon-Anawalt complex, 2 to 15 bedrock percent slopes Drainage class: Moderately well drained Permeability: Slow Composition Available water capacity: About 6 inches Simon soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe Anawalt soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: January through Contrasting inclusions—15 percent June—12 to 24 inches; rest of year—more than 24 inches Characteristics of the Simon Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Terraces adjacent to • Cressler soils that are in upland basins and have drainageways on tablelands tufted hairgrass in the potential plant community Parent material: Kind—alluvium, lacustrine sediment; • Rogger and Woodchopper soils that are on plateaus source—basalt, tuff Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 327

Elevation: 5,300 to 6,300 feet Major Use Climatic factors: Livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Simon soil—water erosion Typical profile: Anawalt soil—depth to the claypan, depth to bedrock, 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown silt available water capacity, shrink-swell potential, loam permeability, water erosion 14 to 22 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 22 to 40 inches—brown sandy clay loam Community 40 to 50 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Simon soil—basin wildrye, basin big sagebrush 50 to 60 inches—olive loamy fine sand Anawalt soil—bluebunch wheatgrass, low sagebrush, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Sandberg bluegrass bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Livestock Grazing Permeability: Moderately slow General management considerations: Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate limit the period of plant growth. Characteristics of the Anawalt Soil • The claypan and bedrock in the Anawalt soil restrict rooting depth. Position on landscape: Tablelands • The surface layer of the Anawalt soil is saturated Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— following snowmelt. basalt, tuff • The shallow depth of the Anawalt soil limits Elevation: 5,300 to 6,300 feet placement of fenceposts. Climatic factors: • The depth to bedrock in the Anawalt soil limits Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches construction of water impoundments. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Anawalt soil are the result of past erosion. Typical profile: • The subsoil of the Anawalt soil expands when wet 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown loam and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant 4 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown loam roots. 9 to 17 inches—dark brown clay • Because of the high corrosivity of the Anawalt soil to 17 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of calcium carbonate in fractures noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures shallow (3 to 10 inches) to the claypan or pipelines. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Suitable management practices: Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate have achieved sufficient growth. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 9 and 17 • Delay grazing until the Anawalt soil is firm and the inches preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Contrasting Inclusions existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Rock outcrop surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Swalesilver soils that are in depressions and have • If the Simon soil is seeded, select plants that dominantly silver sagebrush in the potential plant tolerate a cool growing season. community • If the Anawalt soil is seeded, select plants that • Deseed soils that have dominantly Wyoming big tolerate droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a sagebrush in the potential plant community cool growing season. 328 Soil Survey

246A—Spangenburg complex, 0 to 2 Contrasting Inclusions percent slopes • Swalesilver soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying lake terraces and have dominantly silver Composition sagebrush in the potential plant community Spangenburg soil, thick surface, and similar Major Uses inclusions—45 percent Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Spangenburg soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Management Factors Characteristics of the Spangenburg Soils Spangenburg soil, thick surface—permeability, depth to the claypan, shrink-swell potential, calcareous Position on landscape: Lake terraces layer Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Spangenburg soil—depth to the claypan, shrink-swell basalt, tuff potential, permeability, calcareous layer Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Spangenburg soil, thick surface—Indian ricegrass, Frost-free period—70 to 90 days needleandthread, Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming Typical profile of the Spangenburg soil, thick surface: big sagebrush 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown very fine Spangenburg soil—Wyoming big sagebrush, sandy loam bottlebrush squirreltail, Sandberg bluegrass 4 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown loam 15 to 27 inches—very dark grayish brown clay Livestock Grazing 27 to 50 inches—dark brown silty clay loam General management considerations: 50 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • The claypan restricts rooting depth and permeability. gravelly coarse sand • The rapid permeability of the substratum restricts Typical profile of the Spangenburg soil: development of livestock watering ponds. 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown very fine • Maintaining the thickness of the surface layer is sandy loam critical to the management of the plant community. 4 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam • Crusting on the soil surface reduces infiltration and 10 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown clay restricts seedling emergence and survival. 22 to 45 inches—dark brown silty clay loam • Short periods of ponding occur in spring because of 45 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely the shallow depth to the slowly permeable claypan. gravelly coarse sand • The low precipitation limits forage production and Depth class: Spangenburg soils—very deep (more than seedling survival. 60 inches) to bedrock, moderately deep and deep • The soil expands when wet and contracts when dry, (30 to 50 inches) to the gravelly sand layer; which can rip and tear plant roots and makes special Spangenburg soil, thick surface—shallow (10 to 15 design of fences necessary. inches) to the claypan; Spangenburg soil—very • Wind erosion is a concern if the vegetation is shallow (2 to 10 inches) to the claypan removed or degraded. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Permeability: Slow over rapid protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Available water capacity: About 8 inches material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. moderate • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Shrink-swell potential: Spangenburg soil, thick • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental surface—high between depths of 15 and 27 inches; plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. Spangenburg soil—high between depths of 10 and • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the 22 inches high content of clay causes moisture stress. Carbonates: Spangenburg soil, thick surface—strongly effervescent between depths of 27 and 50 inches; Suitable management practices: Spangenburg soil—strongly effervescent between • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred depths of 22 and 45 inches forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 329

• Increase the water intake rate and minimize the risk Drainage class: Well drained of wind erosion by maintaining and improving the plant Permeability: Slow over rapid cover and accumulating litter on the surface. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— droughtiness. moderate • Manage unpalatable brushy plants in areas where Shrink-swell potential: Spangenburg soil—high between these plants are abundant. depths of 10 and 22 inches; Spangenburg soil, • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing thick surface—high between depths of 15 and 27 vegetation. inches Carbonates: Spangenburg soil—strongly effervescent between depths of 22 and 45 inches; Spangenburg 247A—Spangenburg-Berdugo complex, 0 soil, thick surface—strongly effervescent between to 2 percent slopes depths of 27 and 50 inches Characteristics of the Berdugo Soil Composition Position on landscape: Lake terraces Spangenburg soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Spangenburg soil, thick surface, and similar basalt, tuff inclusions—30 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet Berdugo soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Climatic factors: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Characteristics of the Spangenburg Soils Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Position on landscape: Lake terraces Typical profile: Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— 0 to 5 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam basalt, tuff 5 to 10 inches— brown clay Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet 10 to 19 inches—brown silty clay loam Climatic factors: 19 to 39 inches—very dark grayish brown clay Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches loam Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F 39 to 50 inches—olive brown very fine sandy loam Frost-free period—70 to 90 days 50 to 60 inches—olive brown loamy sand Typical profile of the Spangenburg soil: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown very fine bedrock; very shallow (1 to 5 inches) to the sandy loam claypan; moderately deep or deep (20 to 50 inches) 4 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam to the loamy sand layer 10 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown clay Drainage class: Well drained 22 to 45 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Permeability: Slow over rapid 45 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Available water capacity: About 5 inches gravelly coarse sand Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind— Typical profile of the Spangenburg soil, thick surface: moderate 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown very fine Sodicity: Between depths of 19 and 50 inches—slightly sandy loam sodic or moderately sodic 4 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Carbonates: Between depths of 19 and 39 inches— 15 to 27 inches—very dark grayish brown clay violently effervescent 27 to 50 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Contrasting Inclusions 50 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly coarse sand • Swalesilver soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower Depth class: Spangenburg soils—very deep (more than lying lake terraces and have dominantly silver 60 inches) to bedrock, moderately deep or deep sagebrush in the potential plant community (30 to 50 inches) to the gravelly sand layer; • Playas Spangenburg soil—very shallow (2 to 10 inches) to Major Uses the claypan; Spangenburg soil, thick surface— shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the claypan Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat 330 Soil Survey

Major Management Factors high content of clay causes moisture stress late in summer and in fall. Spangenburg soil—depth to the claypan, shrink-swell potential, permeability, calcareous layer Suitable management practices: Spangenburg soil, thick surface—permeability, depth to • Delay grazing until the soils are firm and the the claypan, shrink-swell potential, calcareous preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. layer • Increase the water intake rate and minimize the risk Berdugo soil—permeability, depth to the claypan, of wind erosion by maintaining and improving the plant calcareous layer, sodicity cover and accumulating litter on the surface. • If the Spangenburg soils are seeded, select plants Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant that tolerate droughtiness. Community • If the Berdugo soil is seeded, select plants that Spangenburg soil—Wyoming big sagebrush, tolerate droughtiness and sodicity. bottlebrush squirreltail, Sandberg bluegrass • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing Spangenburg soil, thick surface—Thurber needlegrass, vegetation. Indian ricegrass, needleandthread, Wyoming big sagebrush Berdugo soil—shadscale, spiny hopsage, bottlebrush 248A—Spangenburg-Swalesilver squirreltail complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes Livestock Grazing Composition General management considerations: Spangenburg soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • The claypan restricts rooting depth and permeability. Swalesilver soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • The rapid permeability of the substratum restricts Contrasting inclusions—15 percent development of livestock watering ponds. Characteristics of the Spangenburg Soil • Maintaining the thickness of the surface layer is critical to the management of the plant community. Position on landscape: Lake terraces in areas slightly • The low precipitation limits forage production and higher than the Swalesilver soil seedling survival. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Crusting of the soil surface reduces infiltration and basalt, tuff restricts seedling emergence and survival. Elevation: 5,100 to 5,300 feet • Short periods of ponding occur early in spring Climatic factors: because of the very shallow or shallow depth to the Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches slowly permeable claypan. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The Berdugo soil supports only sparse perennial Frost-free period—70 to 90 days grasses in the potential plant community, but it Typical profile: supports abundant annual forbs when the precipitation 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown very fine is adequate. sandy loam • Seeding areas of the more favorable Spangenburg 4 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown loam soils in this unit is difficult because of the pattern in 15 to 27 inches—very dark grayish brown clay which they occur with areas of the less favorable 27 to 50 inches—dark brown silty clay loam Berdugo soil. 50 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • The soils expand when wet and contract when dry, gravelly coarse sand which can rip and tear plant roots. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Wind erosion is a concern if the vegetation is bedrock, shallow (10 to 15 inches) to the claypan, removed. moderately deep or deep (30 to 50 inches) to the • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, gravelly sand layer protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Drainage class: Well drained material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Permeability: Slow over rapid steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental moderate plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness in summer. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 15 and • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the 27 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 331

Carbonates: Between depths of 27 and 50 inches— Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant strongly effervescent Community Characteristics of the Swalesilver Soil Spangenburg soil—Indian ricegrass, Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, Position on landscape: Lake terraces in areas slightly needleandthread lower than the Spangenburg soil Swalesilver soil—Nevada bluegrass, creeping wildrye, Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— silver sagebrush basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,100 to 5,300 feet Livestock Grazing Climatic factors: General management considerations: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The claypan restricts rooting depth and permeability. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts Frost-free period—70 to 90 days when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and makes Typical profile: special design of fences necessary. 0 to 5 inches—very dark gray, mottled loam • The rapid permeability of the substratum in the 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown clay Spangenburg soil restricts development of excavated 12 to 35 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay livestock ponds. 35 to 45 inches—dark brown loam • The low precipitation limits forage production and 45 to 60 inches—brown silt loam seedling survival. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Seeding areas of the more favorable Spangenburg bedrock, very shallow (2 to 10 inches) to the soil is difficult because of the pattern in which they claypan occur with areas of the Swalesilver soil. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • The Swalesilver soil provides food and cover for Permeability: Upper 5 inches—moderate; between wetland wildlife. depths of 5 and 35 inches—very slow • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Available water capacity: About 4 inches nesting for waterfowl. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Depth to perched water table: February through May— protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 12 inches above the surface to 6 inches below the material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized surface; rest of year—more than 6 inches steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 5 and 35 • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. inches • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Contrasting Inclusions plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness in summer. • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the • Playas high content of clay causes moisture stress late in • Locane soils that are on adjacent hillsides and summer and in fall. mountainsides • Soils that have slopes of more than 1 percent Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until the Spangenburg soil is firm and Major Uses the preferred forage plants can withstand grazing Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat pressure. • Allow the Swalesilver soil to drain adequately Major Management Factors before grazing to prevent damage to the soil and Spangenburg soil—permeability, depth to the claypan, plants. shrink-swell potential, calcareous layer • Excavated livestock watering ponds should be Swalesilver soil—wetness, permeability, depth to the developed only in areas of the Swalesilver soil. claypan, shrink-swell potential • If the Swalesilver soil is seeded, select plants that 332 Soil Survey

tolerate wetness and that provide cover for nesting Elevation: 4,700 to 4,760 feet waterfowl. Climatic factors: • If the Spangenburg soil is seeded, select plants that Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches tolerate droughtiness. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Improve areas that are heavily infested with Frost-free period—70 to 110 days undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or Typical profile: applying chemicals. 0 to 3 inches—brown fine sandy loam • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing 3 to 6 inches—dark brown loam vegetation. 6 to 12 inches—dark brown silty clay loam 12 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam 249A—Stockdrive fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 29 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown very percent slopes gravelly sand 32 to 34 inches—dark grayish brown extremely Composition gravelly sand 34 to 38 inches—brown very gravelly sand Stockdrive soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 38 to 44 inches—dark brown sand Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 44 to 56 inches—dark brown silty clay Characteristics of the Stockdrive Soil loam 56 to 66 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay Position on landscape: Lake terraces (fig. 21) loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock, moderately deep or deep (25 to 45 inches) to stratified sand and gravel Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Permeability: Upper part—slow; middle part—rapid; lower part—moderately slow Available water capacity: About 2 inches Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— moderate Depth to perched water table: March through May—6 inches above the surface to 48 inches below the surface; rest of year—below 48 inches Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline Sodicity: Strongly sodic Carbonates: Upper 32 inches—violently effervescent Contrasting Inclusions

• Thunderegg soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying lake terraces and have dominantly tufted Figure 21.—Basin wildrye in an area of Stockdrive fine sandy hairgrass and Nebraska sedge in the potential plant loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, in foreground. West slope community of Warner Mountains in background. • Lakeview soils that are on adjacent stream terraces and lake terraces and have dominantly basin big sagebrush and antelope bitterbrush in the potential Parent material: Kind—eolian material over lacustrine plant community sediment; source—tuff, basalt, rhyolite, volcanic • Goose Lake soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower ash lying lake terraces Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 333

Major Uses Cropland and Hayland Cropland, hayland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat General management considerations: • The concentration of salts and sodium limits the Major Management Factors selection and production of hay and pasture plants and Sodicity, salinity, available water capacity, wetness, other crops. permeability, wind erosion • A high water table and ponding early in spring restrict rooting depth and plant survival. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • A seasonal high water table provides supplemental Community moisture for plants late in summer and in fall. Basin wildrye, inland saltgrass, black greasewood • Removing salts and sodium is difficult unless the soil is drained. Livestock Grazing • Irrigation is needed to meet the needs of the crops grown and to leach salts below the root zone. General management considerations: • This soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, which • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife limits the amount that is available to plants. in spring. • Irrigation and drainage are needed for intensive • Grazing should be deferred during the period of management. nesting for waterfowl. • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants Suitable management practices: and restrict seedling survival. • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by keeping the • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient surface rough and maintaining residue on the surface. imbalances and a caustic root environment. • Manage irrigation water to prevent a rise in the level • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce of the water table and the subsequent upward the water intake rate, which causes ponding, and movement of salts and sodium in the soil. restrict seedling emergence and survival. • The low available water capacity limits forage production and seedling survival. 250A—Swalesilver loam, 0 to 2 percent • Wind erosion is a concern if the vegetation is slopes removed or degraded. • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Composition protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Swalesilver soil and similar inclusions—85 percent material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Contrasting inclusions—15 percent steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. Characteristics of the Swalesilver Soil • The content of sodium in the soil can be reduced by Position on landscape: Depressions in tablelands applying proper amounts of soil amendments and then Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— applying good-quality irrigation water to leach the salts. basalt, tuff • Drainage is difficult because the soil is nearly level Elevation: 5,100 to 5,300 feet and there is a lack of outlets. Climatic factors: • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F plantings are limited and the seedling mortality rate is Frost-free period—70 to 90 days severe. Typical profile: Suitable management practices: 0 to 5 inches—very dark gray, mottled loam • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown clay prevent damage to the soil and plants. 12 to 35 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by maintaining 35 to 45 inches—dark brown loam existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter 45 to 60 inches—brown silt loam on the soil surface. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate bedrock, very shallow (2 to 10 inches) to the wetness, salinity, and sodicity and that provide cover claypan for nesting waterfowl. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 334 Soil Survey

Permeability: Upper 5 inches—moderate; between material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized depths of 5 and 35 inches—very slow steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental Hazard of erosion by water: Slight plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness in summer. Depth to perched water table: February through May— • The seedling mortality rate is severe because the 12 inches above the surface to 6 inches below the high content of clay causes moisture stress late in surface; rest of year—more than 6 inches summer and in fall. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 5 and 35 Suitable management practices: inches • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Contrasting Inclusions prevent damage to the soil and plants. • If this soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Playas wetness and that provide cover for nesting waterfowl. • Locane soils that are on adjacent hillsides and • Cultivate or apply herbicides to control competing mountainsides and have dominantly Wyoming big vegetation. sagebrush in the potential plant community • Spangenburg soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying lake terraces and have dominantly 251A—Tandy loamy fine sand, 0 to 1 Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant percent slopes community • Mudpot soils that are adjacent, slightly lower lying Composition interplateau basins • Soils that have slopes of more than 2 percent Tandy soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Uses Characteristics of the Tandy Soil Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins Major Management Factors Parent material: Kind—eolian material over lacustrine Permeability, wetness, depth to the claypan, shrink- sediment; source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash swell potential Elevation: 4,690 to 4,725 feet Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—14 to 16 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Nevada bluegrass, creeping wildrye, silver sagebrush Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Typical profile: Livestock Grazing 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown loamy fine sand General management considerations: 9 to 12 inches—gray fine sandy loam • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife 12 to 34 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy early in spring. fine sand • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 34 to 40 inches—black silt loam nesting for waterfowl. 40 to 60 inches—stratified clay loam and loamy • The low precipitation limits forage production and fine sand seedling survival. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season bedrock, moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to the limit the period of plant growth. loamy substratum • A seasonal high water table and ponding early in the Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained growing season restrict the rooting depth of non-water- Permeability: Moderate tolerant plants. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The claypan restricts rooting depth and permeability. Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, severe protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive Depth to seasonal high water table: 6 inches above the Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 335

surface to 36 inches below the surface throughout • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and the year, fluctuating with the level of water in shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental Goose Lake plantings are limited and the seedling mortality rate is Frequency of flooding: Rare severe. Salinity: Slightly saline or moderately saline Suitable management practices: Sodicity: Slightly sodic or moderately sodic • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Carbonates: Strongly effervescent throughout prevent damage to the soil and plants. Contrasting Inclusions • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by maintaining the existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter • Goose Lake soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher on the soil surface. lying lake terraces • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate • Thunderegg soils that are in concave areas on wetness, salinity, and sodicity and that provide cover adjacent, slightly higher lying lake terraces and have for nesting waterfowl. dominantly tufted hairgrass in the potential plant community • Fluvaquents on adjacent, lower lying lake terraces 252A—Thunderegg fine sandy loam, 0 to adjacent to Goose Lake 1 percent slopes • Soils that have slopes of more than 1 percent • Long, narrow beach ridges that are very gravelly Composition loamy sand throughout Thunderegg soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Small, undulating sand dunes Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Uses Characteristics of the Thunderegg Soil Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Lake terraces Major Management Factors Parent material: Kind—eolian material over lacustrine Wetness, salinity, sodicity, wind erosion, available sediment; source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash water capacity Elevation: 4,690 to 4,725 feet Climatic factors: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Community Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Nuttall alkaligrass, inland saltgrass Frost-free period—70 to 110 days Typical profile: Livestock Grazing 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray fine sandy loam General management considerations: 8 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam • This unit provides food and cover for nesting 15 to 21 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish waterfowl. brown silty clay loam • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 21 to 26 inches—yellowish brown and light nesting for waterfowl. yellowish brown loam • A high water table during the growing season 26 to 70 inches—dark brown sand restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants bedrock, moderately deep or deep (25 to 50 and restrict seedling survival. inches) to the sandy layer • The low available water capacity of the surface layer Drainage class: Poorly drained limits forage production and seedling survival. Permeability: Slow • If the vegetation is removed or degraded and the soil Available water capacity: About 2 inches surface is exposed, wind erosion is a concern. Hazard of erosion: By water—none or slight; by wind— • A potential for seepage limits construction of water moderate impoundments. Depth to perched water table: 6 inches above the • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel surface to 48 inches below the surface throughout and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of the year noncorrosive material, such as aluminum, galvanized Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 21 steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. inches • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. Salinity: Moderately saline or strongly saline 336 Soil Survey

Sodicity: Moderately sodic or strongly sodic existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Carbonates: Between depths of 1 inch and 31 inches— on the soil surface. strongly effervescent or violently effervescent • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate wetness, salinity, and sodicity and that provide cover Contrasting Inclusions for nesting waterfowl. • Stockdrive soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher Cropland and Hayland lying lake terraces and support dominantly basin wildrye and black greasewood General management considerations: • Tandy soils that are in adjacent sandy areas close to • Wetness limits the choice of plants, restricts the use Goose Lake and support dominantly Nuttall alkaligrass of equipment, and increases the risk of winterkill. and inland saltgrass • The concentration of salts and sodium limits the • Malin soils that are on lake terraces selection and production of hay and pasture plants and other crops. Major Uses • Removing salts and sodium is difficult unless the Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, cropland, hayland soil is drained. • A high water table early in spring restricts rooting Major Management Factors depth and plant survival. Salinity, sodicity, wetness, wind erosion, permeability, • The seasonal high water table provides supplemental available water capacity moisture for plants late in summer and in fall. • Irrigation may be needed to meet the needs of the Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant crops grown and to leach salts below the root zone. Community • The soil ties up large amounts of phosphorus, which Tufted hairgrass limits the amount that is available to plants. • Irrigation and drainage are needed for intensive Livestock Grazing management. General management considerations: • The content of sodium in the soil can be reduced by • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife applying proper amounts of soil amendments and then in spring. applying good-quality irrigation water to leach the salts • Grazing should be deferred during the period of from the root zone. nesting for waterfowl. • Removing salts without applying proper amounts of • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction soil amendments causes dispersion and crusting of the and puddling of the surface. soil surface. • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants • Irrigation water management is needed to prevent a and restrict seedling survival. rise in the level of the water table and the subsequent • Excess sodium in the soil results in nutrient upward movement of salts and sodium in the soil. imbalances and a caustic root environment. • Drainage is difficult because the soil is nearly level • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce and there is a lack of outlets. infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and • Because of the concentration of salts, trees and survival. shrubs suitable for windbreaks and environmental • The low available water capacity limits forage plantings are limited and the seedling mortality rate is production and seedling survival. severe. • When the soil is dry, wind erosion is a concern if the vegetation is removed or degraded and the soil surface is exposed. 253A—Tulana mucky silty clay loam, • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, drained, 0 to 1 percent slopes protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized Composition steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Tulana soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • If the vegetation is removed, range seeding is Contrasting inclusions—15 percent needed to control wind erosion. Characteristics of the Tulana Soil Suitable management practices: • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to Position on landscape: Concave areas on alluvial flats prevent damage to the soil and plants. in lake basins • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by maintaining Parent material: Kind—lacustrine and eolian sediment; Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 337

source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash, diatoms noncorrosive material, such as galvanized steel, Elevation: 4,250 to 4,350 feet aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Climatic factors: pipelines. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F are subject to winterkill and other damage. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • If border systems or contour ditches are used to Typical profile: apply irrigation water, land leveling may be needed to 0 to 11 inches—black mucky silty clay loam ensure uniform application of water. 11 to 38 inches—light gray silt loam • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental 38 to 44 inches—light brownish gray fine sandy plantings should be tolerant of wetness. loam • The seedling mortality rate may be severe because 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray silt loam this soil is very poorly drained. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Suitable management practices: bedrock • Maintain drainage systems to allow the soil to drain Drainage class: Poorly drained more effectively. Permeability: Moderately slow • Maintain surface and subsurface drains to prevent Available water capacity: About 13 inches ponding of the surface, keep the water table at desired Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight depths, and allow for earlier access for haying Depth to water table: 24 to 60 inches throughout the operations. year • Regulate the application of irrigation water to prevent Contrasting Inclusions the buildup of a perched water table above the sandy lower layer. • Crump soils that are on adjacent, slightly lower lying alluvial flats • Ozamis soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher 254A—Turpin-Ozamis complex, 0 to 5 lying alluvial flats percent slopes Major Uses Composition Hayland, cropland, livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Turpin soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Major Management Factors Ozamis soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Wetness, permeability, frost action, slope Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hayland and Cropland Characteristics of the Turpin Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes • This unit provides food and cover for wetland wildlife of 0 to 5 percent early in spring. Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— • Most climatically adapted crops can be grown if tuff, basalt, volcanic ash adequate drainage is maintained. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,600 feet • Because this soil is nearly level, drainage is difficult Climatic factors: to maintain. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Wetness limits the choice of plants, restricts the Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F period suitable for haying, and increases the risk of Frost-free period—90 to 110 days winterkill. Typical profile: • The seasonal high water table provides moisture for 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy clay hay and pasture plants. loam • Supplemental irrigation is needed for most crops late 5 to 20 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy in summer. clay loam • Suitable irrigation methods include sprinkler and 20 to 29 inches—dark grayish brown sandy clay border systems. loam • The sandy lower layer restricts the growth of deep- 29 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown loam rooted plants. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel bedrock and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of Drainage class: Well drained 338 Soil Survey

Permeability: Slow Ozamis soil—wetness, salinity, available water Available water capacity: About 3 inches capacity, frost action, clayey surface layer Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—slight or Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant moderate Community Salinity: Upper 20 inches—slightly saline; below this depth—moderately saline Turpin soil—basin wildrye, black greasewood, inland Sodicity: Strongly sodic throughout saltgrass Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Ozamis soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland effervescent throughout saltgrass, alkali cordgrass Characteristics of the Ozamis Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins that General management considerations: have slopes of 0 to 1 percent • The low precipitation, low available water capacity of Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— the surface layer, and content of salts limit forage tuff, basalt, volcanic ash production and seedling survival. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,600 feet • The strongly sodic surface layer of the Turpin soil Climatic factors: severely limits range recovery and seedling survival. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The moderately saline surface layer of the Ozamis Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F soil limits range recovery and seedling survival. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Water erosion is a concern on the Turpin soil because Typical profile: of the steepness of slope and the poor structure of the 0 to 9 inches—black silty clay surface layer. 9 to 12 inches—black clay loam • Wind erosion is a concern on the Turpin soil if the 12 to 19 inches—black silty clay vegetation is removed or degraded and the surface is 19 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown loam exposed. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Excess sodium in the Turpin soil results in nutrient bedrock imbalances and a caustic root environment. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Dispersion and crusting of the surface of the Turpin Permeability: Moderately slow soil reduce infiltration and restrict seedling emergence Available water capacity: About 3 inches and survival. Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight • The Ozamis soil provides food and cover for wetland Depth to seasonal high water table: March through wildlife early in spring. June—12 to 48 inches; rest of year—more than 48 • Grazing when the Ozamis soil is wet results in inches compaction and puddling of the surface. Frequency of flooding: Rare • Because of a high potential for frost action on the Salinity: Upper 9 inches—moderately saline; below this Ozamis soil, plants are subject to winterkill and other depth—slightly saline damage. • The surface layer of the Ozamis soil expands when Contrasting Inclusions wet and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear • Crump soils that are on slightly lower lying alluvial plant roots. flats and have dominantly sedges and cattails in the • A high water table in the Ozamis soil early in the plant community growing season restricts rooting depth. • Reese soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats • Because of the high corrosivity of the Turpin soil to • Icene soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher lying uncoated steel, protection from corrosion or use of lake terraces noncorrosive material, such as concrete, aluminum, • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent galvanized steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Major Uses • Because of the high corrosivity of the Ozamis soil to Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat uncoated steel and concrete, protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as galvanized Major Management Factors steel, aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or Turpin soil—sodicity, salinity, available water capacity, pipelines. permeability, wind erosion, water erosion • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 339

• If the vegetation is removed, range seeding is Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—slight or needed to control wind erosion. moderate • The Turpin soil generally is not suited to growing Salinity: Upper 20 inches—slightly saline; below this trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental depth—moderately saline plantings. Sodicity: Strongly sodic throughout • Because of the concentration of salts in the Ozamis Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently soil, trees and shrubs suitable for windbreaks and effervescent throughout environmental plantings are limited and the seedling Characteristics of the Reese Soils mortality rate is severe. Position on landscape: Alluvial flats in lake basins that Suitable management practices: have slopes of 0 to 1 percent • Allow the Ozamis soil to drain adequately before Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— grazing to prevent damage to the soil and plants. tuff, basalt • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Climatic factors: surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • If the Turpin soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F strong sodicity and droughtiness in summer. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • If the Ozamis soil is seeded, select plants that Typical profile of the Reese soil: tolerate moderate salinity, wetness, and frost heaving. 0 to 4 inches—dark very fine sandy loam 4 to 10 inches—brown loam 255A—Turpin-Reese complex, 0 to 8 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam percent slopes 20 to 33 inches—brown loam 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy loam Composition 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam Turpin soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Typical profile of the Reese soil, wet: Reese soil and similar inclusions—30 percent 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam Reese soil, wet, and similar inclusions—15 percent 4 to 10 inches—brown loam Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 10 to 20 inches—brown clay loam 20 to 33 inches—brown loam Characteristics of the Turpin Soil 33 to 44 inches—light brownish gray coarse sandy Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes loam of 1 to 8 percent 44 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loam Parent material: Kind—lacustrine sediment; source— Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to tuff, basalt, volcanic ash bedrock Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Drainage class: Poorly drained Climatic factors: Permeability: Slow Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Available water capacity: About 1 inch Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Hazard of erosion by water: Reese soil—slight; Reese Frost-free period—90 to 110 days soil, wet—none or slight Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by wind: Reese soil—moderate; 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy clay Reese soil, wet—none loam Depth to high water table: Reese soil—12 to 36 inches 5 to 20 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy in March through July; Reese soil, wet—12 inches clay loam above the surface to 24 inches below the surface 20 to 29 inches—dark grayish brown sandy clay in November through August loam Frequency of flooding: Rare 29 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown loam Salinity: Upper 10 inches—strongly saline; below this Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to depth—moderately saline or slightly saline bedrock Sodicity: Upper 33 inches—strongly sodic; below this Drainage class: Well drained depth—moderately sodic Permeability: Slow Carbonates: Strongly effervescent or violently Available water capacity: About 3 inches effervescent throughout 340 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions • Grazing when the Reese soils are wet results in compaction and puddling of the surface. • Ozamis soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats • A high water table during the growing season and • Icene soils that are on adjacent lake terraces spring ponding on the Reese soils restricts rooting Major Uses depth. • Because of a high potential for frost action in the Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat Reese soils, plants are subject to winterkill and other Major Management Factors damage. • Because of the high corrosivity of the Turpin and Turpin soil—salinity, sodicity, available water capacity, Reese soils to uncoated steel, protection from permeability, wind erosion, water erosion corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as Reese soil—wetness, salinity, sodicity, available water concrete, aluminum, galvanized steel, or plastics, is capacity, permeability, frost action, wind erosion needed for structures or pipelines. Reese soil, wet—wetness, salinity, sodicity, available • Because of the high corrosivity of the Reese soil, water capacity, permeability, frost action wet, to uncoated steel and concrete, protection from Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant corrosion or use of noncorrosive material, such as Community galvanized steel, aluminum, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Turpin soil—shadscale, black greasewood, basin • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. wildrye • If the vegetation is removed, range seeding is Reese soil—alkali sacaton, alkali bluegrass, inland needed to control wind erosion. saltgrass, alkali cordgrass • The soils in this unit generally are not suited to Reese soil, wet—unstable; may or may not support a growing trees and shrubs for windbreaks and plant community depending on the amount of environmental plantings. runoff on the soil Suitable management practices: Livestock Grazing • Allow the Reese soils to drain adequately before General management considerations: grazing to prevent damage to the soils and plants. • The low precipitation and low available water • Minimize the risk of wind and water erosion on the capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Turpin soil by preserving the existing plant cover, • The strongly sodic surface layer severely limits seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and range recovery and seedling survival. maintaining adequate plant cover. • Excess sodium in the soils results in nutrient • If the Turpin soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate imbalances and a caustic root environment. strong sodicity and droughtiness in summer. • Dispersion and crusting of the soil surface reduce • If the Reese soils are seeded, select plants that infiltration and restrict seedling emergence and tolerate strong sodicity, strong salinity, seasonal survival. wetness, and frost heaving and that provide habitat for • Salts reduce the amount of water available to plants waterfowl. and restrict seedling survival. • Wind erosion is a concern if the vegetation is removed and the soil surface is exposed. 256C—Twelvemile very gravelly fine • Water erosion is a concern on the Turpin soil because sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes of the steepness of slope and the poor structure of the surface layer. Composition • Because the water on the surface of the Reese soil, Twelvemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent wet, is from snowmelt in spring, the amount and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent duration varies. During years when the winters are wet, ponding lasts until midsummer or late in summer. Characteristics of the Twelvemile Soil During years when the winters are dry, ponding lasts for only short periods in spring. Position on landscape: Mountainsides • The Reese soils provide food and cover for wetland Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— wildlife. rhyolite • Grazing should be deferred during the period of Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet nesting for waterfowl. Climatic factors: Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 341

Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches • Because this soil is droughty, larger than normal Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional Frost-free period—50 to 70 days plantings may be needed. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Suitable management practices: through March; more than 48 inches—January and • To minimize compaction and displacement, use February designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Typical profile: equipment, log in areas that are covered with a 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed conifer needles minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly fine surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil sandy loam is wet. 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly fine sandy loam 24 to 37 inches—brown very cobbly fine sandy 257E—Twelvemile very gravelly fine loam sandy loam, 15 to 40 percent north 37 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock Composition Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Twelvemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Available water capacity: About 4 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Characteristics of the Twelvemile Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Mound, Polander, Rogger, and Woodchopper soils Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— that are on adjacent mountainsides rhyolite • Soils that are similar to the Twelvemile soil but have Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches Major Use Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Woodland Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Major Management Factors through March; more than 48 inches—January and Rock fragments, available water capacity February Typical profile: Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed conifer needles Community 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly fine White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, sandy loam heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly fine sandy loam Woodland 24 to 37 inches—brown very cobbly fine sandy loam Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual 37 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam increment: 64 cubic feet per acre per year for white Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to fir at age 70; 62 cubic feet per acre per year for bedrock ponderosa pine at age 50 Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 198 board feet per acre Permeability: Moderately rapid per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Available water capacity: About 4 inches General management considerations: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. Contrasting Inclusions • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. • Cuts and fills are stable. • Mound, Polander, Rogger, and Woodchopper soils • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. that are on adjacent mountainsides • Accumulations of snow can bend and break small • Soils that are similar to the Twelvemile soil but have trees. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches 342 Soil Survey

Major Use 257G—Twelvemile very gravelly fine Woodland sandy loam, 40 to 60 percent north slopes Major Management Factors Slope, rock fragments, available water capacity, water Composition erosion Twelvemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Community Characteristics of the Twelvemile Soil White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, Position on landscape: Mountainsides heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Woodland rhyolite Elevation: 5,500 to 6,300 feet Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Climatic factors: increment: 64 cubic feet per acre per year for white Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches fir at age 70; 62 cubic feet per acre per year for Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F ponderosa pine at age 50 Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 198 board feet per acre Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 through March; more than 48 inches—January and General management considerations: February • Accumulations of snow can bend and break small Typical profile: trees 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed conifer needles • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly fine • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. sandy loam • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown very • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. gravelly fine sandy loam • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a 24 to 37 inches—brown very cobbly fine sandy buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. loam Management of these areas should be designed to 37 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly sandy minimize disturbance. Trees should not be skidded loam through or fallen into riparian areas. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to • Because this soil is droughty, larger than normal bedrock planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained plantings may be needed. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Available water capacity: About 4 inches to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Suitable management practices: Contrasting Inclusions • To minimize displacement and erosion, use • Longjohn soils that are on mountainsides at higher designated skid trails and low-pressure ground elevations equipment, log in areas that are covered with a • Polander and Rogger soils that are on adjacent minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen mountainsides surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil • Soils that are similar to the Twelvemile soil but have is wet. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Major Use and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Woodland surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Major Management Factors temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on Slope, water erosion, rock fragments, available water the soil surface. capacity Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 343

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Characteristics of the Twelvemile Soil Community Position on landscape: Mountainsides White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— heartleaf arnica, wheeler bluegrass rhyolite Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet Woodland Climatic factors: Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches increment: 64 cubic feet per acre per year for white Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F fir at age 70; 62 cubic feet per acre per year for Frost-free period—50 to 70 days ponderosa pine at age 50 Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 198 board feet per acre through March; more than 48 inches—January and per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 February Typical profile: General management considerations: 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed conifer needles • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly fine • Dry, unsurfaced roads are dusty. sandy loam • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown very • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. gravelly fine sandy loam • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a 24 to 37 inches—brown very cobbly fine sandy buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas loam and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. 37 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly sandy • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain loam and require large cuts and fills that remove land from Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to production. bedrock • Accumulations of snow can bend or break small Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained trees. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Available water capacity: About 4 inches to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Because this soil is droughty, larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or additional Contrasting Inclusions plantings may be needed. • Mound, Polander, Rogger, and Woodchopper soils Suitable management practices: that are on adjacent mountainsides • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding • Soils that are similar to the Twelvemile soil but have systems. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging Major Use in spring when the soil is wet. • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by Woodland seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil Major Management Factors surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. • Leave slash on the soil to reduce sheet and rill Slope, rock fragments, available water capacity, water erosion. erosion • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Community White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, 258E—Twelvemile very gravelly fine heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass sandy loam, 15 to 40 percent south slopes Woodland Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Composition increment: 64 cubic feet per acre per year for white Twelvemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent fir at age 70; 62 cubic feet per acre per year for Contrasting inclusions—15 percent ponderosa pine at age 50 344 Soil Survey

Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 198 board feet per acre Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are firm. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Dry, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are dusty. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. through March; more than 48 inches—January and • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. February • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling Typical profile: survival. 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed conifer needles • The growing season begins earlier on the south- 0 to 11 inches—dark brown very gravelly fine facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes. sandy loam Droughtiness is a limitation earlier in the growing 11 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown very season on the south-facing slopes than on the north- gravelly fine sandy loam facing slopes. 24 to 37 inches—brown very cobbly fine sandy • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a loam buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 37 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam Management of these areas should be designed to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or bedrock skidded through riparian areas. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Permeability: Moderately rapid to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Because this soil is droughty and is on south-facing Hazard of erosion by water: Severe slopes, larger than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, shade cards, or additional plantings may Contrasting Inclusions be needed. • Winterim soils that are on the lower part of slopes Suitable management practices: • Mound, Polander, and Rogger soils that are on • To minimize soil displacement and erosion, use adjacent mountainsides designated skid trails and low-pressure ground • Rock outcrop equipment, log in areas that are covered with a • Soils that are similar to the Twelvemile soil but have minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the soil Major Use is wet. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Woodland temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Major Management Factors scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. Slope, water erosion, rock fragments, available water • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy capacity equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Community surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. White fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, wheeler bluegrass 258G—Twelvemile very gravelly fine sandy loam, 40 to 60 percent south Woodland slopes Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual increment: 62 cubic feet per acre per year for Composition ponderosa pine at age 50; 64 cubic feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70 Twelvemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 198 board feet per acre Contrasting inclusions—15 percent per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Characteristics of the Twelvemile Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Wet, unsurfaced roads are firm. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Dry, unsurfaced roads are dusty. rhyolite • The rock fragments make tree planting difficult. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 345

• Artificial or natural shade increases seedling 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly survival. sandy loam • Cuts and fills ravel when dry. 7 to 15 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain 15 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely and require large cuts and fills that remove land from gravelly clay loam production. 23 inches—basalt • The growing season begins earlier on the south- Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes. bedrock Droughtiness is a limitation earlier in the growing Drainage class: Well drained season on the south-facing slopes than on the north- Permeability: Moderate slow facing slopes. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas Characteristics of the Bullump Soil and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Position on landscape: Hillsides and mountainsides to allow for long-term establishment of plants. that have slopes of 15 to 30 percent • Because this soil is droughty and is on south-facing Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— slopes, larger than normal planting stock, a higher basalt, rhyolite, tuff planting rate, shade cards, or additional plantings may Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet be needed. Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Suitable management practices: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Use cable yarding systems to reduce soil Frost-free period—50 to 70 days displacement. Typical profile: • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely in spring when the soil is wet. stony loam • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by 11 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown very seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil gravelly clay loam surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. 22 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown very • Leave slash on the soil to reduce sheet and rill gravelly clay loam erosion. 42 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads gravelly loam on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock 259E—Vitale-Bullump complex, 5 to 30 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion: Moderate or severe Composition Contrasting Inclusions Vitale soil and similar inclusions—65 percent Bullump soil and similar inclusions—20 percent • Rock outcrop Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Soils that are similar to the Vitale soil but have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Characteristics of the Vitale Soil • Riddleranch soils that are on south-facing Position on landscape: Hillsides and mountainsides mountainsides that have slopes of 5 to 15 percent • Pearlwise soils that are at the higher elevations on Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— north-facing mountainsides tuff, basalt Major Use Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Climatic factors: Livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—14 to 18 inches Major Management Factors Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Vitale soil—available water capacity, depth to bedrock, Typical profile: water erosion 346 Soil Survey

Bullump soil—stones on the surface, water erosion, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to slope bedrock Drainage class: Very poorly drained Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Permeability: Moderately slow Community Available water capacity: About 10 inches Vitale and Bullump soils—Idaho fescue, antelope Hazard of erosion by water: None or slight bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Depth to seasonal high water table: November through June—12 inches above the surface to 18 inches Livestock Grazing below the surface; rest of year—more than 18 General management considerations: inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Contrasting Inclusions limit the period of plant growth. • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of • Mudpot soils that are on adjacent alluvial flats in this unit. interplateau basins and have dominantly spikerush, • The bedrock in the Vitale soil restricts rooting depth. dock, and Baltic rush in the potential plant community • The low available water capacity of the Vitale soil • Swalesilver soils that are on adjacent, slightly higher limits forage production and seedling survival. lying terraces in interplateau basins and have • The extremely stony surface layer of the Bullump dominantly silver sagebrush in the potential plant soil restricts the operation of ground seeding community equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding Major Uses should be used. • The rock fragments on the surface of the Bullump Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat soil and throughout the soil restrict the placement of Major Management Factors fenceposts. Wetness, permeability, frost action Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant have achieved sufficient growth. Community • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Spikerush, dock, Baltic rush existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Livestock Grazing • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate General management considerations: droughtiness and a cool growing season. • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. • Grazing should be deferred during the period of 260A—Welch clay loam, ponded, 0 to 1 nesting for waterfowl. percent slopes • Because the water on the surface is from snowmelt in spring, the amount and duration varies depending on the winter snowpack. Composition • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Welch soil and similar inclusions—85 percent limit the period of plant growth. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Periodic inundation increases the amount of moisture available for plants and thus increases the production Characteristics of the Welch Soil of forage. • A high water table during the growing season Position on landscape: Interplateau basins restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt, tuff • Grazing when the soil is wet results in compaction Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet and puddling of the surface. Climatic factors: • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants Mean annual precipitation—10 to 16 inches are subject to winterkill and other damage. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 47 degrees F • This soil generally is not suited to growing trees and Frost-free period—50 to 90 days shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings. Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—black clay loam Suitable management practices: 9 to 27 inches—black clay loam • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to 27 to 62 inches—very dark brown silty clay loam prevent damage to the soil and plants. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 347

• Delay grazing until late in spring or summer when 11 to 17 inches—black silty clay loam forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. 17 to 28 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate 28 to 35 inches—very dark gray gravelly clay loam wetness and frost heaving and that provide cover for 35 to 42 inches—very dark gray cobbly loamy wildlife. sand 42 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loamy sand 261A—Welch-Degarmo complex, 0 to 2 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to percent slopes bedrock, moderately deep (24 to 35 inches) to stratified sand and gravel Composition Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Moderately slow over rapid Welch soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Available water capacity: About 4 inches Degarmo soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Contrasting features—10 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: March through Characteristics of the Welch Soil June—12 to 36 inches; rest of year—more than 36 inches Position on landscape: Narrow flood plains in areas Frequency of flooding: Frequent for brief periods from slightly lower than the Degarmo soil March through June Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—andesite, basalt, tuff Contrasting Inclusions Elevation: 5,800 to 6,500 feet • Cressler soils that are in adjacent interplateau basins Climatic factors: • Soils that are similar to the Welch and Degarmo soils Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches but are moderately well drained or well drained because Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F of erosional downcutting and entrenching of stream Frost-free period—50 to 70 days channels Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—black silty clay loam Major Uses 9 to 27 inches—black clay loam Wildlife habitat, livestock grazing 27 to 62 inches—very dark brown clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Major Management Factors bedrock Welch soil—wetness, frost action Drainage class: Poorly drained Degarmo soil—wetness, frost action, permeability Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 10 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Community Depth to seasonal high water table: November through Welch and Degarmo soils—tufted hairgrass June—12 to 18 inches; rest of year—more than 18 inches Livestock Grazing Frequency of flooding: Frequent for brief periods from March through June General management considerations: • This unit provides food and cover for wildlife. Characteristics of the Degarmo Soil • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Position on landscape: Narrow flood plains on limit the period of plant growth. mountains in areas slightly higher than the Welch • A high water table during the growing season soil restricts the rooting depth of non-water-tolerant plants. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—andesite, • Because of a high potential for frost action, plants basalt, tuff are subject to winterkill and other damage. Elevation: 5,800 to 6,500 feet • Periodic flooding increases the amount of moisture Climatic factors: available for plants and thus increases the production Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches of forage. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Stream channels are subject to cutting and filling Frost-free period—50 to 70 days during periods of flooding. Typical profile: • Grazing when the soils are wet results in compaction 0 to 11 inches—black silt loam and puddling of the surface. 348 Soil Survey

• Grazing should be managed to maintain or increase Drainage class: Well drained the abundance of plants that help to stabilize Permeability: Moderate streambanks, reduce erosion, and moderate water Available water capacity: About 3 inches temperatures. Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe • The Welch soil generally is not suited to growing Contrasting Inclusions trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental plantings. • Rock outcrop • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental • Lambring soils that are on north-facing plantings on the Degarmo soil should be tolerant of mountainsides and have dominantly low sagebrush in droughtiness late in summer and early in fall. the potential plant community • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands and have Suitable management practices: dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant • Allow the soil to drain adequately before grazing to community prevent damage to the soil and plants. • Felcher, Fitzwater, and Riddleranch soils that are on • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants south-facing slopes and have dominantly Wyoming big have achieved sufficient growth. sagebrush in the potential plant community • Maintain adequate plant cover in fall to protect the • Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent soil from erosion during periods of flooding in spring. • Fence along riparian areas to minimize streambank Major Use erosion and to protect the quality and quantity of the Livestock grazing water. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Major Management Factors wetness and frost heaving and that provide cover for Available water capacity, stones on the surface, depth wildlife. to bedrock, water erosion Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 262E—Westbutte extremely stony loam, 5 Community to 30 percent slopes Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass Composition Livestock Grazing Westbutte soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Characteristics of the Westbutte Soil limit the period of plant growth. • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Position on landscape: Hills, mountains this unit. Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—tuff, basalt • The low available water capacity limits forage Elevation: 5,200 to 6,000 feet production and seedling survival. Climatic factors: • The extremely stony surface layer restricts the Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches operation of ground seeding equipment. Other methods Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F such as broadcast seeding should be used. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The depth to bedrock and content of rock fragments Typical profile: throughout the soil restrict rooting depth. 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely stony loam Suitable management practices: 7 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown very • Delay grazing until the soil is firm and the preferred stony loam forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very stony loam • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the 24 to 33 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 33 inches—tuff surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate bedrock droughtiness and a cool growing season. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 349

263F—Westbutte-Ninemile complex, 30 to Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 50 percent slopes Shrink-swell potential: High between the depths of 3 and 17 inches Composition Contrasting Inclusions Westbutte soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Lambring soils that are on north-facing hillsides and Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—40 percent mountainsides Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Felcher soils that are at the lower elevations on south-facing mountainsides and have dominantly Characteristics of the Westbutte Soil Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant Position on landscape: North-facing mountainsides community Parent material: Kind—colluvium, loess; source—tuff, • Riddleranch and Fitzwater soils that are on south- basalt facing mountainsides Elevation: 5,300 to 6,500 feet • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or Climatic factors: more than 50 percent Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches Major Use Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Livestock grazing Typical profile: Major Management Factors 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely stony loam Westbutte soil—slope, water erosion, available water 7 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown very capacity, stones on the surface, depth to bedrock stony loam Ninemile soil—slope, water erosion, depth to bedrock, 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very stony loam depth to the claypan, permeability, available water 24 to 33 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam capacity, shrink-swell potential 33 inches—tuff Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Community bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Westbutte soil—Idaho fescue, mountain big Permeability: Moderate sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, basin wildrye Available water capacity: About 3 inches Ninemile soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch Hazard of erosion by water: Severe wheatgrass Characteristics of the Ninemile Soil Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: North-facing hillsides and General management considerations: mountainsides • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— limit the period of plant growth. tuff, basalt • Livestock prefer to graze in the easily accessible Elevation: 5,300 to 6,500 feet areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in Climatic factors: the less accessible areas on side slopes. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F this unit. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The surface layer of the Ninemile soil is saturated Typical profile: following snowmelt. 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very cobbly • The low available water capacity limits forage loam production and seedling survival. 3 to 7 inches—dark brown clay • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the 7 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly clay Ninemile soil are the result of past erosion. 17 inches—tuff that has coatings of silica and • The bedrock and rock fragments throughout the calcium carbonate in fractures Westbutte soil restrict rooting depth. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) to bedrock, very • The claypan and bedrock in the Ninemile soil restrict shallow (3 to 7 inches) to the claypan rooting depth. Drainage class: Well drained • Crusting of the surface layer of the Ninemile soil Permeability: Very slow reduces infiltration and restricts seedling emergence Available water capacity: About 2 inches and survival. 350 Soil Survey

• The shallow depth of the Ninemile soil limits Drainage class: Well drained placement of fenceposts. Permeability: Moderate • The subsoil of the Ninemile soil expands when wet Available water capacity: About 3 inches and contracts when dry, which can rip and tear plant Hazard of erosion by water: Severe or very severe roots and damage structures. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop • Slope and the extremely stony surface layer of the Westbutte soil restrict the operation of ground seeding Position on landscape: Escarpments, hillsides, equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding mountainsides should be used. Kind of rock: Basalt, tuff Suitable management practices: Contrasting Inclusions • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Lambring soils that are on mountainsides and have have achieved sufficient growth. dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant • Delay grazing until the Ninemile soil is firm and the community preferred forage plants have achieved sufficient growth • Ninemile soils that are on tablelands and have to withstand grazing pressure. dominantly low sagebrush in the potential plant • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the community existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Felcher, Riddleranch, and Fitzwater soils that are on surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. south-facing slopes and have dominantly Wyoming big • If the Westbutte soil is seeded, select plants that sagebrush in the potential plant community tolerate droughtiness and a cool growing season. • Pearlwise soils that are at the higher elevations • If the Ninemile soil is seeded, select plants that • Soils that are similar to the Westbutte soil but have tolerate droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches cool growing season. • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Major Use 264G—Westbutte-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70 percent north slopes Livestock grazing Major Management Factors Composition Available water capacity, stones on the surface, slope, Westbutte soil and similar inclusions—65 percent water erosion, depth to bedrock, Rock outcrop Rock outcrop—20 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Community Characteristics of the Westbutte Soil Westbutte soil—Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Position on landscape: North-facing hillsides and mountain big sagebrush, basin wildrye mountainsides associated with escarpments Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—colluvium, loess; source—tuff, basalt General management considerations: Elevation: 5,200 to 5,900 feet • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Climatic factors: limit the period of plant growth. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 16 inches • The growing season on the north-facing slopes Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F begins later in spring and moisture is available until Frost-free period—50 to 70 days later in summer on these slopes than on the south- Typical profile: facing slopes. 0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely • Livestock tend to graze in the easily accessible stony loam areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in 7 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown very the less accessible areas on side slopes. stony loam • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of 16 to 24 inches—dark brown very stony loam this unit. 24 to 33 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • The low available water capacity limits forage 33 inches—tuff production and seedling survival. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • The extremely stony surface layer, areas of Rock bedrock outcrop, and steepness of slope restrict the operation Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 351

of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Permeability: Slow broadcast seeding should be used. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • The depth to bedrock and rock fragments throughout Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate the soil restrict rooting depth. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 8 and 22 inches Suitable management practices: Sodicity: Between depths of 29 and 60 inches—slightly • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants sodic have achieved sufficient growth. Carbonates: Between depths of 29 and 60 inches— • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the violently effervescent existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Major Use • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Livestock grazing droughtiness and a cool growing season. Major Management Factors 265C—Westside complex, 2 to 15 percent Permeability, depth to the claypan slopes Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Composition Westside soil—winterfat, Indian ricegrass, fourwing Westside soil and similar inclusions—50 percent saltbush Westside soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—50 Westside soil, thin surface—Indian ricegrass, basin big percent sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, needleandthread Characteristics of the Westside Soils Livestock Grazing Position on landscape: Lake terraces on tablelands Parent material: Kind—loess over alluvium; source— General management considerations: basalt, tuff • This unit provides habitat for antelope in winter. Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet • The claypan restricts rooting depth and water Climatic factors: movement. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F limit the period of plant growth. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Crusting of the soil surface reduces infiltration. Typical profile of the Westside soil: • The shallow or very shallow depth to the clayey layer 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very gravelly silt loam restricts permeability and causes very brief periods of 3 to 8 inches—dark brown cobbly silt loam ponding or saturation of the surface layer during 8 to 14 inches—dark brown cobbly clay snowmelt. 14 to 22 inches—dark brown cobbly silty clay loam • The clayey subsoil expands when wet and contracts 22 to 29 inches—brown very stony clay loam when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and 29 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown extremely damage structures. cobbly loam • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, Typical profile of the Westside soil, thin surface: protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 0 to 5 inches—dark brown very cobbly silt loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 5 to 12 inches—dark brown cobbly clay steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. 12 to 30 inches—dark brown cobbly silty clay loam 30 to 35 inches—brown very stony clay loam Suitable management practices: 35 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown extremely • Minimize erosion of the surface layer to maintain the cobbly loam potential of the soil to produce forage. Depth class: Westside soil—very deep (more than 60 • Delay grazing until the surface layer is firm and the inches) to bedrock, very shallow or shallow (8 to preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. 15 inches) to the claypan; Westside soil, thin • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the surface—very deep (more than 60 inches) to existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter bedrock, very shallow (3 to 8 inches) to the on the surface. claypan • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Drainage class: Well drained droughtiness in summer. 352 Soil Survey

266E—Wildhill very stony loam, 2 to 30 Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant percent slopes Community Shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, Composition bottlebrush squirreltail Wildhill soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Livestock Grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General management considerations: Characteristics of the Wildhill Soil • The depth to bedrock limits construction of water impoundments and restricts rooting depth. Position on landscape: Bedrock-controlled lake • The low precipitation and low available water terraces capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt • The rock fragments on and in the soil restrict the Elevation: 4,500 to 5,000 feet placement of fenceposts. Climatic factors: • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches this unit. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • The very stony surface layer restricts the operation Frost-free period—90 to 110 days of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Typical profile: broadcast seeding should be used. 0 to 6 inches—brown very stony loam • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 6 to 19 inches—brown extremely stony loam protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 19 to 26 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized 26 inches—basalt steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Suitable management practices: Permeability: Moderately slow • Minimize erosion of the surface layer to maintain the Available water capacity: About 3 inches potential of the soil to produce forage. Hazard of water erosion: Moderate or severe • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Carbonates: Between depths of 6 and 19 inches— existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter slightly effervescent; between depths of 19 and 26 on the surface. inches—strongly effervescent • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate droughtiness. Contrasting Inclusions • McNye soils that are on adjacent bedrock-controlled lake terraces and have dominantly Thurber 267F—Wildhill very stony loam, 30 to 50 needlegrass, needleandthread, and Wyoming big percent south slopes sagebrush in the potential plant community • Rock outcrop Composition • Soils that are similar to the Wildhill soil but have Wildhill soil and similar inclusions—85 percent bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches or more than Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 40 inches • Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent Characteristics of the Wildhill Soil Major Use Position on landscape: South-facing slopes of bedrock- controlled lake terraces Livestock grazing Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt Major Management Factors Elevation: 4,500 to 5,000 feet Climatic factors: Available water capacity, stones on the surface, rock Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches fragments throughout the soil, depth to bedrock, Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F water erosion Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 353

Typical profile: • The very stony surface layer and the steepness of 0 to 6 inches—brown very stony loam slope restrict the operation of ground seeding 6 to 19 inches—brown extremely stony loam equipment. Other methods such as broadcast seeding 19 to 26 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam should be used. 26 inches—basalt • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Suitable management practices: bedrock • Minimize erosion of the surface layer to maintain the Drainage class: Well drained potential of the soil to produce forage. Permeability: Moderately slow • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Available water capacity: About 3 inches existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating litter Hazard of water erosion: Severe on the surface. Carbonates: Between depths of 6 and 19 inches— • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate slightly effervescent; between depths of 19 and 26 droughtiness. inches—strongly effervescent Contrasting Inclusions 268C—Winterim very gravelly loam, 0 to • McNye soils that are on adjacent bedrock-controlled 15 percent slopes lake terraces and have dominantly Thurber needlegrass and Wyoming big sagebrush in the potential plant Composition community • Rock outcrop Winterim soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Soils that are similar to the Wildhill soil but have Contrasting inclusions—15 percent bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches or more than Characteristics of the Winterim Soil 40 inches • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent Position on landscape: Mountainsides and plateaus Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— Major Use basalt, tuff Livestock grazing Elevation: 5,200 to 6,200 feet Climatic factors: Major Management Factors Mean annual precipitation—20 to 32 inches Slope, water erosion, available water capacity, stones Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F on the surface, rock fragments throughout the soil, Frost-free period—50 to 70 days depth to bedrock Typical profile: 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam Community 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam Shadscale, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly clay Livestock Grazing 45 inches—weathered basalt General management considerations: Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • The depth to bedrock restricts rooting depth. Drainage class: Well drained • The rock fragments on and in the soil restrict the Permeability: Slow placement of fenceposts. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • The low precipitation and low available water Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 21 and • The growing season on the south-facing slopes 45 inches begins earlier in spring and available moisture is a Contrasting Inclusions limitation earlier in summer on these slopes than on the north-facing slopes. • Booth soils that are on adjacent benches, hillsides, • Livestock tend to graze in the easily accessible and foot slopes and have low sagebrush in the areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in potential plant community the less accessible areas on side slopes. • Rogger and Woodchopper soils that are at the higher • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of elevations on adjacent mountainsides and have this unit. dominantly white fir in the potential plant community 354 Soil Survey

• Royst soils that are on adjacent hillsides 269E—Winterim very gravelly loam, 15 to • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent 40 percent north slopes Major Uses Composition Woodland, livestock grazing Winterim soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Major Management Factors Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Permeability, rock fragments, shrink-swell potential Characteristics of the Winterim Soil Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Position on landscape: Mountainsides Community Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— Ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope bitterbrush, basalt, tuff wooly wyethia Elevation: 5,200 to 6,200 feet Climatic factors: Livestock Grazing Mean annual precipitation—20 to 32 inches General management considerations: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Frost-free period—50 to 70 days limit the period of plant growth. Typical profile: 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles Suitable management practices: 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam have achieved sufficient growth. 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the clay existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 45 inches—weathered basalt surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Drainage class: Well drained shrinking and swelling and a cool growing season. Permeability: Slow Woodland Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 21 and increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for 45 inches ponderosa pine at age 50 Contrasting Inclusions Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 • Booth soils that on adjacent benches, hillsides, and foot slopes and have low sagebrush in the potential General management considerations: plant community • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. • Rogger and Woodchopper soils that are at the higher • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery elevations on adjacent mountainsides and have and sticky. dominantly white fir in the potential plant community • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. • Royst soils that are on adjacent hillsides Suitable management practices: • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or • To minimize compaction and erosion, use designated more than 40 percent skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment and Major Uses avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Woodland, livestock grazing the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Major Management Factors fragments in the surface layer. • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is Slope, water erosion, shrink-swell potential, dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil permeability, rock fragments surface. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Community equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope bitterbrush, surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. wooly wyethia Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 355

Livestock Grazing scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. General management considerations: • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season limit the period of plant growth. 269G—Winterim very gravelly loam, 40 to • The growing season on the north-facing slopes 60 percent north slopes begins later in spring and moisture is available until later in summer on these slopes than on the south- Composition facing slopes. Winterim soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Suitable management practices: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth Characteristics of the Winterim Soil • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Position on landscape: Mountainsides existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. tuff, basalt • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Elevation: 5,000 to 6,200 feet shrinking and swelling and a cool growing season. Climatic factors: Woodland Mean annual precipitation—20 to 32 inches Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Frost-free period—50 to 70 days increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for Typical profile: ponderosa pine at age 50 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly General management considerations: clay • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. 45 inches—weathered basalt • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock and sticky. Drainage class: Well drained • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. Permeability: Slow • Cuts and fills slough when wet. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Hazard of erosion by water: Severe buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 21 and Management of these areas should be designed to 45 inches minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or skidded through riparian areas. Contrasting Inclusions • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 • Royst and Nuss soils that are on adjacent hillsides to allow for long-term establishment of plants. • Mound soils that are at the higher elevations on Suitable management practices: adjacent mountainsides and have dominantly white fir • To minimize compaction and erosion, use designated in the potential plant community skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment and • Rock outcrop avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. • Soils that have slopes of more than 60 percent or • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to less than 40 percent the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Major Use fragments in the surface layer. • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is Woodland dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil Major Management Factors surface. • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Slope, water erosion, permeability, rock fragments equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Community surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope bitterbrush, temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, wooly wyethia 356 Soil Survey

Woodland Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Typical profile: increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles ponderosa pine at age 50 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly General management considerations: clay • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. 45 inches—weathered basalt • Wet, unsurfaced roads are slippery and sticky. Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. Drainage class: Well drained • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain Permeability: Slow and require large cuts and fills that remove land from Available water capacity: About 5 inches production. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Cuts and fills slough when wet. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 21 and • Cutbanks are difficult to vegetate because of the 45 inches clayey subsoil. Contrasting Inclusions • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas • Booth soils that are on adjacent benches, hillsides, and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. and foot slopes and have low sagebrush in the • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 potential plant community to allow for long-term establishment of plants. • Rogger and Woodchopper soils that are at the higher elevations on adjacent mountainsides and have Suitable management practices: dominantly white fir in the potential plant community • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding • Royst soils that are on adjacent hillsides systems. • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging more than 40 percent in spring when the soil is wet. • Leave slash material on the soil surface to minimize Major Uses sheet and rill erosion. Woodland, livestock grazing • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Major Management Factors • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by Slope, water erosion, shrink-swell potential, seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil permeability, rock fragments surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil Community surface. Ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope bitterbrush, wooly wyethia 270E—Winterim very gravelly loam, 15 to Livestock Grazing 40 percent south slopes General management considerations: Composition • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season limit the period of plant growth. Winterim soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The growing season on the south-facing slopes Contrasting inclusions—15 percent begins earlier in spring than on the north-facing slopes. Characteristics of the Winterim Soil Available moisture is a limitation earlier in the growing season on the south-facing slopes than on the north- Position on landscape: Mountainsides facing slopes. Parent material: Kind—residuum, colluvium; source— basalt, tuff Suitable management practices: Elevation: 5,700 to 6,500 feet • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Climatic factors: have achieved sufficient growth. Mean annual precipitation—20 to 32 inches • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 357

existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the 270G—Winterim very gravelly loam, 40 to surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. 60 percent south slopes • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate shrinking and swelling and a cool growing season. Composition Woodland Winterim soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Contrasting inclusions—15 percent increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for Characteristics of the Winterim Soil ponderosa pine at age 50 Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre Position on landscape: Mountainsides per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— tuff, basalt General management considerations: Elevation: 5,700 to 6,500 feet • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. Climatic factors: • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery Mean annual precipitation—20 to 32 inches and sticky. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty Frost-free period—50 to 70 days than those on north-facing slopes. Typical profile: • Artificial or natural shade increases seeding survival. 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. clay Management of these areas should be designed to 45 inches—weathered basalt minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock skidded through riparian areas. Drainage class: Well drained • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Permeability: Slow to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • Because this unit is on south-facing slopes, larger Hazard of erosion by water: Severe than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 21 and shade cards, or additional plantings may be needed. 45 inches Suitable management practices: Contrasting Inclusions • To minimize compaction and erosion, use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment and • Booth soils that are on adjacent benches, hillsides, avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. and foot slopes and have low sagebrush or mountain • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to big sagebrush in the potential plant community the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock • Royst and Nuss soils that are on adjacent hillsides fragments in the surface layer. • Mound soils that are at the higher elevations on • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is adjacent mountainsides and have dominantly white fir dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil in the potential plant community surface. • Rock outcrop • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent or equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance more than 60 percent and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Major Use surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Woodland temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Major Management Factors scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. Slope, water erosion, permeability, rock fragments 358 Soil Survey

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 271E—Winterim very gravelly loam, slump, Community 2 to 30 percent slopes Ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope bitterbrush, wooly wyethia Composition Woodland Winterim soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for Characteristics of the Winterim Soil ponderosa pine at age 50 Position on landscape: Slump benches on mountains Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 tuff General management considerations: Elevation: 4,300 to 4,700 feet • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. Climatic factors: • Wet, unsurfaced roads are slippery and sticky. Mean annual precipitation—20 to 22 inches • The soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F than those on north-facing slopes. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling Typical profile: survival. 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam • Cutbanks are difficult to vegetate because the soil is 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly clayey. clay • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain 45 to 60 inches—weathered basalt and require large cuts and fills that remove land from Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock production. Drainage class: Well drained • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a Permeability: Slow buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas Available water capacity: About 5 inches and disturbance of these areas should be minimized. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 21 and to allow for long-term establishment of plants. 45 inches • Because this unit is on south-facing slopes, larger Contrasting Inclusions than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, shade cards, or additional plantings may be needed. • Royst soils that are on adjacent hillsides • Nuss soils that are on adjacent hillsides and have Suitable management practices: dominantly mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding in the potential plant community systems. • Mound soils that are at the higher elevations on • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging adjacent mountainsides and have dominantly white fir in spring when the soil is wet. in the potential plant community • Leave slash on the soil surface to minimize sheet • Rock outcrop and rill erosion. • Soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads • Soils that have a very stony loam surface layer on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by Major Use seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil Woodland surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is Major Management Factors dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil surface. Rock fragments, water erosion, permeability Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 359

Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Community basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope bitterbrush, Climatic factors: wooly wyethia Mean annual precipitation—18 to 22 inches Woodland Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Typical profile: increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles ponderosa pine at age 50 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly General management considerations: clay • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. 45 inches—weathered basalt • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock and sticky. Drainage class: Well drained • This soil slumps because of the highly fractured and Permeability: Slow faulted tuffaceous bedrock. Available water capacity: About 5 inches • The uneven slopes and hummocky topography Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate restrict the operation of equipment. Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 21 and • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. 45 inches • Cuts and fills slough when wet. Characteristics of the Booth Soil Suitable management practices: Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on • To minimize compaction and erosion, use hills and mountains designated skid trails and low-pressure ground Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff equipment and avoid logging in spring when the soil is Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet wet. Climatic factors: • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F fragments in the surface layer. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is Typical profile: dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam surface. 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance 24 to 26 inches—olive brown, partially weathered and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil tuff surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. 26 inches—unweathered tuff • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on claypan the soil surface. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow 272C—Winterim-Booth complex, 0 to 15 Available water capacity: About 3 inches percent slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 inches Composition Contrasting Inclusions Winterim soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Booth soil and similar inclusions—30 percent • Merlin soils that are on tablelands and are near the Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Booth soil • Rogger and Woodchopper soils that are on plateaus Characteristics of the Winterim Soil and mountains and have dominantly white fir in the Position on landscape: Plateaus and mountainsides potential plant community 360 Soil Survey

• Royst soils that are on hills and have sparse • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and the ponderosa pine in the potential plant community preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Bullump soils that are on mountains and have • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the dominantly mountain big sagebrush in the potential existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the plant community soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Nuss soils that are on hills and have dominantly • If the Booth soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate mountain big sagebrush and curlleaf droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool mountainmahogany in the potential plant community growing season. • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent • Improve areas that are heavily infested with • Soils that are similar to the Booth soil but have undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or bedrock at a depth of 40 inches or more applying chemicals. Major Uses Woodland Winterim soil—livestock grazing, woodland Winterim soil Booth soil—livestock grazing Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Major Management Factors increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 50 Winterim soil—permeability, rock fragments, shrink- Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre swell potential per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 Booth soil—depth to the claypan, permeability, depth to bedrock, shrink-swell potential, available water General management considerations: capacity, stones on the surface, water erosion • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant and sticky. Community • Cuts and fills slough when wet. Winterim soil—ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope • The bedrock is of good quality for use as base and bitterbrush, wooly wyethia grade material for road construction. Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. wheatgrass Suitable management practices: Livestock Grazing • To minimize compaction and erosion, use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment and Winterim and Booth soils avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. General management considerations: • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock limit the period of plant growth. fragments in the surface layer. • The bedrock and claypan in the Booth soil restrict • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy rooting depth. equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil following snowmelt. surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is Booth soil are the result of past erosion. dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil • The clayey layer expands when wet and contracts surface. when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots and damage structures. • The very stony surface layer of the Booth soil 273E—Winterim-Booth complex, 15 to 40 restricts the operation of ground seeding equipment. percent north slopes Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be used. Composition Suitable management practices: Winterim soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants Booth soil and similar inclusions—35 percent have achieved sufficient growth. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 361

Characteristics of the Winterim Soil sagebrush and curlleaf mountainmahogany in the potential plant community Position on landscape: Mountainsides • Mound that are at the higher elevation on Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— mountainsides and have dominantly white fir in the tuff, basalt potential plant community Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet • Rock outcrop Climatic factors: • Bullump soils that are on the lower part of slopes Mean annual precipitation—18 to 22 inches and have mountain big sagebrush in the potential plant Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F community Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or Typical profile: more than 40 percent 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles • Soils on south-facing slopes 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam Major Uses 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly Winterim soil—livestock grazing, woodland clay Booth soil—livestock grazing (fig. 22) 45 inches—weathered basalt Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 12 and 45 inches Characteristics of the Booth Soil Position on landscape: Foot slopes and benches on mountains and hills Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—basalt, tuff Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—14 to 20 inches Figure 22.—Area of Winterim-Booth complex, 15 to 40 Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F percent north slopes. The Winterim soil is used for Frost-free period—50 to 70 days timber production and livestock grazing, and the Booth Typical profile: soil is used for livestock grazing. 0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very stony loam 4 to 12 inches—very dark brown clay Major Management Factors 12 to 24 inches—dark brown clay Winterim soil—slope, water erosion, shrink-swell 24 to 26 inches—olive brown, partially weathered potential, permeability, rock fragments tuff Booth soil—depth to the claypan, permeability, depth 26 inches—unweathered tuff to bedrock, water erosion, stones on the surface, Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to slope, shrink-swell potential, available water bedrock, very shallow (1 to 7 inches) to the capacity claypan Drainage class: Well drained Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Permeability: Slow Community Available water capacity: About 3 inches Winterim soil—ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope Hazard of erosion by water: Severe bitterbrush, wooly wyethia Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 4 and 24 Booth soil—Idaho fescue, low sagebrush, bluebunch inches wheatgrass Contrasting Inclusions Livestock Grazing • Royst soils that are on hills and that have sparse Winterim and Booth soils ponderosa pine in the potential plant community • Nuss that are on hills and have mountain big General management considerations: 362 Soil Survey

• Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Suitable management practices: limit the period of plant growth. • To minimize compaction and erosion, use designated • The surface layer of the Booth soil is saturated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment and following snowmelt. avoid logging in spring when the soil is wet. • Livestock prefer to graze in the easily accessible • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock the less accessible areas on side slopes. fragments in the surface layer. • Livestock herd and graze in the less stony areas of • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is this unit. dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil • The bedrock and claypan in the Booth soil restrict surface. rooting depth. • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy • Pedestaled plants and an erosion pavement on the equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Booth soil are the result of past erosion. and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil • The clayey layer expands when wet and contract surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. when dry, which can rip and tear plant roots. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and • The very stony surface layer and slope of the Booth temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, soil restrict the operation of ground seeding equipment. scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on Other methods such as broadcast seeding should be the soil surface. used. Suitable management practices: 274F—Winterim association, slump, 30 to • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants 50 percent slopes have achieved sufficient growth. • Delay grazing until the Booth soil is firm and the Composition preferred forage plants can withstand grazing pressure. • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Winterim soil, north-facing, and similar inclusions—55 existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the percent soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. Winterim soil, south-facing, and similar inclusions—30 • If the Booth soil is seeded, select plants that tolerate percent droughtiness, shrinking and swelling, and a cool Contrasting inclusions—15 percent growing season. Characteristics of the Winterim Soils • Improve areas that are heavily infested with undesirable shrubs by railing, chaining, beating, or Position on landscape: North- and south-facing applying chemicals. mountainsides Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Woodland tuff, basalt Winterim soil Elevation: 5,000 to 6,200 feet Climatic factors: Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Mean annual precipitation—20 to 22 inches increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F ponderosa pine at age 50 Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre Typical profile: per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles General management considerations: 0 to 5 inches—black very gravelly loam • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. 5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery. 12 to 45 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. clay • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 45 inches—weathered basalt • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, a Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. Drainage class: Well drained Management of these areas should be designed to Permeability: Slow minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or Available water capacity: About 5 inches skidded through riparian areas. Hazard of erosion by water: Severe • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 12 and to allow for long-term establishment of plants. 45 inches Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 363

Contrasting Inclusions • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 to allow for long-term establishment of plants. • Royst soils that are on hills and have sparse • Because the soils on south-facing slopes are more ponderosa pine in the potential plant community droughty, larger than normal planting stock, a higher • Nuss soils that are on hills and have mountain big planting rate, shade cards, or additional plantings may sagebrush and curlleaf mountainmahogany in the be needed. potential plant community • Mound soils that are at the higher elevations on Suitable management practices: mountainsides and have dominantly white fir in the • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding potential plant community systems. • Rock outcrop • To minimize compaction and erosion, avoid logging • Soils that have slopes of more than 50 percent or in spring when the soils are wet. less than 30 percent • Leave slash on the soil surface to minimize sheet • Soils that have a very stony loam surface layer and rill erosion. • Avoid constructing roads at midslope. Locate roads Major Uses on ridgetops or in saddles to minimize cuts and fills. Woodland, livestock grazing • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil Major Management Factors surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. Slope, water erosion, shrink-swell potential, • Restrict vehicle access to periods when the soil is permeability, rock fragments dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting of the soil surface. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Community Ponderosa pine, squawcarpet, antelope bitterbrush, 275E—Woodchopper-Polander complex, wooly wyethia 15 to 40 percent south slopes Woodland Composition Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Woodchopper soil and similar inclusions—60 percent increment: 50 cubic feet per acre per year for Polander soil and similar inclusions—30 percent ponderosa pine at age 50 Contrasting features—10 percent Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 150 board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 190 Characteristics of the Woodchopper Soil General management considerations: Position on landscape: Plateaus, mountainsides • The clayey subsoil restricts permeability. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails are slippery andesite, basalt, tuff and sticky. Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet • This unit slumps because of the highly fractured and Climatic factors: faulted tuffaceous bedrock. Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches • The soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F than those on north-facing slopes. Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • The rock fragments can make tree planting difficult. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Artificial or natural shade can increase seedling through March; more than 48 inches—January and survival on the south-facing slopes. February • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain Typical profile: and require large cuts and fills that remove land from 3 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir production. needles • Cuts and fills slough when wet. 0 to 14 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly loam • Cutbanks are difficult to vegetate because of the 14 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown cobbly clay clayey subsoil. loam • To protect the quantity and quality of the water, 25 to 49 inches—dark reddish brown clay a buffer zone should be maintained around riparian 49 to 60 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay areas and disturbance of these areas should be Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to minimized. bedrock 364 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderately slow Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Available water capacity: About 7 inches increment: Woodchopper and Polander soils—55 Hazard of erosion by water: Severe cubic feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 25 and age 50 and 77 cubic feet per acre per year for 60 inches white fir at age 70 Characteristics of the Polander Soil Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Woodchopper and Polander soils—172 board feet per acre per year Position on landscape: Mountainsides for ponderosa pine at age 160 Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— pyroclastic rock General management considerations: Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Climatic factors: Woodchopper soil are slippery and sticky, and those on Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches the Polander soil are soft. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The clayey subsoil in the Woodchopper soil restricts Frost-free period—50 to 70 days permeability. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Cuts and fills on the Woodchopper soil slough when through March; more than 48 inches—January and wet, and those on the Polander soil are stable. February • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a Typical profile: buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles Management of these areas should be designed to 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or loam skidded through riparian areas. 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam • The growing season begins earlier on the south- 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes. 50 inches—highly weathered tuff Droughtiness is a limitation earlier in the growing Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock season on the south-facing slopes than on the north- Drainage class: Well drained facing slopes. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because this unit is on south-facing slopes, larger Available water capacity: About 6 inches than normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, Hazard of erosion by water: Severe shade cards, or additional plantings may be needed. • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 Contrasting Inclusions to allow for long-term establishment of plants. • Mound, Rogger, and Twelvemile soils that are on Suitable management practices: adjacent mountainsides • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, • Winterim that are at the lower elevations on adjacent use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground mountainsides equipment, log in areas that are covered with a • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen more than 40 percent surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the • Soils on north-facing slopes soils are wet. • Soils that have a stony or very stony surface layer • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Major Use the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock fragments in the surface layer. Woodland • Restrict vehicle access of the Woodchopper soil to Major Management Factors periods when the soil is dry or frozen to prevent puddling and rutting. Woodchopper soil—permeability, slope, water erosion • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Polander soil—water erosion, slope equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Community surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Woodchopper and Polander soils—white fir, ponderosa temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, pine, common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, wheeler scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on bluegrass the soil surface. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 365

276C—Woodchopper-Rogger complex, 0 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown very gravelly fine to 15 percent slopes sandy loam 5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly fine sandy loam Composition 12 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly fine Woodchopper soil and similar inclusions—60 percent sandy loam Rogger soil and similar inclusions—30 percent 21 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Contrasting inclusions—10 percent loam 36 inches—weathered basalt Characteristics of the Woodchopper Soil Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Position on landscape: Plateaus, mountainsides bedrock Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Drainage class: Well drained andesite, basalt, tuff Permeability: Moderate Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet Available water capacity: About 3 inches Climatic factors: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Winterim soils that are at the lower elevations on Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December adjacent mountainsides through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Soils that have a stony or very stony surface February layer Typical profile: • Soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent 3 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir Major Use needles 0 to 14 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly loam Woodland 14 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown cobbly clay Major Management Factors loam 25 to 49 inches—dark reddish brown clay Woodchopper soil—permeability 49 to 60 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay Rogger soil—available water capacity, depth to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to bedrock, rock fragments bedrock Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Drainage class: Well drained Community Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 7 inches Woodchopper and Rogger soils—white fir, ponderosa Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate pine, common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, wheeler Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 25 and bluegrass 60 inches Woodland Characteristics of the Rogger Soil Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual increment: Woodchopper soil—55 cubic feet per Position on landscape: Plateaus, mountainsides acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 50 and 77 Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— cubic feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; andesite, basalt, tuff Rogger soil—69 cubic feet per acre per year for Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet ponderosa pine at age 40 and 91 cubic feet per Climatic factors: acre per year for white fir at age 70 Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Woodchopper soil—172 Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at Frost-free period—50 to 70 days age 160; Rogger soil—225 board feet per acre per Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December year for ponderosa pine at age 150 through March; more than 48 inches—January and February General management considerations: Typical profile: • The clayey subsoil of the Woodchopper soil restricts 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir permeability. needles • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the 366 Soil Survey

Woodchopper soil are slippery and sticky, and those on 14 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown cobbly clay the Rogger soil are firm. loam • The rock fragments in the Rogger soil make tree 25 to 49 inches—dark reddish brown clay planting difficult. 49 to 60 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay • The bedrock in the Rogger soil restricts rooting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to depth. bedrock • Because the Rogger soil is droughty, larger than Drainage class: Well drained normal planting stock, a higher planting rate, or Permeability: Moderately slow additional plantings may be needed. Available water capacity: About 7 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Suitable management practices: Shrink-swell potential: High between depths of 25 and • To minimize compaction, use designated skid trails 60 inches and low-pressure ground equipment, log in areas that are covered with a minimum of 12 inches of snow or Characteristics of the Rogger Soil that have a frozen surface layer, and avoid logging in Position on landscape: Mountainsides spring when the soils are wet. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to andesite, basalt, tuff the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet fragments in the surface layer. Climatic factors: • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Frost-free period—50 to 70 days surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Reduce the risk of erosion and minimize through March; more than 48 inches—January and displacement of the Woodchopper soil by limiting February vehicle access to periods when the soil is dry or Typical profile: frozen. 2 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir needles 277E—Woodchopper-Rogger complex, 15 0 to 5 inches—very dark brown very gravelly fine to 40 percent south slopes sandy loam 5 to 12 inches—very dark brown very gravelly fine sandy loam Composition 12 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown very Woodchopper soil and similar inclusions—60 percent gravelly fine sandy loam Rogger soil and similar inclusions—30 percent 21 to 36 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Contrasting inclusions—10 percent loam 36 inches—weathered basalt Characteristics of the Woodchopper Soil Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) to Position on landscape: Mountainsides bedrock Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Drainage class: Well drained andesite, basalt, tuff Permeability: Moderate Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet Available water capacity: About 3 inches Climatic factors: Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Mean annual precipitation—28 to 32 inches Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Winterim soils that are at the lower elevations on Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December adjacent mountainsides through March; more than 48 inches—January and • Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or February more than 40 percent Typical profile: • Soils that have a stony or very stony surface 3 inches to 0—ponderosa pine and white fir layer needles Major Use 0 to 14 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly loam Woodland Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 367

Major Management Factors use designated skid trails and low-pressure ground equipment, log in areas that are covered with a Woodchopper soil—water erosion, slope, permeability minimum of 12 inches of snow or that have a frozen Rogger soil—water erosion, slope, available water surface layer, and avoid logging in spring when the capacity, depth to bedrock, rock fragments soils are wet. Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to Community the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock fragments in the surface layer. Woodchopper and Rogger soils—white fir, ponderosa • Minimize mechanical piling of slash. Heavy pine, common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, wheeler equipment causes soil compaction and disturbance bluegrass and exposes the soil. Maintain slash on the soil Woodland surface to reduce sheet and rill erosion. • Reduce the risk of erosion on skid trails and Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, increment: Woodchopper soil—55 cubic feet per scarifying the soil surface, or accumulating slash on acre per year for ponderosa pine at age 50 and 77 the soil surface. cubic feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70; • Restrict vehicle access on the Woodchopper soil to Rogger soil—69 cubic feet per acre per year for periods when the soil is dry or frozen to prevent ponderosa pine at age 40 and 91 cubic feet per puddling and rutting. acre per year for white fir at age 70 Estimated yield (Scribner rule): Woodchopper soil—172 board feet per acre per year for ponderosa pine at 278G—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, age 160; Rogger soil—225 board feet per acre per cool, 40 to 60 percent north slopes year for ponderosa pine at age 150 General management considerations: Composition • Wet, unsurfaced roads and skid trails on the Xerolls and similar inclusions—60 percent Woodchopper soil are slippery and sticky, and those on Rock outcrop—30 percent the Rogger soil are firm. Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • The clayey subsoil of the Woodchopper soil restricts permeability. Characteristics of the Xerolls • The rock fragments in the Rogger soil make tree Position on landscape: North-facing mountainsides planting difficult. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The growing season begins earlier on the south- andesite, basalt, tuff facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes. Elevation: 5,000 to 7,200 feet Droughtiness is a limitation earlier in the growing Climatic factors: season on south-facing slopes than on north-facing Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches slopes. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • The bedrock in the Rogger soil restricts rooting Frost-free period—50 to 70 days depth. Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December • Cuts and fills on the Woodchopper soil slough when through March wet, and those on the Rogger soil ravel when dry. Reference profile: • To protect the quality and quantity of the water, a 0 to 4 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam buffer zone should be maintained around riparian areas. 4 to 11 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly Management of these areas should be designed to loam minimize disturbance. Trees should not be felled into or 11 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely skidded through riparian areas. cobbly loam • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 27 inches—basalt to allow for long-term establishment of plants. Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to • Because the Rogger soil is droughty and the soils in bedrock this unit are on south-facing slopes, larger than normal Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained and planting stock, a higher planting rate, shade cards, or well drained additional plantings may be needed. Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid Suitable management practices: Available water capacity: About 4 inches • To minimize compaction, displacement, and erosion, Hazard of erosion by water: Severe 368 Soil Survey

Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop • The extremely stony surface layer, areas of Rock outcrop, and steepness of slope restrict the operation Position on landscape: Escarpments of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as Kind of rock: Basalt broadcast seeding should be used. Contrasting Inclusions Suitable management practices: • Delay grazing until summer when forage plants have • Booth soils that are on adjacent mountainsides and achieved sufficient growth. benches and have low sagebrush in the potential plant • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the community existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Rogger soils that are on adjacent mountainsides and soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. support dominantly ponderosa pine and white fir • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a • Winterim soils that are on adjacent mountainsides short, cool growing season. and support dominantly ponderosa pine • Soils on south-facing slopes • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent 279G—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, • Rubble land cool, 40 to 60 percent south slopes Major Uses Composition Watershed, livestock grazing Xerolls and similar inclusions—60 percent Major Management Factors Rock outcrop—30 percent Water erosion; slope; Rock outcrop; depth to bedrock, Contrasting inclusions—10 percent rock fragments, and available water capacity in Characteristics of the Xerolls some areas Position on landscape: South-facing mountainsides Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— Community andesite, basalt, tuff Xerolls—Idaho fescue, curlleaf mountainmahogany, Elevation: 5,000 to 7,200 feet common snowberry, mountain big sagebrush Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches Livestock Grazing Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F General management considerations: Frost-free period—50 to 70 days • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December limit the period of plant growth. through March • The growing season of the soils on north-facing Reference profile: slopes begins later in spring and moisture is available 0 to 4 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam until later in summer in these soils than in the soils on 4 to 11 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam south-facing slopes. 11 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Livestock prefer to graze in the easily accessible cobbly loam areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in 27 inches—basalt the less accessible areas on side slopes. Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to • Uniform distribution of livestock is difficult because bedrock of the slope and the lack of permanent water Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained and developments. well drained • The areas of shallow, droughty soils in this unit Permeability: Moderately rapid to moderately slow produce forage that is available for livestock grazing Available water capacity: About 4 inches earlier in the year and for a shorter period of time than Hazard of erosion by water: Severe the adjacent areas of deeper soils. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony areas of this unit. Position on landscape: Escarpments • The depth to bedrock in some areas restricts rooting Kind of rock: Basalt depth and placement of fenceposts. Contrasting Inclusions • The low available water capacity in some areas limits forage production and seedling survival. • Booth soils that are on adjacent mountainsides and Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 369

benches and have low sagebrush in the potential plant fenceposts and makes special design of fences community necessary. • Rogger soils that are on adjacent mountainsides and Suitable management practices: support dominantly ponderosa pine and white fir • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants • Winterim soils that are on adjacent mountainsides have achieved sufficient growth. and support dominantly ponderosa pine • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the • Soils on north-facing slopes existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the • Soils that have slopes of less than 40 percent soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • Rubble land • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Major Uses short, cool growing season. Watershed, livestock grazing Major Management Factors 280G—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, warm, 30 to 75 percent south slopes Water erosion; slope; Rock outcrop; depth to bedrock, rock fragments, and available water capacity in Composition some areas Xerolls and similar inclusions—45 percent Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Rock outcrop—40 percent Community Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Xerolls—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Characteristics of the Xerolls sagebrush Position on landscape: Hillsides, mountainsides Livestock Grazing Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— General management considerations: basalt • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season Elevation: 4,600 to 5,800 feet limit the period of plant growth. Climatic factors: • The growing season on the south-facing slopes Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches begins earlier in spring than on the north-facing slopes. Mean annual air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Available moisture is a limitation earlier in the growing Frost-free period—70 to 110 days season on the south-facing slopes than on the north- Reference profile: facing slopes. 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very stony loam • Livestock prefer to graze in the easily accessible 3 to 10 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam areas on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in 10 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly the less accessible areas on side slopes. loam • Uniform distribution of livestock is difficult because 25 inches—basalt of the slope and the lack of permanent water Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to developments. bedrock • The areas of shallow, droughty soils in this unit Drainage class: Moderately well drained and well produce forage available for livestock grazing earlier in drained the year and for a shorter period of time than the Permeability: Moderate and moderately rapid adjacent areas of deeper soils. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony Hazard of erosion by water: Severe and very severe areas of this unit. Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop • The depth to bedrock in some areas restricts rooting depth and placement of fenceposts. Position on landscape: Escarpments • The low available water capacity in some areas Kind of rock: Basalt limits forage production and seedling survival. Contrasting Inclusions • The extremely stony surface layer, areas of Rock outcrop, and steepness of slope restrict the operation • Lambring soils that are on adjacent, north-facing of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as slopes and have dominantly Idaho fescue, mountain broadcast seeding should be used. big sagebrush, or low sagebrush in the potential plant • The shallow depth in some areas limits placement of community 370 Soil Survey

• Riddleranch soils that are on adjacent mountainsides Characteristics of the Xerolls and have dominantly Idaho fescue and Wyoming big Position on landscape: Mountainsides sagebrush in the potential plant community Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent andesite, basalt, tuff • Rubble land Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet Major Uses Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches Watershed, livestock grazing Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Major Management Factors Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December Slope; water erosion; Rock outcrop; depth to bedrock, through March rock fragments, and available water capacity in Reference profile: some areas 0 to 4 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant 4 to 11 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam Community 11 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely cobbly loam Xerolls—Sandberg bluegrass, low sagebrush. 27 inches—basalt Livestock Grazing Depth class: Shallow to very deep (10 to 70 inches) to bedrock General management considerations: Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained and • Livestock tend to graze in easily accessible areas on well drained ridgetops and in valleys before they graze in less Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid accessible areas on side slopes. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony Hazard of erosion by water: Severe and very severe areas of this unit. • The depth to bedrock in some areas restricts the Characteristics of the Rock Outcrop rooting depth and placement of fenceposts. Position on landscape: Mountainsides, escarpments • The low available water capacity in some areas Kind of rock: Tuff, basalt limits forage production and seedling survival. • The very stony surface layer, areas of Rock outcrop, Characteristics of the Polander Soil and steepness of slope restrict the operation of ground Position on landscape: Mountainsides that have slopes seeding equipment. Other methods such as broadcast of 30 to 60 percent seeding should be used. Parent material: Kind—colluvium, residuum; source— • The growing season begins earlier in spring on the pyroclastic rock south-facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes, Elevation: 5,500 to 7,200 feet but droughtiness is a limitation earlier in summer on Climatic factors: the south-facing slopes. Mean annual precipitation—18 to 38 inches Suitable management practices: Mean annual air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Frost-free period—50 to 70 days existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Period of snowpack: More than 12 inches—December soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. through March; more than 48 inches—January and • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate February droughtiness. Typical profile: 1 inch to 0—ponderosa pine needles 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy 281G—Xerolls-Rock outcrop-Polander loam complex, 30 to 80 percent south slopes 14 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam 38 to 50 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam Composition 50 inches—highly weathered tuff Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to bedrock Xerolls and similar inclusions—45 percent Drainage class: Well drained Rock outcrop—20 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Polander soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Available water capacity: About 6 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Severe Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 371

Contrasting Inclusions limits forage production and seedling survival. • The extremely stony surface layer, areas of Rock • Mound, Rogger, and Twelvemile soils that are on outcrop, and steepness of slope restrict the operation adjacent mountainsides of ground seeding equipment. Other methods such as • Soils on north-facing slopes broadcast seeding should be used. • Soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 80 percent Suitable management practices: • Rubble land • Delay grazing until late in spring when forage plants have achieved sufficient growth. Major Uses • Minimize the risk of erosion by preserving the Xerolls—watershed, livestock grazing existing plant cover, seeding, accumulating litter on the Polander soil—watershed, woodland soil surface, and maintaining adequate plant cover. • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a Major Management Factors short, cool growing season. Xerolls—water erosion; slope; Rock outcrop; depth to Woodland bedrock, rock fragments, and available water capacity in some areas Polander soil Polander soil—slope, water erosion, Rock outcrop Estimated growth at culmination of mean annual Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant increment: 55 cubic feet per acre per year for Community ponderosa pine at age 50; 57 cubic feet per acre per year for white fir at age 70 Xerolls—bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big Estimated yield (Scribner rule): 172 board feet per acre sagebrush. per year for ponderosa pine at age 160 Polander soil—white fir, ponderosa pine, common snowberry, heartleaf arnica, wheeler bluegrass General management considerations: • The soils on south-facing slopes are more droughty Livestock Grazing than those on north-facing slopes. Xerolls • Artificial or natural shade increases seedling survival. General management considerations: • Wet, unsurfaced roads are soft. • Cold soil temperatures and a short growing season • Dry, unsurfaced roads are dusty. limit the period of plant growth. • Cuts and fills are stable. • The growing season begins earlier in spring on the • The areas of Rock outcrop force yarding and south-facing slopes than on the north-facing slopes, skidding paths to converge, which increases the risks but droughtiness is a limitation earlier in summer on of compaction and erosion. the south-facing slopes. • Roads located at midslope are difficult to maintain • The trees on the Polander soil provide shade and and require large cuts and fills that remove land from shelter for livestock. production. • Livestock prefer to graze the easily accessible areas • Cuts and fills should have a ratio of more than 2 to 1 on ridgetops and in valleys before they graze the less to allow for long-term establishment of plants. accessible areas on side slopes. • Uniform distribution of livestock is difficult because Suitable management practices: of the slope and the lack of permanent water • To minimize soil displacement, use cable yarding developments. systems. • The areas of shallow, droughty soils in this unit • To minimize compaction, adjust yarding operations to produce forage available for livestock grazing earlier in the content of moisture, organic matter, and rock the year and for a shorter period of time than the fragments in the surface layer. adjacent areas of deeper soils. • Leave slash on the soil to minimize sheet and rill • Livestock tend to herd and graze in the less stony erosion. areas of this unit. • Reduce the risk of erosion on temporary roads by • The depth to bedrock in some areas restricts rooting seeding, installing water bars, scarifying the soil depth and placement of fenceposts. surface, or accumulating slash on the soil surface. • The low available water capacity in some areas • Use shade cards to increase seedling survival. 372 Soil Survey

282B—Zorravista fine sand, 0 to 5 percent Livestock Grazing slopes General management considerations: • The low precipitation and low available water Composition capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. • This unit is subject to wind erosion if the vegetation Zorravista soil and similar inclusions—85 percent is removed or degraded. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • A potential for seepage limits construction of water Characteristics of the Zorravista Soil impoundments. • This soil is suited to grazing in winter. Position on landscape: Semistabilized dunes and sand • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. sheets on lake terraces Parent material: Kind—eolian sand; source—basalt, Suitable management practices: tuff, volcanic ash • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating plant Climatic factors: litter on the surface. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F droughtiness. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Cropland Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—dark brown fine sand General management considerations: 4 to 60 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand and • Because of the limited precipitation and low available fine sand water capacity, continuous cropping is not practical Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to unless the soil is irrigated. bedrock • Because of the rapid water intake rate and the very Drainage class: Excessively drained rapid permeability, this soil is best suited to sprinkler Permeability: Very rapid irrigation. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Because the soil is droughty and has very rapid Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—very permeability, irrigation water should be applied severe frequently for short periods. Contrasting Inclusions • Wind erosion is a concern on this soil because of the fine sand surface layer. • Mesman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, have basin big sagebrush and black greasewood in the protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive potential plant community material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized • McConnel soils that are on adjacent perched deltas steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or pipelines. and lake terraces and have dominantly Wyoming big • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental sagebrush in the potential plant community plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. • Hinton soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and • Because this soil is subject to blowing, a plant cover have dominantly Wyoming big sagebrush in the should be maintained. potential plant community • The seedling mortality rate may be severe because • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent of the very low available water capacity. Major Uses Suitable management practices: Livestock grazing, cropland • Irrigate during the dry period in summer. • Irrigate at a rate that ensures optimum production but Major Management Factors does not increase deep percolation. Permeability, wind erosion, available water capacity • Apply sufficient irrigation water to wet the root zone but not so much that it leaches plant nutrients below Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant the root zone. Community • Reduce the risk of wind erosion by planting crops in Indian ricegrass, fourwing saltbush, needleandthread narrow strips at right angles to the prevailing wind, Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 373

maintaining crop residue on the surface, maintaining a 18 to 24 inches—dark gray extremely gravelly plant cover, and keeping the soil surface rough. sand 24 to 28 inches—brown sand 28 to 40 inches—brown extremely gravelly sand 283B—Zorravista-Hinton complex, 0 to 8 40 to 43 inches—brown gravelly sand percent slopes 43 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sand Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to Composition bedrock, shallow (10 to 20 inches) to the firm brittle layer Zorravista soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Drainage class: Well drained Hinton soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Permeability: Upper 12 inches—rapid; between depths Contrasting inclusions—15 percent of 12 and 18 inches—moderately slow Characteristics of the Zorravista Soil Available water capacity: About 1 inch Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—severe Position on landscape: Semistabilized dunes and sand sheets on lake terraces that have slopes of 2 to 8 Contrasting Inclusions percent • Mesman soils that are on adjacent lake terraces and Parent material: Kind—eolian sand; source—basalt, have dominantly basin big sagebrush and black tuff, volcanic ash greasewood in the potential plant community Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • McConnel soils that are on adjacent perched deltas Climatic factors: and lake terraces and have dominantly Wyoming big Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches sagebrush in the potential plant community Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Major Use Typical profile: Livestock grazing 0 to 4 inches—dark brown fine sand 4 to 60 inches—dark brown loamy fine sand and Major Management Factors fine sand Zorravista soil—permeability, wind erosion, available Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to water capacity bedrock Hinton soil—permeability, wind erosion, available water Drainage class: Excessively drained capacity, firm brittle layer Permeability: Very rapid Available water capacity: About 3 inches Dominant Vegetation in Potential Plant Hazard of erosion: By water—slight; by wind—very Community severe Zorravista soil—Indian ricegrass, fourwing saltbush, Characteristics of the Hinton Soil needleandthread Hinton soil—Indian ricegrass, basin big sagebrush, Position on landscape: Lake terraces that have slopes Thurber needlegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, of 0 to 5 percent needleandthread Parent material: Kind—stratified lacustrine beach Livestock Grazing sediment and eolian deposits; source—tuff, basalt, volcanic ash General management considerations: Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet • The low precipitation and low available water Climatic factors: capacity limit forage production and seedling survival. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • The firm brittle layer in the Hinton soil restricts Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F rooting depth and water movement. Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • A potential for seepage limits construction of water Typical profile: impoundments. 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown gravelly • The soils in this unit are subject to wind erosion if loamy sand the vegetation is removed or degraded. 1 inch to 12 inches—dark brown loamy sand • Because of the high corrosivity to uncoated steel, 12 to 18 inches—dark brown gravelly loam protection from corrosion or use of noncorrosive 374

material, such as concrete, aluminum, galvanized • The seedling mortality rate may be severe because steel, or plastics, is needed for structures or of the very low available water capacity. pipelines. • This unit is suited to grazing in winter. Suitable management practices: • Range seeding controls blowing and drifting sand. • Minimize the risk of wind erosion by preserving the • Trees and shrubs for windbreaks and environmental existing plant cover, seeding, and accumulating plant plantings should be tolerant of droughtiness. litter on the surface. • Because the soils in this unit are subject to blowing, • If this unit is seeded, select plants that tolerate a plant cover should be maintained. droughtiness. 375

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of classification used by the Natural Resources the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust Conservation Service is explained, and prime land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural farmland is described. resources and the environment. Also, it can help to Planners of management systems for individual prevent soil-related failures in land uses. fields or farms should consider the detailed In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, information given in the description of each soil under conservationists, engineers, and others collect the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific extensive field data about the nature and behavioral information can be obtained from the local office of the characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Natural Resources Conservation Service or the erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that Cooperative Extension Service. affect various soil uses and management. Field Nonirrigated Cropland experience and collected data on soil properties and performance are used as a basis in predicting soil About 10,000 acres of the survey area is used for behavior. nonirrigated crops, mainly small grain. A hazard of Information in this section can be used to plan the water erosion and droughtiness are the primary use and management of soils for crops and pasture; concerns in managing nonirrigated cropland. as rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, Resource management systems should be specific to sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation each soil, crop grown, and climatic condition to keep systems, and parks and other recreational facilities; soil and moisture losses to a minimum. Management and for wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the strategies for a particular farm may include a potentials and limitations of each soil for specific land combination of practices. Because droughtiness is a uses and to help prevent construction failures caused major limitation to the production of nonirrigated by unfavorable soil properties. crops, conservation and efficient use of the available Planners and others using soil survey information moisture is important. can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on Gully, sheet, and rill erosion are serious concerns productivity and on the environment in all or part of the in this survey area. These types of erosion result in survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain loss of valuable topsoil, sedimentation, loss of soil or create a land use pattern in harmony with the productivity, poor water quality, and damage to natural soil. property. Contractors can use this survey to locate sources If the surface layer is lost through erosion, much of of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use the available plant nutrients and organic matter are it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very lost, which affects soil structure, water infiltration, and firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. soil tilth. The severity of the erosion determines how Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and much productivity is lost. Many years are needed to others may also find this survey useful. The survey replace a small portion of the soil surface even under can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and the best soil-building conditions. Soils that have locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, steeper slopes, particularly those that have slopes of playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. more than 25 percent, are highly susceptible to water erosion. Planting permanent vegetation helps to Crops and Pasture minimize water erosion and rehabilitate severely eroded areas. General management needed for crops and Soils that freeze are very susceptible to erosion. pasture is suggested in this section. The estimated The water intake rate may be reduced significantly yields of the main crops and pasture plants are listed when a soil is frozen, and excessive runoff occurs for each soil, the system of land capability during periods of freezing and thawing. When the 376 Soil Survey

surface of the soil thaws, it becomes supersaturated. livestock when the soils are wet reduces compaction. The resulting mix of soil and water flows downslope, Subsoiling or deep chiseling when the soils are dry causing severe gully erosion. Drews soils that have fractures the compacted layers. slopes of more than 10 percent are particularly subject Proper management of crop residue includes to runoff when they are frozen. leaving as much plant material on the soil surface Resource management systems that reduce soil throughout the year as needed to control erosion. erosion from runoff and that conserve soil moisture Residue on the surface reduces erosion and filters out include both cultural and structural practices. Cultural the sediment from runoff. Decomposing residue practices consist of conservation cropping systems returns some organic matter to the soil, which helps to and conservation tillage systems, including minimum improve soil structure and the water infiltration rate. tillage and no-till farming, and use of chemical fallow Residue management also is effective in reducing the and crop residue. Structural practices include the risk of wind erosion. construction of terraces, diversions, and grassed Removal of residue by grazing, mechanical waterways. Farming on the contour and across the chopping, tilling, or burning generally is neither slope and stripcropping also reduce erosion and desirable nor economically feasible. Moldboard conserve soil moisture. plowing inverts the soil surface and leaves little Residue Management and Tillage Systems. residue on the surface. Disking or chiseling buries Organic matter provided by crop residue is an some of the crop residue, which accelerates the important source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. decomposition of the buried portion, and retains It also increases the water intake rate and available adequate residue on the surface. water capacity, reduces surface crusting, promotes The trend in areas of nonirrigated crops is toward good soil structure and tilth, and reduces erosion. minimum tillage or no-till farming. No-till farming Research shows that organic matter content gradually consists of planting crops in untilled soil by opening a decreases in soils that are under a small grain and narrow band of sufficient width and depth for proper fallow cropping system for many years, even in areas seed coverage. No other seedbed preparation is where straw is incorporated. Use of conservation done. Use of herbicides to kill weeds and grasses cropping systems that include additions of straw, during the fallow year, commonly called chemical however, helps to slow this decline. The organic fallow, makes most cultivation unnecessary. matter content can be maintained by regularly adding Structural Practices. Terraces and diversions are manure. Growing green manure crops or planting used to reduce the effective length of slopes and severely eroded areas to permanent vegetation thereby reduce runoff, sedimentation, and erosion. hastens rehabilitation. They are best suited to soils that have uniform, Conservation tillage systems are important in regular slopes. In areas that have slopes of more than maintaining good soil tilth. Keeping the surface rough 12 percent, terraces usually are effective in reducing and cloddy can reduce runoff. Excessive tillage gully erosion. results in loss of soil moisture, and it pulverizes soil Level or gradient terraces are used in areas of aggregates and destroys soil structure. Overworking nonirrigated cropland. Level terraces generally are the soil in spring and summer before seeding results most effective in areas of deep soils that receive a in crusting of the surface, which reduces infiltration, moderate amount of precipitation, such as those of the produces a powdery soil surface that is subject to Harriman series. Gradient terraces generally are wind erosion, impairs seedling emergence, and constructed in areas of moderately deep soils that causes excessive runoff and erosion. receive a high amount of precipitation, such as those Most of the soils in this survey area that are used of the Drewsgap series. for nonirrigated crops are loam or silt loam. When wet, Grassed waterways reduce erosion and these soils are particularly susceptible to compaction sedimentation in areas of concentrated waterflow. by farm machinery and other vehicles and by Natural or constructed waterways are suitable where livestock. Compaction results in reduced permeability there is a nonerosive outlet. Maintaining a plant cover and infiltration and restricted root penetration. As keeps the soil in place and makes it more resistant to water movement in the soils is impeded, runoff water erosion. A plant cover also acts as a filter, increases and erosion occurs. Minimizing tillage reducing the amount of sediment carried by runoff. operations and restricting traffic by equipment and Stripcropping, or alternating fields of crops and Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 377

fallow, reduces the risks of wind and water erosion. Irrigated Cropland On soils that are gravelly loamy sand, such as those of the Fordney series, including alternate strips of About 150,000 acres of the survey area is irrigable vegetation or crop residue retards the movement of or potentially irrigable land. Nearly 11,000 acres was soil particles by wind. These strips should be oriented converted to irrigated land with the construction of at right angles to the prevailing wind. Stripcropping Drews and Cottonwood Reservoirs, and nearly 14,000 also reduces water erosion and sedimentation in acres of wetland in the Warner Valley was converted areas of high precipitation. Stripcropping is best suited to irrigated cropland in the late 1950’s. to soils that have uniform slopes, where strips can be Many areas are surface irrigated with water from on the contour or across the slope. runoff in spring. Runoff from snowmelt generally is not Tillage and seeding can be done in conjunction with available during the peak period of use. Poor-quality stripcropping. The ridges left by tillage and planting water from wells and runoff from flood irrigation is operations retard the flow of water downslope. These detrimental to plants in some areas. Some of the practices are best suited to soils that have uniform water from wells in the Warner and Chewaucan slopes. Valleys has a high level of boron, sulfur, or salts. Cropping Systems. The primary cropping system Wind erosion is a concern in the Chewaucan and used on the nonirrigated cropland in the area is small Warner Valleys and in the Valley Falls area. Practices grain and fallow, and it includes mainly winter wheat are needed to minimize wind erosion in areas of and spring barley. The nonirrigated cropland is cropland. The critical period for wind erosion is late in fallowed, or kept free of vegetation, for one cropping winter through early in summer. Plant cover and plant season to control weeds and to store moisture and residue should be maintained on the soil surface nutrients for the crops to be grown the following during this period. Alfalfa and grass-legume pasture season. should be included in the rotation to increase the Summer fallowing is a primary factor contributing to content of organic matter in the soil and to protect the the risk of water erosion in areas where prolonged soil from wind erosion. Tillage should be delayed until rains, freezing temperatures, or intense summer after the critical period for wind erosion. Zorravista fine thunderstorms occur. In areas where moisture is sand and Mesman fine sandy loam are particularly sufficient, annual cropping may be more desirable. subject to wind erosion. Annual precipitation is sufficient to fill to field Conservation tillage leaves plant residue on the soil capacity the profile of the moderately deep soils, such surface. Tillage implements that leave residue on the are those of the Drewsgap series. These soils are surface include sweeps, chisels, and others that do suited to annual cropping. Deep soils, such as those not invert and pulverize the soil. Tillage operations of the Drews series, may be cropped two or three should be conducted at right angles to the prevailing years in a row followed by one year of fallow during wind, which generally is from the southwest. periods of higher than normal precipitation. Fallow can A wide variety of irrigation methods are used in this be used for weed control during years when area, including center-pivot systems, wheel- and precipitation is exceptionally low. Soils on flood plains hand-moved sprinklers, border and furrow flooding, where precipitation is supplemented by subsurface and wild flooding. Sprinkler systems are most water, such as those of the Lakeview series, common. Low-pressure center-pivot systems are commonly are used for permanent pastures of grass becoming more popular because of the lower energy or grass-legume mixtures. costs. Some sprinkler systems have been converted For high yields and good-quality crops, fertilization to flood systems because of increasing energy costs. is needed on all of the soils in the area. Fertilizers are Center-pivot and drip irrigation systems are used to replace or supplement the natural supply of particularly well adapted to sandy soils, such as those nutrients in the soil, including elements such as of the Zorravista series, that have very rapid nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The amount and permeability and a high water intake rate. The kind of fertilizer used should be based on the results frequency, duration, and amount of water applied can of soil tests and the needs of the crop grown. The be controlled easily with these irrigation systems. local office of the Cooperative Extension Service can Soils on terraces in Goose Lake Valley are irrigated help to determine the proper kind and amount of with center-pivot, wheel- and hand-moved sprinkler, fertilizer to apply. border, and furrow systems. These soils have a loam 378 Soil Survey

surface layer and commonly a subsoil that has slow mole drains. Drainage water must be pumped if permeability. Light, frequent applications of irrigation outlets are not available. water are needed to minimize runoff and erosion. Wetness, salts, and sodium adversely affect plant Soils on flood plains in nearly level stream bottoms growth. Soils that are high in content of salts are are not subject to severe runoff; however, water saline. Salts limit the amount of water available to management is still important. Overirrigation leaches plants and reduce seedling survival. Soils that have plant nutrients, results in a high water table, and in excess sodium (pH of more than 8.5) are sodic. These some areas causes a buildup of salts on the soil soils have an imbalance of nutrients and a root surface. environment that is toxic to most plants. Crusting Crops grown in the survey area include alfalfa (fig. caused by the dispersion of sodium reduces the water 23), grass, small grain, and mint. A frost-free period of intake rate and limits seedling emergence and less than 110 days limits the kinds of crops that can survival. Soils that have a high content of salts and be grown. excess sodium are saline-sodic. Stockdrive, Thunderegg, and Icene soils are examples of soils that have saline and sodic properties. Saline soils can be reclaimed by leaching the salts below the root zone. A cemented pan in some soils restricts the downward movement of water; therefore, the pan should be ripped to allow for the leaching of salts. Water that has a low content of salts and sodium should be used for leaching. Leaching can also remove toxic boron and chloride from the root zone. Drainage is needed to prevent salts from moving upward into the root zone. Leaching of saline-sodic soils without the addition of soil amendments removes the salts but not the sodium. Leaching alone creates a sodic soil characterized by the dispersion of soil particles, reduced infiltration, and poor tilth. Soil amendments such as gypsum provide calcium, which chemically replaces sodium. The sodium then can be removed by applying water. Other practices that assist in reclamation include adding organic material, applying chemical fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate and Figure 23.—Irrigated alfalfa in an area of Lakeview loam in ammonium sulfate or other acid-producing fertilizers, foreground; Drews loam on undulating lake terrace in and planting salt- or sodium-tolerant crops to improve background. the physical condition of the soil. Salt-tolerant crops Tillage and the planting and harvesting of field include barley, Canada wildrye, crested wheatgrass, crops is restricted significantly on soils that have a birdsfoot trefoil, tall fescue, meadow foxtail, and tall water table near the surface. These soils are used wheatgrass. Saline-sodic soils cannot be reclaimed almost exclusively for pasture and hay. As the large rapidly. Soil tests are needed to determine the proper lakes of the last ice age dried up, salts were quantities of amendments. concentrated and deposited in the soils on alluvial If the soils are drained and excess salts are flats and low lake terraces. These soils may have a removed, the choice of crops suitable for planting is high water table or a high content of salts and sodium, increased. Drainage allows for better irrigation water or both. Reclaiming the soils by removing the salts management and earlier accessibility to fields. A and sodium can be expensive. wider variety of crops can be grown under irrigation, The Lakeview, Goose Lake, Pit, and Ozamis soils but more specialized fertilizer is also needed. The have a seasonal high water table. Drainage can be kinds and amount of fertilizer should be based on soil improved by surface or subsurface drainage systems. tests, the needs of the crop grown, and expected Surface systems include open ditches, yields. impoundments, and land shaping to eliminate Native grass meadows and pastures provide depressions. Subsurface systems include tile and important forage for livestock and wildlife habitat. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 379

Proper management practices are needed to maintain crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, and improve the productivity of these native grass and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures pastures and hay meadows. Pastures should be kept the smallest possible loss. in good condition, as measured by the quantity of For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the plants present that are high in the ecological irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the succession. Planned grazing systems, fertilizer, crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is fences, irrigation, and other management practices uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to can have a significant effect on yields. Deferring a minimum. grazing and mowing until after grasses are mature The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity helps to maintain the abundance of the desired of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are species. To stimulate regrowth, pastures commonly likely to increase as new production technology is are irrigated after haying operations. Grazing the hay developed. The productivity of a given soil compared stubble after mowing also is common, but the pasture with that of other soils, however, is not likely to should be irrigated first. Grazing of fields that are change. being irrigated or are wet causes compaction of the Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown soils. in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed High-quality forage species can be sustained if the because the acreage of such crops is small. The local season and degree of use are properly managed. The office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service length of the periods of grazing and the timing of or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide grazing during the growing season are important information about the management and productivity of considerations. Grazing early in the growing season is the soils for those crops. feasible if the plants can set seed after the livestock Land Capability Classification are removed. Sufficient soil moisture and length of growing season are needed for plants to regrow and Land capability classification shows, in a general set seed. Allowing plants to reach maturity maintains way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field the abundance of the desirable species. Pastures that crops. Crops that require special management are are in poor condition as a result of past use can be excluded. The soils are grouped according to their improved by changing the duration and intensity of limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they grazing. are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils Yields per Acre do not include major and generally expensive The average yields per acre that can be expected landforming that would change slope, depth, or other of the principal crops under a high level of characteristics of the soils, nor do they include management are shown in table 5. In any given year, possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in Capability classification is not a substitute for the table because of variations in rainfall and other interpretations designed to show suitability and climatic factors. The land capability classification of limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for each map unit also is shown in the table. woodland, and for engineering purposes. The yields are based mainly on the experience and In the capability system (36), soils are generally records of farmers, conservationists, and extension grouped at three levels—capability class, subclass, agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and and unit. Only class and subclass are used in this results of field trials and demonstrations are also survey. considered. Capability classes, the broadest groups, are The management needed to obtain the indicated designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower and the crop. Management can include drainage, choices for practical use. The classes are defined as erosion control, and protection from flooding; the follows: proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; use. control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, the choice of plants or that require moderate phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each conservation practices. 380 Soil Survey

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil the choice of plants or that require special qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are conservation practices, or both. those needed for the soil to economically produce Class IV soils have very severe limitations that sustained high yields of crops when proper reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful management, including water management, and management, or both. acceptable farming methods are applied. In general, Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other prime farmland has an adequate and dependable limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a Class VI soils have severe limitations that make favorable temperature and growing season, them generally unsuitable for cultivation. acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and Class VII soils have very severe limitations that sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable make them unsuitable for cultivation. to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have saturated with water for long periods, and it either is limitations that nearly preclude their use for not frequently flooded during the growing season or is commercial crop production. protected from flooding. The slope ranges mainly from Capability subclasses are soil groups within one 0 to 5 percent. More detailed information about the class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, criteria for prime farmland is available at the local w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of About 152,000 acres, or nearly 8.5 percent of the erosion unless close-growing plant cover is survey area, would meet the requirements for prime maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil farmland if an adequate and dependable supply of interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some irrigation water were available. soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial A recent trend in land use in some parts of the drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly survey area has been the loss of some prime because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used farmland to industrial and urban uses. The loss of in only some parts of the United States, shows that prime farmland to other uses puts pressure on the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very marginal lands, which generally are more erodible, dry. droughty, and less productive and cannot be easily In class I there are no subclasses because the soils cultivated. of this class have few limitations. Class V contains The map units in the survey area that are only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because considered prime farmland are listed at the end of this the soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. section. This list does not constitute a They have other limitations that restrict their use to recommendation for a particular land use. On some pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or soils included in the list, measures that overcome a recreation. hazard or limitation, such as flooding, wetness, and The capability class and subclass of each map unit droughtiness, are needed. Onsite evaluation is in this survey area are shown in table 5. needed to determine whether or not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective measures. Prime Farmland The extent of each listed map unit is shown in table 4. Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important The location is shown on the detailed soil maps at the farmland defined by the U.S. Department of back of this publication. The soil qualities that affect Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the use and management are described under the Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is The map units that meet the requirements for prime limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes farmland if irrigated are: that responsible levels of government, as well as individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise 40B Calimus silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes use of our Nation’s prime farmland. 51A Crump muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department drained) of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of 52A Crump silty clay loam, drained, 0 to 1 percent physical and chemical characteristics for producing slopes food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is 54A Crump-Ozamis complex, drained, 0 to 1 available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, percent slopes pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not 64B Deter loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 381

65B Deter loam, low precipitation, 0 to 5 percent have been replaced by large cattle operations. slopes Although the number of livestock has declined over 69B Donica gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes the years, livestock grazing remains vital to the 73B Drews loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes economy of the area. 76B Drewsgap loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes Rangeland watersheds provide for the capture, 95B Fordney gravelly loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent storage, and safe release of water through springs slopes and riparian systems, which helps to maintain the 95C Fordney gravelly loamy sand, 5 to 15 percent quality and quantity of water for fish. The rangeland slopes also provides habitat for many game and nongame 97A Goose Lake silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes mammals and birds, including some threatened and (where drained) endangered species. 109B Harriman loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes Rangeland provides opportunities for wildlife 124A Lakeview loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes viewing, photography, landscape painting, hang 125A Lakeview silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes gliding, hiking, rockhounding, and sightseeing. 127A Lakeview silty clay loam, low precipitation, 0 to The vegetation on the rangeland maintains and 2 percent slopes provides a gene pool for natural maintenance, 153A McConnel very gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 2 selection, and propagation of adapted species in their percent slopes native habitats. These habitats and the associated 153C McConnel very gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 15 vegetation are used as seed sources for the percent slopes development of improved plant material. Historically, 182A Norad silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes edible whole plants or parts of plants were crucial to 191A Ozamis loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where the survival of Native Americans. The interest in drained) native plants for edible and medicinal purposes has 192A Ozamis silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes been revived in recent years. (where drained) 243B Salisbury loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes Broad Vegetative Groupings 246A Spangenburg complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Grazing and browsing by livestock and wildlife 253A Tulana mucky silty clay loam, drained, 0 to 1 occur in a wide variety of environments in the survey percent slopes area. The vegetative cover types in the area and their 282B Zorravista fine sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes relationship to the general soil map units are 283B Zorravista-Hinton complex, 0 to 8 percent discussed in the following paragraphs. slopes The dominant vegetation on the soils in general soil map units 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8 consists of grasses and Rangeland sedges. The plant communities in these areas are Dave Franzen, range conservationist, Natural Resources influenced by ponding, flooding, or a high water table Conservation Service, prepared this section. during part of the year. Hardstem bulrush and cattail are on the wettest soils. The majority of the soils in Nearly 60 percent of the survey area is rangeland. these units support native meadow vegetation, The vegetation on this land helps to control erosion, including tufted hairgrass, which is dominant, and conserve water, and maintain watersheds; provides Nevada bluegrass, redtop, sedges, and rushes. These habitat for wildlife; and provides year-round forage for soils produce the highest abundance of plants and wildlife and livestock. The rangeland also offers forage in the survey area. The meadows are used as scenic and recreational value. hayland and for grazing. Haying operations normally take place in midsummer. Grazing should be deferred Importance and Uses until after the haying operations are complete. The The survey area has been used for domestic shallow open water areas are used extensively as livestock grazing since the late 1800’s. Migrant sheep breeding areas for waterfowl. operators once moved large flocks across the area. The dominant vegetation on the soils in general soil As the grazing season progressed from winter to map units 4, 5, and 6 consists of salt-tolerant grasses summer, flocks gradually were moved from the basins and shrubs; however, significant areas of these units to the higher elevations. These large sheep operations do not support vegetation. These soils are ponded 382 Soil Survey

annually and are saline or sodic. They support a wide during the last few decades, juniper has invaded plant variety of plant communities. Inland saltgrass, alkali communities downslope. This invasion is occurring in sacaton, basin wildrye, and black greasewood are varying degrees on all of the soils in units 15 through dominant, but basin big sagebrush and alkali 19. bluegrass also are present. The dominant vegetation on the soils in general soil These salt-tolerant plant communities have very map units 20, 21, 22, and 23 consists of coniferous little value as forage for wildlife and livestock because trees, shrubs, and perennial grasses. These soils are of the low productivity and relative unpalatability of at the highest elevations and receive the highest most species. In spring these areas provide habitat for amount of precipitation of any in the survey area. migrating waterfowl. Because these areas are in warm Elevation ranges from about 5,000 to 8,400 feet. basins, they are used in winter as holding areas for Precipitation ranges from about 18 to 38 inches. Most livestock. of the precipitation falls as snow. The principal forest The dominant vegetation on the soils in general soil cover types on these soils are interior ponderosa pine, map units 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 consists of white fir, and whitebark pine. perennial grasses and shrubs. In areas where slopes The interior ponderosa pine forest cover type is at are nearly level to gently rolling and irrigation water is the lower elevations. This type is associated with available, irrigated crops typically are grown. In general soil map unit 20. The vegetation is dominantly uncultivated areas, precipitation and temperature ponderosa pine in the overstory, mountain big strongly influence the type of plant communities and sagebrush and antelope bitterbrush in the midstory, their management. In the 8- to 12-inch precipitation and Idaho fescue in the understory. The areas are zone, Wyoming big sagebrush, low sagebrush, relatively open. Because sunlight reaches the forest Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and floor, the understory vegetation is palatable for both bluebunch wheatgrass are dominant. Areas in this livestock and wildlife. Because of the short growing zone are best suited to grazing by livestock in spring season and the period of snow cover, livestock and fall. They also are important as winter range for grazing is best suited to periods late in summer and in elk and mule deer. The southern exposures at the fall. lower elevations are critical for wintering mule deer As elevation and precipitation increase, the white fir and elk because these exposures remain relatively forest cover type becomes dominant. This cover type free of snow and the vegetation greens up earlier in is associated with general soil map units 21, 22, and spring in these areas than in areas under other 23. The vegetation is dominantly white fir and associated plant communities. ponderosa pine in the overstory, snowbrush Mountain big sagebrush, low sagebrush, antelope manzanita in the midstory, and squawcarpet and bitterbrush, and Idaho fescue are dominant in the 12- Wheeler bluegrass in the understory. to 18-inch precipitation zone. Areas in this zone are Above an elevation of about 7,000 feet, the best suited to grazing by livestock late in spring and in whitebark pine forest cover type is dominant. This summer and fall. Big game species also use these type is associated with general soil map unit 23. The areas during these periods. These areas are not vegetation is dominantly lodgepole pine, western suitable as range for big game animals in winter white pine, white fir, and whitebark pine in the because they usually are covered with snow from late overstory; pinemat manzanita in the midstory; and in fall through spring. Wheeler bluegrass and longstolon sedge in the The dominant vegetation on the soils in general soil understory. Forage production for livestock and map units 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 is similar to that of wildlife generally is low because the canopy is closed general soil map units 9 through 14 except the soils in and the understory is shaded. After timber is units 15 through 19 also support western juniper. harvested, however, forage production increases Because of the high elevation and short growing substantially. It slowly declines again as the forest season, the vegetation on units 17 and 18 is best reestablishes itself and the canopy closes. Because of suited to livestock grazing late in summer and in fall the short growing season and the period of snow when the snow has melted and the grasses have cover, livestock grazing is best suited to periods early matured. Western juniper is present in the climax in fall. vegetative type on the ridgetops and escarpments. Grazing Management This species is intolerant of fires, but fires occur very infrequently in these areas because of the lack of The key to proper livestock grazing management is understory vegetation capable of supplying fuel. As a use of a system designed with consideration of plant result of grazing pressure and aggressive fire control and animal requirements, topography, and Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 383

management objectives. Grazing systems include root zone is saturated only briefly, has a major impact rotating pastures, controlling the time and length of the on plant community composition and production. This grazing period, and resting or deferring grazing during is especially true if a soil is ponded or has a water periods of critical plant growth. Other practices such table at or near the surface. If these soils are grazed as fencing, salting, constructing water developments, during wet periods, they are subject to compaction controlling weeds and brush, thinning, and seeding and displacement and the plant crown is subject to are used to facilitate the grazing system, to improve damage. If these soils are seeded, mechanical site livestock distribution, or to increase forage production. preparation is difficult because of the limited period An important objective of grazing management when equipment can be used. The species selected should be the maintenance or improvement of the soil, for seeding should be tolerant of wetness. water, and vegetation. The objective may not be to Livestock water developments are needed in most improve the range condition or site potential because of the grazed areas in the survey area (fig. 24). of economic considerations or other considerations. However, management is needed to achieve an acceptable level of cover and forage production consistent with the limitations of the vegetative site. Areas should be managed to conserve water, improve water quality, and reduce erosion.

Limitations for Use as Rangeland

Because of specific characteristics, some areas are unsuited or less suited to particular grazing practices. Important limitations are given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Some of the characteristics that could affect grazing management are discussed briefly in the following paragraphs. Aspect is the direction in which a slope faces. North-facing slopes generally are more productive, but development of plants is slower because of the cool temperatures. Livestock and wildlife prefer these slopes in summer. The vegetation stays green until late in summer because of the cool, moist conditions. South-facing slopes generally have the opposite Figure 24.—Stock ponds in forested mountains provide water characteristics of north-facing slopes. Because they for livestock and wildlife in fall. are warmer and drier, they are poorly suited to livestock grazing in summer. These slopes are very Construction of stock ponds is not feasible in many important to big game in winter because less snow locations, and proper construction material is not accumulates in these areas and they are the first to available in some areas. Unless material for sealing a green up in spring. Southeast- and west-facing slopes pond is brought in from outside the area, ponds can have characteristics similar to those of the south- be constructed only in areas where the soil material facing slopes. naturally is slowly permeable and can be compacted Droughtiness is a result of low annual precipitation and sealed properly. Soils that are coarse textured, or low available water capacity. It reduces the have a high content of rock fragments, or are shallow production of forage and limits the choice of species to bedrock are subject to excessive seepage and are suitable for seeding. Soil characteristics such as poorly suited to use as ponds. Unreliable runoff also coarse texture, shallow depth, and a high content of limits the feasibility of many areas for use as ponds. rock fragments restrict the available water capacity. This is particularly true in the lower precipitation zones Cold temperatures limit the length of the growing (those that receive less than 10 inches annually). season. Below-normal daily temperatures during the Even in the higher precipitation zones, the coarse growing season delay plant growth. textured, excessively drained soils seldom receive A high water table is present seasonally in some sufficient moisture from runoff to make pond soils and year-round in others. Wetness, even if the development feasible. 384 Soil Survey

Steepness of slope affects livestock use and the Crusting of the surface reduces infiltration and feasibility of applying certain management practices. seedling emergence. Soils that have a clayey surface Areas that have slopes of 30 percent or less are layer have a slow or very slow infiltration rate and are preferred by livestock. Areas that have slopes of more very sticky and very plastic when wet. The soil surface than 50 percent receive very little use even if the becomes rutted and compacted if these soils are forage in these areas is abundant. Limited use of the grazed or traversed by equipment when wet. steep slopes normally is anticipated, and stocking rates are adjusted accordingly. Mechanical seeding Characteristic Plant Communities with ground equipment generally is impractical in areas that have slopes of more than 35 percent. In areas that have similar climate and topography, Stones and cobbles on the soil surface can affect differences in the kind and amount of vegetation grazing management and the potential for produced are closely related to the kind of soil. revegetation. Livestock generally avoid areas that Effective management is based on the relationship have a large amount of stones and cobbles on the between the soils and vegetation and water. surface. The amount of stones on the surface also Table 6 shows, for each soil, the vegetative site; affects the feasibility of mechanical seedbed the total annual production of vegetation in favorable, preparation and seeding. normal, and unfavorable years; the characteristic Loss of site potential is a management concern on vegetation; and the average percentage of each some soils in the survey area. Some of the soils in the species. An explanation of the column headings in the area have lost a significant amount of the surface table follows. layer and are identified as eroded or as having a thin A vegetative site is a distinctive kind of site that surface layer. Loss of the surface layer can cause produces a characteristic natural plant community that major changes in the composition of the plant differs from natural plant communities on other community. For example, in areas of Booth complex, vegetative sites in kind, amount, and proportion of 2 to 15 percent slopes, big sagebrush has been plants. The relationship between soils and vegetation replaced by low sagebrush. Low sagebrush is better was ascertained during this survey; thus, vegetative able to adjust to changes in the soil moisture and sites generally can be determined directly from the nutrient content. In areas of Floke complex, 2 to 15 soil map. Soil properties that affect moisture supply percent slopes, bluebunch wheatgrass has been and plant nutrients have the greatest influence on the replaced by Sandberg bluegrass. These irreversible productivity of plants. Soil reaction, salt content, changes in the plant community as a result of soil climate, and a seasonal high water table are also erosion are most evident in soils that have a claypan, important. which restricts plant growth. Loss of total production Total production is the amount of vegetation that ranges from 25 to 50 percent, depending on the can be expected to grow annually in a well managed degree of soil erosion. potential natural plant community. It includes Rock outcrop and escarpments are throughout the vegetation that may or may not be palatable to grazing survey area. Typically, they are on steep, south- and animals. It includes the current year’s growth of west-facing slopes. They generally formed as a result leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody plants that are as of geologic faults or are exposed areas of sedimentary much as 4.5 feet tall. It does not include the increase or igneous rock. The areas of Rock outcrop and the in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed escarpments are as much as several hundred feet in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable, long and are 10 to several hundred feet high. They are normal, and unfavorable years. In a favorable year, well expressed along Abert Rim and Hart Mountain. the amount and distribution of precipitation and the They act as physical barriers to all domestic livestock temperatures make growing conditions substantially and to some wildlife. Some species of wildlife, such as better than average. In a normal year, growing chukar partridge and bighorn sheep, prefer habitat conditions are about average. In an unfavorable year, associated with escarpments and Rock outcrop. growing conditions are well below average, generally The surface texture also affects use of a soil as because of low available soil moisture. rangeland. Soils that have a sandy surface layer are Dry weight is the total annual yield per acre of air- subject to a severe hazard of wind erosion. These dry vegetation. Yields are adjusted to a common areas should be grazed only when the soils are moist percent of air-dry moisture content. The relationship of and the risk of wind erosion is reduced, generally late green weight to air-dry weight varies according to in fall to early in spring. Soils that have a silty surface such factors as exposure, amount of shade, recent layer are subject to crusting and are sticky when wet. rains, and unseasonable dry periods. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 385

Characteristic vegetation—the grasses, forbs, and managed by the Forest Service and is in the Lakeview shrubs that make up most of the potential natural plant Federal Sustained Yield Unit. To help maintain the community on each soil—is listed by common name. economic stability of participating communities, the Under composition, the expected percentage of the Forest Service is required to sell all timber harvested total annual production is given for each species from land in this unit to buyers who will process the making up the characteristic vegetation. The percent timber in the towns of Lakeview and Paisley. composition has been determined either by the Lakeview is recognized as the center of the forest production of air-dry weight or by the abundance of products industry in Lake County. The county has individual species. If pounds per acre of air-dry weight several large sawmills and wood products is given in table 6, the percent composition has been manufacturing plants. Easy access to rail determined by air-dry weight. If this is absent, the transportation facilitates the export of finished lumber, percent composition has been determined by logs, and wood chips. The Forest Service, Oregon abundance. The amount of vegetation that can be State Department of Forestry, and local fire districts used as forage depends on the kinds of grazing provide protection from fire. animals and on the grazing season. Most of the forest land in the survey area has Range and forest management requires a slopes of 0 to 40 percent. Only a small part of the knowledge of the kinds of soil and of the potential forest land has slopes of more than 40 percent. natural plant community. It also requires an evaluation Because the forest land is in the rainshadow of the of the present vegetative site condition. Site condition Cascade Mountains, it is characterized by drought- is determined by comparing the present plant tolerant tree species such as western juniper and community with the potential natural plant community ponderosa pine, although abundant stands of white fir on a particular site. The more closely the existing are at the higher elevations. Ponderosa pine, white fir, community resembles the potential community, the and lodgepole pine are the dominant timber species. better the range condition. Range condition is an Three principal forest cover types, including interior ecological rating only. ponderosa pine, white fir, and whitebark pine types, The objective in range management is to control are recognized in the survey area. Forest type codes grazing so that the plants growing on a site are about are given for the forested soils under “Vegetative the same in kind and amount as the potential natural sites” in table 6. These codes were taken from the plant community for that site. Such management plant association guide for Fremont National Forest generally results in the optimum production of (33). vegetation, control of undesirable brush species, The interior ponderosa pine forest cover type is conservation of water, and control of erosion. primarily at the low to middle elevations below and Sometimes, however, a range condition somewhat adjacent to mixed conifer zones. The soils are below the potential meets grazing needs, provides moderately deep to very deep and are well drained. wildlife habitat, and protects soil and water resources. Ponderosa pine, western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, wax currant, antelope bitterbrush, Woodland Management and Productivity snowbrush manzanita, Ross sedge, bottlebrush By Russell R. Hatz, forester, Natural Resources Conservation squirreltail, and Idaho fescue are associated with this Service, and David L. Wenzel, soil scientist, Forest Service. forest type. The white fir forest cover type generally is at the The survey area is one of the primary producers of middle to high elevations in areas that are cool and timber in south-central Oregon. The best timber- moist. This type is associated with a wide range of growing sites generally are in areas of soils that are soils, landforms, and slopes. The vegetation consists derived from basalt and are at middle elevations. The of ponderosa pine, white fir, lodgepole pine, western higher elevations generally are too cold in summer to white pine, snowbrush manzanita, wax currant, produce large quantities of timber, and the lower squawcarpet, Ross sedge, lupine, and bottlebrush elevations are too dry. The productivity of a site may squirreltail. be highly variable because of specific environmental The whitebark pine forest cover type is primarily on and microsite characteristics. high-elevation rhyolite eruptive centers. The soils are About 8 percent of the survey area is classified as gravelly and coarse textured. The vegetation consists commercial forest land. About 20 percent of this land of whitebark pine, lodgepole pine, white fir, western is owned by the forest industry, 20 percent is owned white pine, pinemat manzanita, wax currant, lupine, by ranchers and other private landowners, and 60 longstolon sedge, Wheeler bluegrass, and grouse percent is publicly owned. The publicly owned land is huckleberry. 386 Soil Survey

Repeated fires in the forested areas once resulted badly decayed. Twig dieback (Cytospora abietis) is a in the establishment of stands of ponderosa pine and fungus that causes cankering and dieback of true firs. lodgepole pine. Following a half century of fire control, It can reach epidemic proportions if the trees are many such stands are changing to the white fir forest predisposed to attack because of adverse conditions type. Controlled fires and silvicultural treatments are such as drought or beetle infestation. Other diseases being used to maintain early seral species in many also are present and at any given time may cause managed stands. serious damage to individual stands of trees. Rootrot The majority of the woodland in the survey area established in the center of trees may limit the growth provides forage for livestock and wildlife. The amount and potential yield of stands and affect local of forage available under many stands of timber is management. low, and the palatability ranges from low to high. If The information in soil surveys is important to properly managed, the interior ponderosa pine forest woodland managers as they seek ways to increase type includes high-quality bunchgrass. the productivity of woodland. Some soils respond Timber management can also improve the better to fertilization, some are susceptible to distribution of livestock and the production of forage landslides and erosion after roadbuilding and for livestock. Harvesting timber creates openings that harvesting, and others require special management serve as transitory range. Until planted tree seedlings for harvesting and reforestation. are large enough to shade the undergrowth (15 to 20 Table 7 summarizes the forestry information given years), this temporary range contributes significantly in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and serves as to the amount of forage available for livestock. a quick reference for woodland interpretations. The Transitory range also makes it possible to move site index, if available, is given in the table. livestock away from traditional areas of concentration, The potential productivity of common trees on a soil such as riparian areas, and into areas that have is expressed as a site index. Site index is determined received little, if any, use by livestock. by taking height and age measurements on selected The forested areas in the survey area are affected trees within stands of a given species. The procedure by many diseases and insects that can damage is given in the site index publications for ponderosa individual stands of trees. The amount of damage pine (16) and white fir (30). The site index applies to varies from year to year. fully stocked, even-aged stands. The highest yields The Modoc budworm (choristoneura viridis) is can be expected from soils that have the highest site abundant in the Warner Mountains. Outbreaks occur indexes. Site index values can be converted into sporadically as the populations build and then estimated yields at various ages by carefully using the collapse. Damage is limited to the true firs and appropriate yield tables. generally only results in a slight reduction in growth. Species preferred for wood production are selected The fir engraver (Scolytus tralis) is a native bark for reforestation or are allowed to regenerate naturally. beetle that primarily attacks true firs. Outbreaks occur Commercial value, topographic position, survival and at irregular intervals and generally follow periods of growth potential, and natural plant community drought or defoliation, which lower the resistance of relationships are some of the factors that can the trees. This insect can cause a severe rate of tree influence the choice of adapted trees suitable for mortality. The fir tree borer (Semanotus litigiosus) reforestation. attacks trees that died recently or are dying and As indicated in table 7, the woodland soils in this degrades the lumber. The mountain pine beetle survey area have been rated for a number of factors (Dendroctonus ponderosae), western pine beetle to be considered in woodland management. A rating (Dendroctonus brevicomis), pine engraver (Ips pini), of slight, moderate, or severe indicates the degree of and red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus the major soil limitations. If a soil has a rating of pseudotsugae) are the most common of the bark moderate or severe, additional information is given in beetles that annually kill some ponderosa pine and the detailed soil map units. lodgepole pine and periodically kill large numbers of The hazard of sheet and rill erosion ratings refer to trees. the probability of excessive erosion occurring as a Fomes rootrot (Fomes anosa) and brown stringy rot result of operations that leave the soil exposed. Forest (Echinodontium tinctorium) are examples of the many land that is damaged by fire or overgrazing is also kinds of fungi that attack live white fir trees. Fire subject to erosion. A rating of slight indicates that no wounds are the most common entry points for fungi. particular erosion-control measures are needed under Young, thriving, uninjured fir trees generally are free ordinary conditions; moderate that some erosion- from rot, but old, overmature trees frequently are control measures are needed, and severe that extra Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 387

measures are needed to control erosion during restrictions on equipment use. A severe rating silvicultural activities. These ratings are determined by indicates the need for extreme caution and possibly considering the topography, erodibility of a soil, and some restorative measures, such as ripping or local climate. Ratings of moderate or severe may disking, after harvesting. indicate the need for modified road construction, Soil characteristics considered in the compaction special harvesting systems, and alternative site ratings are the thickness of the layer of duff, content of preparation techniques. coarse fragments, texture, and plasticity. Soil The hazard of cut and fill erosion ratings refer to the compaction decreases air spaces in the soil; thus, air probability that damage may occur as a result of and water movement are reduced, which restricts root erosion on road cuts and fills. Cuts and fills should be growth and increases the risk of surface erosion. seeded. A rating of slight indicates that no other The soil displacement ratings refer to gouging, erosion-control measures are needed under ordinary scraping, or pushing soil from its natural position by conditions; moderate that additional erosion-control mechanical means. It is most often associated with measures, such as use of mulch and sediment traps, mechanical slash disposal, tractor yarding operations, are needed under certain conditions; and severe that and site preparation. A slight rating indicates that additional erosion-control measures are needed under equipment use is not restricted and that special most conditions. precautions generally are not needed; moderate that The texture of the surface and subsurface layers specialized equipment, such as a brush rake, is and the angle and length of the slope contribute to the needed; and severe that extreme caution should be risk of cut and fill erosion. The risk of erosion is most used in tractor yarding operations and in mechanical severe in areas that have longer cuts and fills and in slash disposal and site preparation. areas of more highly erodible soils. Soil characteristics considered in the soil The equipment limitation ratings refer to the limits displacement ratings are the thickness of the layer of on the use of wheeled or tracked, ground-based duff and the surface layer, slope, content of coarse equipment because of the characteristics of the soil or fragments, and texture. Removing or mixing the layer the topography. A rating of slight indicates that use of of duff and exposing the mineral soil are needed for equipment normally is not limited to a particular kind natural regeneration of many species; however, if the of equipment or time of year; moderate that there is a soil displacement is excessive, plant recovery rates short seasonal limitation or a need for some may be impaired. Prolonged exposure of the soil may modification in management or equipment; and severe result in an increased risk of erosion and further that there is a seasonal limitation or a need for special deterioration of the site. equipment or management or that use of equipment is The seedling mortality ratings refer to the hazardous. probability of death of tree seedlings as a result of the Use of equipment is limited mainly by the characteristics of the soil or topography. Plant steepness of slope, soil wetness, and susceptibility to competition and damage by animals are not soil compaction. As slope gradient and length considered in this rating. The ratings apply to healthy, increase, it becomes more difficult to use wheeled dormant seedlings from good stock that are properly equipment. Tracked equipment should be used in the planted during a period of sufficient moisture. Slight steeper areas, and cable yarding systems should be indicates that no problem is expected under normal used in the steepest areas. Soil wetness, especially in conditions; moderate that some problems can be areas of fine-textured soils, can severely limit the use expected and that extra precautions are needed; and of equipment and make harvesting practical only severe that the potential mortality rate is high and that during the dry period in summer. extra precautions are essential for successful The soil compaction ratings refer to the probability reforestation. that damage will occur to the soil structure as a result Wetness, droughtiness, and topographic conditions of repeated equipment use during periods when the contribute to the seedling mortality rate. To offset soil is wet or moist. Compaction should always be a these concerns, larger than normal planting stock, consideration during silvicultural activities. Even in special site preparation, surface drainage, or areas that have a slight rating, use of designated skid additional plantings may be needed. trails and protection of the layer of duff are needed. A The windthrow ratings refer to the ability of the soil moderate rating indicates the potential need for extra to support the development of tree roots and to hold precautions, such as use of cable yarding systems trees firmly. A rating of slight indicates that trees instead of ground skidding equipment and seasonal normally are not blown down by the wind; moderate 388 Soil Survey

that an occasional tree may be blown down during Watersheds periods of soil wetness and moderate or strong winds; and severe that many trees may be blown down Soils affect the cycle of water by capturing, storing, during periods when the soil is wet and winds are and releasing moisture. Differences in the kind and moderate or strong. amount of vegetation produced in a watershed area Restricted rooting depth because of a high water are closely related to the kinds of soil. Effective table, underlying bedrock, or an impervious layer and management is based on the relationship among the poor anchoring of roots because of loose soil material soils, vegetation, and water. contribute to the risk of windthrow. Moderate or severe The cycle of water affects the production and ratings indicate the need for care in thinning forest maintenance of all resources. Water transports stands, periodic salvage of windblown trees, and nutrients from the soil to the roots of plants and allows adequate roads and trails to support salvage the nutrients to move throughout the plants. The operations. amount of water in a soil largely determines the forage The plant competition ratings refer to the likelihood or timber species that will grow on a given site. of invasion by undesirable plants when openings are Changes in annual precipitation can increase or made in the tree canopy. A slight rating indicates that decrease the annual growth of plants, including that of unwanted plants are not likely to retard the trees for use as commercial timber. Water is critical to development of natural or planted seedlings; all wildlife, and thus it influences the distribution and moderate that competition will retard natural or abundance of wildlife populations. As well as planted reforestation; and severe that competition can supplying drinking water for wildlife, the streams, be expected to prevent natural or planted ponds, and springs support lush riparian habitat that reforestation. provides food, cover, and nesting areas for wildlife. Plant competition is a concern in areas where the Most of the water used to irrigate crops originates climatic conditions and soil characteristics are in the higher upland areas. The amount of water favorable for plant growth. In many areas the key to available in the survey area is influenced by the predicting plant competition problems is the quantity elevation, rate of evapotranspiration, precipitation, and and proximity of seed sources of undesirable plants or soils. Generally, the annual demand for water the quantity of unwanted brush rootstock that will exceeds the available supply. The available water resprout after harvesting. Moderate and severe ratings supply, including that of Goose Lake Valley, Warner indicate the need for careful and thorough site Valley, and Chewaucan Marsh, is overappropriated in preparation and the potential need for mechanical or most years. chemical treatment to retard the growth of competing Watersheds are composed of aquatic, riparian, and vegetation. upland terrestrial ecosystems. Riparian areas are The fire damage ratings refer to the probability that wetland ecosystems that have a high water table a fire of moderate fireline intensity (116 to 520 btus/ because of proximity to areas that have an aquatic sec/ft) will have a negative impact on the ecosystem or subsurface water. Riparian ecosystems characteristics of the soil. A rating of slight indicates generally occur as an ecotone between aquatic and that negative impacts to the soil characteristics are not upland ecosystems, but they have distinct vegetative expected; moderate that negative impacts, such as and soil characteristics. Riparian areas are uniquely poor infiltration and excessive erosion, may occur and characterized by high diversity, density, and that extra caution is advised in planning prescribed productivity of species. Riparian, aquatic, and upland fires; and severe that negative impacts are likely to terrestrial ecosystems interact continuously through occur and that extreme caution is advised in planning exchanges of energy, nutrients, and species. The prescribed fires. Degarmo-Welch complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, The soil characteristics considered in determining detailed soil map unit and the Welch-Degarmo the ability of a soil to resist fire damage are the general soil map unit are examples of riparian areas. thickness of the layer of duff, the content of organic Riparian areas represent only a small part of the matter, and the texture. To offset potential damage, total acreage of the survey area, but their ecological winter burning, alternative lighting techniques, value is very high. The vegetation in riparian areas monitoring of the fuel and the content of moisture, provides shade and traps sediment before it reaches yarding of unmerchantable material, elimination of stream channels, thus helping to maintain a supply of prescribed fires, or erosion-control measures may be cool, clean water. Healthy riparian areas store water needed after burning. for release late in the growing season and provide Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 389

water when the supply is low in other areas. Because configurations; and inadequate streamside shade. The many riparian areas are narrow, most are not Chewaucan River is an example. This river has the delineated on the maps for this survey area because potential to support a high-quality fishery, but it is far of the scale used. below its potential because of the present condition of Riparian areas provide many types of recreational the riparian vegetation. opportunities, including fishing, hunting, bird watching, The condition of most other riparian areas in this nature viewing, boating, hiking, and camping. survey area is stable or improving. Recent restoration On a per acre basis, the forage produced in the efforts, including construction of structural riparian areas is several times that produced on the improvements and implementation of grazing systems adjacent uplands, and it is used by domestic livestock designed to promote recovery of these areas, have and wildlife. Because riparian areas provide water and significantly improved the physical, biological, and succulent forage and have gentle topography, ecological condition of a number of riparian areas. livestock tend to concentrate in these areas. Practices include constructing loose rock checkdams, The use and management of the resources in the shaving banks, fencing, reveting streambanks with riparian areas, such as timber harvesting or grazing, juniper, and constructing log or rock structures directly affect the quality of the water associated with instream. Changes in management practices and streams and the habitat provided by the riparian grazing systems have improved the condition of many vegetation. When livestock concentrate along stream riparian areas. It will take many decades, however, to bottom lands, they browse heavily on streamside return some of the riparian areas in this survey area to vegetation and trample streambanks. Because the the desired ecological condition. roots of this streamside vegetation help to stabilize The degree of damage to watersheds depends on channels and the shrubs and trees shade and cool the several physical and biological factors. In managed water in streams, extensive loss of streamside areas that include bare ground and roads, the most vegetation increases the risk of channel erosion and significant factors include the hazard of soil erosion, increases stream sedimentation and turbidity. Severe the steepness of slope, and the rate of runoff or the channel downcutting can lower the water table occurrence of storms. adjacent to the stream, which causes changes in Most precipitation falls as snow from November production and composition of the plant community. through March, and most of the runoff from snowmelt Streambank water storage capabilities can also be occurs in April and May and early in June. Most likely reduced, resulting in less water being released for use to cause damage are high-intensity thunderstorms in late in the growing season. The reduction of shade summer and periods of rainfall in winter when a provided by streamside shrubs and trees results in snowpack is present. Intense thunderstorms in higher water temperatures late in summer. summer can cause localized erosion and Generally, the quality of the water is good at sedimentation. Rain on snow can cause similar elevations above 5,500 feet and good to moderate results, but the effects usually are more widespread below this elevation. Basalt is the major parent rock in and are greater in stream channel systems. areas above 5,500 feet, and watersheds in material derived from basalt are resistant to erosion. The soils Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings in the Woodchopper-Rogger general soil map unit are examples of those on stable slopes of forested Wind can be a serious environmental and mountains. The streams at or above 5,500 feet are economic problem. It can cause erosion, crop primarily first- and second-order drainageways. The damage, safety hazards, and energy loss. Field watersheds below 5,500 feet developed in windbreaks, farmstead windbreaks, and multilayered pyroclastic material, which is more environmental plantings are effective in reducing the susceptible to erosion. The soils in the Booth- problems associated with uncontrolled wind. Bullump-Nuss general soil map unit are examples of Field windbreaks protect crops, reduce wind those that have developed in this material. The erosion, control snow deposition, and provide cover relatively high water temperatures in these areas for wildlife. These windbreaks are narrow plantings (above 64 degrees F) are undesirable for cold-water made at right angles to the prevailing wind at specific fisheries. Several of the streams at the lower intervals across a field. Many environmental changes elevations are subject to high temperatures in July occur on the leeward side of a windbreak. Windspeed and August because of insufficient streamflow late in is reduced, transpiration by plants is reduced, the growing season; wide, shallow channel humidity is increased, evaporation is reduced, and soil 390 Soil Survey

moisture is increased. Yields can be increased elevations. The Lakeview, Goose Lake, Ozamis, significantly if crops are protected by properly Reese, Alvodest, Stockdrive, Mesman, and Tandy designed and maintained field windbreaks. soils are associated with the meadows and stream Farmstead windbreaks protect livestock and corridors at the lower elevations. The riparian areas structures, reduce heating expenses, and control associated with these soils are used heavily by wildlife snow deposition. They also add beauty, protect and need to be considered in the development of gardens, and provide habitat for wildlife. Several rows conservation and resource management plans. of low- and high-growing shrubs and trees provide the Streambank vegetation provides shade and most protection. moderates water temperatures, which are critical for Environmental plantings help to beautify and many species of fish. This vegetation also helps to screen houses and other buildings and to abate noise. prevent streambank erosion and provides cover for They can also be used to furnish habitat for wildlife. wildlife. Livestock concentrate in the meadows and The plants, mostly evergreen shrubs and trees, are along riparian areas because of the availability of closely spaced. water. Unless proper grazing management is used, For windbreaks and environmental plantings to be the habitat in these riparian areas and meadows can effective, the tree or shrub species selected must be deteriorate rapidly. Fencing and rotation grazing help adapted to the soil. Selecting the proper trees or to maintain the habitat and forage for both livestock shrubs for each soil is key to a successful planting. and wildlife. Table 8 lists the tree and shrub species suitable for The tablelands in the survey area can be divided use as windbreaks and environmental plantings on into three habitat types. These types are determined specific soils. The table shows the height that the by the plant communities, generally by the dominant trees and shrubs are expected to reach in 20 years. kind of sagebrush in an area. The kinds of sagebrush This information can be used as a guide in planning include Wyoming big sagebrush, low sagebrush, and windbreaks and environmental plantings. Additional mountain big sagebrush. information can be obtained from the local office of the Wyoming big sagebrush communities provide Natural Resources Conservation Service. important wintering areas for antelope. The Brace, Old Camp, Ratto, and Raz soils are on tablelands that Wildlife Habitat support Wyoming big sagebrush. Although Wyoming big sagebrush provides important forage for antelope, The survey area supports a wide variety of wildlife black sagebrush, low sagebrush, and silver sagebrush species. The large, closed lake basins support much are preferred at certain times of the year. Grasses and of the wetland in eastern Oregon. These areas of forbs are preferred for grazing early in spring, forbs wetland are an important component of the waterfowl late in spring and in summer, forbs and shrubs in fall, migrating route called the Pacific Flyway System. and shrubs in winter. The dominant forbs preferred by Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open water antelope include globemallow, small burnet, and areas surrounded by shallow-water marshes. Plants Lewis flax. Antelope fawning and rearing occurs important for cover include cattails and bulrushes. dominantly in areas of low sagebrush along the foot These areas of wetland provide critical habitat for slopes of Warner and Hart Mountains and in Goose large numbers of waterfowl during migration in spring Lake Valley. Soils of the Anawalt, Carryback, and fall. The dominant soils in the marshes are those Fertaline, Floke, Freznik, Hart, and Ninemile series of the Crump series. are in these areas. The various types of habitat for upland wildlife are Low sagebrush communities provide important associated with the different landscapes and the soils habitat for sage grouse. The grassy areas are the and plant communities that they support. These main strutting grounds for sage grouse, and the forbs landscapes include basins, tablelands, and shrub- are used as forage in spring and summer. Chemical covered or forested mountains. spraying to control sagebrush also kills these forbs. The basins are important wintering areas for big Mechanical removal of sagebrush or prescribed game and other upland wildlife. The diverse land burning allows the forbs and grasses to recover and uses, including cropland, pasture, hayland, and can improve the habitat for brooding. The low rangeland, provide diverse habitat. The soils on the sagebrush communities that are in good condition alluvial flats and low terraces typically have water on support large populations of sage grouse, vesper the surface or a high water table. The Degarmo, sparrow, and western meadowlark. As the condition of Cressler, Mudpot, and Welch soils are associated with the communities degrades, populations of horned lark the meadows and stream corridors at the higher and Brewer’s sparrow increase. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 391

Mountain big sagebrush communities and the Information in this section is intended for land use associated curlleaf mountainmahogany provide planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for important winter forage for mule deer. The Bullump, planning site investigations prior to design and Drews, Newlands, and Nuss soils are examples of construction. The information, however, has those that support mountain big sagebrush or curlleaf limitations. For example, estimates and other data mountainmahogany. In areas where fire has been generally apply only to that part of the soil within a controlled, antelope bitterbrush is also an important depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small forage species for mule deer and antelope. Mule deer areas of different soils may be included within the fawning and rearing occurs dominantly in the mapped areas of a specific soil. mountain big sagebrush communities along the foot The information is not site specific and does not slopes of mountains. eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils Shrub-covered mountains and escarpments or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced provide habitat for mule deer, elk, chukar, and raptors. in the design and construction of engineering works. The vegetation on Hart Mountain also provides habitat Government ordinances and regulations that for bighorn sheep. The dominant soils associated with restrict certain land uses or impose specific design these areas include those of the Bullump, Lambring, criteria were not considered in preparing the Harcany, Eglirim, Fitzwater, Westbutte, and Royst information in this section. Local ordinances and series. The areas of Rubble land and Rock outcrop on regulations should be considered in planning, in site these mountains are used by chukar in summer and selection, and in design. fall and provide cover and nesting sites for golden Soil properties, site features, and observed eagle, red-tailed hawk, prairie falcon, great horned performance were considered in determining the owl, long-eared owl, and common barn owls. Bighorn ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil sheep use the habitat on escarpments extensively survey, determinations were made about grain-size throughout the year. The north-facing slopes provide distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, forage in summer, and the south-facing slopes provide depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 forage in winter and spring. Mule deer and elk use the feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal western juniper on the lower escarpments and high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural mountainsides as cover and for forage in winter. soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were The forested mountains and hills provide habitat for collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of a variety of species in spring, summer, and fall. the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed Because of the cold temperatures and the depth of the cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, snowpack, many species migrate to lower elevations permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, in winter. The dominant soils on the forested available water capacity, and other behavioral mountains and hills include those of the Royst, characteristics affecting engineering uses. Winterim, Woodchopper, Polander, Hallihan, Mound, This information can be used to evaluate the Rogger, and Longjohn series. The soils at the lower potential of areas for residential, commercial, elevations that support dominantly interior ponderosa industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary pine forest cover type provide forage for mule deer estimates of construction conditions; evaluate and elk. Antelope bitterbrush and bunchgrasses thrive alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, in the open understory in these areas. pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank Engineering absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate This section provides information for planning land potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; uses related to urban development and to water plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the terraces, and other structures for soil and water most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given conservation; and predict performance of proposed for building site development, sanitary facilities, small structures and pavements by comparing the construction materials, and water management. The performance of existing similar structures on the same ratings are based on observed performance of the or similar soils. soils and on the estimated data and test data in the The information in the tables, along with the soil “Soil Properties” section. maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in 392 Soil Survey

this survey, can be used to make additional Local roads and streets have an all-weather interpretations. surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; special meaning in soil science and are defined in the a base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil Glossary. material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings Building Site Development are based on soil properties, site features, and Table 9 shows the degree and kind of soil observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings or to a cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, with and without basements, small commercial large stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating buildings, and local roads and streets. The limitations and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the are considered slight if soil properties and site engineering classification of the soil), shrink-swell features are generally favorable for the indicated use potential, frost action potential, and depth to a high and limitations are minor and easily overcome; water table affect the traffic-supporting capacity. moderate if soil properties or site features are not Sanitary Facilities favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations overcome that special design, significant increases in are considered slight if soil properties and site construction costs, and possibly increased features are generally favorable for the indicated use maintenance are required. Special feasibility studies and limitations are minor and easily overcome; may be required where the soil limitations are severe. moderate if soil properties or site features are not Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a favorable for the indicated use and special planning, maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to observed performance of the soils. The ease of overcome that special design, significant increases in digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the construction costs, and possibly increased depth to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm maintenance are required. dense layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The table also shows the suitability of the soils The time of the year that excavations can be made is for use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good affected by the depth to a seasonal high water table indicates that soil properties and site features are and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The favorable for the use and good performance and low resistance of the excavation walls or banks to maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture and properties and site features are moderately favorable depth to the water table. for the use and one or more soil properties or site Dwellings and small commercial buildings are features make the soil less desirable than the soils structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family properties or site features are unfavorable for the dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are use and overcoming the unfavorable properties made for small commercial buildings without requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly basements, for dwellings with basements, and for alteration. dwellings without basements. The ratings are based Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which on soil properties, site features, and observed effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, site features, and observed performance of the soils. and flooding affect the ease of excavation and Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or construction. Landscaping and grading that require to a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not the effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented considered. pan interfere with installation. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 393

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank The ratings in the table are based on soil absorption fields, including excessively slow properties, site features, and observed performance of absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a hillside seepage, can affect public health. Ground cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding water can be polluted if highly permeable sand and affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and gravel or fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and the base of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, content of salts and sodium affect trench landfills. or if the water table is near the surface. There must be Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate require that this material be of a certain thickness. may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the used to cover compacted solid waste in an area solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly affect the ease of removing and spreading the impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty is required to minimize seepage and contamination of soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are ground water. the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or The table gives ratings for the natural soil that cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, subject to wind erosion. generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface After soil material has been removed, the soil layer are excavated to provide material for the material remaining in the borrow area must be thick embankments. The ratings are based on soil enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water properties, site features, and observed performance of table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to plants. The surface layer generally has the best a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of workability, more organic matter, and the best organic matter. potential for plants. Material from the surface layer Excessive seepage resulting from rapid should be stockpiled for use as the final cover. permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Construction Materials enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution Table 11 gives information about the soils as a results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on and cemented pans can cause construction problems, soil properties and site features that affect the removal and large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal floor. compaction, minor processing, and other standard Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is construction practices are assumed. Each soil is disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. of landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, place and used in road embankments in another and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 successive layers on the surface of the soil. The feet high and less exacting in design than higher waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a embankments. thin layer of soil from a source away from the site. The ratings are for the soil material below the Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting should be considered. suitability within their profile. The table showing 394 Soil Survey

engineering index properties provides detailed Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation information about each soil layer. This information can can be established and maintained. The upper 40 help to determine the suitability of each layer for use inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. area. The ratings are based on soil properties, site Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by features, and observed performance of the soils. The such properties as soil reaction, available water thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a high water table, and slope. How well the soil water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable performs in place after it has been compacted and material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from by slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and the engineering classification of the soil) and shrink- toxic material. swell potential. Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a Soils rated good contain significant amounts of depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized difficult. particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have of 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 potential, many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is percent. They are wet and have a water table at a difficult. depth of less than 1 foot. They may have layers of Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet less than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large thick. amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high commercial use with a minimum of processing. They water table at or near the surface. are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications The surface layer of most soils is generally for each use vary widely. In the table, only the preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter probability of finding material in suitable quantity is content. Organic matter greatly increases the evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect plant growth. excavation of the material. Water Management The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes Table 12 gives information on the soil properties (as indicated by the engineering classification of the and site features that affect water management. The soil), the thickness of suitable material, and the degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond content of rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and reservoir areas and embankments, dikes, and levees. stratification are given in the soil series descriptions. The limitations are considered slight if soil properties Gradation of grain sizes is given in the table on and site features are generally favorable for the engineering index properties. indicated use and limitations are minor and are easily A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that are not favorable for the indicated use and special is up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at planning, design, or maintenance is needed to least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if large stones. All other soils are rated as an soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or improbable source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, so difficult to overcome that special design, significant such as shale and siltstone, are not considered to be increase in construction costs, and possibly increased sand and gravel. maintenance are required. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 395

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to diversions, and grassed waterways. bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low the soil after drainage is adversely affected by seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the root seepage potential is determined by the permeability of zone, such as salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings. permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the Irrigation is the controlled application of water to storage capacity of the reservoir area. supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised design and management of an irrigation system are structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet affected by depth to the water table, the need for high, constructed to impound water or to protect land drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The source of material for embankment fill. The ratings construction of a system is affected by large stones apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will performance of a system is affected by the depth of be uniformly mixed and compacted during the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil construction. reaction. The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural Terraces and diversions are embankments or a soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a combination of channels and ridges constructed depth even greater than the height of the embankment across a slope to control erosion and conserve can affect performance and safety of the moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan needed to determine these properties. affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A Soil material in embankments must be resistant to restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high maintenance. content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts Grassed waterways are natural or constructed or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct usable material. It also affects trafficability. surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Drainage is the removal of excess surface and Large stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock subsurface water from the soil. How easily and or to a cemented pan affect the construction of effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to grassed waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that low available water capacity, restricted rooting affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth depth, toxic substances such as salts and to a high water table or depth of standing water if the sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to the growth and maintenance of the grass after flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the construction.

397

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles the course of the soil survey. The data and the coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” are explained on the following pages. Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. Soil properties are determined by field examination Classification of the soils is determined according to of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some the Unified soil classification system (4, 29) and the benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are system adopted by the American Association of State followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are Highway and Transportation Officials (3, 29). made and examined to identify and classify the soils The Unified system classifies soils according to and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are properties that affect their use as construction taken from some typical profiles and tested in the material. Soils are classified according to grain-size laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in plasticity, and compaction characteristics. diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, Estimates of soil properties are based on field and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting observations, verify properties that cannot be engineering properties of two groups can have a dual estimated accurately by field observation, and help to classification, for example, CL-ML. characterize key soils. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables those properties that affect roadway construction and include the range of grain-size distribution and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified physical and chemical properties of the major layers of in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and given. plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other Engineering Index Properties extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of Table 13 gives estimates of the engineering visual inspection. classification and of the range of index properties for Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a soils have layers of contrasting properties within the percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The upper 5 or 6 feet. percentages are estimates determined mainly by Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each converting volume percentage in the field to weight layer is indicated. The range in depth and information percentage. on other properties of each layer are given for each soil Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated series under the heading “Taxonomic Units and Their sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 Morphology.” inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The Texture is given in the standard terms used by the sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less field. 398 Soil Survey

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption estimates are based on test data from the survey area fields. or from nearby areas and on field examination. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, water that the soil is capable of storing for use by and plasticity index are generally rounded to the plants. The capacity for water storage is given in nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties percentage points) across classification boundaries, that affect the retention of water and the depth of the the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the root zone. The most important properties are the table. content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an Physical and Chemical Properties important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation Table 14 shows estimates of some characteristics systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates the quantity of water actually available to plants at any are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey given time. area. The estimates are based on field observations Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and and on test data for these and similar soils. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in many soils, values have been verified by laboratory diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of millimeters in diameter. corrosion. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the Salinity is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at fertility and physical condition of the soil. They saturation. It is expressed as the electrical conductivity determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter at to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell 25 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil laboratory measurements at representative sites of dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and nonirrigated soils. The salinity of irrigated soils is kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving affected by the quality of the irrigation water and by the operations. frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity of Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per soils in individual fields can differ greatly from the unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at value given in the table. Salinity affects the suitability field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at of a soil for crop production, the stability of soil if used 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after as construction material, and the potential of the soil to drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the corrode metal and concrete. estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. change occurs mainly because of the interaction of Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell clay minerals with water and varies with the amount potential, available water capacity, total pore space, and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil soil indicates the pore space available for water and moisture content influence the amount of swelling of roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind organic matter, and soil structure. and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on the Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit basis of measurements of similar soils. water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very downward movement of water when the soil is high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to saturated. They are based on soil characteristics buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, is often needed. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 399

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture soil at various stages of decomposition. In the table, content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The the estimated content of organic matter is expressed classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent; less than 2 millimeters in diameter. and very high, greater than 9 percent. The content of organic matter in a soil can be Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil maintained or increased by returning crop residue to to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six the soil. Organic matter affects the available water factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, Soil and Water Features sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 Table 15 gives estimates of various water features. to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, The estimates are used in land use planning that the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion involves engineering considerations. by water. Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water groups according to the rate of water infiltration when that can occur without affecting crop productivity over the soils are not protected by vegetation, are a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- year. duration storms. Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that The four hydrologic soil groups are: have similar properties affecting their resistance to Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. The soils mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained assigned to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least of water transmission. susceptible. The groups are as follows: Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of sands. moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric moderately coarse texture. These soils have a soil material. moderate rate of water transmission. 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when loams, and very fine sandy loams. thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and layer that impedes the downward movement of water or silty clay loams. soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, soils have a slow rate of water transmission. and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate clay. (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that clays, and hemic soil material. have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay These soils have a very slow rate of water loams that are less than 35 percent clay. transmission. 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in the less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. table, the first letter is for drained areas and the 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion second is for undrained areas. because of coarse fragments on the surface or Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is because of surface wetness. caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from 400 Soil Survey

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short water table is separated from a lower one by a dry periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered zone. An artesian water table is under hydrostatic flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes head, generally below an impermeable layer. When this is considered ponding rather than flooding. layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an uncased The table gives the frequency and duration of borehole. flooding and the time of year when flooding is most Two numbers in the column showing depth to the likely. water table indicate the normal range in depth to a Frequency, duration, and probable dates of saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as The first numeral in the range indicates the highest none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but indicates that the water table is above the surface of possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance the soil, which is referred to as ponding. “More than of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); 6.0” indicates that the water table is below a depth of 6 occasional that it occurs, on the average, once or less feet or that it is within a depth of 6 feet for less than a in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in month. any year); and frequent that it occurs, on the average, Table 16 gives estimates of various soil features. more than once in 2 years (the chance of flooding is The estimates are used in land use planning that more than 50 percent in any year). Common is used involves engineering considerations. when the occasional and frequent classes are grouped Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a for certain purposes. Duration is expressed as very depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long if 7 borings and on observations during soil mapping. The days to 1 month, and very long if more than 1 month. rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or Probable dates are expressed in months. About two- fractured, excavations can be made with trenching thirds to three-fourths of all flooding occurs during the machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is stated period. hard or massive, blasting or special equipment The information is based on evidence in the soil generally is needed for excavation. profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay A cemented pan is a cemented or indurated deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic subsurface layer within a depth of 5 feet. Such a pan matter content with increasing depth; and little or no causes difficulty in excavation. Pans are classified as horizon development. thin or thick. A thin pan is less than 3 inches thick if Also considered are local information about the continuously indurated or less than 18 inches thick if extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each discontinuous or fractured. Excavations can be made soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on by trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. A the extent of flooding based on soil data is less thick pan is more than 3 inches thick if continuously specific than that provided by detailed engineering indurated or more than 18 inches thick if discontinuous surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific or fractured. Such a pan is so thick or massive that flood frequency levels. blasting or special equipment is needed in excavation. High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of are based mainly on observations of the water table at segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves into features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the depth the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water density, permeability, content of organic matter, and table—that is, perched, apparent, or artesian; and the depth to the water table are the most important factors months of the year that the water table commonly is considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation 1 month is not indicated in the table. or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during perched water table is water standing above an thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, rigid structures. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 401

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of layer. corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the extract. soil. Special site examination and design may be For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed needed if the combination of factors results in a severe as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more extract.

403

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories great group. An example is Typic Haplaquepts. (38). Beginning with the broadest, these categories are FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and on the basis of physical and chemical properties and series. Classification is based on soil properties other characteristics that affect management. observed in the field or inferred from those Generally, the properties are those of horizons below observations or from laboratory measurements. Table plow depth where there is much biological activity. 17 shows the classification of the soils in the survey Among the properties and characteristics considered area. The categories are defined in the following are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature paragraphs. regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- that indicate soil properties. An example is fine, forming processes and the degree of soil formation. montmorillonitic, nonacid, frigid Typic Haplaquepts. Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family example is Inceptisol. that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil composition, and arrangement in the profile. genesis and are important to plant growth or properties that reflect the most important variables within the Taxonomic Units and Their orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Aquept (Aqu, Morphology meaning water, plus ept, from Inceptisol). In this section, each taxonomic unit recognized in GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great the survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, and the material in which it formed are identified for arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic each unit. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area of horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; type soil, that is typical of the unit in the survey area is of saturation; and base status. Each great group is described. The detailed description of each soil horizon identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (35). that indicates a property of the soil. An example is Many of the technical terms used in the descriptions Haplaquepts (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (38). Unless otherwise aquept, the suborder of the Inceptisols that has a aquic indicated, colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. moisture regime). Following the pedon description is the range of SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic important characteristics of the soils in the unit. subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or The map units of each taxonomic unit are described extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” of the great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some Als Series properties that are not representative of the great group The Als series consists of very deep, excessively but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic drained soils that formed in eolian sand over lacustrine class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more sediment. Als soils are on sand dunes on lake terraces adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The and valley floors. Slopes are 1 to 15 percent. The mean 404 Soil Survey

annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. Typical pedon of Als fine sand in an area of Als- Mesman complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of 1 1 1 rangeland; in the SE /4SW /4NE /4 of sec. 4, T. 36 S., R. 24 E. A—0 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak very fine granular structure; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; many fine irregular pores; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. C1—15 to 45 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots; many fine irregular pores; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 2C2—45 to 65 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; moderately alkaline. The particle-size control section is 0 to 5 percent clay and more than 70 percent sand. Depth to the 2C horizon, where present, is 40 to 60 inches or more. The A and C horizons have value of 2 or 3 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and they have chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The A horizon has granular structure or is single grain. Figure 25.—Profile of Alvodest silt loam in an area of The 2C horizon, where present, is fine sandy loam Alvodest-Playas complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes. Black or sandy clay loam and is 15 to 30 percent clay. This greasewood is on the wind-deposited hummocks. The horizon is present only in areas of deeper sand dunes. first arrow indicates the base of the hummock, the second arrow indicates the top of the clayey B horizon, Alvodest Series and the third arrow indicates the top of the C horizon.

The Alvodest series consists of very deep, Aknz1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR moderately well drained soils that formed in lacustrine 3/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; sediment. Alvodest soils are on alluvial flats in lake strong medium and fine subangular blocky basins. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air nonplastic; many fine and medium roots; violently temperature is about 47 degrees. effervescent; carbonates are disseminated; very Typical pedon of Alvodest silt loam in an area strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Alvodest-Playas complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes (fig. Aknz2—2 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt 1 1 1 25), in an area of rangeland; in the SW /4SE /4SE /4 of loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak thin platy sec. 30, R. 25 E., T. 38 S. structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 405

slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 medium roots; slightly effervescent; carbonates are inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about disseminated; very strongly alkaline; abrupt 43 degrees F. smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Anawalt loam, 2 to 8 percent Bknz1—14 to 25 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 1 mile northwest 4/2) silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; of the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge 1 1 moderate medium prismatic structure; extremely Headquarters; in the SW /4NE /4 of sec. 9, T. 35 S., R. hard, very firm, sticky and very plastic; few coarse 26 E. roots and common fine and medium roots; A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, common distinct stress surfaces; violently light grayish brown (10YR 6/2) dry; weak thin platy effervescent; carbonates are disseminated; very structure parting to weak very fine granular; soft, strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; 10 Bknz2—25 to 32 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) and percent gravel; common very fine roots; many very very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, fine vesicular pores; neutral; gradual smooth light gray (10YR 7/2) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) boundary. dry; weak medium prismatic structure; hard, firm, A2—4 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very sticky and very plastic; common medium and loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium fine roots; violently effervescent; carbonates are subangular blocky structure parting to weak very disseminated; very strongly alkaline; gradual fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky smooth boundary. and slightly plastic; 14 percent gravel; common Cknz—32 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) and very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; very dark gray (10YR 5/3) loam, light gray (10YR abrupt smooth boundary. 7/2) and white (10YR 8/2) dry; massive; extremely 2Bt—9 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay, hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few fine and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry and dark brown medium roots; strong medium angular blocks of (7.5YR 3/4) crushed; moderate fine angular blocky fractured consolidated lacustrine sediment; structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and violently effervescent; carbonates are very plastic; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent disseminated; very strongly alkaline. cobbles; common very fine roots; few very fine Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These tubular pores; many cutans on peds; few faint clay soils are ponded and have a high water table late in films in pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. winter and in spring. 2R—17 inches; tuff; coatings of silica and calcium The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 carbonate in fractures. or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 12 or dry. Electrical conductivity is more than 16 millimhos to 20 inches. Rock fragment content is 5 to 35 percent. per centimeter, and the sodium adsorption ratio is 800 The profile is neutral to moderately alkaline. to 1,000. The A horizon has value of 2 to 3 when moist and 5 The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. or dry. Electrical conductivity is more than 16 millimhos per An E, AB, or BA horizon is present in some pedons. centimeter, and the sodium adsorption ratio is 70 to It has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, 700. The B horizon is clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam. and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. It is 35 to 60 percent clay. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of The C horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 6 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of to 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay, cobbly clay, or or dry. It is loam, silty clay, or silty clay loam. Electrical cobbly clay loam and is 35 to 60 percent clay. conductivity is more than 16 millimhos per centimeter, The 2R horizon is fractured and has free carbonates and the sodium adsorption ratio is 13 or more. or opal on the lower side of rock fragments. Anawalt Series Argixerolls The Anawalt series consists of shallow, well drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived Argixerolls consist of shallow to very deep, well from tuff, basalt, andesite, and rhyolite. Anawalt soils drained soils that formed in residuum and colluvium are on tablelands and mountains. Slopes are 2 to 30 derived from tuff. These soils are on hills and foot 406 Soil Survey

slopes. Slopes are 15 to 30 percent. The mean annual loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine granular precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean annual structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and air temperature is about 47 degrees F. nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; mildly Reference pedon of Argixerolls in an area of alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Argixerolls-Badland complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes A2—3 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy in an area of rangeland; about 3 miles west of Summer loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; strong 1 1 Lake Hot Springs, on Highway 31; in the NE /4NW /4 of thick platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sec. 9, T. 33 S., R. 17 E. sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine discontinuous random A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) vesicular pores; moderately alkaline; abrupt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine smooth boundary. subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly 2Bt1—5 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay, light sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong very fine angular roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. plastic; many fine roots and common coarse roots; A2—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, many distinct clay films on faces of peds; brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly 2Bt2—10 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots; loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine prismatic many fine irregular pores; mildly alkaline; clear structure; extremely hard, firm, sticky and plastic; wavy boundary. few fine and coarse roots; common distinct clay Bt1—12 to 25 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay loam, films on faces of peds; moderately alkaline; abrupt light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; moderate wavy boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, 3Bk1—19 to 39 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR slightly sticky and plastic; few fine and medium 3/2) clay loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; massive; roots; common fine tubular pores; common distinct slightly hard, very friable, sticky and slightly clay films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; clear plastic; few very fine roots; violently effervescent; wavy boundary. carbonates are segregated in common fine Bt2—25 to 38 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay, light irregularly shaped seams and filaments; strongly yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)) dry; strong coarse alkaline; clear wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, 4Bk2—39 to 50 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) very fine sticky and plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular sandy loam, white (2.5Y 8/2) dry; common fine pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) relict mottles; massive; and in pores; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; slightly boundary. effervescent; carbonates are disseminated; Cr—38 inches; light olive brown, highly weathered tuff. strongly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. The mollic epipedon is 7 to 15 inches thick. The 4C—50 to 60 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loamy profile is neutral or mildly alkaline throughout. Depth to sand, white (2.5Y 8/2) dry; many medium distinct soft bedrock is 10 to 60 inches or more. The profile has brown (7.5YR 4/4) relict mottles; massive; soft, hue of 10YR or 2.5Y. very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; moderately alkaline. Berdugo Series The particle-size control section averages 35 to 45 percent clay. Depth to bedrock or to an indurated pan is The Berdugo series consists of very deep, well more than 60 inches. Some strata below the argillic drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment derived horizon are firm and brittle. Depth to the stratified C from tuff and basalt. Berdugo soils are on lake horizon is 20 to 50 inches. terraces. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual The A horizon is mildly alkaline or moderately precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air alkaline. temperature is about 46 degrees F. The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and Typical pedon of Berdugo fine sandy loam in an area 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when of Spangenburg-Berdugo complex, 0 to 2 percent 1 1 1 moist or dry. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. The slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the NE /4NE /4SW /4 horizon is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. of sec. 15, T. 41 S., R. 27 E. The 3Bk horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 407

moist or dry. It is clay loam, loam, or very fine sandy very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; mildly loam. The horizon is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. alkaline. C3—27 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) The 4C horizon has value of 7 or 8 when dry and 4 silty clay, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; few fine or 5 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when distinct dark brown (10YR 3/2) organic stains, moist or dry. It is stratified loamy sand, gravelly sandy brown (10YR 5/2) dry; massive; very hard, firm, loam, and extremely gravelly sand. very sticky and very plastic; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. C4—32 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Bicondoa Series silty clay, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry; few fine distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic The Bicondoa series consists of very deep, poorly stains, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from tuff massive; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; and basalt. Bicondoa soils are on flood plains in lake mildly alkaline. basins. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air These soils are frequently flooded and have a high temperature is about 45 degrees F. water table late in winter and in spring. Depth to Typical pedon of Bicondoa silty clay loam, 0 to 2 bedrock is more than 60 inches. The profile is percent slopes, in a meadow on Shirk Ranch, in Guano calcareous throughout the upper 20 inches and is 1 1 1 1 Valley; in the NW /4SE /4SW /4NW /4 of sec. 35, T. 38 slightly calcareous or noncalcareous below. The S., R. 27 E. particle-size control section averages 0 to 10 percent rock fragments, mainly fine gravel, and 35 to 50 A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty percent clay. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; thick. moderate medium and fine subangular blocky The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, and it has structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and The C horizon is silty clay or clay with thin strata of fine interstitial pores; slightly effervescent; 5 clay loam or silty clay loam in some areas. The horizon percent fine gravel; moderately alkaline; abrupt has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y. Chroma is 1 or 2 when moist smooth boundary. or dry to a depth of 30 inches or more, but it ranges to A2—4 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 4 at a depth of more than 30 inches. gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; Blizzard Series strongly effervescent; 20 percent fine gravel; The Blizzard series consists of shallow, well drained moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived A3—6 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR from basalt and tuff. Blizzard soils are on tablelands. 3/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual moderate medium subangular blocky structure; precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine air temperature is about 43 degrees F. and fine roots; common very fine and fine Typical pedon of Blizzard very cobbly silty clay interstitial pores; strongly effervescent; 10 percent loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; fine gravel; moderately alkaline; clear wavy 1 1 along a trail in the SE /4SW /4 of sec. 36, T. 40 S., R. 25 boundary. E. C1—14 to 23 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, light gray (10YR 6/1) dry; few fine faint dark A—0 to 1 inch; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) very cobbly grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic stains, light silty clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak thin brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky prismatic structure; hard, firm, very sticky and very and slightly plastic; few very fine, fine, and coarse plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very roots; few very fine vesicular pores; 30 percent fine and fine interstitial pores; slightly effervescent; cobbles and 15 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. clear smooth boundary. C2—23 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Bt1—1 inch to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; clay, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; strong medium very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few subangular and angular blocky structure; very hard, 408 Soil Survey

friable, sticky and plastic; common fine roots and 2Bt1—4 to 12 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay, few coarse roots; few very fine and fine vesicular dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; medium and coarse prismatic structure; very hard, 10 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear wavy very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common boundary. fine and medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; Bt2—7 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) cobbly nearly continuous clay films on faces of peds; clay, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; strong medium slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. prismatic structure parting to strong medium 2Bt2—12 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay, angular blocky; extremely hard, firm, very sticky grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry and dark brown and plastic; few fine and coarse roots; few very (10YR 4/3) rubbed; strong coarse prismatic fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and face of peds; 20 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; very plastic; few fine roots; few very fine tubular abrupt smooth boundary. pores; continuous stress cutans on faces of peds; R—16 inches; fractured basalt. neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. 3Cr—24 to 26 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) partially The particle-size control section averages 0 to 25 weathered tuff, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) and olive percent rock fragments, mainly cobbles and gravel, yellow (2.5Y 6/6) dry; extremely firm; clear wavy and 45 to 60 percent clay. Thickness of the solum and boundary. depth to bedrock are 10 to 20 inches. The mollic 3R—26 inches; unweathered tuff. epipedon is 7 to 10 inches thick, and it includes the upper part or all of the Bt horizon. The profile is neutral The mollic epipedon is 7 to 15 inches thick, and it or mildly alkaline. includes the upper part of the argillic horizon. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 Thickness of the solum and depth to a lithic contact to 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 are 20 to 40 inches. The solum is slightly acid or or 3 when moist or dry. In some areas the horizon has neutral. An absolute clay increase of 20 percent or value of 4 when moist and 6 when dry, but when mixed more is between the A and 2Bt horizons. to a depth of 7 inches, the matrix color meets the The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 criteria for a mollic epipedon. The A horizon is 10 to 25 to 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or dry. percent gravel and 15 to 40 percent cobbles. It is 5 to 20 percent gravel and 0 to 25 percent cobbles The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or stones, or both. The horizon is very stony loam, or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist gravelly loam, or silty clay. or dry. It is silty clay, cobbly clay, or clay. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, Some pedons have a Bk horizon below the Bt value of 2 to 4 when moist and 3 to 6 when dry, and horizon. chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is clay or silty clay. The horizon averages 45 to 60 percent clay and 0 Booth Series to 10 percent rock fragments. The Booth series consists of moderately deep, well Boravall Series drained soils that formed in colluvium derived from basalt and tuff. Booth soils are on mountains and hills. The Boravall series consists of very deep, poorly Slopes are 0 to 60 percent. The mean annual drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment. precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean annual Boravall soils are on alluvial flats in lake basins. air temperature is about 43 degrees F. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual Typical pedon of Booth very stony loam, 2 to 15 precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air percent slopes in an area of rangeland; about 2,000 temperature is about 47 degrees F. feet east and 600 feet north of the southwest corner of Typical pedon of Boravall silt loam, 0 to 1 percent 1 1 1 sec. 20, T. 36 S., R. 21 E. slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the SE /4NW /4SW /4 of sec. 29, R. 25 E., T. 38 S. A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very stony loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak thin Aknz—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) platy structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and silt loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; moderate slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 15 medium platy structure; very hard, firm, sticky and percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 15 plastic; many medium and coarse roots; violently percent gravel; many very fine pores; slightly acid; effervescent; carbonates are disseminated; very clear smooth boundary. strongly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 409

Bkn1—6 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, Boulder Lake Series pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine prismatic structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common The Boulder Lake series consists of very deep, fine and medium roots; violently effervescent; poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment carbonates are disseminated; very strongly derived from tuff and basalt. Boulder Lake soils are in alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. closed basins and depressions, on tablelands, and on Bkn2—12 to 19 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) and alluvial flats in lake basins. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay, light gray (10YR 7/1) The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and and gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine prismatic the mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. structure; hard, friable, very sticky and very Typical pedon of Boulder Lake silty clay, 0 to 2 plastic; common fine and medium roots; slightly percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; on the west effervescent; carbonates are disseminated; very shore of Mound Lake, in the Hart Mountain National 1 1 1 strongly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Antelope Refuge; in the SW /4NE /4SW /4 of sec. 15, T. Bkn3—19 to 36 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) and 37 S., R. 26 E. light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silty clay, light A—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay, gray (10YR 7/2) and dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate medium and fine moderate medium prismatic structure; very hard, angular block structure; hard, friable, sticky and firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine plastic; few very fine roots; neutral; clear wavy roots; slightly effervescent matrix; many medium boundary. concretions and soft masses of carbonates; very Bss1—2 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty strongly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. clay, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; strong medium and 2Ckn—36 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR coarse prismatic structure; very hard, firm, very 6/4) and very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam, light sticky and very plastic; many very fine roots and gray (10YR 7/2) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) common medium roots; few slickensides on faces dry; massive; very hard, firm and brittle, sticky and of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. plastic; few fine roots; slightly effervescent; Bss2—12 to 24 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) carbonates are disseminated; strongly alkaline. silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; common Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These fine distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) mottles, soils are subject to rare flooding and have a high water yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; moderate table late in winter and in spring. The particle-size medium prismatic structure; very hard, firm, control section averages 35 to 45 percent clay. Salt sticky and plastic; common medium and fine roots efflorescence is on the surface in summer. and few very fine roots; common slickensides on The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 faces of peds; mildly alkaline; clear smooth or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist boundary. or dry. Electrical conductivity is more than 16 millimhos Bss3—24 to 35 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty per centimeter, and the sodium adsorption ratio is more clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium than 100. prismatic structure parting to moderate medium The B horizon has value of 3 to 6 when moist and 5 angular blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky and to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 4 when moist slightly plastic; common medium roots; few and 1 to 3 when dry. Electrical conductivity is 2 to 4 slickensides on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; millimhos per centimeter, and the sodium adsorption clear smooth boundary. ratio is 13 to 50. 2Bk1—35 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, 5Y, or 2.5Y, value loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; of 3 to 6 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; of 1 to 4 when moist and 1 or 2 when dry. It is silt loam strongly effervescent; lime segregated in many fine or silty clay loam. Electrical conductivity is less than 2 irregular seams and masses; moderately alkaline; millimhos per centimeter, and the sodium adsorption abrupt smooth boundary. ratio is 5 to 13. The horizon is massive to strong fine 2Bk2—42 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay and medium angular blocky. The structure is a result of loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; consolidation, compaction, and fracturing of the very hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; sediment. strongly effervescent; lime segregated in common 410 Soil Survey

fine irregular seams and filaments; moderately subangular blocky; slightly hard, firm, sticky and alkaline. slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common distinct clay films on faces Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The soils of peds; 10 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; are ponded and have a high water table late in winter clear wavy boundary. and in spring. The particle-size control section 2Bt2—15 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty averages 45 to 60 percent clay. Depth to the 2Bk clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate horizon is 30 to 50 inches. Depth to distinct or medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, prominent mottles is 10 to 20 inches. firm, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 fine, medium, and coarse roots; common distinct or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; or 3 when moist and 1 to 3 when dry. It is neutral or moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. mildly alkaline. 3Bkq—19 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) The Bss horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y and value extremely gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry. Chroma in 7/3) dry; massive; hard, firm and brittle, nonsticky most areas is 2 when moist or dry, but it is 1 when dry and nonplastic; 20 percent cobbles and 50 percent in the upper part in some areas. The horizon is silty gravel; violently effervescent; carbonates are clay or clay. disseminated; moderately alkaline; clear smooth The 2Bk horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of boundary. 5 or 6 when moist or dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when 3Bkqm—25 to 35 inches; indurated hardpan; abrupt moist or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay loam and is 30 wavy boundary. to 40 percent clay. The horizon is mildly alkaline or 4R—35 inches; basalt. moderately alkaline. Depth to the firm, brittle layer is 10 to 25 inches. Depth to the indurated hardpan is 20 to 37 inches. Brace Series Depth to bedrock is 22 to 40 inches. The A1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and The Brace series consists of soils that are 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moderately deep to a hardpan and are well drained. moist or dry. It is 0 to 5 percent subangular stones, 0 These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived to 5 percent cobbles, and 5 to 10 percent gravel. The from basalt and tuff. Brace soils are on tablelands. horizon is loam or loamy sand. Slopes are 2 to 20 percent. The mean annual The A2 horizon has color similar to that of the A1 precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air horizon. The A2 horizon is 5 to 20 percent gravel, 15 to temperature is 45 degrees F. 25 percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent stones. Typical pedon of Brace loam in an area of Brace- The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and Coglin complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of 1 1 1 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or rangeland; in the SW /4SE /4NE /4 of sec. 22, T. 33 S., dry. It is 5 to 15 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent R. 28 E. cobbles. The horizon is silty clay loam, clay loam, or A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, light loam and is 25 to 35 percent clay. brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate thin platy The 3Bkq horizon has value of 4 to 7 when moist structure parting to moderate fine subangular and 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 when blocky; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and moist and 3 or 4 when dry. It is 40 to 75 percent rock nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; fragments, including 30 to 50 percent gravel and 10 to 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth 25 percent cobbles. The horizon is slightly effervescent boundary. to violently effervescent. Carbonates are segregated or A2—3 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly loam, disseminated. light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine The 3Bkqm consists of basalt and tuff fragments subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, cemented with silica. The laminar silica-cemented cap slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, is 1 millimeter to about 1 centimeter thick. The 3Bkqm and medium roots; 20 percent cobbles and 10 horizon is 2 to 10 inches thick over basalt or tuff. percent gravel; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Buffaran Series 2Bt1—9 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine The Buffaran series consists of soils that are prismatic structure parting to moderate medium shallow to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 411

formed in alluvium derived from tuff, basalt, andesite, cemented material between the laminae; 25 and rhyolite. Buffaran soils are on alluvial fans. Slopes percent gravel; moderately alkaline. are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is Thickness of the solum and depth to the indurated about 9 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is hardpan are 14 to 20 inches. Depth to bedrock is more about 49 degrees F. than 60 inches. Typical pedon of Buffaran gravelly loam, 0 to 5 The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 percent slopes, in a seeded area of crested 1 1 1 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 wheatgrass in Guano Valley; in the SW /4NW /4NE /4 of or 3 when moist or dry. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. sec. 4, T. 41 S., R. 27 E. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, and it A—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 4/2) and dark grayish has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay, clay brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, light brownish loam, or gravelly clay loam and is 35 to 45 percent gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak thin platy structure; soft, clay and 5 to 30 percent gravel. The horizon is mildly very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; 2 alkaline or moderately alkaline. percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; common The Bkq horizon is gravelly loam or gravelly clay very fine roots; many very fine and fine loam and is 20 to 40 percent strongly cemented discontinuous tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy hardpan fragments and 15 to 30 percent gravel and boundary. cobbles. Bt1—2 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and light brownish gray Bullump Series (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium and fine The Bullump series consists of very deep, well subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum sticky and plastic; 5 percent gravel; common very derived from rhyolite, tuff, and basalt. Bullump soils are fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; few on mountains and hills. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. The faint clay films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and the clear wavy boundary. mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. Bt2—8 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4 Typical pedon of Bullump extremely gravelly loam in and 10YR 4/4) clay loam, light yellowish brown an area of Rogger-Bullump association, 40 to 60 (10YR 6/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry, percent north slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the weak coarse prismatic structure parting to 1 1 1 NW /4NW /4NW /4 of sec. 35, T. 37 S., R. 22 E. moderate fine and very fine angular blocky; slightly hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; 5 percent A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravel; common very fine and fine roots; common extremely gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) very fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on dry; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very faces of peds; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine boundary. roots; common very fine discontinuous random Bkq—15 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) vesicular pores; 5 percent stones, 15 percent gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR cobbles, and 45 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; 6/4) dry; massive; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; 30 gradual wavy boundary. percent strongly cemented hardpan fragments; A2—3 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR strongly effervescent; disseminated carbonates; 1 3/2) extremely gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR percent cobbles and 25 percent gravel; moderately 3/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky alkaline; clear wavy boundary. structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Bkqm—17 to 40 inches; indurated silica- and lime- and slightly plastic; many very fine roots and few cemented hardpan; massive; extremely hard, fine roots; 5 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, extremely firm; alternate layers of strong and 45 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear wavy cementation and indurated silica laminae; violently boundary. effervescent on surface of laminae, Bt1—11 to 22 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR noneffervescent throughout laminae; 1 percent 3/2) very gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR cobbles and 15 percent gravel; clear wavy 4/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky boundary. structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Bqm—40 to 60 inches; strongly cemented hardpan few very fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular consisting of many thin laminae with weakly pores; 15 percent cobbles and 40 percent gravel; 412 Soil Survey

common faint clay films in pores and on faces of many very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth peds; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. boundary. Bt2—22 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) A3—10 to 22 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt very gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate medium and 5/6) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and and plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few roots and few coarse roots; many very fine tubular very fine tubular pores; 55 percent gravel; few faint pores; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. clay films in pores and on faces of peds; mildly Bt—22 to 30 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt alkaline; clear wavy boundary. loam, light gray (10YR 6/1) dry; yellowish brown C—42 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) (10YR 5/4) relict mottles, dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate medium subangular 5/6) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very and nonplastic; few fine roots; 20 percent cobbles fine and fine roots; many fine tubular pores; few and 45 percent gravel; mildly alkaline. faint clay films in pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The 2C1—30 to 42 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) particle-size control section averages 25 to 35 percent loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; clay and 35 to 55 percent rock fragments. The profile is massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and neutral or mildly alkaline. nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 fine irregular pores; 14 percent gravel; 10 percent to 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist pumice sand; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. or dry. It is extremely stony loam, extremely gravelly 3C2—42 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, gravelly loam, or very stony loam. and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; hard, to 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist firm, sticky and plastic; neutral. and 3 to 6 when dry. It is very gravelly loam or very gravelly clay loam. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick or more. The solum is 30 to 50 inches thick. Calimus Series The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist The Calimus series consists of very deep, well or dry. It is 0 to 5 percent gravel. drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 volcanic tuff, basalt, and diatomite. Calimus soils are or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 4 when moist on lake terraces and alluvial fans. Slopes are 0 to 5 or dry. It is loam or silt loam. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 13 The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist 48 degrees F. or dry. It is loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. Typical pedon of Calimus silt loam, 0 to 5 percent The horizon is 0 to 10 percent pumice sand and 0 to 20 slopes, in a seeded area of rangeland; about 2 miles 1 1 1 percent gravel. west of Valley Falls; in the SE /4NE /4NE /4 of sec. 33, T. 35 S., R. 20 E. Carryback Series A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate The Carryback series consists of moderately deep, thin and medium platy structure; slightly hard, well drained soils that formed in colluvium and friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many very residuum derived from basalt and tuff. Carryback soils fine, fine, and medium roots; many fine vesicular are on tablelands. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the A2—2 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak medium and fine Typical pedon of Carryback very cobbly loam in an subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, area of Carryback-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 15 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 1 1 1 fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; SE /4SE /4SE /4 of sec. 34, T. 38 S., R. 23 E. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 413

A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly The 3Ck horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry. It is 0 1 loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate thin to 10 percent gravel, most of which is less than /4 inch platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky in diameter, and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. The horizon is and nonplastic; many fine and medium roots; noneffervescent to strongly effervescent. It is loam, silt common very fine discontinuous vesicular pores; 5 loam, or silty clay loam and is 20 to 30 percent clay. percent stones, 40 percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Chewaucan Series AB—2 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; The Chewaucan series consists of deep, well moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly drained soils that formed in old lacustrine deposits. hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; many fine Chewaucan soils are on bedrock-controlled lake and medium roots; 5 percent cobbles and 5 terraces. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. precipitation is about 12 inches, and the mean annual 2Bt—8 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, brown air temperature is about 47 degrees F. (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong fine prismatic structure; Typical pedon of Chewaucan very cobbly silty clay very hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; common loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; 1 1 1 very fine and fine roots; few very fine irregular in the SW /4NE /4NE /4 of sec. 34, T. 35 S., R. 20 E. pores; 5 percent fine gravel; many distinct clay A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly films in pores and on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; abrupt wavy boundary. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; 3C—15 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; many very fine loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few many very fine pores; 5 percent stones, 20 percent fine roots; moderately alkaline; clear smooth cobbles, 15 percent coarse gravel, and 10 percent boundary. fine gravel; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth 3Ck1—22 to 27 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, boundary. light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; massive; soft, very Bt1—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; slightly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate effervescent; carbonates are segregated in few fine medium prismatic structure parting to moderate irregularly shaped seams and filaments; medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. very plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few 3Ck2—27 to 33 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, pale medium and coarse roots; few very fine tubular brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; slightly hard, firm, pores; common distinct clay films on faces of nonsticky and nonplastic; 10 percent gravel; peds; 5 percent stones, 5 percent cobbles, 1 strongly effervescent; carbonates are segregated percent coarse gravel, and 1 percent fine gravel; in many fine irregularly shaped seams and mildly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. filaments; moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular Bt2—10 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) boundary. silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) 3R—33 inches; tuff; coatings of silica and calcium dry; weak medium prismatic structure parting to carbonate in fractures. moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine size control section averages 40 to 60 percent clay. roots; few very fine tubular pores; common distinct The solum has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent stones, 5 The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or percent cobbles, 2 percent coarse gravel, and 2 dry. It is very cobbly loam or very stony silty clay loam. percent fine gravel; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth The horizon is 5 to 40 percent stones, 10 to 40 percent boundary. cobbles, and 10 to 20 percent gravel. Bkq—24 to 44 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) The AB horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry; very hard, dry. It is silty clay loam or clay loam. The horizon is 0 firm and brittle, slightly sticky and plastic; few fine to 5 percent stones, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 0 to roots in the upper 2 inches; strongly effervescent; 10 percent gravel. lime segregated in common fine filaments or The 2Bt horizon is 0 to 15 percent gravel, most of threads; 5 percent stones and 5 percent cobbles; which are less than 0.25 inch in diameter, and 0 to 5 moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. percent cobbles. It is clay or silty clay. 2R—44 inches; basalt. 414 Soil Survey

The mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick and gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; includes the upper part of the Bt horizon. Depth to the moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly firm, brittle calcareous layer is 20 to 40 inches. Depth hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common fine roots; to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 and 40 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy percent stones, 15 to 25 percent cobbles, and 10 to 35 boundary. percent gravel. Total rock fragment content is 35 to 60 C—36 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very percent. The horizon commonly has weak thin platy gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; massive; structure in the upper 1 inch or less. slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and The Bt horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or nonplastic; few fine roots; few very fine and fine 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist tubular pores; 50 percent gravel; slightly acid. or dry. The darker colors are in the upper part of the Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The horizon. The Bt horizon is silty clay loam or silty clay particle-size control section is 35 to 60 percent rock and is 35 to 45 percent clay. Total rock fragment fragments. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches content ranges from 0 to 25 percent. The horizon is 0 thick. to 10 percent stones, 0 to 15 percent cobbles, and 0 to The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 25 percent gravel. or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 The Bkq horizon is loam or clay loam and is 20 to or 3 when moist or dry. The bulk density is 0.85 to 1.00 35 percent clay. It is extremely firm or brittle and firm grams per cubic centimeter. The horizon is 30 to 50 when moist. Total rock fragment content ranges from 0 percent glass. to 15 percent. The horizon is 0 to 10 percent stones, 0 The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of to 10 percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent gravel. 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when moist. It is loam or clay loam and is 22 to Chocktoot Series 35 percent clay. Total rock fragment content is 35 to 60 percent, of which 0 to 10 percent is cobbles and The Chocktoot series consists of very deep, well stones and 35 to 50 percent is gravel. drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 derived from andesite, basalt, tuff, and volcanic ash. or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 Chocktoot soils are on mountains. Slopes are 15 to 60 or 4 when moist or dry. Total rock fragment content is percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 32 35 to 60 percent, of which 0 to 10 percent is cobbles inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about and stones and 35 to 50 percent is gravel. 42 degrees F. Typical pedon of Chocktoot very gravelly loam, 15 to 40 percent north slopes, in an area of woodland; in the Coglin Series 1 1 NE /4SE /4 of sec. 15, T. 40 S., R. 21 E. The Coglin series consists of very deep, well Oi—2 inches to 0; white fir needles. drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) derived from basalt and tuff. Coglin soils are on very gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; tablelands and fans. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft, mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; mean annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F. common fine and medium roots; many fine Typical pedon of Coglin extremely stony loam in an irregular pores; 5 percent stones, 10 percent area of Fertaline-Coglin complex, 2 to 15 percent cobbles, and 35 percent gravel; neutral; gradual 1 1 1 slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the NE /4NW /4SW /4 wavy boundary. of sec. 31, T. 36 S., R. 23 E. A2—4 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, extremely stony loam, light brownish gray (10YR very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 6/2) dry; weak thin platy structure; soft, very common fine and medium roots; many fine friable, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent stones, 10 percent and fine roots; many very fine discontinuous cobbles, and 35 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear vesicular pores; 20 percent gravel, 15 percent wavy boundary. cobbles, and 40 percent stones; neutral; abrupt Bt—12 to 36 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very wavy boundary. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 415

2Bt—2 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay, dark Corral Series yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; strong fine prismatic structure; extremely hard, very firm, The Corral series consists of shallow, well drained sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine soils that formed in residuum and colluvium derived roots; few very fine discontinuous irregular pores; from tuff. Corral soils are on dissected fans. Slopes are 10 percent fine gravel; many continuous prominent 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about clay films in pores and on faces of peds; neutral; 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is clear wavy boundary. about 44 degrees F. 3C—7 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Typical pedon of Corral fine sandy loam, 2 to 15 silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 800 feet 1 1 massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and south of jeep trail, in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 22, T. 38 S., slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; R. 28 E. 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth A1—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam, boundary. pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium platy 4Ck—16 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and silty clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky fine, common fine, and few medium vesicular and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; 5 percent pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear gravel; strongly effervescent; lime is segregated in smooth boundary. common irregular filaments and seams; moderately A2—3 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, pale alkaline. brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium Depth to soft powdery secondary lime is 10 to 30 subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots, few fine particle-size control section averages 35 to 50 percent vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clay. An absolute clay increase of 15 to 25 percent is abrupt smooth boundary. between the A and 2Bt horizons. Thickness of the A Bt—5 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and 2Bt horizons combined is 5 to 20 inches. sandy clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 strong medium subangular blocky structure; when dry. It is 15 to 20 percent gravel, 15 to 20 percent slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; cobbles, and 30 to 40 percent stones. The sand few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; fraction is mostly fine sand and very fine sand. The A common faint clay films on faces of peds; mildly horizon is 1 to 2 percent organic matter. alkaline; clear smooth boundary. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Crk—13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft tuff, 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; segregated lime in 4 when moist and 4 when dry. It is clay or clay loam fractures. and is 5 to 15 percent fine gravel. Clay films are faint Depth to soft bedrock and thickness of the solum to prominent. Structure is moderate to strong prismatic are 12 to 20 inches. The particle-size control section is parting to angular blocky. The 2Bt horizon is 1 to 2 0 to 15 percent rock fragments, mainly gravel, and 20 percent organic matter. to 35 percent clay. The 3C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. It is 5 to 20 percent or dry. fine gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles and is silty clay The Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 loam or loam. or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist The 4Ck horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value or dry. The horizon is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or of 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 4 loam. when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. It is 5 to 20 percent fine gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles and is silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam. In some pedons the horizon Coztur Series has thin lenses of brittle material 1 to 3 inches thick. The 4Ck horizon is strongly effervescent or violently The Coztur series consists of shallow, well drained effervescent. soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived 416 Soil Survey

from basalt and tuff. Coztur soils are on tablelands. silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual moderate fine and medium granular structure; hard, precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean annual friable, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine air temperature is about 44 degrees F. roots; many very fine irregular pores; moderately Typical pedon of Coztur very gravelly sandy loam, 2 acid; abrupt smooth boundary. to 15 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 0.5 Bt1—6 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty 1 1 mile east of Spalding Ranch; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine prismatic 34, T. 38 S., R. 28 E. structure parting to strong angular blocky; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) common fine roots; common very fine and fine very gravelly sandy loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of 6/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; peds; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine Bt2—15 to 38 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty roots; 5 percent cobbles and 35 percent gravel; clay, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; few fine moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; A2—2 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moderate medium prismatic structure; very hard, gravelly sandy loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly roots; common fine tubular pores; common distinct hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; clay films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; common very fine roots and few fine roots; gradual wavy boundary. common very fine tubular pores; 20 percent gravel; BC—38 to 48 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, light moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. brownish gray (10YR 6/2); many fine distinct Bt—9 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; massive; hard, gravelly clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; firm, very sticky and plastic; few fine roots; moderate fine angular blocky structure; hard, common very fine and fine tubular pores; neutral; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very clear smooth boundary. fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; common 2C—48 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely distinct clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent stony clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; many fine gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; R—15 inches; basalt. massive; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 14 few fine roots; 15 percent stones, 35 percent to 20 inches. The profile is mildly alkaline or cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; slightly acid. moderately alkaline. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 3 soils are subject to rare flooding and have a high water or 4 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma of 2 table late in winter and in spring. The particle-size or 3 when moist or dry. control section averages 0 to 15 percent gravel and 35 The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 50 percent clay. The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 inches thick and includes the upper part of the subsoil. to 6 when moist or dry. It is gravelly clay loam, gravelly Depth to distinct or prominent mottles is 10 to 20 loam, or clay loam and is 20 to 35 percent clay and 5 inches. to 25 percent gravel. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 1 Cressler Series or 2 when moist or dry. The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 The Cressler series consists of very deep, to 5 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma or 1 somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in alluvium or 2 when moist or dry. It is silty clay, clay, or clay derived from basalt. Cressler soils are in upland basins. loam and is 0 to 15 percent gravel. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of precipitation is about 24 inches, and the mean annual 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of air temperature is about 44 degrees F. 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or clay and is Typical pedon of Cressler silty clay loam, 0 to 2 1 1 0 to 15 percent gravel. percent slopes, in a meadow; in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. The 2C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 25, T. 39 S., R. 21 E. 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is 40 to 50 Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 417

percent clay. Rock fragment content is 60 to 85 or 5 when dry and chroma of 0 or 1 when moist or dry. percent, of which 35 to 65 percent is cobbles and It is muck or silty clay loam. stones and 15 to 30 percent is gravel. The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or neutral, value of 2 to 4 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma of 0 to 2 when moist or dry. It is silt loam or silty clay Crump Series loam with strata of silt and is 10 to 30 percent clay. Layers of pumice and ash less than 2 inches thick are The Crump series consists of very deep, very poorly at a depth of 20 inches or more in some pedons. drained soils that formed in decomposed organic Drained areas of these soils have a silty clay loam material over silty lacustrine sediment. Crump soils are surface layer and are considered poorly drained. They in concave areas of alluvial flats adjacent to open are a taxadjunct to the Crump series because they do water areas in lake basins. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. not have a histic epipedon. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. Typical pedon of Crump muck, 0 to 1 percent Degarmo Series slopes, in a meadow in Warner Valley; about 200 feet The Degarmo series consists of very deep, poorly west and 520 feet north of the east quarter corner of drained or somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in sec. 34, T. 38 S., R. 24 E. mixed alluvium. Degarmo soils are on flood plains of Oa—0 to 8 inches; black (10YR 2/1) muck, gray mountains and on tablelands. Slopes are 0 to 2 (N 5/0) dry; weak thin platy structure and moderate percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 fine granular; very friable, nonsticky and inches, and the mean annual air temperature is 45 nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many degrees F. very fine tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth Typical pedon of Degarmo silt loam in an area of boundary. Degarmo-Welch complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an 2C1—8 to 13 inches; black (N 2/0) silt, gray (N 6/0) area of rangeland; about 500 feet northwest of Hart dry; moderate thin platy structure; slightly hard, Mountain National Antelope Refuge Headquarters, on friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Rock Creek; about 1,550 feet north and 500 feet east very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine of the southwest corner of sec. 10, T. 35 S., R. 26 E. tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A1—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark 2C2—13 to 26 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak thin platy structure; 3/2) silt loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/1) dry; many slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and medium faint very dark gray (2.5Y 2/2) mottles; nonplastic; many very fine roots; many very fine moderate medium subangular blocky structure and tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. moderate very fine granular; slightly hard, firm, A2—4 to 11 inches; black (N 2/0) silt loam, gray (10YR sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine 5/1) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; water structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and table at a depth of 20 inches; neutral; gradual slightly plastic; many very fine roots; many very smooth boundary. fine and fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth 2C3—26 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y boundary. 3/2) silt loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/1) dry; many Bw1—11 to 17 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay medium faint very dark brown (2.5Y 2/2) mottles; loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine moderate medium subangular blocky structure and angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and moderate very fine granular; slightly hard, firm, plastic; many very fine roots; many very fine sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; many very tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline. smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. These soils Bw2—17 to 28 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) silty are subject to rare flooding and have a high water table clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; many throughout the year. The histic epipedon is 8 to 14 medium distinct black (N 2/0) and very dark inches thick. Rubbed fiber content is less than 10 grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) mottles; moderate percent. The particle-size control section averages 18 medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, very to 30 percent clay and less than 15 percent material sticky and very plastic; common very fine roots; that is coarser than very fine sand. The profile is common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid to mildly alkaline. moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. The Oa or A horizon, where present, has value of 4 BC—28 to 35 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) gravelly 418 Soil Survey

1 1 clay loam, gray (2.5Y 5/1) dry; weak medium Slough Canyon; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 2, T. 36 S., subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky R. 28 E. and very plastic; common very fine roots; common A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very very fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; cobbly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. moderate thick platy structure parting to weak 2C1—35 to 42 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) cobbly medium platy; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky loamy sand, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; massive; loose, and slightly plastic; common fine roots; many fine nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; many fine and common medium vesicular pores; 20 percent and medium irregular pores; 10 percent gravel and stones and 30 percent cobbles; moderately 20 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. boundary. Bt—4 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay 2C2—42 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate extremely gravelly loamy sand, pale brown (10YR fine angular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, 6/3) dry; massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine few fine roots; many fine and medium irregular roots; common fine tubular pores; few faint clay pores; 50 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; neutral. moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. These soils are subject to frequent flooding and Bkq—8 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, pale have a high water table in spring and summer and early brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong fine subangular in fall. The solum and mollic epipedon are 24 to 35 blocky structure; hard, firm and brittle, nonsticky inches thick. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. and nonplastic; common fine roots; common fine The upper part of the particle-size control section tubular pores; 2 percent cobbles and 10 percent averages 20 to 35 percent clay and is more than 15 gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; percent material that is coarser than very fine sand. abrupt smooth boundary. The lower part is 5 to 12 percent clay, more than 70 Bkqm—11 to 24 inches; strongly cemented, fractured percent sand, and 15 to 70 percent coarse fragments. hardpan; strongly effervescent; abrupt wavy The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it boundary. has chroma of 0 or 1 when moist or dry. The upper 4 to 2Ck—24 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) 10 inches is compacted in places. The horizon gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR averages 18 to 27 percent clay and 0 to 5 percent 6/4) dry; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and gravel. nonplastic; common fine roots; many very fine The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 irregular pores; violently effervescent; or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 disseminated lime; 30 percent gravel; moderately or 3 when moist and 0 to 2 when dry. It is silty clay alkaline. loam, clay loam, or loam and is 25 to 35 percent clay The particle-size control section averages 0 to 15 and 0 to 10 percent gravel. percent rock fragments, mainly gravel, and 27 to 35 The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 percent clay. Depth to the strongly cemented hardpan or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 is 10 to 20 inches. to 3 when moist or dry. It is stratified loamy sand or The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or loamy fine sand and is 0 to 20 percent cobbles and 5 dry. It is very cobbly loam or extremely stony loam. to 60 percent gravel. The Bt horizon has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist and 2 or 3 when dry. It is 4 to 11 inches thick. Deppy Series The 2C horizon is gravelly sandy loam or very gravelly sandy loam. The Deppy series consists of soils that are shallow to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils formed Derapter Series in old alluvium. Deppy soils are on alluvial fans and lake basin terraces. Slopes are 5 to 50 percent. The The Derapter series consists of deep, well drained mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the soils that formed in residuum and colluvium derived mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. from basalt and tuff. Derapter soils are on mountains. Typical pedon of Deppy very cobbly loam in an area Slopes are 30 to 70 percent. The mean annual of Deppy-Tumtum complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes, in precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual an area of rangeland; about 0.5 mile south of Black air temperature is about 44 degrees F. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 419

Typical pedon of Derapter very stony sandy loam in cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; moderately an area of Derapter-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70 alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. percent south slopes, in an area of rangeland; about Bk—31 to 51 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) 0.5 mile north of Highway 140, along Sweeny Canyon very gravelly sandy loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; 1 1 Road, above Rodgers Ranch; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and 13, T. 39 S., R. 23 E. slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; many very fine and common fine irregular and tubular A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very stony pores; strongly effervescent; common medium sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine rounded soft masses of segregated lime; 10 granular structure; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 30 common very fine and medium roots and many percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; 20 percent boundary. stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; R—51 inches; fractured basalt. neutral; clear smooth boundary. A2—3 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very stony The particle-size control section is 35 to 60 percent sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; rock fragments, mainly cobbles and stones, and 25 to moderate medium granular structure; soft, very 35 percent clay. Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Depth to secondary carbonates is 20 to 40 inches. The very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. roots; many very fine and common fine irregular The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 and tubular pores; 20 percent stones, 10 percent or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy or dry. It is 10 to 25 percent gravel and 10 to 35 boundary. percent cobbles and stones. Bt1—12 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very stony The Bt and Btk horizons have value of 3 to 5 when sandy clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and they have chroma of 3 moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; to 6 when moist or dry. They are clay loam or sandy slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly clay loam and are 5 to 20 percent gravel and 15 to 40 plastic; few very fine and coarse roots and percent cobbles and stones. These horizons are neutral common fine and medium roots; few very fine to moderately alkaline, increasing in alkalinity with irregular and tubular pores and common fine and increasing depth. medium irregular and tubular pores; many distinct The Bk horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent stones, 10 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 when percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; mildly moist or dry. It is loam or sandy loam and is 20 to 50 alkaline; clear wavy boundary. percent gravel and 0 to 25 percent cobbles and stones. Bt2—17 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) The horizon is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. very stony sandy clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Deseed Series few very fine roots and common fine and medium The Deseed series consists of moderately deep, roots; few very fine irregular and tubular pores and well drained soils that formed in colluvium over common fine and medium irregular and tubular residuum derived from tuff and basalt. Deseed soils are pores; common distinct clay films on faces of on tablelands and hills. Slopes are 2 to 50 percent. The peds; 20 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the 10 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; gradual mean annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. wavy boundary. Typical pedon of Deseed silt loam in an area of Btk—23 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very Deseed-Freznik complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an stony sandy clay loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; area of rangeland; about 2,000 feet east of Jack Creek moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Trail and 1.25 miles west of Guano Lake; in the slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very 1 1 NE /4SW /4 of sec. 28, T. 39 S., R. 27 E. fine and medium roots and many fine roots; few very fine and medium irregular and tubular pores A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt and common fine irregular and tubular pores; loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate common faint clay films on faces of peds; slightly thick platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly effervescent; few medium rounded soft masses of sticky and slightly plastic; common fine and segregated lime; 20 percent stones, 10 percent medium roots; many fine and common medium 420 Soil Survey

irregular and vesicular pores; neutral; gradual derived from tuff, basalt, and diatomite. Deter soils are smooth boundary. on terraces. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean Bt1—3 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam, annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Typical pedon of Deter loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, sticky and plastic; common fine and medium roots; in an area of rangeland; on the west side of Goose many fine irregular and tubular pores; common Lake Valley; about 2,200 feet east and 150 feet south faint clay films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; of the northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 38 S., R. 20 E. clear smooth boundary. A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, 2Bt2—9 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak thin platy clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate structure and weak very fine and fine granular; coarse prismatic structure and moderate medium soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly angular blocky structure parting to moderate fine plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many fine angular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few tubular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. fine roots; common fine irregular and tubular pores; A2—2 to 7 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, common prominent clay films on faces of peds grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium platy and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent structure parting to weak very fine and fine gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and 2BCt—19 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) slightly plastic; common fine roots; many fine and clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry; medium tubular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and boundary. slightly plastic; few fine roots; common fine Bt1—7 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay loam, irregular and tubular pores; common distinct clay brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; weak medium platy films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; mildly structure parting to weak very fine and fine alkaline; clear irregular boundary. granular; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common 2C—25 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very fine and fine roots; common fine and medium cobbly loam, white (10YR 8/2) dry; massive; tubular pores; few distinct clay films; neutral; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; gradual smooth boundary. few fine roots; common fine irregular and tubular Bt2—19 to 34 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) pores; 15 percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; clay, reddish gray (5YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium moderately alkaline; clear irregular boundary. prismatic structure parting to strong fine blocky; 2R—28 inches; fractured tuff. very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; Thickness of the solum is 20 to 30 inches, and few very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores; depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. many prominent clay films; neutral; gradual smooth The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 boundary. or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist Bt3—34 to 46 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly or dry. It is silt loam or very cobbly loam. clay, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; strong fine The Bt1 horizon is clay loam or silty clay loam. It is blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky neutral or mildly alkaline. and very plastic; few very fine roots; common The 2Bt and 2BCt horizons have hue of 10YR or distinct clay films; 30 percent gravel; neutral; 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, gradual smooth boundary. and chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. They are clay, C—46 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam, or gravelly clay and are 35 to 50 percent clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; massive; clay and 5 to 20 percent rock fragments. These very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; horizons are neutral or mildly alkaline. few very fine roots; 25 percent gravel; neutral. The 2C horizon has value of 5 to 7 when moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when The mollic epipedon is 20 to 40 inches thick. Depth moist or dry. It is cobbly loam or gravelly loam. The to bedrock is more than 60 inches. horizon is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 Deter Series or 2 when moist or dry. It is slightly acid or neutral. The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 The Deter series consists of very deep, well drained to 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 soils that formed in alluvium and lacustrine sediment to 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam, clay, or gravelly Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 421

clay and averages 35 to 45 percent clay. The horizon is The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of neutral to moderately alkaline. 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of The C horizon has color similar to that of the Bt 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is clay, gravelly clay, or horizon. It is clay loam or gravelly clay and is 27 to 40 clay loam and averages of 40 to 60 percent clay. percent clay. It is neutral to moderately alkaline. The 2R horizon is fractured, and it has free carbonates or opal on the lower side of rock fragments Devada Series in some pedons. The Devada series consists of shallow, well drained Devoy Series soils that formed in residuum derived from tuff and basalt. Devada soils are on tablelands. Slopes are 2 to The Devoy series consists of moderately deep, well 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about derived from basalt and tuff. Devoy soils are on 47 degrees F. tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean Typical pedon of Devada very cobbly loam in an annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean area of Devada-Deseed complex, 2 to 15 percent annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 100 feet north of Typical pedon of Devoy cobbly loam in an area of the Oregon-Nevada state line, west of Guano Valley; in Devoy-Blizzard complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an 1 1 1 1 the SE /4SW /4SW /4NE /4 of sec. 9, T. 35 S., R. 26 E. area of rangeland; about 1.5 miles south of Barry Cabin 1 1 and 500 feet east of jeep trail in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very 13, T. 41 S., R. 25 E. cobbly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak thin platy structure parting to weak very fine A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly loam, granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium platy nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and very fine and fine discontinuous vesicular pores; 5 nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; common percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 20 very fine vesicular pores; 25 percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. percent gravel; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. 2Bt1—3 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly A2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry, moderate medium and loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky very sticky and very plastic; common very fine and and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine fine roots, few medium and fine tubular pores; tubular pores; 20 percent cobbles and 5 percent many distinct clay films on faces of peds; 2 gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; neutral; Bt1—10 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very abrupt wavy boundary. cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate 2Bt2—7 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium and sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few coarse angular blocky structure; hard, firm, very very fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine on faces of peds; 20 percent cobbles and 15 roots; few fine tubular pores; many distinct clay percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; neutral; boundary. abrupt irregular boundary. Bt2—17 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very 2R—18 inches; basalt; coatings of silica and calcium cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate carbonates in fractures. medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 12 tubular pores; common prominent clay films on to 20 inches. Content of rock fragments is 0 to 30 faces of peds; 30 percent cobbles and 20 percent percent. The mollic epipedon is 7 to 15 inches thick gravel; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. and includes all or part of the argillic horizon. R—30 inches; fractured basalt. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 20 or dry. Where the upper 7 inches is mixed, value is to 40 inches. The particle-size control section averages than 5.5 when dry. more than 35 percent clay. 422 Soil Survey

The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it very fine and fine irregular and tubular pores; has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 10 to 17 moderately alkaline; slightly effervescent; abrupt inches thick. smooth boundary. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of R—23 inches; basalt. 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of The particle-size control section averages 0 to 15 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or clay and is percent rock fragments, mainly cobbles and gravel, 30 to 60 percent clay and 35 to 50 percent rock and 35 to 60 percent clay. The profile is mildly alkaline fragments. The horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. or moderately alkaline. Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 20 to 40 inches. Diaz Series The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. It is neutral or mildly The Diaz series consists of moderately deep, well alkaline. drained soils that formed in colluvium over residuum The Bt horizon has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or derived from tuff and basalt. Diaz soils are on dry. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean horizon is clay loam or clay. annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. Typical pedon of Diaz very cobbly loam, 2 to 15 Donica Series percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 0.25 1 1 mile east of trail in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 10, T. 39 S., The Donica series consists of very deep, somewhat R. 25 E. excessively drained soils that formed in gravelly alluvium derived from tuff, andesite, and basalt. Donica A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly soils are on alluvial fans. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and medium platy structure; slightly hard, friable, the mean annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine Typical pedon of Donica gravelly loam, 0 to 5 roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 percent slopes, in an area of cropland west of New percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 5 percent Pine Creek; about 2,054 feet east and 1,565 feet south gravel; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. of the northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 41 S., R. 20 E. BA—5 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium platy structure; Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine plastic; common fine roots; common very fine and granular structure and weak fine subangular fine irregular and tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and and 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth slightly plastic; many fine roots; 30 percent gravel; boundary. neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt1—9 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, A—6 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; strong fine angular gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very common fine roots; common very fine and fine friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common fine irregular and tubular pores; many prominent clay roots; 40 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 neutral; clear wavy boundary. percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth BA—15 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) very boundary. gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; Bt2—14 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; and nonplastic; common fine roots; 45 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; few fine boundary. roots; few very fine and fine irregular and tubular Bw—24 to 34 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; massive; percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; mildly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. fine roots; 35 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; Bk—17 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay neutral; clear wavy boundary. loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; massive; C—34 to 61 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) extremely hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 423

massive; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and 2Bk—23 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay nonplastic; few fine roots in the upper part; 55 loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral. hard, firm, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; 5 percent fine gravel; slightly effervescent; The solum is 22 to 40 inches thick. The mollic lime is segregated in few irregular seams and epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The particle-size filaments; moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular control section, where mixed, is dominantly sandy boundary. loam and is 50 to 80 percent rock fragments, mainly 3R—31 inches; tuff; coatings of silica and calcium gravel. The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. carbonates in fractures. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The mollic or dry. It is 15 to 35 percent gravel. epipedon is 8 to 12 inches thick. Depth to soft powdery The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 secondary lime is 15 to 30 inches. The particle-size to 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist control section is 35 to 45 percent clay. and 2 to 4 when dry. It is loam or sandy loam and is 35 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 60 percent rock fragments, mainly gravel. to 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist The C horizon has value of 3 to 6 when moist and 4 or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent stones, 0 to 20 percent to 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 0 to 4 when moist cobbles, and 5 to 20 percent gravel. It is neutral or or dry. mildly alkaline. The Donica soils in this survey area are a The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of taxadjunct to the Donica series because they have a 3 or 4 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and chroma of zeric soil moisture regime. 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or clay and is 0 to 5 percent stones, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 5 Drakesflat Series to 15 percent gravel. The 2Bk horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value The Drakesflat series consists of moderately deep, of 3 or 4 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and chroma well drained soils that formed in colluvium and of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 5 percent stones, residuum derived from basalt and tuff. Drakesflat soils 0 to 15 percent cobbles, and 0 to 30 percent gravel, are on tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. The most of which is fine gravel. The horizon is clay loam, mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the gravelly loam, or cobbly loam. It is slightly effervescent mean annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F. to strongly effervescent. Typical pedon of Drakesflat loam, 2 to 15 percent 1 1 1 slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the NW /4SW /4NW /4 Drakespeak Series of sec. 5, T. 37 S., R. 23 E. The Drakespeak series consists of very deep, well A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate derived from rhyolite. Drakespeak soils are on fine and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, mountains. Slopes are 20 to 50 percent. The mean very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many annual precipitation is about 32 inches, and the mean fine and coarse roots; 5 percent gravel; mildly annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Drakespeak very gravelly coarse A2—6 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR sandy loam, 20 to 50 percent south slopes, in an area 3/2) cobbly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; 1 1 of rangeland; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 6, T. 38 S., R. 22 strong fine and medium angular blocky structure; E. soft, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common medium and coarse roots; 10 percent A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very gravel and 10 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; gravelly coarse sandy loam, dark grayish brown abrupt smooth boundary. (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, 2Bt—12 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) dry; strong fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine fine prismatic structure; hard, firm, sticky and irregular pores; 35 percent gravel; moderately acid; slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots; 10 gradual wavy boundary. percent fine gravel; many distinct clay films on A2—6 to 21 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR faces of peds; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy 3/2) very gravelly coarse sandy loam, dark brown boundary. (10YR 4/3) dry, weak and moderate fine granular 424 Soil Survey

structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and sediment derived from rhyolite, tuff, and basalt. Drews nonplastic; many fine roots; many very fine soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. irregular pores; 50 percent gravel; moderately acid; The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and clear wavy boundary. the mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. A3—21 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very Typical pedon of Drews loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, gravelly coarse sandy loam, yellowish brown in an area of rangeland; about 10 miles west of the (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine and medium granular town of Lakeview; about 1,400 feet north and 1,280 structure; soft, loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 39 S., common fine roots; many very fine and fine R. 19 E. irregular pores; 45 percent gravel; moderately acid; A—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, clear wavy boundary. dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak very thin platy Bw—26 to 37 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) very structure parting to weak very fine granular; soft, gravelly coarse sandy loam, light yellowish brown very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular many very fine roots; many very fine pores; 5 blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and boundary. few medium roots; 50 percent gravel; moderately AB—6 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, acid; gradual wavy boundary. dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak medium C1—37 to 47 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, very gravelly coarse sandy loam, light yellowish slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 5 friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; 50 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy Bt1—11 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR boundary. 3/2) clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak C2—47 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very medium prismatic structure parting to weak gravelly coarse sandy loam, light yellowish brown medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; hard, friable, nonsticky slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very and nonplastic; few fine roots; 5 percent cobbles fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; few and 50 percent gravel; neutral. faint clay films on peds and in pores; 10 percent Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. particle-size control section is 2 to 10 percent clay and Bt2—16 to 27 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly averages 35 to 60 percent rock fragments, of which 0 clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium to 10 percent is cobbles and stones and 35 to 60 prismatic structure parting to moderate medium percent is gravel. The umbric epipedon is 20 to 30 and fine angular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and inches thick. plastic; common very fine roots; many very fine The A horizon has value and chroma of 2 or 3 when tubular pores; common distinct clay films on peds moist or dry. The horizon is moderately acid or slightly and common faint clay films in pores; 25 percent acid. gravel; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 BC—27 to 36 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 3 clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak or 4 when moist or dry. Total rock fragment content is medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, 35 to 60 percent, of which 0 to 10 percent is cobbles slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and stones and 35 to 60 percent is gravel. The horizon roots; few very fine tubular pores; 30 percent is moderately acid or slightly acid. gravel; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. The C horizon has value of 4 to 6 when moist or dry, C—36 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. Total very gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; rock fragment content is 35 to 60 percent, of which 0 massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and to 10 percent is cobbles and stones and 35 to 50 slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine percent is gravel. tubular pores; 40 percent gravel; neutral.

Drews Series Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The solum is 30 to 50 inches thick. The mollic epipedon is 20 to The Drews series consists of very deep, well 40 inches thick. drained soils that formed in alluvium and lacustrine The A and AB horizons have value of 2 or 3 when Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 425

moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and they have chroma of 1 2C— 49 to 61 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and or 2 when moist or dry. The horizons are loam or cobbly dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly loam, light loam and are 5 to 35 percent rock fragments. brown (7.5YR 6/4) and pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2) The Bt and BC horizons have hue of 10YR or dry; massive; 50 percent gravel and 5 percent 7.5YR, value of 2 to 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, cobbles; slightly acid. and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. They are 27 to The mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. Depth 35 percent clay and 5 to 35 percent gravel. to the hardpan is 20 to 40 inches, and depth to bedrock The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 is more than 60 inches. or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist The Ap and A horizons have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, or dry. The horizon is 20 to 27 percent clay and 5 to 50 value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and percent gravel. It is slightly acid or neutral. chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. They are 0 to 20 percent gravel. Drewsgap Series The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4 when moist, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or The Drewsgap series consists of soils that are dry. It is sandy clay loam or clay loam and is 25 to 35 moderately deep to a hardpan and are well drained. percent clay and 0 to 25 percent gravel. These soils formed in lacustrine deposits and alluvium. The upper part of the 2Cqm horizon is indurated with Drewsgap soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 15 1- to 2-millimeter-thick laminar bands or is strongly percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 cemented and indurated. The lower part is weakly inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about cemented in some pedons and is as much as 25 47 degrees F. percent gravel. Typical pedon of Drewsgap loam, 0 to 5 percent The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y, slopes, in an area of cropland; on the west side of 1 1 value of 4 or 5 when dry and 6 to 8 when moist, and Goose Lake Valley; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 24, T. 39 chroma of 2 to 8 when moist or dry. It is very gravelly S., R. 19 E. loam or very gravelly sandy loam and is 25 to 55 Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots; Eglirim Series many very fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth The Eglirim series consists of very deep, well boundary. drained soils that formed in colluvium derived from A—8 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) basalt and tuff. Eglirim soils are on fans. Slopes are 2 fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; 12 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and about 47 degrees F. nonplastic; common very fine roots; few very fine Typical pedon of Eglirim very stony loam, 2 to 30 tubular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the Bt—14 to 30 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy clay 1 1 1 SW /4SE /4SE /4 of sec. 35, T. 29 S., R. 16 E. loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very sticky and plastic; common very fine roots; few stony loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; very fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid; clear nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; 5 smooth boundary. percent boulders, 30 percent stones, 5 percent C—30 to 34 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; clear wavy boundary. massive; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and A2—4 to 16 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many stony loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; very fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft, boundary. very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 2Cqm—34 to 49 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) duripan; common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent massive; extremely hard, very firm; strongly boulders, 10 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, cemented and indurated in upper part; mildly and 10 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. irregular boundary. 426 Soil Survey

2Bt1—16 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR miles north of Blizzard Gap; 0.5 mile west of jeep trail 1 1 3/4) extremely stony clay, dark yellowish brown in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 9, T. 40 S., R. 26 E. (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate medium subangular A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly loam, blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium granular and plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and many faint clay films on faces of peds and in slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots, pores; 5 percent boulders, 40 percent stones, 15 common medium roots, and few coarse roots; percent cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; moderately many very fine and fine irregular and tubular pores alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. and common medium and coarse irregular and 2Bt2—29 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR tubular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 15 percent 3/4) extremely stony clay, dark yellowish brown gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky Bt1—8 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few cobbly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; fine roots; few fine tubular pores; many faint clay moderate medium subangular blocky structure; films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly boulders, 40 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, plastic; many very fine roots and common fine, and 25 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; gradual medium, and coarse roots; many very fine and fine wavy boundary. irregular and tubular pores and common medium 3C—37 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) and coarse irregular and tubular pores; common extremely stony loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) faint clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent dry; massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and cobbles and 30 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; nonplastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; 5 clear smooth boundary. percent boulders, 45 percent stones, 15 percent Bt2—18 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; moderately very cobbly clay, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; alkaline. weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The solum hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine is 20 to 40 inches thick. The mollic epipedon is 10 to roots, many fine and medium roots, and few 20 inches thick. The particle-size control section coarse roots; few very fine and coarse irregular and averages 35 to 50 percent clay and is 50 to 90 percent tubular pores and common fine and medium rock fragments. irregular and tubular pores; few faint clay films on The A horizon is 5 to 15 percent gravel, 5 to 15 faces of peds; 35 percent cobbles and 20 percent percent cobbles, and 15 to 40 percent stones. gravel; mildly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry. It is R—30 inches; basalt. very stony clay, extremely stony clay, or extremely The mollic epipedon is 7 to 18 inches thick. stony clay loam. It is 30 to 50 percent clay and 50 to Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 20 to 90 percent rock fragments. The horizon is 15 to 35 40 inches. percent gravel, 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 25 to 50 The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it percent stones and boulders. has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The 3C horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry. It is 15 The Bt horizon is very cobbly clay loam and very to 27 percent clay and 60 to 90 percent rock cobbly clay. It has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to fragments. Size and content of rock fragments are 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or similar to those of the 2Bt horizon. dry. The darker colors are in the upper part. The horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. Erakatak Series The Erakatak series consists of moderately deep, Felcher Series well drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived from igneous rock. Erakatak soils are The Felcher series consists of moderately deep, on hills and tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. The well drained soils that formed in colluvium derived from mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the basalt and tuff. Felcher soils are on mountains. Slopes mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. are 5 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is Typical pedon of Erakatak cobbly loam in an area of about 11 inches, and the mean annual air temperature Erakatak-Carryback complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, is about 44 degrees F. in an area of rangeland; on Greaser Ridge; about 1.5 Typical pedon of Felcher very stony clay loam in an Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 427

area of Felcher-Rock outcrop, 30 to 70 percent south fine and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 0.5 mile west of very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many 1 1 Robinson Lake; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 14, T. 38 S., medium and coarse roots; many very fine irregular R. 25 E. pores; 30 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very stony clay 2Bt—11 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium gravelly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky strong fine prismatic structure; hard, very firm, and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine sticky and plastic; few fine and medium roots; vesicular pores; 20 percent stones, 25 percent many very fine irregular pores; common distinct cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clay films on peds and in pores; 20 percent gravel; gradual smooth boundary. neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bw—4 to 24 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 2Btk—16 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR very cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak 4/4) gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very (10YR 4/6) dry; massive; slightly hard, firm, slightly friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few fine sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 30 roots; few fine vesicular pores; 25 percent cobbles percent gravel; slightly effervescent; mildly and 15 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. boundary. 2Bkqm—21 inches; indurated extremely gravelly R—24 inches; basalt hardpan; strongly effervescent. The particle-size control section averages 35 to 55 Depth to the indurated hardpan is 20 to 30 inches, percent rock fragments, mainly cobbles and gravel, and depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The and 20 to 35 percent clay. Thickness of the solum and particle-size control section is 40 to 60 percent clay depth to bedrock are 20 to 40 inches. The profile is and 0 to 30 percent rock fragments, mainly gravel. neutral or mildly alkaline. The A horizon has value 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or The A horizon is 3 to 10 inches thick. It has value of 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or 3 to 4 when moist. It is very stony clay loam or very dry. Where mixed, the upper 7 inches has value of cobbly clay loam. more than 5.5 when dry. The horizon is neutral or mildly The Bw horizon is 10 to 25 inches thick. It has value alkaline. of 3 or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when The 2B horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and moist and 3 or 4 when dry. It is very cobbly clay loam, 4 to 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 5 when very gravelly clay loam, or very cobbly loam. moist or dry. The upper part is clay or gravelly clay and is 40 to 60 percent clay. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. Fertaline Series The lower part is clay, clay loam, or gravelly clay loam and is 35 to 50 percent clay. It is mildly alkaline or The Fertaline series consists of soils that are moderately alkaline. moderately deep to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from basalt and tuff. Fertaline soils are on tablelands. Fitzwater Series Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean annual The Fitzwater series consists of very deep, well air temperature is about 45 degrees F. drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum Typical pedon of Fertaline gravelly loam, 2 to 15 derived from basalt and tuff. Fitzwater soils are on percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the mountains. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean 1 1 1 SW /4SE /4NE /4 of sec. 15, T. 37 S., R. 23 E. annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is 46 degrees F. A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Typical pedon of Fitzwater loam, 0 to 5 percent gravelly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; slopes, in an area of rangeland; in Hart Mountain weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable, 1 1 1 National Antelope Refuge; in the SW /4SW /4NE /4 of nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and sec. 21, T. 35 S., R. 26 E. medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) boundary. loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak thin A2—4 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR platy structure parting to moderate very fine 3/2) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and 428 Soil Survey

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; 5 percent A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. very stony loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR dry; weak thin platy structure; slightly hard, friable, 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine medium and fine subangular blocky structure; soft, roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 20 friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 fine and fine roots; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear percent gravel; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth smooth boundary. boundary. 2Bw—10 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) A2—3 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very extremely cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; stony loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; moderate thin platy structure parting to moderate slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common fine fine angular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and slightly roots; 5 percent stones, 45 percent cobbles, and plastic; many very fine roots; many very fine 25 percent gravel; neutral; diffuse irregular vesicular pores; 20 percent stones, 5 percent boundary. cobbles, and 20 percent gravel; moderately 2C—19 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) extremely alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. cobbly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; 2Bt—8 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay, brown slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine prismatic structure; very plastic; few fine roots; 20 percent stones, 45 hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few percent cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; neutral. very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; common distinct clay films on peds and in pores; The particle-size control section is 60 to 90 percent 10 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; gradual rock fragments, 18 to 25 percent clay, and 30 to 50 smooth boundary. percent sand. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. 2Bk—12 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, The mollic epipedon is 7 to 12 inches thick. The solum pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, is 10 to 30 inches thick. sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; 10 percent The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 gravel; slightly effervescent; carbonates are to 5 when dry. It is 0 to 40 percent stones, 0 to 30 disseminated; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth percent cobbles, and 5 to 30 percent gravel. It is loam boundary. or extremely stony loam. Areas that are loam and are 3Bkqm—15 to 20 inches; indurated hardpan; abrupt less than 15 percent rock fragments typically have wavy boundary. slopes of 5 percent or less. 4R—20 inches; basalt. The 2Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, and it has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry. It Depth to bedrock is 20 to 30 inches. Depth to the is loam or clay loam and is 18 to 30 percent clay, 5 to indurated hardpan is 14 to 20 inches. There is an 10 percent stones, 30 to 50 percent cobbles, and 20 to absolute clay increase of 15 to 30 percent between the 30 percent gravel. A and 2Bt horizons. The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when dry. It is 10 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. to 40 percent stones, 30 to 50 percent cobbles, and 15 It is extremely stony loam or very stony loam and is 15 to 30 percent gravel. to 35 percent stones, 5 to 20 percent cobbles, and 5 to 30 percent gravel. The horizon is mildly alkaline or Floke Series moderately alkaline. It is 2 to 10 inches thick. The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and The Floke series consists of soils that are shallow it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils formed percent cobbles and 5 to 15 percent gravel. in colluvium derived from basalt and tuff. Floke soils The 2Bk horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and are on tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 when moist mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the and 2 or 3 when dry. It is clay loam or silty clay loam mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. and is 30 to 40 percent clay. It is 0 to 10 percent Typical pedon of Floke very stony loam in an area of cobbles and 5 to 15 percent gravel. The horizon is Floke complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of slightly effervescent to strongly effervescent. 1 1 1 rangeland; in the NW /4NW /4SE /4 of sec. 36, T. 36 S., Carbonates are segregated in filaments or are R. 26 E. disseminated. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 429

The 3Bkqm horizon is cemented fragments of basalt medium roots; 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent and tuff ranging in size from stones to gravel. The gravel; mildly alkaline. laminar cap is 1 millimeter to 1 centimeter thick or A seasonal high water table is at the surface to a more. The horizon is 4 to 15 inches thick. depth of 36 inches in November to May. The depth to the water table varies with the water level of the lake. Fluvaquents These soils are flooded annually when the level of the lake rises as a result of stream runoff. The soils are Fluvaquents consist of very deep, poorly drained or highly stratified lacustrine sediment and have somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in numerous layers of silty clay loam, clay, silt loam, clay unconsolidated alluvium along the shoreline of Goose loam, coarse sand, or sand. They are 0 to 50 percent Lake. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual gravel and 0 to 50 percent cobbles. Ice-formed mounds precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean annual are along the shoreline in winter. The lower layers in air temperature is about 49 degrees F. areas adjacent to the lake have a high content of salt. Reference pedon of Fluvaquents, 0 to 2 percent These soils are dissected by numerous small, braided slopes; about 2 miles northwest of New Pine Creek; in 1 1 streams that flow into the lake. The soils are neutral to the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 14, T. 41 S., R. 20 E. moderately alkaline. A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak very fine granular structure; hard, firm, slightly Fordney Series sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, The Fordney series consists of very deep, and medium roots and few coarse roots; neutral; excessively drained soils that formed in sandy clear wavy boundary. lacustrine sediment. Fordney soils are on terraces. AC—2 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual brown (10YR 5/2) dry; many fine faint strong brown precipitation is about 12 inches, and the mean annual (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium prismatic air temperature is about 48 degrees F. structure parting to strong medium subangular Typical pedon of Fordney gravelly loamy sand, 0 to blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly 5 percent slopes, in a seeded area of crested plastic; common medium roots and few fine roots; wheatgrass; about 1 mile northwest of Valley Falls; in 5 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; neutral; 1 1 1 the SE /4NW /4SE /4 of sec. 13, T. 33 S., R. 18 E. gradual smooth boundary. C1—6 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, A—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; few fine gravelly loamy sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common pores; 10 percent fine gravel and 10 percent medium roots and few fine roots; 1 percent coarse gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. boundary. C2—11 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, C1—7 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy brown (10YR 5/2) dry; few fine distinct dark red sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; massive; slightly hard, (2.5YR 3/6) and red (2.5YR 4/8) mottles; massive; very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine common medium roots and few fine roots; 5 tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. clear smooth boundary. 2C3—20 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very C2—26 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy cobbly clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; few sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, fine faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine and medium massive; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; roots; few weakly cemented nodules; many very common fine roots and few medium roots; 35 fine and fine irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear neutral; gradual smooth boundary. smooth boundary. C3—35 to 46 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy 3C4—32 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/2) very sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; massive; slightly hard, gravelly coarse sand, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine and single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular 430 Soil Survey

pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy blocky structure parting to strong fine angular boundary. blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very 2C4—46 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sand, very fine roots and many fine roots; common fine pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; massive; loose, tubular pores; many prominent clay films on faces nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine of peds; moderately alkaline; clear smooth irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately boundary. alkaline. 2Bt3—20 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; The organic matter content decreases to less than 1 weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly percent at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. The dark color at hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common fine roots; a depth of more than 20 inches (mollic epipedon) is common fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on mainly because of the uncoated sand grains. Depth to faces of peds; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy bedrock is more than 60 inches. The profile is neutral boundary. to moderately alkaline. 2BCt—25 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 clay loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; massive; slightly or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few or dry. fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few faint clay The C horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 films in pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; to 7 when dry, and it has chroma 2 or 3 when moist or abrupt wavy boundary dry. The horizon is loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or 2R—32 inches; slightly fractured basalt. coarse sand. It is 0 to 15 percent gravel, most of which is less than 5 millimeters in size. An absolute clay increase of 15 to 25 percent is between the A and 2Bt horizons. Thickness of the Freznik Series solum and depth to bedrock are 20 to 40 inches. The profile is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The Freznik series consists of moderately deep, The A horizon is 2 to 7 inches thick. It has value of well drained soils that formed in colluvium over 5 or 6 when dry and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 1 residuum derived from tuff and basalt. Freznik soils are to 3 when dry. It is 1 inch to 7 inches thick. on tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 15 percent rock Typical pedon of Freznik very stony loam, thin fragments, mainly gravel, and 40 to 60 percent clay. surface, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 1.25 miles north of Little Reservoir; in Goose Lake Series 1 1 the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 36, T. 39 S., R. 26 E. The Goose Lake series consists of very deep, A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment very stony loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) derived from tuff, rhyolite, and basalt. Goose Lake dry; moderate thick platy structure; slightly hard, soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and very fine roots and many fine roots; many very fine the mean annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F. and fine vesicular and irregular pores; 30 percent Typical pedon of Goose Lake silt loam, 0 to 1 stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; percent slopes, in a meadow; about 7 miles south of moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Lakeview; about 400 feet east of the southwest corner 2Bt1—3 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) of sec. 23, T. 40 S., R. 20 E. clay, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; strong medium prismatic and strong medium angular A—0 to 6 inches; black (N 2/0) silt loam, dark gray (N blocky structure parting to strong fine angular 4/0) dry; moderate very thin platy structure; slightly blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; fine and fine roots; common fine tubular pores; many very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Eg—6 to 10 inches; very dark gray (N 3/0) silt loam, 2Bt2—8 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gray (N 6/0) dry; moderate very thin platy clay, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; strong structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly medium prismatic and strong medium angular plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 431

tubular pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air boundary. temperature is about 47 degrees F. Btg1—10 to 19 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty Typical pedon of Hager cobbly loam in an area of clay, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; strong coarse prismatic Hager complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of 1 1 1 structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and rangeland; in the NW /4NE /4NW /4 of sec. 31, T. 36 S., very plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine R. 24 E. tubular pores; black (10YR 2/1) coatings on prisms A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) in the upper few inches; continuous stress cutans cobbly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong on prisms; neutral; clear smooth boundary. fine granular structure parting to moderate fine Btg2—19 to 33 inches; very dark gray (N 3/0) silty subangular blocky; soft, very friable, slightly sticky clay, dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) dry; strong coarse and nonplastic; many very fine roots; 25 percent prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very cobbles and 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; sticky and very plastic; continuous stress cutans abrupt smooth boundary. on prisms; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A2—4 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly loam, Bkg—33 to 42 inches; very dark gray (2.5YR 3/1) silty light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate very clay, gray (N 5/0) dry; moderate coarse prismatic fine prismatic structure parting to strong thin platy; structure; very firm, very sticky and very plastic; hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many common very fine roots; few very fine tubular very fine roots; common very fine discontinuous pores; slightly effervescent; common mycelial lime; vesicular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 5 percent many stress cutans on prisms; mildly alkaline; gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. clear wavy boundary. 2Bt1—8 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay BCkg—42 to 62 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate very loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; massive; very fine prismatic structure; very hard, friable, sticky hard, firm, sticky and plastic; slightly effervescent; and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; 5 mildly alkaline. percent gravel; many distinct clay films on faces of These soils are subject to rare flooding and have a peds; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. high water table late in winter and in spring and 2Bt2—15 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR summer. Thickness of the solum is 30 to 60 inches. 3/4) silty clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Depth to carbonates is 30 to 50 inches. Depth to dry; strong very fine angular blocky structure; hard, bedrock is more than 60 inches. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common The A horizon has hue of 10YR or neutral, value of very fine roots; 5 percent gravel; many distinct clay 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of films on faces of peds; moderately alkaline; abrupt 0 to 2 when moist or dry. It is silt loam or silty clay smooth boundary. loam. It is slightly acid to moderately alkaline. 2Bkq—24 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR The Eg horizon has hue of 10YR or neutral, value of 4/4) loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; 2 to 4 when moist, and chroma of 0 or 1 when moist or massive; very hard, firm and brittle, slightly sticky dry. It is slightly acid to moderately alkaline. and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; 5 percent The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or neutral, gravel; slightly effervescent; lime segregated in few value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and irregularly shaped seams and filaments; chroma of 0 to 2 when moist or dry. It is silty clay loam moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. or silty clay and is 35 to 50 percent clay. The horizon is 3Bkqm—37 to 42 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) neutral to moderately alkaline. indurated hardpan, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) The BCkg horizon is slightly effervescent and moist; clear wavy boundary. typically has faint coatings of lime. It is clay loam, 4R—42 inches; tuff. loam, or sandy clay loam and is 20 to 30 percent clay. The horizon is neutral to moderately alkaline. Depth to the indurated hardpan is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to the firm, brittle layer is 10 to 30 inches. Depth Hager Series to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The particle-size control section is 25 to 35 percent clay and 15 to 52 percent The Hager series consists of soils that are sand, most of which is very fine sand and fine sand moderately deep to a hardpan and are well drained. but more than 15 percent of which is coarser than very These soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived fine sand. from basalt and tuff. Hager soils are on tablelands. The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry, and it Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist and 2 or 3 when dry. 432 Soil Survey

It is 20 to 70 percent rock fragments, mostly cobbles 5/4) dry; weak very fine and fine granular structure; and stones. The horizon has granular, subangular soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many blocky, or platy structure. It is cobbly loam or fine and few medium roots; many fine irregular extremely stony loam and is 20 to 25 percent clay. pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when Bw—13 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist and 3 to 6 when dry. It is 5 to 20 percent rock very gravelly fine sandy loam, light yellowish fragments, mostly gravel and cobbles. The fine earth brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium subangular fraction is clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam and is 0 blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly to 5 percent stones, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 0 to sticky and nonplastic; common fine and few 30 percent gravel. The horizon is slightly effervescent medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; 40 to violently effervescent. It has moderate or strong percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy prismatic structure or angular blocky structure. boundary. The 2Bkq horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist C1—21 to 33 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very and 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when gravelly sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist and 3 to 6 when dry. It is 5 to 35 percent rock dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky fragments, including 0 to 5 percent stones, 0 to 10 and nonplastic; common fine roots and few percent cobbles, and 5 to 30 percent gravel. In some medium and coarse roots; common very fine and pedons this horizon consists of fractured, consolidated fine irregular pores; 55 percent gravel; slightly acid; lacustrine sediment. gradual wavy boundary. The 3Bkqm horizon has value of 6 or 7 when moist C2—33 to 43 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very and 7 or 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 4 or 6 when gravelly sandy loam, white (10YR 8/2) dry; moist. The horizon is as much as 50 percent rock massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky fragments, mostly gravel. It is 3 to 10 inches thick. and nonplastic; few fine roots; common fine irregular pores; 55 percent gravel; slightly acid; Hallihan Series clear wavy boundary. C3—43 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely The Hallihan series consists of very deep, gravelly sandy loam, white (10YR 8/2) dry; somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in massive; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and colluvium and residuum derived from rhyolite. Hallihan nonplastic; few fine roots; few fine irregular pores; soils are on mountains. Slopes are 0 to 60 percent. The 25 percent cobbles and 60 percent gravel; mean annual precipitation is about 32 inches, and the moderately acid. mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The Typical pedon of Hallihan gravelly fine sandy loam, particle-size control section averages 35 to 60 percent 15 to 40 percent north slopes, in an area of woodland; 1 1 rock fragments. The bulk density of the fine earth in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 31, T. 37 S., R. 22 E. fraction is 0.85 to 0.95 grams per cubic centimeter. The Oi—2 inches to 0; white fir and lodgepole pine needles. profile is 0 to 15 percent cobbles and stones and 35 to A1—0 to 2 inches; black (10YR 2/1) gravelly fine 45 percent gravel. It is 7 to 18 percent clay. The very sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; fine sand fraction contains 50 to 70 percent volcanic weak very fine and fine granular structure; soft, glass. The profile is moderately acid or slightly acid. very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine The A horizon has value of 2 to 4 when moist and 4 and medium roots; many fine irregular pores; 20 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 4 when moist percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth or dry. boundary. The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and A2—2 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly fine 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 when sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very fine moist or dry. It is very gravelly sandy loam or very and fine granular structure; soft, very friable, gravelly fine sandy loam. nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and medium The C horizon has value of 4 to 6 when moist and 6 roots; many fine irregular pores; 15 percent gravel; to 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. or dry. The horizon is 50 to 85 percent rock fragments, AB—6 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) of which 10 to 25 percent is cobbles and stones and 40 gravelly fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR to 60 percent is gravel. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 433

Hammersley Series The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4 when moist, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or The Hammersley series consists of deep, well dry. The horizon is clay loam, clay, gravelly clay loam, drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum or gravelly clay. It is 0 to 10 percent cobbles and derived dominantly from pyroclastic rock. Hammersley stones and 5 to 25 percent gravel. soils are on mountains. Slopes are 15 to 70 percent. The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 The mean annual precipitation is about 32 inches, and or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist the mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. or dry. The horizon is cobbly clay or cobbly clay loam. Typical pedon of Hammersley loam in an area of It is 10 to 20 percent cobbles and stones and 5 to 15 Hammersley-Kittleson complex, 15 to 40 percent north percent gravel. 1 1 slopes, in an area of woodland; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec 33, T. 37 S., R. 21 E. Harcany Series Oi—3 inches to 0; white fir needles. The Harcany series consists of very deep, well A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) drained soils that formed in residuum and colluvium loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak derived from basalt and tuff. Harcany soils are on very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, mountains and escarpments. Slopes are 5 to 70 nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and medium percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 roots; many fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. 42 degrees F. A2—2 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Typical pedon of Harcany very gravelly loam in an 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate area of Harcany complex, high precipitation, 5 to 30 very fine and fine granular structure; soft, very percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in Hart friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many Mountain National Antelope Refuge; in the fine and medium roots; many fine irregular pores; 5 1 1 1 SE /4SW /4SE /4 of sec. 25, T. 35 S., R. 25 E. percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt1—15 to 24 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR A1—0 to 12 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very 3/2) clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and plastic; many fine roots; nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and medium common fine tubular pores; few distinct clay films roots; 5 percent cobbles and 35 percent gravel; on faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. A2—12 to 24 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very Bt2—24 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay, gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine and granular structure; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, many fine and medium roots; 5 percent cobbles sticky and plastic; few fine roots; common fine and 50 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt irregular tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces boundary. of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly 2A3—24 to 40 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) acid; gradual wavy boundary. extremely cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; C—35 to 50 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; cobbly clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; massive; hard, common fine and medium roots; 40 percent firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine cobbles and 30 percent gravel; neutral; gradual roots; few fine irregular pores; 15 percent cobbles irregular boundary. and 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy 2C—40 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely boundary. stony loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; massive; loose, Cr—50 inches; highly weathered tuff. nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; 30 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The particle- 30 percent gravel; neutral. size control section averages 10 to 25 percent rock fragments and is 35 to 50 percent clay. The mollic Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The epipedon is 16 to 30 inches thick. particle-size control section averages 10 to 20 percent The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 clay and 50 to 80 percent rock fragments. The mollic or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist epipedon is 30 to 50 inches thick. or dry. The A and 2A horizons have value of 2 or 3 when 434 Soil Survey

moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and they have chroma of 2 3 when moist or dry. It is 27 to 35 percent clay and 0 to or 3 when moist or dry. 25 percent gravel. The horizon is neutral or mildly The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and alkaline. 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, and it has moist and 3 or 4 when dry. It is 60 to 80 percent rock value of 4 to 6 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry. It is fragments, most of which are gravel and cobbles in the clay loam or sandy clay loam and is 0 to 35 percent upper part and stones and cobbles in the lower part. gravel. The horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline.

Harriman Series Hart Series

The Harriman series consists of very deep, well The Hart series consists of deep, well drained soils drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment derived that formed in alluvium and residuum derived from from volcanic tuff, basalt, and diatomite. Harriman soils basalt and tuff. Hart soils are on relict fan piedmonts are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The on tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 50 percent. The mean mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. Typical pedon of Harriman loam, 0 to 5 percent Typical pedon of Hart very gravelly loam in an area slopes, in an area of rangeland; at an elevation of of Hart complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of 1 1 1 1 1 1 4,496 feet, in Warner Valley; in the NW /4NE /4NW /4 of rangeland; in the NE /4NW /4SW /4 of sec. 1, T. 37 S., R. sec. 16, T. 37 S., R. 24 E. 22 E. A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) A—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very gravelly loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak very thin platy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly structure; loose, very friable, slightly sticky and plastic; few fine roots; many fine vesicular pores; nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; 5 percent neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. cobbles and 40 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; A2—2 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, abrupt smooth boundary. dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak medium prismatic 2Bt—9 to 19 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, brown structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong fine prismatic structure; common fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; very hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; few very neutral; gradual smooth boundary. fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; 5 percent Bt1—10 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay fine gravel; many distinct clay films in pores and loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak medium on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy prismatic structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; boundary. common fine roots; many fine tubular pores; many 3Bk1—19 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very distinct clay films on faces of peds and few faint gravelly silty clay loam, pink (7.5YR 7/4) dry; clay films in pores; neutral; gradual smooth massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky boundary. and slightly plastic; 5 percent cobbles and 40 Bt2—24 to 40 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay percent fine gravel; violently effervescent; loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium carbonates segregated in many irregularly shaped subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky seams and filaments; moderately alkaline; gradual and plastic; common fine roots; many very fine and wavy boundary. fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of 3Bk2—25 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very peds; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. gravelly loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry; C—40 to 64 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) sandy clay massive; hard, very firm, slightly sticky and loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; massive; hard, nonplastic; 5 percent cobbles and 30 percent fine friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common gravel; strongly effervescent; carbonates are fine roots; many very fine pores; mildly alkaline. disseminated; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic 3Bkq—30 to 43 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) epipedon is 20 to 45 inches thick. extremely gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 dry; massive; very hard, very firm and brittle, or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when dry. nonsticky and nonplastic; 5 percent cobbles and The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 60 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or carbonates are disseminated and coat rock Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 435

fragments; moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular structure parting to weak medium platy; soft, very boundary. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine 4R—43 inches; tuff; coatings of silica and calcium and fine roots; common very fine discontinuous carbonate in fractures. vesicular pores; strongly effervescent (3 percent calcium carbonate); carbonates are disseminated; The mollic epipedon is 7 to 12 inches thick. sodium adsorption ratio is 100; electrical Thickness of the A and 2Bt horizons combined is 15 to conductivity is 7 millimhos per centimeter; very 30 inches. Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. Depth strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. to the brittle layer is 30 to 50 inches. The particle-size 2Akn2—7 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light control section is 45 to 55 percent clay. An abrupt gray (10YR 7/2) dry; strong medium platy structure; textural increase of 20 to 40 percent is within 3 inches soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; of the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. Depth to common fine and coarse roots; common very fine the argillic horizon is 4 to 10 inches. discontinuous vesicular pores; strongly The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, and it has effervescent (8 percent calcium carbonate); value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry. It is carbonates are disseminated; sodium adsorption extremely cobbly loam or very gravelly loam and is 5 ratio is 170; electrical conductivity is 8 millimhos to 50 percent cobbles and 10 to 50 percent gravel. per centimeter; very strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of boundary. 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 3Bkn1—12 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay or gravelly clay and gray (10YR 7/2) dry; strong very fine angular is 0 to 5 percent cobbles and 5 to 25 percent gravel, 1 blocky structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky most of which is less than /4 inch in diameter. The and nonplastic; many very fine to coarse roots; horizon has common to many, distinct to prominent violently effervescent (6 percent calcium clay films. It has strong prismatic to strong fine angular carbonate); carbonates are disseminated; sodium blocky structure. adsorption ratio is 36; electrical conductivity is 3 The 3B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and millimhos per centimeter; very strongly alkaline; 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when clear wavy boundary. moist or dry. It is very gravelly silty clay loam, gravelly 3Bkn2—16 to 36 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light loam, or very gravelly loam. It is 0 to 5 percent cobbles gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate very fine prismatic and 20 to 40 percent gravel, most of which is less than 1 structure parting to strong very fine angular blocky; /4 inch in diameter. The horizon is slightly effervescent hard, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; to strongly effervescent. few very fine roots; violently effervescent (6 The 3Bkq horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, percent calcium carbonate); carbonates segregated and it has chroma of 3 to 6 when moist or dry. It is very in common fine irregular seams and filaments; gravelly loam or extremely gravelly loam and is 5 to 10 sodium adsorption ratio is 375; electrical percent cobbles and 30 to 60 percent gravel. The conductivity is 10 millimhos per centimeter; very horizon is brittle throughout or is 20 to 50 percent strongly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. durinodes. 4Bkn3—36 to 50 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate thin platy Helphenstein Series structure parting to strong fine angular blocky; very hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly The Helphenstein series consists of very deep, effervescent (7 percent calcium carbonate); somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine carbonates segregated in common fine irregular sediment. Helphenstein soils are on lake terraces. seams and filaments; sodium adsorption ratio is Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual 59; electrical conductivity is 3 millimhos per precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air centimeter; strongly alkaline; gradual wavy temperature is about 47 degrees F. boundary. Typical pedon of Helphenstein fine sandy loam in an 5Bk—50 to 55 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, light area of Playas-Helphenstein complex, 0 to 2 percent 1 1 1 gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the NE /4SE /4SW /4 slightly sticky and nonplastic; slightly effervescent; of sec. 3, T. 36 S., R. 24 E. lime is disseminated; moderately alkaline; abrupt Akn1—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR wavy boundary. 3/2) fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6C—55 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) very fine 6/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky sandy loam, white (10YR 8/1) dry; massive; soft, 436 Soil Survey

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic, moderately coarse gravel, and 2 percent pumice sand; alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. 7C—60 to 65 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, light A2—1 inch to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; extremely hard, sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate thin brittle, extremely firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; and thick platy structure; slightly hard, friable, few very fine roots; moderately alkaline. nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; many fine These soils have a high water table late in winter tubular pores; 5 percent fine gravel and 5 percent and in spring. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. coarse gravel; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth The particle-size control section is 18 to 30 percent boundary. clay and 35 to 50 percent sand, most of which is fine 2Bkq—12 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sand and very fine sand but more than 15 percent of gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; which is coarser than very fine sand. The solum is 2 to extremely hard, firm and brittle; slightly sticky and 10 percent calcium carbonates and less than 1 percent nonplastic; slightly effervescent; carbonates are salts. segregated in few fine filaments; 10 percent fine The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 gravel and 5 percent coarse gravel; neutral; abrupt or 4 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma of 2 smooth boundary. or 3 moist. It has platy or blocky structure. Sodium 3Bk—18 to 24 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) extremely adsorption ratio is 80 to 200, and electrical conductivity gravelly sand, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; massive; loose, is 5 to 10 millimhos per centimeter. nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; The Bkn horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of violently effervescent; 50 percent fine gravel, 35 2 to 4 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma of percent coarse gravel, and 2 percent cobbles; 2 or 3 when moist. It is silt loam, loam, or silty clay neutral; clear wavy boundary. loam and is 18 to 30 percent clay. Sodium adsorption 4Bq—24 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sand, light ratio is 50 to 400. Electrical conductivity is 2 to 10 brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; hard, firm millimhos per centimeter. Structure is rocklike, and and brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 5 angular blocks consist of fractured, semiconsolidated percent fine gravel and 5 percent coarse gravel; sediment. mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. The Bk and C horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, 5Bk—28 to 32 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely value 3 to 7 when moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and gravelly sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; chroma of 1 to 3 when moist and 1 or 2 when dry. loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; slightly These horizons consist of stratified layers of silt loam, effervescent (3 percent calcium carbonate); 55 very fine sandy loam, and fine sand with thin strata of percent fine gravel and 10 percent coarse gravel; white volcanic ash in some pedons. Structure is moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. massive and rocklike. Sodium adsorption ratio is 5 or 5C—32 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely less. Electrical conductivity is less than 2 millimhos gravelly sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; per centimeter. loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 30 percent fine gravel, 30 percent coarse gravel, and 2 percent Hinton Series cobbles; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. The Hinton series consists of very deep, well 6Bkq—40 to 43 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly drained soils that formed in stratified lacustrine beach sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; hard, sediment and eolian deposits. Hinton soils are on lake firm and brittle; nonsticky and nonplastic; slightly terraces. Slopes are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual effervescent; 15 percent fine gravel and 10 percent precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air coarse gravel; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth temperature is about 47 degrees F. boundary. Typical pedon of Hinton gravelly loamy sand in an 6Bk—43 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely area of Zorravista-Hinton complex, 0 to 8 percent gravelly sand, pale brown (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; 1 1 1 slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the SE /4SW /4NE /4 loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; violently of sec. 4, T. 33 S., R. 19 E. effervescent; 30 percent fine gravel, 30 percent coarse gravel, and 2 percent cobbles; moderately A1—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) alkaline. gravelly loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and Depth to the firm, brittle layer is 10 to 20 inches. nonplastic; 10 percent fine gravel, 10 percent Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The particle- Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 437

size control section is 2 to 10 percent clay, 70 to 90 roots; violently effervescent (10 percent calcium percent sand, and 35 to 70 percent rock fragments, carbonates); carbonates are disseminated; sodium dominantly gravel. adsorption ratio is 109; electrical conductivity is 41 The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 millimhos per centimeter; 2.4 percent salts; to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist strongly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. or dry. Organic matter content is 1 to 2 percent in the 3BCknz—23 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, upper part and less than 1 percent in the lower part. light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 1 roots; strongly effervescent (5 percent calcium to 4 when moist and 1 to 3 when dry. It consists of carbonates); carbonates are disseminated; sodium multiple strata of firm, brittle, calcareous sand and adsorption ratio is 97; electrical conductivity is 38 gravel over layers of calcareous sand and gravel that millimhos per centimeter; 2.7 percent salts; are not brittle. The horizon typically is extremely massive material is rocklike, has strong medium gravelly sand or very gravelly sand with thin layers of angular blocky structure, and is derived from sand or gravelly sand. It is neutral to moderately consolidated lacustrine sediment that has been alkaline. fractured; moderately alkaline; clear wavy The C horizon is present only in some pedons. It is boundary. not brittle and does not contain carbonates. 4Cknz—28 to 65 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; massive; Icene Series very hard and brittle, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly effervescent (2 percent The Icene series consists of very deep, moderately calcium carbonates); carbonates segregated in well drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment. common medium irregular seams and filaments; Icene soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 1 sodium adsorption ratio is 58; electrical percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 conductivity is 28 millimhos per centimeter; 2.1 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about percent salts; massive material is rocklike, has 47 degrees F. strong medium angular blocky structure, and is Typical pedon of Icene fine sandy loam in an area of derived from consolidated lacustrine sediment that Icene-Playas complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, in an has been fractured; moderately alkaline. 1 1 1 area of rangeland; in the SW /4SW /4NW /4 of sec. 3, T. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These 36 S., R. 24 E. soils have a high water table late in winter and in Akn—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR spring. The particle-size control section averages 20 to 3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) 30 percent clay, 20 to 50 percent sand that is mostly dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure fine and very fine, and more than 15 percent material parting to weak medium platy; soft, very friable, that is coarser than very fine sand. Electrical nonsticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and conductivity is more than 16 millimhos per centimeter. fine roots; strongly effervescent (trace of calcium Sodium adsorption ratio is more than 45. The profile is carbonates); carbonates are disseminated; sodium less than 10 percent calcium carbonate. Depth to the adsorption ratio is 19; electrical conductivity is 2 salic horizon is 5 to 15 inches. The salic horizon is 12 millimhos per centimeter; 0.1 percent salts; very to 30 inches thick and 2 to 4 percent salts. Depth to strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. consolidated, compacted sediment is 20 to 40 inches. 2Akn—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, Hue is 10YR or 2.5Y throughout the profile. light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; strong medium platy The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; The horizon has platy or subangular blocky structure. violently effervescent (trace of calcium Sodium adsorption ratio is 15 to 90, and electrical carbonates); carbonates are disseminated; sodium conductivity is 2 to 16 millimhos per centimeter. The adsorption ratio is 77; electrical conductivity is 10 horizon is less than 1 percent salts. millimhos per centimeter; 0.4 percent salts; very The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist. 3Bknz—10 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, It is silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam. It has prismatic, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; strong fine subangular subangular blocky, or angular blocky structure. The blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly horizon is strongly alkaline or moderately alkaline. sticky and nonplastic; many very fine to coarse Sodium adsorption ratio is 90 to 120, and electrical 438 Soil Survey

conductivity is more than 16 millimhos per centimeter. when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or The horizon is 2 to 4 percent salts. dry. It is 3 to 7 inches thick. The C horizon has value 3 to 7 when moist and 6 to The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. It is very 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist cobbly clay loam, very stony clay loam, or extremely and 1 or 2 when dry. It is dominantly silt loam and silty cobbly clay loam in the upper part and is very cobbly clay loam but has thin strata of fine sandy loam, fine clay or extremely cobbly clay in the lower part. sand, and white volcanic ash in some pedons. The horizon is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline. Jesse Camp Series Sodium adsorption ratio is 20 to 70, and electrical conductivity is more than 16 millimhos per centimeter. The Jesse Camp series consists of very deep, well The horizon is 1 to 3 percent salts. drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment. Jesse Camp soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 2 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 Itca Series inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. The Itca series consists of shallow, well drained Typical pedon of Jesse Camp silt loam, 2 to 5 soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived 1 1 1 percent slopes, in the SE /4SE /4SE /4 of sec. 33, T. 40 from basalt and tuff. Itca soils are on mountains. S., R. 27 E. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean annual A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, pale air temperature is about 44 degrees F. brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong thin platy structure; Typical pedon of Itca very cobbly loam in an area of soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Pernog-Itca association, 5 to 30 percent slopes, in an plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very 1 area of rangeland; about /4 mile south of Mill Creek fine discontinuous random vesicular pores; mildly 1 1 Trail, in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 29, T. 33 S., R. 18 E. alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw1—4 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very and fine roots; mildly alkaline; clear wavy fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 15 boundary. percent cobbles and 25 percent gravel; mildly Bw2—19 to 29 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, alkaline; clear smooth boundary. pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium Bt1—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and fine roots; 15 percent very hard medium medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, cylindrical durinodes; mildly alkaline; clear wavy slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very boundary. fine roots and few medium roots; common very Bw3—29 to 34 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on peds and pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; hard, firm, in pores; 25 percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. and fine roots; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy Bt2—12 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely boundary. cobbly clay, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak Bk—34 to 50 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine silt loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; massive; and medium angular blocky; very hard, very firm, slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; few very plastic; 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent, fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on carbonates segregated in few very fine irregularly peds; 60 percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; shaped seams and filaments; moderately alkaline; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. clear wavy boundary. R—16 inches; basalt. 2C—50 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) The mollic epipedon is 7 to 15 inches thick. very gravelly sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 10 to 7/3) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and 20 inches. nonplastic; 35 percent fine gravel; moderately The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 alkaline. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 439

The particle-size control section is 18 to 27 percent loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few coarse roots clay and less than 15 percent material that is coarser and common very fine and fine roots; violently than very fine sand. effervescent; 20 percent pumice sand; few weakly The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry. It is cemented nodules; very strongly alkaline. mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. These soils are fine sand throughout, but strata of The Bw horizon has value of 6 or 7 when dry. It is as sand or loamy fine sand are present in some pedons. much as 20 percent brittle durinodes. It is mildly The soils are as much as 30 percent pumice sand. The alkaline or moderately alkaline. profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6 when The Bk horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and moist and 5 to 8 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 when 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is moderately alkaline or strongly moist or dry. It is silt loam with thin strata of very fine alkaline in the upper part and strongly alkaline or very sandy loam. The horizon is as much as 10 percent strongly alkaline in the lower part. gravel and 20 percent hard or extremely hard durinodes. Carbonates are segregated in few to many seams and filaments. The horizon is moderately Kittleson Series alkaline or strongly alkaline. The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and The Kittleson series consists of deep, well drained 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived moist or dry. It is gravelly or very gravelly sandy loam from pyroclastic rock. Kittleson soils are on mountains. or loam and is 15 to 50 percent fine gravel. Slopes are 15 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 32 inches, and the mean annual Kewake Series air temperature is about 42 degrees F. Typical pedon of Kittleson sandy loam in an area of The Kewake series consists of very deep, Hammersley-Kittleson complex, 15 to 40 percent north 1 1 excessively drained soils that formed in eolian sand. slopes, in an area of woodland; in the SW /4NE /4 of Kewake soils are on sand dunes. Slopes are 1 to 15 sec. 35, T. 37 S., R. 21 E. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 Oi—3 inches to 0; white fir needles. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about A1—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, 47 degrees F. brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; Typical pedon of Kewake fine sand in an area of slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Kewake-Ozamis-Reese complex, 0 to 15 percent nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; many slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 1 1 1 1 very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; SE /4NE /4SW /4NE /4 of sec. 31, T. 38 S., R. 25 E. slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Ak—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine A2—2 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/4) sandy sand, light brown (10YR 7/2) dry; single grain; loam, brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak medium loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very fine roots; violently effervescent; 25 percent friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common fine pumice sand; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy and medium roots; common very fine and fine boundary. irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; Ck1—5 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clear wavy boundary. fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; Bw1—16 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/4) sandy massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many loam, light brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium very fine, fine, and medium roots; violently subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, effervescent; 20 percent pumice sand; strongly slightly sticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. common very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 Ck2—10 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; loose, boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; few coarse roots and Bw2—23 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/4) sandy many very fine and fine roots; violently loam, light brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium effervescent; 15 percent pumice sand; few weakly subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly cemented nodules; strongly alkaline; diffuse wavy sticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; few very boundary. fine tubular pores; 10 percent soft gravel; Ck3—20 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. sand, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; massive; Cr—44 inches; highly weathered tuffaceous bedrock. 440 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The particle- common faint cutans on faces of peds; mildly size control section averages 0 to 10 percent gravel alkaline; clear smooth boundary. and 10 to 18 percent clay. The very fine sand fraction 2C1—20 to 32 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y is 50 to 70 percent glass. Bulk density is 0.85 to 0.95 3/2) sandy clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; per cubic centimeter. The profile is moderately acid or massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly acid. slightly plastic; few fine roots; many very fine The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 pores; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 2C2—32 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) or 3 when moist. sandy clay loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of and slightly plastic; few fine roots; many very fine 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is loam or sandy loam. The pores; scattered white mycelial lime; mildly horizon is 0 to 15 percent rock fragments, of which 0 to alkaline. 5 percent is cobbles and 0 to 15 percent is gravel. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These soils are subject to rare or occasional flooding and Lakeview Series have a high water table late in winter, in spring and summer, and early in fall. The mollic epipedon is 20 to The Lakeview series consists of very deep, 36 inches thick. The particle-size control section moderately well drained soils that formed in alluvium averages 20 to 35 percent clay. The A horizon and derived from tuff, rhyolite, basalt, and small amounts upper part of the B horizon are slightly acid to mildly of ash. Lakeview soils are on flood plains and alluvial alkaline. The lower part of the B horizon and the 2C fans. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual horizon are neutral or mildly alkaline. precipitation is about 12 inches, and the mean annual The A horizon and upper part of the B horizon have air temperature is about 48 degrees F. value of 3 to 5 when dry, and they have chroma of 0 to Typical pedon of Lakeview loam, 0 to 2 percent 2 when moist or dry. The A horizon is loam or silty clay slopes, in an area of rangeland; 50 feet south of State loam. Highway 140, on the west bank of Muddy Creek; in the The 2B horizon has hue of neutral, 10YR, or 2.5Y; 1 1 northwest corner of the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 20, T. 39 S., value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry; and R. 19 E. chroma of 0 to 3 when moist or dry. It is clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam. A—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, dark gray The 2C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 3 (10YR 4/1) dry; weak very thin platy structure or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 parting to moderate very fine granular; soft, friable, or 3 when moist or dry. It is sandy clay loam, loam, or slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine silt loam. roots; many very fine pores; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—4 to 8 inches; black (N 2/0) silty clay loam, dark Lambring Series gray (N 4/0) dry; weak medium prismatic structure; The Lambring series consists of deep, well drained very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; few faint from basalt. Lambring soils are on mountains and hills. cutans on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth Slopes are 5 to 70 percent. The mean annual boundary. precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual Bt2—8 to 14 inches; black (N 2/0) silty clay loam, dark air temperature is about 42 degrees F. gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak coarse prismatic Typical pedon of Lambring very gravelly loam in an structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common area of Lambring-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70 very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; few percent north slopes, in an area of rangeland; on the faint cutans on faces of peds; neutral; gradual north side of Beatys Butte; 1 mile southeast of Buena smooth boundary. 1 1 Vista Springs; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 33, T. 36 S., R. 2Btb—14 to 20 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) 29 E. sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) dry; weak medium prismatic structure and weak A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very weak very fine subangular blocky structure; soft, fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 441

very fine roots and many fine roots; few very fine sediment. Langslet soils are on low lake terraces. irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles and 40 percent Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air A2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very temperature is about 44 degrees F. gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak medium Typical pedon of Langslet silt loam, 0 to 2 percent subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 0.6 mile nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, many northeast of Bureau of Land Management Road 6106; 1 1 fine, and few medium roots; few very fine irregular at the south end of Guano Lake; in the SW /4NW /4 of pores; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent gravel; sec. 35, T. 39 S., R. 27 E. neutral; clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt Bw1—10 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; moderate thin cobbly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky moderate medium subangular blocky structure; and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly roots; common very fine and few fine vesicular plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear medium roots; few very fine irregular pores; 5 smooth boundary. percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 25 Bw1—8 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. silty clay, light grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2) dry; strong Bw2—20 to 34 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) medium prismatic structure; hard, firm, sticky and extremely cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine moderate medium subangular blocky structure; tubular pores; few slickensides; mildly alkaline; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly clear smooth boundary. plastic; few very fine, common fine, and few Bw2—32 to 47 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) medium roots; few very fine irregular pores; 5 silty clay, light grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2) dry; few percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 45 fine prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. mottles; strong medium prismatic structure and C—34 to 52 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) strong medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, extremely cobbly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR sticky and plastic; common very fine roots; few 6/3) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly very fine tubular pores; common slickensides; sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine mildly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. roots; few very fine irregular pores; 5 percent Bk—47 to 60 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) silty clay, light gray stones, 30 percent cobbles, and 45 percent gravel; (5Y 7/1) dry; moderate medium prismatic structure neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. and strong medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, R—52 inches; basalt. sticky and plastic; few very fine tubular pores; The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. The many prominent slickensides; strongly particle-size control section is 50 to 70 percent rock effervescent, lime segregated in common rounded fragments and 15 to 27 percent clay. The profile is medium-sized soft masses; mildly alkaline. neutral or mildly alkaline. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 These soils are ponded and have a high water table or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist late in winter and in spring. The particle-size control or dry. It is 5 to 10 inches thick. section averages 0 to 5 percent gravel and 40 to 60 The Bw horizon has value of 2 to 4 when moist and percent clay. Depth to mottles is 20 to 40 inches. 4 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when Depth to carbonates is 30 to 50 inches. Depth to moist or dry. It is very cobbly loam, extremely cobbly bedrock and thickness of the solum are more than 60 loam, or extremely gravelly loam. inches. The profile is mildly alkaline or moderately The C horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 4 alkaline. The B horizon cracks and develops to 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist slickensides. The cracks extend to the base of the A or dry. It is extremely cobbly sandy loam or very horizon and are open from about mid-August through cobbly loam. mid-November. The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, and it has Langslet Series value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry. The Bw horizon is silty clay or clay. It has hue of The Langslet series consists of very deep, 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 or 5 when moist, and chroma of somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine 1 or 2 when moist or dry. 442 Soil Survey

The Bk horizon is silty clay or clay. It has value of 4 and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. It is 5 to or 5 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and it has 20 percent gravel and 0 to 25 percent cobbles and chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. stones. The horizon is 5 to 15 inches thick. It is loam or very stony loam. Lasere Series The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 2 to 5 when moist and 3 to 6 when dry; and The Lasere series consists of moderately deep, well chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. Texture is mainly drained soils that formed in colluvium and lake clay or silty clay, but it ranges to silty clay loam in the sediment over basalt and tuff. Lasere soils are on lower part. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent clay, but it wave-cut benches on hills and mountains. Slopes are 2 averages about 50 percent clay. It is 0 to 10 percent to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about rock fragments. Clay films are distinct or prominent. 14 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. Typical pedon of Lasere loam, 2 to 15 percent Lobert Series slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 1 1 1 1 The Lobert series consists of very deep, well NW /4SE /4SE /4SE /4 of sec. 10, T. 35 S., R. 19 E. drained soils that formed in material derived from A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, very diatomite, lacustrine sediment, and ash. Lobert soils dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak medium and fine are on high terraces. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The subangular blocky structure parting to weak mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches, and the medium granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and mean annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F. slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 14 Typical pedon of Lobert loam, 2 to 15 percent percent fine gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth slopes, in an area of woodland; about 10 miles 1 1 1 boundary. northwest of Lakeview; in the SE /4SE /4SE /4 1 1 A2—3 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) NE /4NE /4 of sec. 21, T. 38 S., R. 19 E. loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak Oi—1 inch to 0; ponderosa pine needles. medium and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate very very fine and fine roots; 10 percent fine gravel; fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots; 2Bt1—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay, many very fine pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; moderate fine and boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, AB—2 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, firm, sticky and very plastic; common very fine, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium fine, and medium roots; 5 percent fine gravel; subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, many prominent clay films on faces of peds; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. roots; many very fine tubular pores; slightly acid; 2Bt2—15 to 23 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) gradual smooth boundary. silty clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; Bw—15 to 29 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam, moderate medium and fine subangular blocky brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium subangular structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly very fine and fine roots; common prominent clay sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots; films on faces of peds; neutral; abrupt wavy many very fine tubular pores; neutral; gradual boundary. smooth boundary. 3Cr—23 to 25 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) weathered Bq1—29 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam, volcanic tuff; clear wavy boundary. pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak coarse 3R—25 inches; tuff. subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky The mollic epipedon is 7 to 15 inches thick and and slightly plastic; common fine roots; common includes the upper part of the argillic horizon in some fine tubular pores; 10 percent firm, brittle nodules pedons. Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock 0.5 inch to 1.5 inches in diameter; neutral; clear are 20 to 40 inches. The solum is slightly acid or smooth boundary. neutral. These soils have a clay increase of 20 percent Bq2—38 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam, or more between the A and 2Bt horizons. pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; hard, friable, The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist or dry, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 443

many fine tubular pores; few thin slightly brittle face of peds; 30 percent cobbles and 20 percent lenses; slightly acid. gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bt2—15 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The very cobbly clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; particle-size control section is 0 to 15 percent gravel strong fine angular blocky structure; very hard, and 10 to 18 percent clay. The mollic epipedon is 20 to very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; 45 inches thick. The profile is moderately acid to few very fine tubular pores; many prominent clay neutral. films on faces of peds; 20 percent cobbles and 30 The A and AB horizons have value of 2 or 3 when percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and they have chroma of 2 boundary. or 3 when moist or dry. R—18 inches; basalt. The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when The particle-size control section averages 35 to 50 moist or dry. It is loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy percent rock fragments, mainly cobbles and gravel, loam. In some pedons the horizon is as much as 20 and 40 to 50 percent clay. Thickness of the solum and percent durinodes by volume. The durinodes are brittle, depth to bedrock are 10 to 20 inches. but they are easily crushed by hand when moist. The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 The Bq horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is loamy or dry. fine sand, fine sandy loam, or loam. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist Locane Series or dry. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The Locane series consists of shallow, well Lofftus Series drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived from igneous rock. Locane soils are on The Lofftus series consists of soils that are mountains and tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. moderately deep to a hardpan and are somewhat The mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, poorly drained. These soils formed in lacustrine and the mean annual air temperature is about 43 sediment with an ash mantle. Lofftus soils are on low degrees F. lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean Typical pedon of Locane cobbly clay loam in an area annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean of Locane-Anawalt complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. an area of rangeland; about 2 miles north of Spalding Typical pedon of Lofftus silt loam in an area of 1 1 Reservoir; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 1, T. 39 S., R. 28 E. Lofftus-Mesman complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 10 miles southeast of Adel, in A1—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 1 1 Coleman Valley; in the center of the SE /4SE /4 of sec. cobbly clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) 7, T. 41 S., R. 25 E. dry; weak thin platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Akn—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt roots; many very fine irregular pores; 10 percent loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; moderate very thin platy cobbles and 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; structure; slightly hard, friable, very sticky and clear smooth boundary. plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common fine A2—2 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, pale vesicular pores; strongly effervescent, carbonates brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium are disseminated; white salt stains and black subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, organic stains in patches on surface; very strongly slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very alkaline; clear smooth boundary. fine roots and few medium roots; common very Bkn1—2 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly silt loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; weak very thin alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. platy structure; slightly hard, friable, very sticky Bt1—10 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) and plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common very cobbly clay, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent, dry; moderate medium prismatic structure parting carbonates are disseminated; strongly alkaline; to strong fine angular blocky; very hard, very firm, clear smooth boundary. sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; few very Bkn2—12 to 30 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films on silt loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; weak very thin 444 Soil Survey

platy structure; soft, very friable, very sticky and sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; plastic; many fine and medium roots to a depth of moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, very 24 inches and few roots below; violently friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and effervescent, carbonates are disseminated; medium roots; many fine and medium irregular strongly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. pores; 15 percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt 2Bkqm—30 to 50 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) smooth boundary. hardpan, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; strongly A2—1 inch to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly cemented; very hard, very firm; few fine tubular coarse sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) pores; coatings of silica in some pores and on the dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; surface of the hardpan; violently effervescent, slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and carbonates are disseminated; brittle; strongly nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; many alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. fine and medium irregular pores; 25 percent gravel; 3C—50 to 60 inches; stratified loamy and silty very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. lacustrine sediment. A3—5 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; These soils have a high water table in spring and weak fine and medium granular structure; slightly early in summer. Depth to the strongly cemented hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; hardpan is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more common fine and medium roots; many fine and than 60 inches. The particle-size control section has medium irregular pores; 40 percent gravel; strongly bulk density of 0.80 to 1.00 grams per cubic centimeter acid; gradual wavy boundary. above the hardpan, electrical conductivity of 8 to 16 Bw—13 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) millimhos per centimeter, sodium adsorption ratio of 25 very gravelly coarse sandy loam, light yellowish to 50, and calcium carbonate content of 2 to 8 percent. brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine and medium The profile is strongly alkaline or very strongly alkaline subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, throughout. nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 many fine and medium irregular pores; 45 percent or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist. gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. The sand fraction is mostly very fine and fine sand that C1—24 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely is high in content of volcanic ash. An efflorescence of cobbly coarse sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR white salt and black to dark brown organic stains 7/3) dry; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and commonly is on the surface. nonplastic; common fine and few medium roots; The B horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or neutral; many fine and medium irregular pores; 5 percent value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry; and stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 40 percent gravel; chroma of 0 to 2 when moist or dry. The sand fraction strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. is mostly very fine and fine sand that is high in content C2—42 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely of volcanic ash. Layers of white ash a few inches thick cobbly coarse sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR are in some pedons. 7/3) dry; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and The 2Bkqm horizon is strongly cemented and is 15 nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; many fine to 30 inches thick. and medium irregular pores; 15 percent stones, 35 percent cobbles, and 30 percent gravel; strongly Longjohn Series acid. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The The Longjohn series consists of very deep, particle-size control section averages 35 to 60 percent somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in rock fragments. Base saturation is 5 to 20 percent. The colluvium and residuum derived mainly from rhyolite. profile is 2 to 10 percent clay. The very fine sand Longjohn soils are on mountains. Slopes are 15 to 50 fraction is 50 to 70 percent glass. Bulk density is 0.85 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 32 to 0.95 grams per cubic centimeter. The profile is very inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about strongly acid or strongly acid. 42 degrees F. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 Typical pedon of Longjohn gravelly coarse sandy or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist loam, 15 to 50 percent north slopes, in an area of 1 1 and 2 to 4 when dry. woodland; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 6, T. 38 S., R. 22 E. The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and Oi—1 inch to 0; pine needles. 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when A1—0 to 1 inch; black (10YR 2/1) gravelly coarse moist or dry. It is very gravelly coarse sandy loam or Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 445

very gravelly sandy loam. The horizon is 35 to 60 loam, very gravelly loam, very gravelly clay loam, or percent rock fragments, of which 0 to 10 percent is very stony loam. It is slightly acid or neutral. cobbles and 35 to 50 percent is gravel. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of The C horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 2 to 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or clay and or dry. It is extremely cobbly coarse sandy loam or averages 35 to 50 percent clay. The horizon is 35 to 60 extremely gravelly coarse sandy loam. This horizon is percent rock fragments, of which 5 to 50 percent is 60 to 85 percent rock fragments, of which 20 to 35 gravel and 10 to 45 percent is cobbles and stones. The percent is cobbles, 5 to 15 percent is stones, and 30 to horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. 50 percent is gravel. Macyflet Series Lorella Series The Macyflet series consists of very deep, The Lorella series consists of shallow, well drained moderately well drained soils that formed in lacustrine soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived deposits derived from basalt and tuff. Macyflet soils from tuff and basalt. Lorella soils are on hills, are in basins on tablelands. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. mountains, and tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 inches, and The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. the mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. Typical pedon of Macyflet silty clay loam in an area Typical pedon of Lorella very stony loam, 2 to 30 of Macyflet-Boulder Lake association, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 10 miles slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 50 feet north of 1 1 1 northwest of Lakeview; in the NE /4NE /4SW /4 of sec. the Nevada state line, on Macy Flat; about 2,700 feet 30, T. 37 S., R. 20 E. south and 1,600 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 41 S., R. 26 E. A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/2) very stony loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak thin A1—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak thick and slightly plastic; many very fine roots; many platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky very fine tubular pores; 25 percent stones, 15 and plastic; common fine and medium roots; many percent cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; slightly very fine and fine vesicular pores; neutral; abrupt acid; clear smooth boundary. smooth boundary. Bt1—4 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very A2—2 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty cobbly clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; massive; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine roots; plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films few fine tubular pores and many very fine on faces of peds and in pores; 20 percent gravel interstitial pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. and 20 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth Bt1—9 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay, light boundary. brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; strong medium Bt2—11 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very prismatic structure parting to moderate medium cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; moderate angular blocky; hard, very friable, very sticky and fine angular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very plastic; few fine and medium roots; common very sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots; very fine interstitial pores and few very fine and common very fine tubular pores; nearly continuous fine tubular pores; continuous pressure faces; cutans on faces of peds, few faint clay films in neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. pores; about 20 percent gravel and 30 percent Bt2—15 to 32 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay, pale cobbles; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong medium prismatic R—19 inches; tuff. structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine and medium roots; very few Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 10 fine tubular pores; continuous pressure faces; to 20 inches. neutral; gradual smooth boundary. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 Bt3—32 to 47 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay, light or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; few fine distinct or dry. It is 5 to 35 percent gravel and 0 to 50 percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) mottled manganese cobbles and stones. The horizon is gravelly sandy stains; strong fine angular blocky structure; very 446 Soil Survey

hard, very firm, very sticky and, very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine vesicular very fine roots; few fine tubular pores; continuous pores; 5 percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel; pressure faces; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth neutral; clear smooth boundary. boundary. 2Bt—12 to 19 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay 2C1—47 to 49 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loamy loam, brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium sand, white (10YR 8/1) dry; massive; hard, very angular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine interstitial pores; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles and 25 percent boundary. gravel; many faint clay films in pores and on faces 3C2—49 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) of peds; mildly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. loamy fine sand, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; common 2R—19 inches; tuff; coatings of silica and calcium fine prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) mottles; carbonate in fractures. massive; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The particle- nonplastic; common very fine interstitial pores; size control section is 35 to 60 percent clay and 15 to moderately alkaline. 35 percent rock fragments. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or soils have a high water table late in winter and in dry. It is slightly acid or neutral. It is 7 to 15 inches spring. thick. The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 6 The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of or dry. It slightly acid to mildly alkaline. 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is gravelly clay loam or gravelly The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 clay. The horizon has common to many, faint to distinct to 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 clay films. It has moderate fine prismatic structure or to 4 when moist or dry. It is 60 to 70 percent clay. The moderate medium or coarse angular blocky structure. horizon is slightly acid to mildly alkaline. The horizon is slightly acid to mildly alkaline. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y. It is loamy sand or loamy fine sand and is high in content of Malin Series volcanic ash. The horizon is mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline. The Malin series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in mixed alluvial and Madeline Series lacustrine material that includes a small amount of ash. Malin soils are on alluvial flats in lake basins. Slopes The Madeline series consists of shallow, well are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual precipitation is drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum about 14 inches, and the mean annual air temperature derived from basalt and tuff. Madeline soils are on is about 48 degrees F. tablelands. Slopes are 5 to 30 percent. The mean Typical pedon of Malin silty clay loam, 0 to 1 annual precipitation is about 12 inches, and the mean percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 1.25 annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. miles south of Lakeview; about 1,700 feet east and Typical pedon of Madeline gravelly loam in an area 1,300 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T. of Madeline-Ninemile complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes, 39 S., R. 20 E. 1 1 1 in an area of rangeland; in the SE /4SW /4NW /4 of sec. Akn—0 to 10 inches; black (N 2/0) silty clay loam, dark 11, T. 41 S., R. 26 E. gray (N 4/0) dry; weak thin platy structure; hard, A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine roots; gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine many very fine pores; strongly effervescent; granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; common Bkn1—10 to 15 inches; very dark gray (N 3/0) silty very fine discontinuous vesicular pores; 5 percent clay loam, gray (N 6/0) dry; weak fine angular cobbles and 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; boundary. many very fine roots; many very fine pores; A2—4 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear 3/2) gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; smooth boundary. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Bkn2—15 to 25 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many 3/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 447

many medium very dark gray (N 3/0) mottles; weak A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine angular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and very gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; plastic; many very fine roots; many very fine weak very fine granular structure; slightly hard, tubular pores; strongly effervescent; strongly friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very alkaline; clear smooth boundary. fine roots; 50 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth 2Bkn3—25 to 37 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay boundary. loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; many very fine very Bt1—2 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dark gray (N 3/0) mottles; massive; hard, firm, very gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; sticky and plastic; many very fine roots; few very moderate medium subangular blocky structure fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; strongly parting to weak fine subangular blocky; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; many very 2Bkn4—37 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular 4/2) clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds many very fine very dark gray (N 3/0) mottles; and in pores; 40 percent gravel; neutral; clear massive; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; smooth boundary. common very fine roots; few very fine tubular Bt2—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very pores; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline. gravelly clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common soils are subject to rare flooding and have a high water very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores; table in spring and early in summer. The mollic common faint clay films on faces of peds and in epipedon is 10 to 24 inches thick. The sodium pores; 40 percent gravel; neutral; clear irregular adsorption ratio is 20 to 30 in the mollic epipedon, and boundary. the ratio decreases as depth increases. The profile is R—12 inches; basalt. calcareous throughout. The particle-size control section is 35 to 50 percent clay and more than 15 percent Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The mollic material that is coarser than very fine sand. epipedon is 7 to 12 inches. The particle-size control The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 section is 25 to 35 percent clay and 40 to 60 percent or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 0 or 1 when moist rock fragments. It is slightly acid or neutral. or dry. It is strongly alkaline or very strongly alkaline. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 The B horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 0 to 2 when moist or dry. or dry. It is clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. The The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of sodium adsorption ratio is 13 to 30. The horizon is 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline, and it 3 or 4 when dry. It is very gravelly loam, very gravelly decreases in alkalinity as depth increases. sandy clay loam, or very gravelly clay loam.

Mascamp Series McConnel Series

The Mascamp series consists of shallow, The McConnel series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in colluvium and somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in residuum. Mascamp soils are on the sides and toe gravelly alluvium derived from basalt and tuff. slopes of mountains. Slopes are 15 to 50 percent. McConnel soils are on lake terraces and fans. Slopes The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, are 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is and the mean annual air temperature is about 45 about 9 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is degrees F. about 49 degrees F. Typical pedon of Mascamp very gravelly loam in an Typical pedon of McConnel very gravelly sandy area of Newlands-Hart-Mascamp complex, 15 to 30 loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes (fig. 26), in an area of 1 1 1 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the rangeland; in the NW /4SE /4NE /4 of sec. 8, T. 36 S., R. 1 1 1 SW /4NW /4NW /4 of sec. 14, T. 37 S., R. 22 E. 24 E. 448 Soil Survey

effervescent, carbonates segregated in common medium irregularly shaped lenses; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 2Bk2—22 to 47 inches; multicolored extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 80 percent gravel; strongly effervescent, carbonates segregated in few large irregularly shaped weakly cemented lenses; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 2C—47 to 60 inches; multicolored extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 60 percent fine gravel; moderately alkaline. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to the multicolored sand and gravel is 10 to 25 inches. Depth to carbonates is 10 to 20 inches. The particle- size control section averages 0 to 5 percent clay and 50 to 80 percent rock fragments, mainly gravel. The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is gravelly sandy loam, extremely stony loam, or very gravelly sandy loam. The Bk horizon or the Bw horizon, where present, has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. The horizon is 35 to 50 gravel. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The 2Bk and 2C horizons have value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and they have chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. These horizons are 50 to 80 percent rock fragments, most of which are gravel and 1 are less than /4 inch in diameter. The horizons are stratified very gravelly or extremely gravelly coarse sand to loamy sand. They are moderately alkaline to very strongly alkaline, nonsaline or slightly saline, and nonsodic to moderately sodic.

Figure 26.—Profile of McConnel very gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes. The discontinuity between the McNye Series very gravelly surface mantle and the extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand lower part is at a depth of about 22 The McNye series consists of deep, somewhat inches. excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium over basalt. McNye soils are on bedrock-controlled lake A—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) terraces. Slopes are 2 to 50 percent. The mean annual very gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very temperature is about 49 degrees F. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine to Typical pedon of McNye cobbly loam in an area of coarse roots; 40 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; McNye-Wildhill complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an abrupt smooth boundary. 1 area of rangeland; along a jeep trail /4 mile east of Bk1—10 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly 1 Soda Lake and /2 mile west of Twenty Mile Slough; in coarse sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) 1 1 the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 1, T. 40 S., R. 24 E. dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few A—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly loam, pale very fine roots; 50 percent fine gravel; strongly brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate thick platy Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 449

structure parting to moderate medium platy; A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly extremely stony loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; plastic; many fine roots; many fine irregular and moderate medium platy structure parting to tubular pores; 5 percent stones, 15 percent moderate fine granular; slightly hard, friable, sticky cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; clear smooth boundary. common very fine and fine irregular pores; 15 Bk—7 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 25 sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. medium subangular blocky structure parting to BAt—4 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly weak fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly roots and few medium roots; common fine irregular hard, friable, very sticky and plastic; many very pores; 10 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine 35 percent gravel; slightly effervescent, carbonates tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of are disseminated; few fine disseminated masses peds; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; of lime; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. neutral; clear smooth boundary. BC—16 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely Bt2—7 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay, brown cobbly loamy sand, light yellowish brown (10YR (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky 6/4) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and common very fine roots; common very fine tubular nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; many fine pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds irregular pores; 20 percent stones, 35 percent and in pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; moderately smooth boundary. alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bt3—12 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, C—27 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong fine angular blocky gravelly loamy sand, light yellowish brown (10YR structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very 6/4) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; many nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; many fine distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles and 75 percent 55 percent soft gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth gravel; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. boundary. 2R—42 inches; fractured basalt. R—18 inches; hard fractured basalt. Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. Thickness of Depth to hard bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. the solum is 10 to 30 inches. Depth to disseminated The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 carbonates is 5 to 15 inches. The particle-size control or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist section is 50 to 85 percent rock fragments, mainly or dry. gravel and cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent clay. The BAt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or gravelly clay or dry. It is 1 to 2 percent organic matter. loam. The horizon is 0 to 15 percent gravel, 0 to 15 The Bk horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and percent cobbles, and 30 to 40 percent clay. 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when The Bt horizon has colors similar to those of the moist or dry. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. BAt horizon, but chroma ranges to 4 when moist. The horizon is 60 to 70 percent clay. Merlin Series A Cr horizon is present in some pedons. The Merlin series consists of shallow, well drained Mesman Series soils that formed in residuum derived from basalt and tuff. Merlin soils are on tablelands. Slopes are 0 to 15 The Mesman series consists of very deep, well percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 20 drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about Mesman soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 15 44 degrees F. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 Typical pedon of Merlin extremely stony loam, 0 to inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 15 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 47 degrees F. 1 1 NW /4NE /4 of sec. 23, T. 36 S., R. 21 E. Typical pedon Mesman fine sandy loam in an area 450 Soil Survey

of Als-Mesman complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes, in an very fine or fine sand. Depth to consolidated, 1 1 1 area of rangeland; in the SE /4SW /4NE /4 of sec. 4, T. compacted sediment is 20 to 40 inches. 36 S., R. 24 E. The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist Akn—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy or dry. It has granular or blocky structure. Sodium loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate adsorption ratio is 5 to 30, and electrical conductivity is medium granular structure parting to weak fine 2 to 8 millimhos per centimeter. The horizon is subangular blocky; soft, very friable, nonsticky and moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline. slightly plastic; many very fine to coarse roots; The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and slightly effervescent; sodium adsorption ratio is 26; 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when electrical conductivity is 3.9 millimhos per moist or dry. It is loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. centimeter; strongly alkaline; abrupt smooth The horizon has prismatic or columnar structure boundary. parting to blocky or platy. Sodium adsorption ratio is 25 2Btkn—9 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay to 70, and electrical conductivity is more than 16 loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak very fine millimhos per centimeter. prismatic structure parting to moderate thin platy; The Bkn horizon has value of 3 to 6 when moist and slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; 6 to 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when common very fine roots; few very fine moist or dry. It is stratified very fine sandy loam, silt discontinuous random vesicular pores; slightly loam, or loam. Lenses of white volcanic ash are effervescent (trace of calcium carbonates); present in some pedons. The horizon commonly is carbonates are disseminated; sodium absorption massive, but it has strong fine and medium angular ratio is 53; electrical conductivity is 28 millimhos blocky rocklike structure in some areas. Sodium per centimeter; common distinct clay films on adsorption ratio is 20 to 70, and electrical conductivity faces of peds; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth is more than 16 millimhos per centimeter. boundary. 3Bkn1—20 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; slightly hard, Mound Series firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very The Mound series consists of deep, well drained fine roots; slightly effervescent (1 percent calcium soils that formed in colluvium over residuum derived carbonates), carbonates segregated in common from basalt and tuff. Mound soils are on mountains. medium irregular seams and filaments; sodium Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean annual adsorption ratio is 61; electrical conductivity is 43 precipitation is about 22 inches, and the mean annual millimhos per centimeter; moderately alkaline; clear air temperature is about 45 degrees F. wavy boundary. Typical pedon of Mound stony loam in an area of 4Bkn2—25 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very fine Mound-Royst-Nuss association, 15 to 40 percent sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; slopes, in an area of woodland; southwest of Camas soft, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; few 1 1 1 Prairie, in the NW /4SW /4SW /4 of sec. 8, T. 39 S., R. very fine roots; 5 percent fine gravel; slightly 21 E. effervescent (1 percent calcium carbonates), carbonates segregated in few medium irregular Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed ponderosa seams and filaments; moderately alkaline; clear pine needles, cones, and small limbs. wavy boundary. A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 5Bkn3—35 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, stony loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak fine pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; hard, brittle, and very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, extremely firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine slightly effervescent (3 percent calcium roots and common medium roots; 20 percent rock carbonates); sodium adsorption ratio is 52; fragments, including 10 percent stones, 5 percent electrical conductivity is 31 millimhos per cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear centimeter; moderately alkaline. smooth boundary. A2—2 to 13 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The 3/2) stony loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak organic matter content of the surface layer is 1 to 2 medium and fine subangular blocky structure; soft, percent. The particle-size control section averages 18 very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; to 35 percent clay and 25 to 50 percent sand, mostly many very fine and fine roots; 20 percent rock Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 451

fragments, including 10 percent stones, 5 percent including 0 to 10 percent stones, 15 to 30 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear cobbles, and 10 to 20 percent gravel. The horizon is smooth boundary. slightly acid or neutral. 2Bt1—13 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very The 2C horizon is 35 to 60 percent soft rock cobbly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; fragments and less than 20 percent hard rock moderate medium and fine subangular blocky fragments. It is clay loam or gravelly clay loam. It is structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly acid or neutral. slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in Mudpot Series some pores; 40 percent rock fragments, including The Mudpot series consists of very deep, poorly 5 percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 10 drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment. percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Mudpot soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 2 boundary. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 2Bt2—18 to 29 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about cobbly clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate 46 degrees F. coarse and medium subangular structure; very Typical pedon of Mudpot silty clay, 0 to 2 percent hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 1,200 feet east roots; many very fine tubular pores; many of Bureau of Land Management Road 6106; at the prominent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 1 1 north end of Guano Lake; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 35, 45 percent rock fragments, including 10 percent T. 39 S., R. 27 E. stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty 2C—29 to 42 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay clay, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; weak medium loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; massive; slightly prismatic structure and moderate thin platy; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few hard, very friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; 60 percent soft very fine roots; common very fine and many fine weathered tuff fragments, 5 percent cobbles, and 5 vesicular pores; moderately alkaline; gradual percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth smooth boundary. boundary. Bw—5 to 14 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay, 2Cr—42 to 45 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) partially light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; few fine weathered tuff, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry; clear prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) mottles; wavy boundary. weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, 2R—45 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) tuff, light brown sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few (7.5YR 6/3) dry. very fine vesicular pores; few slickensides; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick, and it Bkss—14 to 49 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty includes all or most of the argillic horizon. Depth to clay, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; moderate bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The particle-size control coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, section averages 35 to 50 percent clay and 35 to 50 sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; few very percent rock fragments. The base saturation of the fine tubular pores; many slickensides; slightly upper 30 inches is 60 to 85 percent, and that of the 1 effervescent; lime segregated in common rounded lower part is less than 75 percent. The Oi horizon is /2 medium-sized soft masses; moderately alkaline; inch to 2 inches thick. clear smooth boundary. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 Bk—49 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty to 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist clay, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; massive; hard, firm, and 1 or 2 when dry. It is 20 to 45 percent rock sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; common fragments, including 0 to 15 percent boulders, 10 to 20 very fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; lime percent stones, 5 to 10 percent cobbles, and 5 to 15 segregated in common rounded medium-sized soft percent gravel. The horizon is 4 to 6 percent organic masses; moderately alkaline. matter. It is stony loam or very bouldery loam. Hue of the 2Bt horizon commonly is 10YR, but it Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These ranges to 7.5YR or 2.5Y. The horizon is clay loam, soils are ponded and have a high water table late in clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam and is 35 to 50 winter and in spring and summer. Depth to mottles is 3 percent clay. It is 35 to 50 percent rock fragments, to 15 inches. Depth to carbonates is 10 to 30 inches. 452 Soil Survey

The B horizon cracks and develops slickensides. The gravelly clay loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; cracks extend to the base of the A horizon, and they massive; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; are open from about mid-August through mid- common very fine tubular pores; few faint clay November. The particle-size control section averages 0 films in pores; 10 percent coarse gravel and 20 to 5 percent gravel and 40 to 60 percent clay. The percent fine gravel; mildly alkaline; clear wavy profile has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y. boundary. The A horizon has value of 5 to 7 when dry and 3 or 2R—49 inches; slightly weathered tuff. 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when dry. Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The mollic The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and epipedon is 10 to 16 inches thick and includes the 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when upper part of the argillic horizon. The particle-size moist or dry. It is clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam. control section is 27 to 35 percent clay and 15 to 35 The Bk horizon has value 4 or 5 when moist and 6 percent rock fragments. or 7 when dry, and it has chroma 1 or 2 when moist or The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 dry. It is silty clay or clay. or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is slightly acid or neutral. Newlands Series The 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 The Newlands series consists of deep, well drained or 4 when moist or dry. It is gravelly clay loam or soils that formed in colluvium derived from tuff and gravelly sandy clay loam. It is slightly acid to mildly basalt. Newlands soils are on mountains. Slopes are 5 alkaline. to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about The 2BCt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, and it 14 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is has chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is gravelly about 44 degrees F. clay loam or gravelly sandy clay loam. It is slightly Typical pedon of Newlands loam in an area of acid to mildly alkaline. Newlands-Hart complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes, in an 1 1 1 The Newlands soils in this survey area are a area of rangeland; in the NE /4NE /4NW /4 of sec. 12, T. taxadjunct to the Newlands series because they have 38 S., R. 22 E. a frigid soil temperature regime. A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; strong very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and Ninemile Series nonplastic; many very fine roots; 10 percent fine The Ninemile series consists of shallow, well gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. drained soils that formed in residuum and colluvium A2—2 to 7 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, derived from basalt and tuff. Ninemile soils are on dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate very tablelands and mountains. Slopes are 2 to 50 percent. fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common the mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. very fine roots and few medium roots; 10 percent Typical pedon of Ninemile extremely gravelly loam, fine gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. thin surface, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of 2Bt1—7 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) gravelly 1 1 1 rangeland; in the SW /4NE /4NE /4 of sec. 31, T. 37 S., clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine R. 23 E. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint clay films gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine and on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent fine medium granular structure; soft, very friable, gravel; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine 2Bt2—16 to 36 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly and fine roots; many very fine and fine vesicular clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine pores; 55 percent gravel that is mostly fine gravel, angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and 10 percent cobbles, and 1 percent stones; neutral; plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular abrupt smooth boundary. pores; many prominent clay films on faces of peds 2Bt1—2 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay, dark and in pores; 10 percent cobbles, 5 percent coarse brown (10YR 3/3) dry; strong fine prismatic gravel, and 15 percent fine gravel; mildly alkaline; structure and strong fine angular blocky; extremely gradual wavy boundary. hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; 2BCt—36 to 49 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) common very fine and fine roots; many very fine Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 453

irregular pores; common distinct clay films on many very fine irregular pores; neutral; clear faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel, smooth boundary. mostly fine gravel; neutral; gradual smooth Bt1—4 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) boundary. and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 crushed) silty 2Bt2—8 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; strong fine moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; prismatic structure and strong fine angular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; roots; common very fine tubular pores; few faint few very fine and fine roots; many distinct clay clay films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; films on faces of peds; 20 percent fine gravel; clear wavy boundary. neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt2—6 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay, 2R—17 inches; tuff; coatings of calcium carbonate and brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine angular silica in fractures. blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very fine roots; common Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The mollic very fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on epipedon is 6 to 17 inches thick, and it includes part or faces of peds and few faint clay films in pores; all of the argillic horizon. The particle-size control moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. section averages 40 to 60 percent clay and 0 to 30 Bt3—10 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay percent rock fragments. loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 subangular blocky structure; common very fine or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist roots; many very fine tubular pores; common faint or dry. It is very gravelly loam, extremely gravelly clay films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly loam, or very cobbly loam. The horizon is neutral or effervescent, lime is disseminated; moderately mildly alkaline. It is 1 inch to 7 inches thick. alkaline; clear smooth boundary. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Bt4—14 to 24 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma 3 and brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam, pale brown or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay or gravelly clay and is (10YR 6/3) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; 40 to 60 percent clay and 0 to 30 percent gravel. It is moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, neutral or mildly alkaline. firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; common faint Norad Series clay films on faces of peds, few faint clay films in pores; slightly effervescent, lime is disseminated; The Norad series consists of very deep, moderately moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. well drained soils that formed in silty lacustrine C1—24 to 33 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) sediment. Norad soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are silty clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine 9 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about roots; common very fine tubular pores; slightly 45 degrees F. effervescent, lime is disseminated; moderately Typical pedon of Norad silt loam, 0 to 2 percent alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 1 slopes, in an area of rangeland; about /4 mile north of 2C2—33 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) the north shore of Flook Lake, in Hart Mountain clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; National Antelope Refuge; about 1,600 feet east and massive; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very 1,100 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 34, T. fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; mildly 34 S., R. 27 E. alkaline. A1—0 to 2 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, gray The particle-size control section averages 27 to 35 (10YR 6/1) dry; weak thin platy structure; slightly percent clay and is less than 15 percent sand that is hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few coarser than very fine sand. Depth to bedrock is more very fine roots; many very fine and fine vesicular than 60 inches. These soils have a high water table in pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. spring. A2—2 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry, and it clay loam, gray (10YR 6/1) and grayish brown has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. It is 1 to 2 (10YR 5/2) dry; weak thin platy structure; hard, percent organic matter. firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine roots; The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 454 Soil Survey

or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 percent stones, 0 to 5 percent cobbles, and 5 to 20 or 3 when moist or dry. It is silty clay loam with thin percent tuffaceous gravel. layers of silty clay. The horizon is 27 to 45 percent clay. Observation Series The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 The Observation series consists of moderately or 3 when moist or dry. deep, well drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived from basalt and tuff. Observation Nuss Series soils are on tablelands. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and the The Nuss series consists of shallow, well drained mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. soils that formed in residuum derived from tuff and Typical pedon of Observation cobbly loam in an area basalt. Nuss soils are on hills. Slopes are 0 to 70 of Observation-Booth complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes, percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 in an area of rangeland; about 500 feet northwest of 1 1 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about trail in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 6, T. 41 S., R. 23 E. 44 degrees F. A—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Typical pedon of Nuss gravelly loam in an area of cobbly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; Booth-Nuss complex, 5 to 30 percent slopes, in an 1 weak thick platy structure; soft, friable, slightly area of rangeland; about 5 /2 miles south of Valley Falls; 1 1 1 sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very in the SW /4NW /4SW /4 of sec. 31, T. 36 S., R. 21 E. fine irregular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 15 A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/1) percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine Bt1—7 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, 3/2) clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very moderate medium subangular blocky structure; fine and fine roots, few medium and coarse roots; slightly hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few common very fine tubular pores; 2 percent stones, very fine and fine roots; few very fine irregular 2 percent cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; neutral; pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; abrupt smooth boundary. 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bw—3 to 17 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Bt2—14 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) 3/2) clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) dry; medium and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, strong medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 2 few very fine irregular pores; common faint clay percent stones, 2 percent cobbles, 10 percent films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; abrupt gravel, and 5 percent pumice sand; slightly acid; smooth boundary. abrupt wavy boundary. R—25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) tuff, Cr—17 to 19 inches; fractured, partially weathered tuff; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; weathered in the clear wavy boundary. upper 1 inch. R—19 inches; tuff. The mollic epipedon is 8 to 14 inches thick and Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The mollic extends into the upper part of the argillic horizon. The epipedon is 7 to 17 inches thick. The profile averages 5 particle-size control section averages 35 to 50 percent to 30 percent rock fragments throughout. The solum is clay and 0 to 25 percent rock fragments, mainly gravel slightly acid or neutral. It has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. and a few cobbles. Thickness of the solum and depth The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 to bedrock are 20 to 40 inches. or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or dry. It is stony loam or gravelly loam. It is 0 to 25 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist percent stones, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 5 to 20 or dry. It is 10 to 20 percent cobbles and 5 to 20 percent gravel. percent gravel. The Bw horizon has value of 2 to 4 when moist and The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 4 to 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 6 when moist moist or dry. It is loam, gravelly loam, or clay loam and or dry. It is clay loam, clay, or gravelly clay loam. The averages 18 to 30 percent clay. The horizon is 0 to 5 horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 455

Old Camp Series mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. The Old Camp series consists of shallow, well Typical pedon of Oreneva very gravelly loam, 2 to drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum 15 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 1 1 1 derived from basalt and tuff. Old Camp soils are on SW /4NE /4NW /4 of sec. 1, T. 41 S., R. 26 E. tablelands and hills. Slopes are 2 to 50 percent. The A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F. thick platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly Typical pedon of Old Camp very cobbly loam, 2 to sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine 15 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 1 1 1 roots; many very fine discontinuous vesicular NE /4NE /4SW /4 of sec. 5, T. 36 S., R. 24 E. pores; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent gravel; A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine Bw1—4 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very subangular structure; soft, very friable, slightly gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate sticky and nonplastic; many very fine to coarse medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very roots; common fine vesicular pores; 20 percent friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; fine to coarse roots; 35 percent gravel; mildly mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—5 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly Bw2—12 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, weak coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very fine to coarse roots; common very common very fine roots; 40 percent gravel; fine interstitial pores; 25 percent gravel, 20 percent moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. cobbles, and 5 percent stones; slightly 2R—21 inches; tuff; coatings of calcium carbonate and effervescent, common faint clay films on faces of silica in fractures. peds; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- Bt2—9 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay extremely cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; and 35 to 50 percent rock fragments, mainly gravel. massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; 30 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when dry. percent gravel, 30 percent cobbles, and 10 percent The horizon is 5 to 15 percent cobbles and 15 to 40 stones; strongly effervescent; common faint clay percent gravel. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. films on faces of rock fragments; mildly alkaline; The upper part of the Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 abrupt irregular boundary. when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of R—15 inches; tuff; coating of calcium carbonate in 3 when moist or dry. The lower part has value of 3 to 5 fractures. when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile is 3 or 4 when moist and 4 when dry. The horizon is very neutral or mildly alkaline. gravelly loam or very gravelly clay loam and is 18 to 30 The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 percent clay, 30 to 50 percent gravel, and 0 to 10 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist percent cobbles. It is mildly alkaline or moderately or dry. alkaline. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist Orovada Series or dry. It is clay loam or sandy clay loam and is 27 to 35 percent clay and 50 to 70 percent rock fragments. The Orovada series consists of soils that are deep to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils formed Oreneva Series in mixed, stratified material derived from various kinds of igneous rock. Orovada soils are on alluvial fans. The Oreneva series consists of moderately deep, Slopes are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual well drained soils that formed in residuum and precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air colluvium derived from basalt and tuff. Oreneva soils temperature is about 47 degrees F. are on tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. The Typical profile of Orovada silt loam in an area of 456 Soil Survey

Orovada-Mesman complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes, in 4Bkqmb—42 to 65 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) and 1 1 1 an area of rangeland; in the NW /4SE /4SW /4 of sec. 6, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) strongly cemented T. 41 S., R. 25 E. hardpan, very pale brown (10YR 7/3 and 10YR 7/4) dry; massive; extremely hard, extremely firm; A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) strongly effervescent, common fine carbonates in silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak seams and filaments; moderately alkaline. fine granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium Depth to the strongly cemented hardpan is 40 to 60 roots, few coarse roots; common very fine and fine inches. The particle-size control section is stratified tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam boundary. and is 5 to 18 percent clay. A2—2 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry, to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) along root channels; or dry. moderate thin and medium platy structure; soft, The Bw horizon has value of 2 to 5 when moist and friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when fine, fine, and medium roots and common coarse moist or dry. It is 0 to 30 percent pumice sand and 0 to roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores and 15 percent gravel. The horizon is loam, silt loam, or few very fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly fine sandy loam. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. alkaline. Bw1—7 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR The upper part of the 4B horizon is 50 to 80 percent 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak durinodes. It is stratified fine sandy loam to silt loam. medium and fine subangular blocky structure; The horizon is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline. slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few coarse roots; common very fine interstitial pores; 5 Oxwall Series percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth The Oxwall series consists of soils that are shallow boundary. to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils formed 2Bw2—11 to 19 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) in old alluvium and lacustrine sediment derived from loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium and fine rhyolite, basalt, and tuff. Oxwall soils are on lake subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, terraces. Slopes are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual and fine roots, few coarse roots; many very fine air temperature is about 46 degrees F. interstitial pores; 30 percent pumice sand; mildly Typical pedon of Oxwall gravelly loam, 0 to 5 alkaline; clear smooth boundary. percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 10 miles 2Bw3—19 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy west of Lakeview, in Goose Lake Valley; about 2,925 loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; feet east and 125 feet south of the northwest corner of loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine sec. 25, T. 39 S. R. 18 E. and fine roots, few coarse roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 15 percent pumice sand; A—0 to 2 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) gravelly mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak thin platy 3C—31 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) structure parting to weak very fine granular; soft, extremely gravelly sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores in very fine and fine roots, few coarse roots; few very the upper 1 inch and many very fine irregular pores fine interstitial pores; 85 percent fine gravel; mildly below; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. boundary. 4Bkqb—34 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) and BA—2 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam, very pale gravelly clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; brown (10YR 7/3 and 10YR 7/4) dry; massive; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm, slightly sticky and hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very fine slightly plastic; 80 percent hard, firm, and brittle roots to a depth of 6 inches and few very fine and durinodes; 10 percent pumice sand; slightly fine roots below this depth; few very fine tubular effervescent, carbonates are disseminated, pores; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy moderately alkaline, abrupt smooth boundary. boundary. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 457

Bt—11 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) and dark A—0 to 10 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly clay, light dark gray (N 4/0) dry; moderate thin platy structure yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; strong fine and weak very fine granular; hard, firm, sticky and subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, plastic; many very fine roots; few very fine pores; very sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. few very fine tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; Cg1—10 to 20 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, common faint clay films on faces of peds and few dark gray (N 6/0) dry; many fine faint very dark faint clay films in pores; slightly acid; abrupt gray (N 3/0) mottles; moderate very thin platy smooth boundary. structure; hard, friable to firm, sticky and slightly 2Bqm—16 to 24 inches; olive brown (2.5YR 4/4 and 3/ plastic; many very fine roots; few very fine tubular 4) very gravelly indurated hardpan, light yellowish pores; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. brown (10YR 6/4) dry; abrupt wavy boundary. Cg2—20 to 34 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, 2C—24 to 60 inches; variegated, stratified very gray (N 6/0) dry; common medium faint very dark gravelly loam and very gravelly sandy loam; gray (N 3/0) mottles; massive; slightly hard, friable, neutral. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; mildly Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. the indurated hardpan is 10 to 20 inches. The part of 2C—34 to 36 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) the profile above the hardpan is as much as 30 percent coarse pumice sand or ash, white (N 8/0) dry; rock fragments, mostly gravel and cobbles. single grain; loose, very friable, nonsticky and The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very fine or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist irregular pores; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth or dry. It is 20 to 27 percent clay, 15 to 35 percent boundary. gravel, and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. 3Cg3—36 to 60 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) very fine The BA horizon has color and consistence similar to sandy loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; many medium that of the A horizon. The BA horizon is 25 to 35 and fine faint very dark gray (N 3/0) mottles; percent clay and 15 to 25 percent gravel. massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of and nonplastic; few very fine roots; mildly alkaline. 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is 40 to 60 percent clay and Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These 5 to 30 percent rock fragments, dominantly gravel. soils are subject to rare flooding and have a high water The hardpan, or 2Bqm horizon, is indurated and is table in spring and summer and early in fall. The mollic weakly cemented to strongly cemented in the lower epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. Depth to the 2C or part. This horizon is 6 to 36 inches thick. 3C horizon is 30 to 50 inches. The profile is neutral to The 2C horizon is stratified gravelly and very moderately alkaline. Organic matter content decreases gravelly sandy loam and loam. It is continuous and irregularly as depth increases. The profile has hue of discontinuous layers of weakly cemented or strongly 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y. It has chroma of 1 or less when cemented material. moist or dry except in the 2C horizon where chroma ranges to 3 when moist. The particle-size control Ozamis Series section is 25 to 35 percent clay. The A horizon has value of 2 to 4 when dry. It is The Ozamis series consists of very deep, loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay. Electrical poorly drained soils that formed in sediment derived conductivity is as much as 12 millimhos per from basalt, tuff, thin strata of ash, and decomposing centimeter. vegetation. These soils are on alluvial flats in The Cg horizon has value of 4 to 6 when moist and lake basins and stream bottoms. Slopes are 0 to 1 6 to 8 when dry. It has faint or distinct mottles. The percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 horizon is mainly silt loam or silty clay loam with layers inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about of clay loam or silty clay. 47 degrees F. The 2C horizon, where present, has value of 6 or 7 Typical pedon of Ozamis silty clay loam, 0 to 1 when moist and 7 or 8 when dry. percent slopes, in a meadow; about 2 miles southeast The 3Cg horizon has value of 4 to 6 when moist and of Adel, in Warner Valley; about 1,200 feet east of the 5 to 7 when dry. It is stratified sandy loam to silty clay northwest corner of sec. 26, T. 39 S., R. 24 E. loam. 458 Soil Survey

Pait Series The mollic epipedon is 7 to 15 inches thick. Dark- colored minerals exhibit mollic colors to a depth of 20 The Pait series consists of very deep, well drained to 30 inches. Depth to the lithological discontinuity and soils that formed in colluvium derived from basalt and thickness of the solum are 20 to 40 inches. The tuff. Pait soils are on fans and foot slopes below particle-size control section averages of 10 to 20 escarpments. Slopes are 1 to 30 percent. The mean percent clay, more than 50 percent sand, and 35 to 60 annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean percent rock fragments. annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry. It is 18 Typical pedon of Pait very cobbly loam, 5 to 30 to 27 percent clay. The horizon is 20 to 60 percent rock percent slopes, in the area of rangeland; in the fragments, of which 0 to 30 percent is stones, 0 to 40 1 1 1 SE /4NE /4NE /4 of sec. 8, T. 36 S., R. 25 E. percent is cobbles, and 10 to 35 percent is gravel. The horizon is very cobbly loam, very stony loam, or A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly loam. It is 1 to 4 percent organic matter. very cobbly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; The Bw horizon is clay loam or loam and is 20 to 30 weak very thin platy structure; soft, very friable, percent clay. It is less than 1 percent organic matter. slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine The horizon is 10 to 20 percent cobbles and 25 to 50 roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 2 percent gravel. Few faint clay films are in some percent stones, 35 percent cobbles, and 20 pedons. percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and A2—4 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when dry. very cobbly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; The horizon is 5 to 20 percent clay. It is 0 to 10 percent weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very cobbles and 35 to 50 percent gravel, mostly fine friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very gravel. fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; 15 The 3C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and percent cobbles and 30 percent gravel; neutral; 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when dry. clear smooth boundary. It is 5 to 15 percent clay. The horizon is 0 to 10 percent Bw—8 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely cobbles and 35 to 45 percent gravel. gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine roots; common very fine Pearlwise Series tubular pores; 15 percent cobbles and 50 percent The Pearlwise series consists of moderately deep, gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. well drained soils that formed in colluvium and 2C1—24 to 30 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very residuum derived from basalt. Pearlwise soils are on gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; tablelands and mountains. Slopes are 2 to 30 percent. massive; hard, very friable, nonsticky and The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and nonplastic; many very fine roots; few fine and the mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. common very fine tubular pores; 5 percent Typical pedon of Pearlwise loam, 2 to 30 percent cobbles, 10 percent coarse gravel, and 35 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 1,100 feet south- fine gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 1 1 southwest of the junction of two trails in the NE /4SE /4 3C2—30 to 41 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very of sec. 9, T. 41 S., R. 28 E. gravelly loamy sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; soft, A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, brown very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common (10YR 4/3) dry; weak medium platy structure; very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; 35 slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly percent gravel that is mostly fine gravel; neutral; plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few gradual smooth boundary. medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular 3Ck—41 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very pores; 3 percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel; gravelly loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR neutral; clear smooth boundary. 6/2) dry; massive; very soft, very friable, nonsticky A2—4 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR and nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles and 35 medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, percent gravel; strongly effervescent; disseminated friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many lime and coatings of lime on gravel; moderately very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; alkaline. many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 459

cobbles and 8 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; boundary. common very fine roots; common very fine tubular A3—15 to 25 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate and in pores; 40 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, clear smooth boundary. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many R—12 inches; tuff. very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Thickness of the mollic epipedon and depth to many very fine and fine irregular pores; 10 percent bedrock are 12 to 20 inches. The particle-size control cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. section averages 35 to 50 percent rock fragments, Bw—25 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mainly gravel, and 20 to 35 percent clay. cobbly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, and it plastic; common fine roots; common very fine and has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is very fine irregular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 10 cobbly clay loam, very gravelly clay loam, or very percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. gravelly loam. R—35 inches; basalt. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. The Pit Series particle-size control section is 20 to 35 percent clay and 0 to 25 percent rock fragments. Depth to bedrock The Pit series consists of very deep, poorly drained is 20 to 40 inches. soils that formed in fine-textured alluvium over The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 lacustrine sediment derived from basic igneous rock. to 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist Pit soils are on flood plains and on alluvial flats in lake or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent cobbles and 0 to 10 percent basins. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual gravel. precipitation is about 12 inches, and the mean annual The Bw horizon, where present, has value of 3 or 4 air temperature is about 47 degrees F. when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. It is loam or cobbly Typical pedon of Pit silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, loam and is 0 to 10 percent cobbles and 0 to 15 in an area of rangeland; about 8 miles south of percent gravel. Lakeview; on the section line and 2,620 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 26, T. 40 S., R. 20 E. Pernog Series A—0 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong very fine granular The Pernog series consists of shallow, well drained structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very soils that formed in colluvium derived from tuff and plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine basalt. Pernog soils are on mountains. Slopes are 15 to interstitial pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 Bss—5 to 24 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very dark inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about gray (N 3/0) dry; strong coarse prismatic structure; 44 degrees F. very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; Typical pedon of Pernog very gravelly sandy loam in few fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; strongly an area of Pernog-Itca association, 5 to 30 percent effervescent; many intersecting slickensides; slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 700 feet neutral; gradual smooth boundary. northwest of road along the Chewaucan River; in the 1 1 Bk—24 to 40 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y SW /4NW /4 of sec. 4, T. 34 S., R. 18 E. 3/2) clay, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) dry; many A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very gravelly faint olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) mottles; massive; very sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; strongly slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very fine effervescent, lime in seams; mildly alkaline; clear roots and few fine roots; common very fine tubular wavy boundary. pores; 5 percent cobbles and 40 percent gravel; C—40 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) dry; Bt—3 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very common fine distinct mottles; massive; very hard, gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine moderate fine angular blocky structure; slightly tubular pores; slightly effervescent; mildly alkaline. 460 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and soils are subject to rare flooding and have a high water grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine table in winter and spring. Depth to carbonates is 20 to subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly 26 inches. The profile has cracks 1 centimeter to 5 sticky and nonplastic; common fine and medium centimeters wide at a depth of 20 to 25 inches. The roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; cracks are open in July through October and are 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy closed the rest of the year. boundary. The A horizon has value 2 or 3 when moist or 3 to 5 C—38 to 50 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) when dry, and it has chroma 0 or 1 when moist or dry. cobbly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or silt loam. The horizon grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; massive; hard, has granular or subangular blocky structure. It is friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine neutral or mildly alkaline. roots; few very fine tubular pores; 15 percent The Bss horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and cobbles and 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; 3 to 5 when dry, and it has chroma 0 or 1 when moist abrupt wavy boundary. or dry. It has angular blocky or prismatic structure and Cr—50 inches; highly weathered tuff. is neutral or mildly alkaline. The horizon is clay or silty Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The particle- clay. size control section averages 0 to 15 percent rock The Bk horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, and it has fragments, of which 0 to 5 percent is cobbles and 0 to value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry. The 10 percent is gravel. The profile is 10 to 18 percent horizon is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. It is clay. The very fine sand fraction is 50 to 70 percent clay or silty clay. glass. The profile is moderately acid or slightly acid. The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The horizon is silt loam or silty or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. clay loam. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of Polander Series 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is loam or sandy loam. The horizon is 0 to 15 percent rock fragments, of which 0 to The Polander series consists of deep, well drained 5 percent is cobbles and 0 to 15 percent is gravel. soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived The C horizon has color similar to that of the Bw mainly from tuff and rhyolite. Polander soils are on horizon. The C horizon is cobbly loam or cobbly sandy mountains. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean loam and is 10 to 30 percent cobbles and 5 to 20 annual precipitation is about 30 inches, and the mean percent gravel. annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. Typical pedon of Polander sandy loam in an area of Mound-Polander complex, 15 to 40 percent north Ratto Series 1 1 slopes, in an area of woodland; in the SW /4NE /4 of sec. 28, T. 37 S., R. 21 E. The Ratto series consists of soils that are shallow to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils formed Oi—1 inch to 0; ponderosa pine needles. in colluvium derived from basalt and tuff. Ratto soils A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) are on tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the weak very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and Typical pedon of Ratto very cobbly loam in an area medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular of Ratto-Coglin complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy 1 1 1 area of rangeland; in the NW /4NW /4NW /4 of sec. 23, T. boundary. 34 S., R. 27 E. AB—3 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) weak very fine granular structure; slightly hard, very cobbly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and dry; weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable, medium roots; common very fine and fine irregular nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular wavy boundary. pores; 30 percent gravel, 15 percent cobbles, and Bw—14 to 38 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 5 percent stones; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 461

AB—3 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly clay effervescent. It is underlain by gravelly or very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine loamy sand. and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; 20 percent Raz Series gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt The Raz series consists of soils that are shallow to smooth boundary. a hardpan and are well drained. These soils formed in Bt1—6 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly colluvium and alluvium over basalt. Raz soils are on clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 20 percent. The mean and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine and annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; common Typical pedon of Raz very cobbly loam in an area of faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 20 Raz-Brace complex, 2 to 20 percent slopes, in an area percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; of rangeland; southeast of Guano Canyon; near jeep abrupt smooth boundary. 1 1 trail in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 13, T. 37 S., R. 27 E. Bt2—9 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate very fine and A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly medium angular blocky structure parting to loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate thin moderate fine prismatic; slightly hard, firm, sticky platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots; few very and nonplastic; common very fine roots and few fine irregular pores; many distinct clay films on fine roots; few very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; percent stones, 30 percent cobbles, and 10 moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Bk—13 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly clay boundary. loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; Bw—3 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/4) cobbly clay hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak very fine roots; 30 percent gravel, most of which is medium subangular blocky structure parting to 1 less than /4 inch in diameter; strongly moderate fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, effervescent; carbonates segregated in many fine friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine irregularly shaped seams and filaments; strongly and medium roots; few very fine and fine irregular alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary pores; 20 percent cobbles and 5 percent gravel; 2Bkqm—15 to 19 inches; indurated very gravelly mildly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. hardpan; abrupt wavy boundary. Bkq—13 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) 2Bk—19 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 6/2) gravelly clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; gravelly loamy sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 30 hard, firm and brittle, slightly sticky and slightly 1 percent gravel, most of which is less than /4 inch plastic; few very fine roots; slightly effervescent, in diameter; violently effervescent, carbonates coatings of carbonate on rock fragments; 20 segregated in many fine irregularly shaped seams percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth and filaments; strongly alkaline. boundary. Bkqm—18 to 21 inches; indurated hardpan; violently Depth to the indurated hardpan is 12 to 20 inches. effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth The particle-size control section averages 35 to 45 boundary. percent clay. 2R—21 inches; basalt. The A horizon has value of 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is very The particle-size control section is 20 to 35 percent cobbly loam or very gravelly sandy loam. clay and 15 to 30 percent rock fragments. Depth to the The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 indurated hardpan is 10 to 18 inches. Depth to bedrock or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist is 20 to 40 inches. or dry. The upper part is 27 to 35 percent clay. It is The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 neutral or mildly alkaline. The lower part is clay loam, or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist clay, or gravelly clay loam and is 35 to 45 percent clay. or dry. It is very cobbly loam or loamy sand. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The Bw and Bkq horizons have value of 4 to 6 when The 2B horizon is strongly effervescent or violently moist and 6 to 7 when dry, and they have chroma of 3 462 Soil Survey

to 6 when moist or dry. These horizons are gravelly the mollic epipedon is 7 to 20 inches. The particle-size loam, cobbly clay loam, or gravelly clay loam. control section is 18 to 30 percent clay and 50 to 70 percent rock fragments, mainly boulders and stones. The A and AB horizons have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, Redcanyon Series value 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The Redcanyon series consists of moderately deep, The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of well drained soils that formed in colluvium derived from 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of basalt and tuff. Redcanyon soils are on hills and are 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is extremely bouldery loam, associated with escarpments. Slopes are 30 to 50 very stony loam, or extremely stony clay loam. The percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 13 horizon is 50 to 70 percent rock fragments and 20 to inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 30 percent clay. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. 45 degrees F. The Bk horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Typical pedon of Redcanyon extremely bouldery 3 or 4 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and chroma of loam in an area of Redcanyon-Rock outcrop complex, 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is extremely bouldery loam 30 to 50 percent south slopes, in an area of rangeland; or extremely stony loam. The horizon is 60 to 80 about 2 miles northwest of Valley Falls; in the 1 1 1 percent rock fragments and 18 to 27 percent clay. It is SE /4NW /4SE /4 of sec. 22, T. 35 S., R. 20 E. mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) extremely bouldery loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak Reese Series medium and fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many The Reese series consists of very deep, poorly very fine and fine roots and few medium and drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment. Reese coarse roots; 40 percent boulders, 10 percent soils are on alluvial flats in lake basins. Slopes are 0 to stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; 1 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 neutral; gradual wavy boundary. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about AB—8 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very 47 degrees F. bouldery loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; Typical pedon of Reese very fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 1 1 1 structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very NW /4SE /4SE /4 of sec. 8, T. 35 S., R. 25 E. fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse An1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very fine roots; 25 percent boulders, 15 percent stones, 5 sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; mildly weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very Bw—18 to 29 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely fine to coarse roots; slightly effervescent, bouldery loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; carbonates are disseminated; very strongly massive; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots 2An2—4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light and few medium and coarse roots; 20 percent brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate thin platy boulders, 15 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, structure parting to moderate medium granular; and 20 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; gradual slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and wavy boundary. nonplastic; many very fine to coarse roots; strongly Bk—29 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely effervescent, carbonates are disseminated; very bouldery loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. dry; massive; very hard, firm, slightly sticky and 2Bn—10 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, slightly plastic; few fine roots; violently light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate medium platy effervescent, few fine filaments of carbonates and structure parting to moderate medium granular; coatings of carbonates on the underside of rock slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and nonplastic; fragments; 40 percent boulders, 15 percent stones, many very fine and fine roots; strongly 10 percent cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; mildly effervescent, carbonates are disseminated; very alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. strongly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. R—31 inches; fractured basalt. 2Bqn—20 to 33 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, light Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, firm, secondary carbonates is 15 to 30 inches. Thickness of nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 463

roots; 15 percent medium and coarse cylindrical percent north slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 1 1 1 very firm durinodes; violently effervescent, NE /4NW /4NW /4 of sec. 22, T. 35 S., R. 25 E. carbonates are disseminated; very strongly A—0 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 3Bq1—33 to 44 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; coarse sandy loam, white (10YR 8/1) dry; massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; slightly hard, very firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; 5 percent stones, 10 percent few very fine and fine roots; 40 percent medium cobbles, and 35 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy and coarse cylindrical very firm durinodes; violently boundary. effervescent, carbonates are disseminated; BA—15 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very strongly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (7.5YR 4/4) 4Bq2—44 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; loam, white (10YR 8/1) dry; massive; slightly hard, slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; 15 percent medium plastic; many fine to coarse roots; 10 percent and coarse cylindrical very firm durinodes; violently cobbles and 30 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy effervescent, carbonates are disseminated; boundary. strongly alkaline. Bw—23 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (7.5YR 4/4) Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These extremely cobbly loam, light yellowish brown soils are subject to rare flooding and have a high water (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium angular blocky table in winter, spring, and summer. The profile has hue structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and of 10YR or 2.5Y. It is strongly alkaline or very strongly nonplastic; common very fine roots; 40 percent alkaline. The profile is effervescent throughout, but the cobbles, 30 percent gravel, and 10 percent stones; degree increases as depth increases. neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 R—31 inches; highly fractured bedrock. or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist Depth to a lithic contact and thickness of the solum or dry. Electrical conductivity is more than 16 millimhos are 20 to 40 inches. The mollic epipedon is 7 to 20 per centimeter, and sodium adsorption ratio is more inches. The particle-size control section is 18 to 35 than 100. The horizon is very fine sandy loam, silty percent clay and 50 to 70 percent rock fragments. The clay, or loam. profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. The 2B horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist moist or dry. Electrical conductivity is 2 to 16 millimhos or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent stones, 5 to 20 percent per centimeter, and sodium adsorption ratio is more cobbles, and 25 to 40 percent gravel. than 30. The horizon is loam or clay loam and is 20 to The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 30 percent clay. 4 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when The 3B and 4B horizons have value of 5 or 6 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. Faint clay films are on rock moist and 7 or 8 when dry, and they have chroma of 1 fragments in some pedons. The horizon is extremely to 3 when moist or dry. These horizons are loam with cobbly, very cobbly, extremely gravelly, or very layers of sandy loam. They are 10 to 27 percent clay gravelly loam or clay loam. and 15 to 40 percent durinodes. Electrical conductivity is less than 2 millimhos per centimeter, and sodium adsorption ratio is 5 to 30. Rogger Series The Rogger series consists of moderately deep, well Riddleranch Series drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived from andesite, basalt, and tuff. Rogger soils The Riddleranch series consists of moderately are on plateaus and mountains. Slopes are 0 to 60 deep, well drained soils that formed in colluvium percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 30 derived from basalt and tuff. Riddleranch soils are on inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about mountains. Slopes are 30 to 70 percent. The mean 45 degrees F. annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean Typical pedon of Rogger very gravelly fine sandy annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. loam, 15 to 40 percent north slopes, in an area of 1 1 1 Typical pedon of Riddleranch very gravelly loam in woodland; in the NE /4SW /4SW /4 of sec. 18, T. 40 S., an area of Riddleranch-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 70 R. 22 E. 464 Soil Survey

Oi—2 inches to 0; ponderosa pine and white fir precipitation is about 18 inches, and the mean annual needles. air temperature is about 44 degrees F. A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very Typical pedon of Royst very stony loam in an area gravelly fine sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) of Royst-Nuss complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, in an dry; weak very fine granular structure; soft, very area of woodland; west of Chandler State Park; in the 1 1 1 friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and NW /4SW /4NW /4 of sec. 31, T. 36 S., R. 21 E. medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular Oi—2 inches to 0; ponderosa pine needles and twigs pores; 5 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and and mountain big sagebrush leaves. 25 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy A—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very stony loam, boundary. dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular A2—5 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and 3/2) very gravelly fine sandy loam, dark brown nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and (10YR 4/3) dry; weak very fine granular structure; few coarse and very coarse roots; common very soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine tubular pores; 15 percent stones, 15 percent fine and medium roots; many very fine and fine cobbles, and 20 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy irregular pores; 5 percent stones, 10 percent boundary. cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; slightly acid; Bt—4 to 27 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3 and 7.5YR gradual wavy boundary. 3/2) extremely stony clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4 and AB—12 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) 7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong medium and fine subangular very gravelly fine sandy loam, yellowish brown blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm, very (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine granular sticky and very plastic; common medium and fine structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and roots and few coarse and very coarse roots; nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; common very fine tubular pores; many distinct clay common very fine and fine irregular pores; 10 films on faces of peds; 25 percent stones, 25 percent cobbles and 30 percent gravel; slightly percent cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; root mat acid; gradual wavy boundary. on the top of some stones; neutral; abrupt wavy Bw—21 to 36 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) boundary. very cobbly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; Cr—27 to 29 inches; fractured, partially weathered tuff; weak fine and medium subangular blocky clear wavy boundary. structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky R—29 inches; tuff. and nonplastic; few fine roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 25 percent cobbles and 30 Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The mollic percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. The particle-size Cr—36 inches; weathered basalt. control section is 35 to 85 percent rock fragments and 35 to 45 percent clay. The solum is slightly acid or Depth to a paralithic contact is 20 to 40 inches. The neutral. The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Some particle-size control section averages 35 to 60 percent pedons do not have an O horizon. rock fragments and 10 to 18 percent clay. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or dry. It is about 35 to 50 percent rock fragments. or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of or dry. The fine earth fraction is clay or clay loam and 3 or 4 when moist. It is loam or sandy loam. The is 35 to 45 percent clay and 35 to 85 percent rock horizon is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments, of which 10 fragments, mostly stones and cobbles. to 30 percent is cobbles and stones and 25 to 50 percent is gravel. Rutab Series

Royst Series The Rutab series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium. Rutab soils are on alluvial The Royst series consists of moderately deep, well fans. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean annual derived from tuff and basalt. Royst soils are on hills. air temperature is about 44 degrees F. Slopes are 0 to 60 percent. The mean annual Typical pedon of Rutab very gravelly sandy loam, 2 Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 465

1 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about /4 The Bw horizon has value 3 or 4 when moist and 5 1 1 mile west of West Road Gulch; in the SE /4SE /4 of or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist sec. 11, T. 37 S., R. 28 E. or dry. The horizon is very gravelly loam or sandy loam and is 35 to 50 percent rock fragments and 8 to 18 A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly percent clay. sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium The C and 2C horizons have value of 3 to 5 when platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and they have chroma of 3 and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; or 4 when moist or dry. The C horizon is 35 to 60 many fine irregular pores; 40 percent gravel; mildly percent rock fragments and 8 to 18 percent clay. It is alkaline; clear smooth boundary. mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The 2C horizon Bw1—3 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly is very gravelly sandy loam, very gravelly loamy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate coarse sand, or extremely gravelly loamy sand and is medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, 50 to 70 percent rock fragments and 3 to 12 percent very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; clay. It is slightly effervescent or strongly effervescent many very fine and fine roots and common and moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline. medium roots; many fine irregular pores; 35 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Salisbury Series Bw2—8 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly The Salisbury series consists of soils that are sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate moderately deep to hardpan and are well drained. medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, These soils formed in old alluvium and lacustrine very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; sediment derived from rhyolite, tuff, and basalt. common very fine and medium roots and many Salisbury soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 15 fine roots; many fine irregular pores; 5 percent percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 cobbles and 40 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about gradual wavy boundary. 48 degrees F. C—17 to 30 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly Typical profile of Salisbury loam, 0 to 5 percent sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; single slopes, in a pasture; about 15 miles southwest of grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common Lakeview; about 1,000 feet west and 2,500 feet south very fine roots, many fine roots, and few medium of the northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 41 S., R. 19 E. roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles and 40 percent gravel; moderately Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, alkaline; clear smooth boundary. grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium 2Ck1—30 to 44 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly loamy coarse sand, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sticky and plastic; common very fine roots; about dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 10 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. few very fine and medium roots and common fine A—7 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium percent cobbles and 50 percent gravel; strongly subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky effervescent, common fine segregations of lime in and plastic; common very fine roots; common very seams; strongly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt 2Ck2—44 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/3) smooth boundary. extremely gravelly loamy sand, very pale brown 2Bt1—11 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay, (10YR 7/3) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate nonplastic; few fine roots; few very fine irregular medium columnar structure parting to weak coarse pores; 5 percent cobbles and 55 percent gravel; angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, very strongly effervescent, common fine segregations sticky and very plastic; common very fine roots; of lime in seams; strongly alkaline. common very fine tubular pores; common prominent clay films on faces of peds; neutral; Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The solum gradual wavy boundary. is 13 to 23 inches thick. Depth to carbonates is 25 to 2Bt2—16 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay 45 inches. loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; strong The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 coarse angular blocky structure; extremely hard, to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common or dry. very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 466 Soil Survey

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine 3Bqm1—20 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) irregular pores; 5 percent stones, 15 percent indurated hardpan, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry; cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; moderately acid; silica laminar cap 1 millimeter to 5 millimeters clear smooth boundary. thick on top; 25 percent gravel that is less than A2—3 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 0.75 inch in diameter; neutral; abrupt smooth very cobbly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak boundary. fine subangular blocky structure parting to 3Bqm2—28 to 43 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR moderate fine and medium granular; slightly hard, 5/3) strongly cemented hardpan, light yellowish friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common brown (2.5Y 7/4) dry; silica laminar plates; 25 very fine and fine roots; common fine irregular percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. pores; 10 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 4C—43 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt 20 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth loam, white (5Y 8/2) dry; massive; very hard, very boundary. firm, slightly sticky and nonplastic; neutral. Bt1—9 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very cobbly clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; Depth to the indurated hardpan is 20 to 40 inches. moderate fine and medium subangular blocky The A horizon is 0 to 15 percent gravel, and the 2Bt structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; horizon is 5 to 15 percent gravel. Cobbles and stones common fine roots; common very fine and fine are on the surface in some areas and on terrace tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; escarpments. 5 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 20 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist boundary. or dry. 2Bt2—24 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very The 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; 2 to 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of moderate medium subangular blocky structure; 2 to 4 when moist or dry. The upper part is clay or silty hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; clay, and the lower part is clay loam or silty clay loam. common very fine and fine tubular pores; common Structure is moderate or strong prismatic or columnar distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 in the upper part, but it ranges to angular blocky in the percent cobbles and 30 percent gravel; slightly lower part. A thin layer of secondary lime is acid; gradual wavy boundary. immediately above the hardpan in some pedons. 2Bt3—38 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR The upper part of the hardpan is indurated, and the 3/6) and variegated dark yellowish brown and lower part is strongly cemented or indurated. A silica brownish yellow (10YR 4/6 and 6/8) very gravelly laminar cap 1 millimeter to 5 millimeters thick is on top clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) dry; common of the hardpan. The hardpan is 24 to 60 inches thick. fine and medium subangular structure; hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; few fine roots; common Sherval Series very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent The Sherval series consists of very deep, cobbles and 40 percent gravel; slightly acid. moderately well drained soils that formed in colluvium Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These derived from basalt and tuff. Sherval soils are in soils have a high water table late in winter, in spring, concave areas on mountains. Slopes are 5 to 20 and early in summer. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 30 inches thick. The particle-size control section averages inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 35 to 60 percent rock fragments, of which 20 to 30 44 degrees F. percent is cobbles and stones and 15 to 30 percent is Typical pedon of Sherval very cobbly loam, 5 to 20 gravel. The particle-size control section averages 25 to percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the 1 1 35 percent clay. NE /4SW /4 of sec. 2, T. 37 S., R. 21 E. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed grass and aspen or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 leaves. or 3 when moist or dry. Al—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of very cobbly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, very 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is loam or clay loam and is Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 467

25 to 35 percent clay. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent massive; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; rock fragments, of which 15 to 40 percent is cobbles few fine roots; few fine irregular pores; neutral; and stones and 15 to 30 percent is gravel. clear smooth boundary. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4C2—50 to 60 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) loamy fine sand, 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of light olive gray (5Y 6/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, 4 to 8 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or clay and is friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine irregular 30 to 45 percent clay. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent pores; neutral. rock fragments, of which 0 to 15 percent is cobbles The mollic epipedon is 10 to 15 inches thick. The and stones and 35 to 45 percent is gravel. solum is 40 to 50 inches thick. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Simon Series The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The Simon series consists of very deep, well The upper part of the Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium and when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and it has chroma of lacustrine sediment derived from basalt and tuff. Simon 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or loam and is soils are on terraces along drainageways and in basins. 18 to 35 percent clay and 5 to 25 percent gravel. The Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual lower part of the horizon has value of 3 or 4 when precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean annual moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 air temperature in about 44 degrees F. when moist or dry. It is loam or sandy clay loam and is Typical pedon of Simon silt loam in an area of 20 to 35 percent clay. Simon-Anawalt complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, in an 1 The upper part of the C horizon has value of 4 or 5 area of rangeland; about /4 mile southwest of 1 1 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of Sagebrush Spring; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 4, T. 41 S., 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is 10 to 20 percent clay. R. 28 E. The lower part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y. A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) It is loamy sand or loamy fine sand. silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium platy structure parting to moderate thin platy; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Spangenburg Series slightly plastic; many fine roots and common The Spangenburg series consists of very deep, well medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment. pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth Spangenburg soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 boundary. to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 A2—4 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; 46 degrees F. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Typical pedon of Spangenburg very fine sandy loam slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly in an area of Spangenburg complex, 0 to 2 percent plastic; many fine roots; many very fine and fine 1 1 1 slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the NE /4NE /4NE /4 tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy of sec. 2, T. 41 S., R. 27 E. boundary. 2Bt1—14 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 3/4) gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) (10YR 4/4) dry; strong medium subangular blocky dry; strong thin platy structure; soft, very friable, structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine slightly plastic; few fine roots; common fine tubular roots; many very fine discontinuous random pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; vesicular pores; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth 25 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. boundary. 3Bt2—22 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong coarse 3/2) loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; moderate medium angular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few fine nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine to coarse irregular pores; many prominent clay films on faces roots; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. of peds; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. 2Bt1—10 to 22 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3C1—40 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 3/2) clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong very fine sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; prismatic structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; 468 Soil Survey

common very fine roots; many distinct clay films annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean on faces of peds; moderately alkaline; clear wavy annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. boundary. Typical pedon of Stockdrive fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 2Btk1—22 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 0.75 clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very mile southwest of Lakeview Airport; about 1,800 feet fine prismatic structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly south and 200 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; 31, T. 39 S., R. 20 E. common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly Akn—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam, effervescent, common fine irregularly shaped light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate thin platy seams and filaments of carbonates; moderately structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and alkaline; clear wavy boundary. nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; 2Btk2—28 to 45 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty common very fine and fine vesicular pores; clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very violently effervescent; very strongly alkaline; fine prismatic structure; extremely hard, very firm, abrupt smooth boundary. slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 2Btkn1—3 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine effervescent; many fine irregularly shaped soft and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, masses of carbonates; moderately alkaline; clear firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common wavy boundary. very fine and fine roots and few medium and 3C—45 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) coarse roots; few very fine and fine vesicular extremely gravelly coarse sand, light yellowish pores; very few faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) brown (10YR 6/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, continuous clay films (cutans) on faces of peds; friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; 65 percent fine violently effervescent; very strongly alkaline; gravel; moderately alkaline. gradual smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The Btkn2—6 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty particle-size control section is 35 to 60 percent clay, clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; but the upper part is 45 to 60 percent clay. An absolute weak fine and medium prismatic structure; hard, clay increase of 15 to 25 percent is between the A and firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very 2Bt horizons. Depth to the stratified C horizon is 30 to fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse 50 inches. roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; very few The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when dry. (cutans) on faces of peds; common fine and The surface typically is crusted. The horizon is neutral medium rounded soft masses of carbonates; or mildly alkaline. It is 10 to 15 inches thick. violently effervescent; very strongly alkaline; The 2Bt horizon has value of 2 to 4 when moist and gradual smooth boundary. 4 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when 2Bkn—12 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR moist or dry. It is clay or silty clay and is 45 to 60 4/4) fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; percent clay. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. massive; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; The 2Btk horizon has value of 2 to 4 when moist few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine and 4 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when discontinuous tubular pores; few medium and moist or dry. It is 30 to 40 percent clay. The horizon is coarse rounded soft masses of carbonates; mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. violently effervescent; very strongly alkaline; clear The 3C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and smooth boundary. 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when 3Bknz—29 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR moist or dry. It is stratified loam, silt loam, loamy sand, 4/4) very gravelly sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; or sand and is 40 to 70 percent gravel. The horizon is single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine irregular pores; violently effervescent; salt wicking Stockdrive Series to the surface of the pit face; very strongly alkaline; 40 percent gravel; abrupt wavy boundary. The Stockdrive series consists of very deep, 3Bnz—32 to 34 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in eolian extremely gravelly sand, light brownish gray (10YR material over lacustrine sediment. Stockdrive soils are 6/2) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 469

fine and fine irregular pores; salt wicking to the sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. Sodium surface of the pit face; very strongly alkaline; 60 adsorption ratio is 5 to 10. Electrical conductivity is percent gravel; clear wavy boundary. more than 16 millimhos per centimeter. 3Bnqz1—34 to 38 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; Swalesilver Series massive; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; very weakly cemented by silica; salt The Swalesilver series consists of very deep, wicking to the surface of the pit face; very strongly somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine alkaline; 40 percent gravel; clear smooth boundary. sediment. Swalesilver soils are on lake terraces and in 3Bnqz2—38 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sand, depressions on tablelands. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; the mean annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. very weakly cemented by silica; salt wicking to the Typical pedon of Swalesilver loam, 0 to 2 percent 1 1 1 surface of the pit face; very strongly alkaline; 10 slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the NE /4NW /4NE /4 percent gravel; clear smooth boundary. of sec. 13, T. 40 S., R. 27 E. 4Bknz1—44 to 56 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty A—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, gray clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry; coarse (10YR 6/1) dry; few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese stains on 4/6) mottles; moderate thin platy structure parting faces of peds; strong fine and medium angular to moderate medium subangular blocky; soft, very blocky structure; very hard, firm, slightly sticky friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very and slightly plastic; slightly effervescent; filaments fine roots; common very fine discontinuous random and threads of fine carbonates; very strongly vesicular pores; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy alkaline; clear smooth boundary. boundary. 4Bknz2—56 to 66 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 2Bt1—5 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 4/6) silty clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) 3/2) clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong fine dry; coarse distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese prismatic structure; hard, very firm, sticky and stains on faces of peds; strong fine and medium plastic; common very fine and fine roots; many angular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, distinct clay films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; slightly clear smooth boundary. effervescent; very strongly alkaline. 2Bt2—12 to 35 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These 3/2) silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong soils are ponded and have a high water table in spring fine prismatic structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly and early in summer. The soils are strongly alkaline or sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and very strongly alkaline. The particle-size control section fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of is 25 to 35 percent clay. Depth to the 3B horizon is 25 peds; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. to 45 inches. 3C—35 to 45 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, light The A horizon has value 3 to 5 when moist and 6 or brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; soft, very 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; 10 percent dry. White and black alkali is on the surface. Sodium gravel; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. adsorption ratio is 15 to 40. Electrical conductivity is 4C—45 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, white more than 8 millimhos per centimeter. (10YR 8/2) dry; massive; soft, very friable, The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and nonsticky and nonplastic; moderately alkaline. 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is loam or silty clay loam and is 25 to Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These 35 percent clay. Sodium adsorption ratio is 30 to 70. soils are ponded and have a high water table in winter Electrical conductivity is more than 8 millimhos per and spring. The particle-size control section is 45 to 55 centimeter. percent clay. Depth to the 2Bt horizon is 3 to 7 inches. The 3B horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist moist or dry. The horizon is 0 to 70 percent gravel. or dry. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. Electrical conductivity is more than 16 millimhos per The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and centimeter. Sodium adsorption ratio is 5 to 15. 5 or 6 when dry. It is clay or silty clay. It is mildly The 4B horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, and it has alkaline or moderately alkaline. value of 2 to 4 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry. It is The 3C and 4C horizons have value of 3 to 5 when 470 Soil Survey

moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and they have chroma of 2 to 40 inches. The upper sandy mantle is 0 to 15 to 4 when moist or dry. They are stratified silt loam, percent gravel and as much as 30 percent mollusk silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam. These horizons are shell fragments. The profile is moderately alkaline or mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline. They are massive strongly alkaline throughout. and are dense, consolidated, fractured lacustrine The Ak horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, and it has sediment. The sediment has rocklike structure chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. consisting of strong medium angular blocks. The Ck1 horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. It is fine sandy loam or loamy Tandy Series fine sand and averages 5 to 15 percent clay and more than 75 percent sand. The Tandy series consists of very deep, somewhat The 2A horizon has hue of 10YR or neutral, value of poorly drained soils that formed in wind- and water- 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of deposited sandy and loamy sediment overlying silty 0 to 1 when moist or dry. It is 5 to 12 percent organic lacustrine sediment. Tandy soils are on alluvial flats in matter. lake basins that are slightly above the water level of the lake. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual Thunderegg Series air temperature is about 47 degrees F. The Thunderegg series consists of very deep, poorly Typical pedon of Tandy loamy fine sand, 0 to 1 drained soils that formed in eolian material over percent slopes, in a meadow; about 6 miles south of lacustrine sediment. Thunderegg soils are on lake Lakeview, near Goose Lake; near the center of the 1 1 terraces. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual SW /4SW /4 of sec. 15, T. 40 S., R. 20 E. precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean annual Ak—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loamy air temperature is about 47 degrees F. fine sand, gray (2.5Y 6/1) dry; single grain; loose, Typical pedon of Thunderegg fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots; percent slopes, in an area of meadow hay and pasture; many very fine pores; strongly effervescent; about about 2.5 miles north of Goose Lake; 900 feet south 25 percent small mollusk shell fragments; and 400 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 9, R. moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 20 E., T. 40 S. Ck1—9 to 12 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) fine sandy loam, A—0 to 1 inch; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) fine sandy gray (10YR 6/1) dry; massive; soft, very friable, loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak thin platy slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and roots; many very fine tubular pores; strongly nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth common very fine and fine discontinuous tubular boundary. pores; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Ck2—12 to 34 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y Ak—1 inch to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) fine 3/2) loamy fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR sandy loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; single grain; 6/2) dry; massive; very soft, very friable, nonsticky loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and nonplastic; few very fine roots; common very and fine roots; strongly effervescent; strongly fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 2Btkn1—8 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 2Akb—34 to 40 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak medium subangular moderate medium and coarse prismatic structure; blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; common very fine and fine roots; few very fine and common very fine tubular pores; strongly fine tubular pores; many faint dark grayish brown effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; violently boundary. effervescent; very strongly alkaline; clear wavy 2Ck3—40 to 60 inches; stratified clay loam to loamy boundary. fine sand; massive; strongly effervescent; 2Btkn2—15 to 21 inches; 60 percent dark brown (10YR moderately alkaline. 4/3) and 40 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These 4/4) silty clay loam, 60 percent pale brown (10YR soils are subject to rare flooding and have a high water 6/3) and 40 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; table throughout the year. Depth to the 2A horizon is 20 weak fine and medium prismatic structure; hard, Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 471

very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic, The 3Bkn horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist common very fine and fine roots; few very fine and and 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when fine tubular pores; many faint dark yellowish brown moist or dry. (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; violently The 3Bz horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and effervescent; very strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when boundary. moist or dry. It is stratified sand and gravel. The 2Btknq—21 to 26 inches; 60 percent yellowish brown horizon is 0 to 70 percent gravel. It typically is (10YR 5/4) and 40 percent light yellowish brown saturated throughout the year and has dissolved salts. (10YR 6/4) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; Silty clay loam or sandy clay loam is below the layer of massive; very hard, extremely firm, slightly sticky sand in some pedons. and slightly plastic, few fine roots; common fine and medium vesicular and tubular pores; common Tulana Series distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on fracture planes; 10 percent cylindrical and The Tulana series consists of very deep, poorly rounded silica and manganese nodules; violently drained soils that formed in lacustrine sediment that is effervescent; few fine threads of carbonates and high in content of diatoms and amorphous material. few fine and medium rounded soft masses of Tulana soils are in slightly concave areas of alluvial carbonates; very strongly alkaline; clear wavy flats in lake basins. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The boundary. mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the 3Bkn—26 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sand, mean annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F. very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; many medium and Typical pedon of Tulana mucky silty clay loam, coarse faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) drained, 0 to 1 percent slopes; in Chewaucan Marsh; mottles and common fine and medium distinct 300 feet west of the Chewaucan River and 2,500 feet black (10YR 2/1) mottles; single grain; loose, north of the Brattain Ditch; about 5.5 miles southeast 1 1 1 nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly effervescent; of Paisley; in the SW /4SW /4SW /4 of sec. 12, T. 34 S., few fine threads of carbonates and common R. 19 E. medium and coarse irregular soft masses of A1—0 to 3 inches; black (2.5Y 2/0) mucky silty clay carbonates; very strongly alkaline; abrupt smooth loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak thin platy boundary. structure and moderate fine granular; very friable, 3Bz—31 to 70 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sand, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many medium medium roots; many very fine pores; neutral; and coarse distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR gradual smooth boundary. 4/6) mottles and common fine and medium distinct A2—3 to 11 inches; black (2.5Y 3/0) mucky silty clay black (10YR 2/1) mottles; single grain; loose, loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate thin platy nonsticky and nonplastic; salt wicking extends to structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; the surface of the pit face; strongly alkaline. many very fine and fine roots; common very fine Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The soil is and fine tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth ponded and has a high water table throughout the year. boundary. Depth to the 3B horizon is 25 to 50 inches. The mollic 2C1—11 to 38 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silt loam, epipedon is 8 to 18 inches thick, and it includes the white (10YR 8/2) dry; many medium faint light upper part of the natric horizon in some pedons. The yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) mottles, very dark gray particle-size control section averages 35 to 45 percent (2.5Y 3/0) and gray (2.5Y 5/0) dry; organic stains in clay. horizontal root channels; massive; firm, sticky and The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 plastic; common roots; many fine and very fine or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 0 to 1 when moist tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. or dry. 3C2—38 to 44 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 fine sandy loam, white (2.5Y 8/2) dry; massive; to 6 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; to 4 when moist or dry. It is strongly alkaline or very many very fine pores; 95 percent sand-sized strongly alkaline. The upper part of the horizon is silty pumice fragments and 5 percent pumice fragments clay loam, silty clay, or clay and is 35 to 45 percent that are 2 to 5 millimeters in diameter; mildly clay. The lower part is loam or clay loam and is 25 to alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 40 percent clay. Sodium adsorption ratio is 15 to 40. 4C3—44 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) The lower part has nodules of hard, firm, brittle silica. silt loam, white (2.5Y 8/2) dry; many medium faint 472 Soil Survey

pale brown (2.5Y 6/3) mottles; massive; firm, irregular pores; violently effervescent, sticky and plastic; many very fine pores; mildly disseminated carbonates; 45 percent gravel; alkaline. moderately alkaline. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These The argillic horizon is 8 to 11 inches thick. Depth to soils have a high water table throughout the year. The the indurated hardpan is 9 to 16 inches. Depth to mollic epipedon is 10 to 20 inches thick. The moist bedrock is more than 60 inches. The particle-size bulk density is 0.40 to 0.85 grams per cubic control section averages 5 to 20 percent rock centimeter. These soils have a high content of diatoms fragments, mainly gravel, and 35 to 45 percent clay. and amorphous material. Pumiceous ash layers are The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 common at a depth of more than 35 inches. or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist The A horizon has chroma of 0 or 1 when moist or or dry. dry. It is 10 to 20 percent organic matter. The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist 7 when moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and chroma of 0 to or dry. It is clay or clay loam. 2 when moist or dry. It is stratified silt loam, silt, or The 2Ck horizon is gravelly or very gravelly sandy silty clay loam to a depth of 40 inches or more and is loam. fine sand or fine sandy loam below this depth. Turpin Series Tumtum Series The Turpin series consists of very deep, well drained The Tumtum series consists of soils that are shallow soils that formed in lacustrine sediment. Turpin soils to a hardpan and are well drained. These soils formed are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The in old alluvium. Tumtum soils are on alluvial fans and mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the lake basin terraces. Slopes are 5 to 15 percent. The mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the Typical pedon of Turpin sandy clay loam in an area mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. of Turpin-Reese complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes, in an 1 1 1 Typical pedon of Tumtum cobbly loam, in an area of area of rangeland; in the SW /4SW /4SW /4 of sec. 28, T. Deppy-Tumtum complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes; about 33 S., R. 26 E. 1 1 0.5 mile south of Black Canyon; in the SW /4SW /4 of Ak—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sec. 2, T. 36 S., R. 28 E. sandy clay loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly loam, dry; moderate thin platy structure; soft, very friable, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium platy sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and roots; strongly effervescent, carbonates are slightly plastic, common very fine and fine roots; disseminated; very strongly alkaline; abrupt many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 10 percent smooth boundary. cobbles and 15 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; 2Akn1—5 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y clear wavy boundary. 3/2) sandy clay loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y Bt—3 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) 6/2) dry; strong thin platy structure; slightly hard, clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; friable, very sticky and plastic; many very fine and moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly fine roots; strongly effervescent, carbonates are hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common disseminated; very strongly alkaline; abrupt very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine smooth boundary. irregular pores; common faint clay films on faces 3Akn2—9 to 20 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) of peds; 10 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; sandy clay loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; strong abrupt wavy boundary. medium platy structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly Bkqm—14 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR sticky and slightly plastic; many fine and medium 4/6) indurated hardpan, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) roots; violently effervescent, many medium dry; massive; thick plates; slightly effervescent; 40 irregular seams and filaments of carbonates; very percent gravel; clear wavy boundary. strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 2Ck—22 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) 3Bkn1—20 to 29 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR sandy clay loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; 6/4) dry; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and moderate fine prismatic structure; slightly hard, nonplastic; common fine roots; many very fine firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 473

violently effervescent, common fine irregular A1—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly seams and filaments of carbonates; very strongly fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate alkaline; clear smooth boundary. fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, 4Bkn2—29 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and medium loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; massive; roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 10 loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; percent cobbles and 25 percent gravel; slightly violently effervescent, carbonates are acid; clear smooth boundary. disseminated; very strongly alkaline. A2—2 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky particle-size control section averages 20 to 30 percent structure parting to moderate fine granular; slightly clay and 40 to 70 percent sand, of which more than 15 hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine percent is coarser than very fine sand. The solum is 2 and medium roots; common very fine and fine to 10 percent carbonates and less than 1 percent salts. irregular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 25 percent Sodicity and salinity increase as depth increases. The gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. profile is very strongly alkaline throughout. Bw—11 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, chroma of 2 very gravelly fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR or 3 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 2 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky or 3 when moist or dry. The sand fraction is mostly structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and very fine sand and fine sand. The horizon has platy or nonplastic; many fine roots; many fine irregular prismatic structure. Sodium adsorption ratio is 5 to 50, pores; 40 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy and electrical conductivity is 1 millimho to 8 millimhos boundary. per centimeter. Bt—24 to 37 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly fine The upper part of the B horizon has hue of 10YR or sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist and 2 or 3 when dry. structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and It has prismatic structure parting to subangular blocky. nonplastic; many fine roots; few very fine tubular The upper part of the horizon is loam, clay loam, or pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in sandy clay loam. The sand fraction is mostly fine and pores; 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent gravel; medium sand. Sodium adsorption ratio is 100 to 200, slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. and electrical conductivity is 8 to 16 millimhos per C—37 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly centimeter. sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; The lower part of the B horizon has color similar to massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and that of the upper part. The lower part is layers of sandy nonplastic; common fine roots and few medium clay loam, fine sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam with and coarse roots; few very fine and fine tubular semiconsolidated lacustrine silt. The sand fraction is pores; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent gravel; mostly fine and medium sand. Sodium adsorption ratio slightly acid. is 200 to 300, and electrical conductivity is 8 to 16 millimhos per centimeter. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The particle-size control section averages 35 to 60 percent rock fragments, of which 5 to 20 percent is cobbles Twelvemile Series and stones and 25 to 40 percent is gravel. The horizon is 7 to 18 percent clay. The very fine sand fraction is The Twelvemile series consists of very deep, 50 to 70 percent glass. The profile is moderately acid somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in or slightly acid. colluvium and residuum derived mainly from rhyolite. The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 Twelvemile soils are on mountains. Slopes are 0 to 60 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 30 or dry. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and it 45 degrees F. has chroma of 4 or 5 when moist or dry. It is sandy Typical pedon of Twelvemile very gravelly fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. The horizon is 35 to 60 loam, 15 to 40 percent south slopes, in an area of 1 1 percent rock fragments, of which 0 to 20 percent is woodland; in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 12, T. 38 S., R. 21 cobbles and stones and 30 to 40 percent is gravel. E. The C horizon has value of 4 to 6 when moist and 6 Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed conifer needles. to 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist 474 Soil Survey

or dry. It is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments, of which 70 percent rock fragments, mainly gravel. It is 20 to 35 10 to 25 percent is cobbles and stones and 25 to 35 percent clay. percent is gravel. Welch Series Vitale Series The Welch series consists of very deep, poorly The Vitale series consists of moderately deep, well drained or very poorly drained soils that formed in drained soils that formed in residuum and colluvium mixed alluvium. Welch soils are on narrow flood plains derived from basalt and tuff. Vitale soils are on hills and in basins. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean and mountains. Slopes are 5 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. Typical pedon Welch silty clay loam in an area of Typical pedon of Vitale gravelly sandy loam in an Degarmo-Welch complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of Vitale-Bullump complex, 5 to 30 percent slopes; area of rangeland; about 0.5 mile southwest of Deboy 1 1 1 about 0.5 mile west of junction of main road and trail to Ranch, along McDowell Creek; in the NW /4NE /4NE /4 1 1 Round Mountain Spring; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 16, T. of sec. 14, T. 37 S., R. 22 E. 41 S., R. 23 E. A1—0 to 9 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, A—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, weak medium platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular and few fine roots; common very fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth pores; 25 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear boundary. smooth boundary. A2—9 to 27 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay loam, very Bt1—7 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate medium and gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium fine prismatic structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common few very fine irregular pores; few faint clay films on very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 10 faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. boundary. Bt2—15 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) A3—27 to 41 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay extremely gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; common (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular fine distinct mottles that are dark yellowish brown blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly (10YR 4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very faces of peds; 20 percent cobbles and 45 percent fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. gravel; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. R—23 inches; basalt. C—41 to 62 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; common The mollic epipedon is 15 to 17 inches thick, and it fine distinct mottles that are dark yellowish brown extends into the upper part of the argillic horizon. (10YR 4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; 10 percent has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. gravel; mildly alkaline. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR. The upper part has value of 3 when moist and 5 when dry, Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. These and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The soils are subject to frequent flooding and are ponded. lower part has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 They have a high water table in winter and spring and when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or early in summer. The mollic epipedon is 26 to 60 dry. The horizon is extremely gravelly clay loam, very inches thick or more. The particle-size control section gravelly loam, or very gravelly clay loam and is 35 to is clay loam, but it has strata of silty clay loam or Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 475

sandy clay loam. The content of organic matter and few medium roots; many very fine and fine decreases irregularly as depth increases. irregular pores; 5 percent stones, 30 percent The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; or 4 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist abrupt wavy boundary. or dry. It is silty clay loam or clay loam and is 27 to 35 R—33 inches; tuff. percent clay. The upper part is slightly acid or neutral, The mollic epipedon is 20 to 40 inches thick. It is and the lower part is slightly acid to mildly alkaline. neutral or mildly alkaline. The particle-size control The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 2 to section averages 18 to 27 percent clay and 35 to 60 5 when moist and 4 to 8 when dry, and chroma of 1 or percent rock fragments, mainly cobbles and stones. 2 when moist or dry. It has strata of gravelly material in Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 20 to some pedons. It is slightly acid to mildly alkaline. 40 inches. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 Westbutte Series or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. The Westbutte series consists of moderately deep, The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 well drained soils that formed in colluvium. Westbutte or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 soils are on mountains and hills. Slopes are 2 to 70 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. It is very stony percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 loam to very cobbly loam. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. Typical pedon of Westbutte extremely stony loam in Westside Series an area of Fitzwater-Westbutte association, 30 to 50 percent slopes, on a north slope; about 0.75 mile east The Westside series consists of very deep, well 1 1 of Jack Creek, in the SE /4SW /4 of sec. 8, T. 39 S., R. drained soils that formed in loess over alluvium derived 27 E. from tuff and basalt. Westside soils are on lake terraces on tablelands. Slopes are 2 to 15 percent. The A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the extremely stony loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mean annual air temperature is about 46 degrees F. dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Typical pedon of Westside very gravelly silt loam in slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly an area of Westside complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes, plastic; many fine roots and common medium 1 in an area of rangeland; about /2 mile from Flook Lake, roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 35 in Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge; in the percent stones, 30 percent cobbles, and 5 percent 1 1 1 SW /4SW /4NW /4 of sec. 25, T. 34 S., R. 27 E. gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. A2—7 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly 3/2) very stony loam, dark grayish brown (10YR silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; strong 4/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky very fine granular structure; loose, very friable, structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots; 10 slightly plastic; many fine roots and common percent cobbles and 25 percent gravel; neutral; medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular clear smooth boundary. pores; 15 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and A2—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly silt 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; strong boundary. fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Bw1—16 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots; 20 stony loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; moderate percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel; mildly medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many 2Bt1—8 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine clay, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate and fine irregular pores; 15 percent stones, 20 very fine prismatic structure parting to strong fine percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; mildly angular blocky; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; alkaline; clear smooth boundary. common very fine roots; many distinct clay films Bw2—24 to 33 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very on faces of peds; 20 percent cobbles and 10 cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; weak fine percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, boundary. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine roots 2Bt2—14 to 22 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly 476 Soil Survey

silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong precipitation is about 8 inches, and the mean annual air medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine temperature is about 48 degrees F. angular blocky; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Typical pedon of Wildhill very stony loam, 2 to 30 few very fine roots; many distinct clay films on percent slopes, in an area of rangeland; about 500 feet 1 1 1 faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles and 10 percent east of a jeep trail in the NE /4NE /4SE /4 of sec. 21, T. gravel; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 40 S., R. 25 E. 3Bt—22 to 29 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very stony A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very stony loam, clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate thick medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very and nonplastic; common fine roots and few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of medium roots; common fine irregular pores; 15 peds; 30 percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 15 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. boundary. 4Bkq—29 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Btk—6 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely stony 6/4), extremely cobbly loam, white (10YR 8/2) dry; loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak massive; hard, firm and brittle, nonsticky and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, nonplastic; 30 percent cobbles and 30 percent friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. fine roots and few medium roots; common fine The particle-size control section averages 35 to 45 irregular pores; few faint clay films on faces of percent clay and 15 to 35 percent rock fragments, peds; slightly effervescent; disseminated mainly cobbles. Depth to bedrock or to an indurated carbonates; 20 percent stones, 30 percent hardpan is more than 60 inches. An absolute clay cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; moderately increase of 15 to 25 percent is between the A and 2Bt alkaline; clear wavy boundary. horizons. Depth to the hard, firm, brittle layer is 20 to Btkq—19 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely 40 inches. gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, dry. It is 25 to 45 percent rock fragments, of which 5 to firm and brittle, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine 30 percent is cobbles and 10 to 40 percent is gravel. roots; few fine irregular pores; few faint clay films The horizon is very cobbly silt loam or very gravelly silt on faces of peds; strongly effervescent; few fine loam and is 10 to 20 percent clay. It is 3 to 15 inches irregularly shaped soft accumulations of calcium thick. It is 1 to 2 percent organic matter. carbonate; 15 percent cobbles and 60 percent The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and gravel; strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is cobbly 2R—26 inches; basalt. silty clay loam or cobbly clay. The horizon is 15 to 30 percent rock fragments, mainly cobbles, and 35 to 50 The particle-size control section averages 50 to 75 percent clay. percent rock fragments and 20 to 35 percent clay. The 3Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist. It is Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. very cobbly or very stony silty clay loam or clay loam. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 The horizon is 35 to 50 percent rock fragments and 30 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist to 40 percent clay. or dry. It is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments, of which The 4Bkq horizon has value of 5 or 6 when moist 10 to 25 percent is stones, 15 to 30 percent is cobbles, and 7 or 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when and 10 to 20 percent is gravel. moist or dry. It is extremely cobbly loam or extremely The Btk horizon has value of 6 or 7 when dry and stony loam and is 60 to 80 percent rock fragments. chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is extremely cobbly clay loam, extremely stony loam, or very Wildhill Series cobbly clay loam and is 25 to 35 percent clay. The horizon is 15 to 30 percent stones, 20 to 40 percent The Wildhill series consists of moderately deep, well cobbles, and 10 to 30 percent gravel. Sodium drained soils that formed in alluvium over basalt. adsorption ratio is 5 to 20. Wildhill soils are on bedrock-controlled lake terraces. The Btq horizon has color similar to that of the Btk Slopes are 2 to 50 percent. The mean annual horizon. The Btq horizon is extremely cobbly loam or Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 477

extremely gravelly loam. It is 0 to 10 percent stones, fragments and 35 to 50 percent clay. The base 10 to 30 percent cobbles, and 30 to 65 percent gravel. saturation is 75 to 85 percent throughout the solum. Sodium adsorption ratio is 5 to 13. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 Winterim Series or 2 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 20 percent cobbles and stones and 25 to 50 percent gravel. The Winterim series consists of deep, well drained The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 soils that formed in colluvium and residuum derived or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 from basalt and tuff. Winterim soils are on plateaus and or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or clay. The mountains. Slopes are 0 to 60 percent. The mean horizon averages 35 to 60 percent rock fragments, of annual precipitation is about 30 inches, and the mean which 0 to 15 percent is cobbles and stones and 15 to annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. 50 percent is gravel. Typical pedon of Winterim very gravelly loam, 15 to 40 percent south slopes, in an area of woodland; in the 1 1 Woodchopper Series SE /4NW /4 of sec. 30, T. 39 S. R. 22 E. Oi—1 inch to 0; ponderosa pine needles. The Woodchopper series consists of very deep, well A—0 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very gravelly loam, drained soils that formed in residuum and colluvium very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate derived mainly from andesite, basalt, and tuff. fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, Woodchopper soils are on plateaus and mountains. sticky and plastic; many fine and medium roots; Slopes are 0 to 40 percent. The mean annual many fine irregular pores; 5 percent stones, 5 precipitation is about 30 inches, and the mean annual percent cobbles, and 25 percent gravel; slightly air temperature is about 45 degrees F. acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical pedon of Woodchopper gravelly loam in an Bt1—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly area of Woodchopper-Rogger complex, 0 to 15 percent 1 1 clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; weak medium slopes, in an area of woodland; in the NW /4SW /4 of subangular blocky structure parting to moderate sec. 26, T. 39 S., R. 21 E. fine granular; hard, friable, very sticky and plastic; Oi—3 inches to 0; ponderosa pine and white fir many fine and medium roots; common very fine needles. and fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces A1—0 to 4 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent gravel; gravelly loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, very Bt2—12 to 21 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) friable, sticky and plastic; many fine and medium very gravelly clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; roots; many fine irregular pores; 2 percent stones moderate fine and medium subangular structure; and 15 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; common smooth boundary. fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular A2—4 to 14 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds gravelly loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; and in tubular pores; 5 percent stones, 10 percent moderate medium granular structure and weak fine cobbles, and 40 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, wavy boundary. sticky and plastic; many fine and medium roots; Bt3—21 to 45 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) many fine irregular pores; 2 percent stones and 15 very gravelly clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. moderate medium angular blocky structure; very Bt1—14 to 25 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few cobbly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular moderate fine and medium subangular blocky pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds structure; hard, friable, very sticky and plastic; and in tubular pores; 35 percent gravel; slightly common fine roots; common very fine and fine acid; gradual wavy boundary. tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of Cr—45 inches; weathered basalt. peds and in pores; 5 percent stones, 10 percent Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The mollic cobbles, and 15 percent gravel; neutral; gradual epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. The particle-size wavy boundary. control section averages 35 to 60 percent rock Bt2—25 to 36 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) 478 Soil Survey

clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 20 friable, very sticky and plastic; common fine roots; percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 30 common very fine and fine tubular pores; common percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 A2—4 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely percent soft rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy cobbly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak very fine boundary. and fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Bt3—36 to 49 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and clay, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, 10 percent stones, 40 percent cobbles, and friable, very sticky and plastic; few fine roots; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy common very fine and fine tubular pores; many boundary. distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; Bw—11 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) 40 percent soft rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy extremely cobbly loam, dark yellowish brown boundary. (10YR 4/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky Bt4—49 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) gravelly structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and clay, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) dry; strong fine and nonplastic; common very fine roots; 15 percent medium subangular blocky structure; few fine stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 40 percent gravel; roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; slightly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. many distinct clay films on faces of peds and in R—27 inches; basalt. pores; 2 percent stones, 5 percent cobbles, 15 Depth to bedrock is 10 to 70 inches or more. The percent gravel, and 40 percent soft rock fragments; particle-size control section averages 20 to 80 percent neutral. rock fragments and 8 to 40 percent clay. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The mollic The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. The particle-size or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 control section averages 5 to 30 percent rock or 3 when moist or dry. fragments and 35 to 50 percent clay. The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 2 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is sandy loam, loam, or clay or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. loam. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and Zorravista Series chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam or clay. The horizon is 0 to 35 percent rock fragments, of The Zorravista series consists of very deep, which 0 to 15 percent is cobbles and stones and 0 to excessively drained soils that formed in deep eolian 20 percent is gravel. sand. Zorravista soils are on semistabilized sand dunes and sand sheets on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 Xerolls to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about Xerolls consist of shallow to very deep, somewhat 47 degrees F. excessively to well drained soils that formed in Typical pedon of Zorravista fine sand, 0 to 5 percent colluvium and residuum derived mainly from andesite, slopes, in a seeded area of crested wheatgrass, about basalt, and tuff. Xerolls are on mountain escarpments 1 mile north of Paisley; about 1,860 feet west and and hills. Slopes are 0 to 80 percent. The mean annual 1,370 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. precipitation is about 24 inches, and the mean annual 33 S., R. 18 E. air temperature is about 46 degrees F. A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) find sand, Representative profile of Xerolls in an area of pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak very fine granular Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, cool, 40 to 60 percent 1 1 structure; loose, very friable, nonsticky and south slopes, in an area of rangeland; in the NE /4SE /4 nonplastic; many fine roots; many very fine of sec. 17, T. 41 S., R. 21 E. interstitial pores; slightly effervescent; moderately A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely alkaline; clear smooth boundary. stony loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very fine C1—4 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sand, and fine granular structure; soft, very friable, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; soft, very Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 479

friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common fine nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; mildly roots; many very fine interstitial pores; slightly alkaline. effervescent; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. The profile is effervescent to a depth of 20 inches or C2—12 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy fine more. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y. sand, brown (10YR 5/3) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 dry; single grain; hard, friable, nonsticky and or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist nonplastic; few fine roots; slightly effervescent; or dry. mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 C3—24 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and pale brown or dry. It is fine sand, sand, or loamy fine sand. It is (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; loose, very friable, mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline.

481

Formation of the Soils

Soil is the collection of natural bodies on the earth’s the basins and valleys to about 35 inches on the surface that contains living matter and is capable of forested mountains. Precipitation falls as rain and supporting plants. The nature of a soil depends upon snow from late in fall to late in spring with occasional the combination and interaction of five factors— thunderstorms in summer. Maritime tropical air climate, plant and animal life, parent material, masses account for the thunderstorms in summer, topography, and time. and these masses also cause heavy rainfall in winter The relative influence of each factor varies from that runs off into the basins and valleys (13). Soil place to place, and in some places one factor is temperatures conducive to chemical reactions are dominant over the others. The climate, parent present from about March through November at the material, vegetation, and topography in this survey lower elevations and from May through October at the area are highly variable. higher elevations. The soil-forming factors of climate, plant and The climate in the survey area has been cyclic animal life, and parent material are discussed during the past 15,000 years. Wetter and drier cycles separately in this section. The factors of time and have occurred throughout this period, and the topography are grouped together and discussed under resulting erosion and deposition of soil material is the heading “Geomorphology and Associated evident in the soil profiles and in the many shoreline Landforms.” deposits around the basins. About 10,000 years ago, the climate was warmer and drier than it is today. The Climate basin lakes dried and became very shallow, and Climate, particularly moisture and temperature, extensive areas of playas were exposed. About 2,000 greatly influences soil formation. The chemical and to 4,000 years ago, the climate was cooler and more physical reactions taking place in soils are controlled moist than it is today. This resulted in the expansion of largely by climate. Water dissolves soluble material in Summer, Abert, Goose, and Warner Lakes to levels soils, and it transports material from one part of a soil higher than the present levels (2). Marshes formed to another. Water is necessary for the growth of plants during this period of lake expansion. The Crump soil, and other organisms that contribute organic matter to which has a histic epipedon, exhibits characteristics soils. from this wetter environment. The climatic changes Temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions are also reflected in the soils on tablelands and and of physical breakdown caused by the freezing of terraces. The dense claypan (argillic horizon), as in water. Freezing and thawing of water causes the Anawalt, Booth, Spangenburg, and Thunderegg expansion and contraction and influences the soils, and the duripan, as in the Deppy, Drewsgap, movement of soil particles and rock fragments in soils. Lofftus, and Salisbury soils, are evidence of a climate The kind and amount of living organisms in and on a that provided a stronger weathering environment than soil determine the kind and amount of organic matter the one present today. The surface horizon of these added to the soil. The rate of decomposition of organic soils and others is thin, is low in organic matter matter is controlled by temperature and moisture. content, and reflects the present-day climate. When soils are moist and warm, weathering and The present climate is characterized by mesic, organic matter decomposition can occur. When they frigid, and cryic soil temperature regimes and aquic, are dry or cold, reactions are slow and chemical aridic, xeric, and udic soil moisture regimes. The weathering may cease. interaction of these regimes with the other soil-forming The past and present climatic conditions in the factors contributes to the development of specific soil survey area have greatly influenced soil formation. characteristics. Soil moisture and temperature vary greatly within the The soils in the basins have a mesic or frigid soil survey area because of the differences in the temperature regime and an aquic, aridic, or xeric soil landscape. Precipitation ranges from about 8 inches in moisture regime. The soils on the shrub-covered 482 Soil Survey of

tablelands and mountains have a mesic, frigid, or cryic the north-facing slopes. The epipedon increases in soil temperature regime and an aridic or xeric soil thickness as elevation increases, and it is thickest in moisture regime. The soils on the forested mountains the soils on north-facing slopes. The depth to and plateaus have a frigid or cryic soil temperature carbonates increases as elevation increases, and the regime and a xeric or udic soil moisture regime. corresponding actual and effective moisture also The basin soils that have an aquic soil moisture increase. Weak to strong structural development is regime and reducing condition because of a lack of dominant throughout the subsoil, reflecting the oxygen show little evidence of development. Because influence of the active side slope topography. Soils of the rate of decomposition is slow, organic matter the Felcher series (Xerollic Camborthids) are on accumulation is the primary evidence of soil formation. south-facing slopes and have an aridic moisture These soils typically are Mollisols and Inceptisols and regime and a mesic temperature regime. Soils of the include those of the Cressler, Malin, and Ozamis Riddleranch series (Aridic Haploxerolls) are on north- series (Fluvaquentic Haplaquolls); Boravall and facing slopes and have an aridic moisture regime and Reese series (Aeric Halaquepts); Degarmo and Welch a frigid temperature regime. Soils of the Pearlwise, series (Cumulic Haplaquolls); Crump series (Histic Lambring, and Westbutte series (Pachic Haploxerolls) Humaquepts); Tulana series (Aquandic Humaquepts); and the Bullump series (Pachic Argixerolls) are on and Mudpot series (Typic Haplaquepts). north- and south-facing slopes and have a xeric The basin and tableland soils that have an aridic moisture regime and a frigid temperature regime. soil moisture regime (8 to 12 inches of precipitation) Soils of the Harcany series (Pachic Cryoborolls) are typically exhibit minimal organic matter accumulation on north-facing slopes and have a xeric moisture on the surface and have a weak argillic horizon or regime and a cryic temperature regime. have weak structural development in the subsoil. The forested mountains and plateaus receive about These soils typically are Aridisols and Mollisols that 14 to 35 inches of precipitation. Elevation is about have an aridic moisture regime and include those of 5,000 to 8,400 feet. The soils have a frigid or cryic the Alvodest, Helphenstein, and Turpin series (Natric temperature regime and a xeric or udic moisture Camborthids); McConnel and McNye series (Xerollic regime. Above an elevation of about 7,000 feet, the Camborthids); Hinton series (Durixerollic soils have a udic moisture regime and a cryic Camborthids); Donica, Fitzwater, and Pait series temperature regime. Red fescue and whitebark pine (Aridic Haploxerolls); and Fordney series are associated with these soils. Soils of the (Torripsammentic Haploxerolls). Some of the soils on Drakespeak series (Typic Cryumbrepts) and the these landforms have a dense, clayey argillic horizon, Longjohn series (Typic Vitricryands) are examples. which developed as a result of past climatic These soils receive 30 inches of precipitation or more conditions. and have an umbric epipedon. Only about 5,500 acres The basin and tableland soils that have a xeric soil of the soils in this survey area have a udic moisture moisture regime (12 to 18 inches of precipitation) regime. exhibit a thin or thick mollic epipedon, carbonate Soils that have a frigid temperature regime typically accumulation, and argillic horizon development. are at elevations of about 5,000 to 6,500 feet, and These soils typically are Mollisols and include those of those that have a cryic temperature regime are at the Calimus and Lobert series (Pachic Haploxerolls); elevations above about 6,500 feet. White fir is Deter, Drews, and Harriman series (Pachic associated with the soils that are frigid, and lodgepole Argixerolls); Goose Lake series (Aquandic pine is associated with the soils that are cryic. Argialbolls); Lakeview series (Cumulic Haploxerolls); Western juniper, ponderosa pine, white fir, and and Vitale series (Typic Argixerolls). lodgepole pine plant communities are associated with On the steep, shrub-covered mountains, the soils the soils that are xeric. The parent material from which range from those on south-facing slopes at the low the soils develop under these plant communities and elevations that have an aridic moisture regime and a the soil moisture and temperature regimes strongly mesic temperature regime and those on north-facing affect soil morphology. A thick mollic epipedon and slopes at the low elevations that have an aridic distinct argillic horizon are typical in the soils that moisture regime and a frigid temperature regime to formed in material derived from basalt and tuff. those on south- and north-facing slopes at the high Examples are soils of the Royst and Winterim series elevations that have a xeric moisture regime and a (Pachic Argixerolls), Mound and Woodchopper series cryic temperature regime. Precipitation ranges from (Pachic Ultic Argixerolls), and Hammersley series about 10 to 18 inches. Effective moisture for plant (Argic Pachic Cryoborolls). Andic soil properties are growth and soil development is significantly greater on dominant in the solum of soils that formed in material Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 483

derived from other pyroclastic rock, such as rhyolite. saltgrass, tufted hairgrass, and Indian ricegrass are Examples are soils of the Polander and Twelvemile dominant. These typically are shallow-rooted plants, series (Typic Vitrixerands) and the Hallihan and and layers of duff are not present except in areas Kittleson series (Xeric Vitricryands). Soil development immediately under individual shrubs. The vegetation is also expressed in the leaching and base saturation in many areas is sparse. In wet areas adjacent to of the soil profile. Loss of bases correlates with higher open water areas, cattails and various sedges form an precipitation and changes in the forest plant organic surface layer such as that in soils of the communities. Soils such as those of the Royst series, Crump series (Histic Humaquepts). which receive about 14 to 20 inches of precipitation, The grasses and shrubs on the middle and high and the Winterim series, which receive about 18 to 22 terraces and tablelands are the dominant vegetation in inches of precipitation, have higher base saturation the survey area. Plants such as bluebunch than those of the Mound, Woodchopper, and Rogger wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, soils, which receive about 20 to 32 inches of Thurber needlegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail, low precipitation. The Mound, Woodchopper, and Rogger sagebrush, Wyoming big sagebrush, mountain big soils are associated with the white fir forest plant sagebrush, and antelope bitterbrush are included. community and are Pachic Ultic or Ultic Argixerolls or Although layers of duff are not present, the plant cover Haploxerolls. The Royst and Winterim soils are is more continuous in these areas than on the associated with the western juniper and ponderosa adjacent low terraces. The shallow-rooted grasses are pine forest plant communities and are Pachic important in the development of surface soil structure Argixerolls. and the accumulation of organic matter. The shrubs, which are more deeply rooted, are important in the Plant and Animal Life development of subsoil structure. Living organisms, especially the higher plants, are The forested mountains and plateaus have the active in soil formation. The changes they bring about most abundant plant cover. Plants such as ponderosa depend mainly on the life processes peculiar to each pine, white fir, lodgepole pine, western juniper, kind of organism. The kinds of organisms that live on mountain big sagebrush, common snowberry, and in soils are determined, in turn, by the climate, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, and Wheeler parent material, topography or relief, and age of soils. bluegrass are dominant. These plants provide a layer In this survey area, the effects of climate on of duff 1 inch to 3 inches thick that protects the soil vegetation are significant to soil formation. from erosion. The surface layer typically is thick and Plant cover helps to reduce erosion and stabilize dark-colored because of the slow rate of the soil surface. Leaves, twigs, roots, and the remains decomposition of the organic matter. of entire plants accumulate on the surface of soils and Small animals, earthworms, insects, and micro- are decomposed by micro-organisms, earthworms, organisms influence the formation of soils in several and other soil fauna. Plant roots widen cracks in the ways. Seed-eating ants inhabit a high percentage of underlying rock, which permits water to penetrate. The the soils on tablelands at the lower elevations. The uprooting of trees by wind mixes soil layers and mounds of plant material left by these ants show their loosens the underlying material. Living organisms importance in breaking down the remains of plants. contribute to important processes such as the Small animals burrow into the soil and mix the layers, accumulation of organic matter, mixing of the soil which improves soil structure. Earthworms and other profile, cycling of nutrients, stabilization of soil small invertebrates feed on the organic matter in the structure, and addition of nitrogen. upper few inches of soil material. They slowly, but The soils in this survey area formed under three continually, mix the soil material and alter its major types of plant cover, which are influenced by chemistry. Bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms temperature and moisture. Salt-desert shrubs are hasten the weathering of rocks and the decomposition dominant on the alluvial flats and low sodic terraces. of organic matter. Grasses and shrubs are dominant on the middle and Man also has influenced soil development. high terraces and tablelands. Mixed conifer forest is Management practices such as irrigation, drainage, dominant on the higher, more moist mountains. reclamation, land leveling, ripping, and fertilizing have The salt-desert shrubs and grasses on the alluvial changed the environment of the soils locally. The flats consist of numerous plants that tolerate salinity, Crump and Ozamis soils are very poorly drained and sodicity, and wetness. Plants such as shadscale, poorly drained. Thousands of acres of these soils and black greasewood, spiny hopsage, basin big similar soils in the Warner, Chewaucan, and Goose sagebrush, basin wildrye, alkali sacaton, inland Lake Valleys have been diked, drained, and irrigated. 484 Soil Survey of

Drainage allows more oxygen to enter the upper of these landforms. The soils typically are fine part of the soils, and the increased oxygen results in a textured and medium textured, are high in content of decrease in the content of organic matter. In some montmorillonitic clay, and overlie deposits of older areas minor subsidence is also evident as in drained alluvial gravel and cobbles. Soils that formed in this areas of the Crump soils that do not have a histic material include loamy soils of the Deppy, Drews, epipedon. The hardpan of the Drewsgap soil has been Drewsgap, and Harriman series and clayey soils of ripped to increase the rooting depth and available the Chewaucan, Deter, Oxwall, Salisbury, and water capacity of the soil. Land leveling on the Deter Tumtum series. and Drews soils for more uniform application of The soils on tablelands formed in colluvium and irrigation water has resulted in the destruction or residuum derived from basalt and tuff. Because the thickening of the mollic epipedon. Fire control and degree of soil development varies within short grazing management have had a direct effect on plant distances in these areas, erosional and depositional community composition, plant competition, and plant episodes may have occurred prior to the faulting and succession. Controlling fire results in an increase in uplifting of the fault-block tablelands. The soils are fine woody shrubs and a decrease in grasses. textured and medium textured, are high in content of montmorillonitic clay, and have few rock fragments Parent Material other than those on the surface. Soils that formed in The parent material of the soils in this survey area this material include clayey soils of the Anawalt, is derived from extensive interbedded basalt and tuff Carryback, Coglin, Drakesflat, Fertaline, Floke, flows, rhyolitic dikes, and eolian ash deposits from Mt. Freznik, Hart, Madeline, Merlin, and Ninemile series Mazama (12, 14, 25, 45, 46, 47). The basin and and loamy soils of the Brace, Coztur, Oreneva, and mountain range landscape is a result of the faulting Raz series. and tilting of the flows. The last major fault episode The soils on mountains formed in colluvium and resulted in fault-block mountain ranges. The residuum derived from basalt, tuff, and rhyolite. Those displacement along the fault and the exposed north- that formed in material derived from basalt and tuff to-south-tending escarpments are 5,000 feet high or typically are fine textured and have varying amounts more from base to summit (28). The exposed flows of rock fragments. The kind and amount of clay can be seen along Abert Rim, Winter Rim, Hart minerals are associated with a change in climate and Mountain, and Dougherty Slide. The parent material of the amount of weathering. Soils that typically receive the soils in basins is derived from these flows. less than 30 inches of precipitation have a high The soils on the alluvial flats and low terraces content of montmorillonitic clay. Soils of the Bullump, formed in lacustrine deposits from the Pleistocene Eglirim, Erakatak, Felcher, Lambring, Mound, Royst, lakes episode. These deposits are very thick and Westbutte, and Winterim series are examples. Soils typically are medium textured and fine textured. that receive more than 30 inches of precipitation have Sandy material, where present, is below a depth of 40 mixed mineralogy and contain kaolinitic clay. Soils of inches. Soils that formed in this material include the Chocktoot, Hammersley, Rogger, and loamy soils of the Helphenstein, Icene, Mesman, Woodchopper series are examples. Ozamis, Reese, Stockdrive, and Turpin series and The soils on mountains that formed in material clayey soils of the Alvodest, Berdugo, Pit, derived from rhyolite typically are coarse textured and Spangenburg, and Thunderegg series. Scattered have varying amounts of rock fragments. The soils throughout the basins are younger soils superimposed have andic properties and are light colored. Soils of over these older soils. These younger soils formed in the Hallihan, Kittleson, Longjohn, Polander, and eolian sand deposits, colluvial fan material, and Twelvemile series are examples. coarse-textured alluvial lake shore deposits. Soils that Geomorphology and Associated Landforms formed in eolian sand include those of the Als, Kewake, and Zorravista series. Soils that formed in Geomorphology is the study of the configuration of colluvial fan material include those of the Pait and the Earth‘s surface, including the classification, Rutab series. Soils that formed in lake shore deposits description, nature, origin, and development of include those of the Donica, Hinton, McConnel, landforms. There are three major landscapes in the McNye, and Wildhill series. survey area—basins, tablelands, and mountains. The The soils on the middle and high terraces formed basins are comprised of alluvial flats; low, middle, and in older alluvium. These terrace deposits are very high lake terraces; dunes; and alluvial and colluvial thick, as is evident from the relief and topography fans. The tablelands are comprised of low and high Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 485

tablelands with upland basins and narrow flood plains. soils are nearly level to gently sloping. The moderately The mountains are comprised of active and stable well drained to poorly drained soils in the lower, nearly side slopes. These landscapes and their component level positions correlate to the Ingram geomorphic landforms greatly influence soil formation (see figs. surface. Soils of the Helphenstein series (Natric 27, 28, 29, next 3 pages). Camborthids) and Icene series (Aquollic Salorthids) Basins. The soils in the basins in the Chewaucan are examples. These soils have an ochric epipedon and Warner Valleys typically receive 8 to 10 inches of with minimal organic matter accumulation and a precipitation (aridic), and those in Goose Lake Valley cambic horizon with weak structural development. The receive 14 to 18 inches of precipitation (xeric). The well drained soils in the higher positions correlate to mean annual air temperature is 45 to 50 degrees F the Winkle geomorphic surface. Soils of the Mesman (mesic). Elevation is about 4,100 to 5,300 feet. The series (Xerollic Natrargids) and Turpin series (Natric landforms in the basins have been affected by Camborthids) are examples. These soils have an faulting. Because of this tectonic displacement, ochric epipedon with minimal organic matter terraces that are coequal in age are at different accumulation and a weakly developed argillic horizon elevations across a basin. This makes it difficult to or strongly developed cambic horizon. Soils that interpret soil-geomorphic relationships. reflect past climatic conditions or episodes of lake Alluvial flats are of the Holocene and are at the deposition include those of the Stockdrive series lowest positions in the lake basins. These areas are (Typic Natrixeralfs) and Thunderegg series (Typic equivalent in geomorphic age to the Horseshoe Natraquolls) that have a strongly developed argillic geomorphic surface of the Willamette Valley (6). The horizon and those of the Lofftus series (Vitrixerandic soils are ponded annually for long periods. Vegetation Durorthids) that have a duripan. Wetter and drier is sparse or is absent in many areas. Because the climatic conditions have been observed by local soils are wet for long periods, soil development is inhabitants during the past century (1, 2, 15, 17). minimal. The main evidences of soil formation are Low nonsodic lake terraces are similar in position organic matter accumulation and weak structural and age to low sodic lake terraces. The soils are well development. The soils associated with these drained and are not influenced by sodium or salts. Soil landforms include those of the Alvodest series (Natric formation reflects the pedogenic soil characteristics Camborthids), Crump series (Histic Humaquepts), associated with the Ingram geomorphic surface. Ozamis series (Fluvaquentic Haplaquolls), Pit series Examples include soils of the Jesse Camp series (Chromic Pelloxererts), Reese series (Aeric (Xerollic Camborthids), which have an ochric Halaquepts), and Tulana series (Aquandic epipedon with minimal organic matter accumulation Humaquepts) in Chewaucan and Warner Valleys and and a cambic horizon with weak structural those of the Malin series (Fluvaquentic Haplaquolls) development, and those of the Berdugo and and Tandy series (Aquic Udifluvents) in Goose Lake Spangenburg series (Xerollic Paleargids), which Valley. The Crump soils have a histic epipedon. The reflect past climatic conditions or episodes of lake Malin, Ozamis, and Tulana soils have a mollic deposition and have a strongly developed, clayey epipedon. The Alvodest, Langslet, and Reese soils argillic horizon near the surface. have a cambic horizon. All of the soils on alluvial flats Middle lake terraces are most prevalent in Goose are subject to deposition and erosion. The Ozamis Lake Valley. The soils on these terraces are and Tulana soils have thin strata of volcanic ash or undulating and have slopes of as much as 30 percent. pumice at a depth of 40 inches or less. In the other These terraces represent a distinct change in relief soils, deposits of ash and pumice occur only from the Holocene alluvial flats and low terraces. The sporadically. The ash and pumice is from the eruption middle lake terraces are equivalent in geomorphic age of Mt. Mazama about 6,600 years ago (2). to the Senecal geomorphic surface of the Willamette Low, sodic lake terraces are of the Holocene and Valley series (9) and the upper member of the Eetza are adjacent to alluvial flats. These terraces are Formation of the Lahonton Valley Group series (22, equivalent in geomorphic age to the Ingram 41). The soils have been in place for sufficient time to geomorphic surface of the Willamette Valley, but they develop a strong argillic horizon and a thick mollic also include remnants of the Winkle geomorphic series (pachic) epipedon. The soils are well drained surface (6) and the Turupah Formation of the and are underlain by thick stratified alluvium. Deep Lahonton Valley Group (7, 8, 9, 19, 23). The soils on core samples indicate that these soils have a duripan these terraces are influenced by sodium and salts below a depth of 72 inches. Soils of the Deter and deposited by receding pluvial lakes (2, 10). These Drews series (Pachic Argixerolls) in Goose Lake 486 Soil Survey of

Figure 27.—Soil-landscape relationships in Warner Valley. Icene and Mesman soils on basin floor, McConnel soils on terraces, Pait soils on fans, Riddleranch soils on escarpments, and Hager soils on tablelands. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 487

Figure 28.—Soil-landscape relationships in basins in Warner Valley. 488 Soil Survey of

Figure 29.—Soil-landscape relationships in Goose Lake Valley. Goose Lake and Lakeview soils on basin floor, Drews soils on middle terraces, Salisbury and Oxwall soils on high terraces, and Booth soils on hills. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 489

Valley and the Harriman series (Pachic Argixerolls) in Examples are soils of the McConnel and McNye Chewaucan Valley are examples. series (Xerollic Camborthids) and Hinton series High lake terraces are the oldest terraces and are (Durixerollic Camborthids) on shoreline terraces in in Goose Lake Valley. Similar topographic landforms Chewaucan and Warner Valleys; soils of the Donica adjacent to low and middle terraces in Chewaucan series (Aridic Haploxerolls) in Goose Lake Valley; and and Warner Valleys are referred to as low- or high- soils of the Pait series (Aridic Haploxerolls) on elevation, bedrock-controlled plateaus. The high lake colluvial fans. terraces are nearly level to undulating. Slope is Tablelands. The soils on tablelands typically dominantly less than 5 percent, but it ranges to 15 receive 8 to 16 inches of precipitation (aridic and percent. These terraces are equivalent in geomorphic xeric). The mean annual air temperature is 43 to 47 age to the Dolph and Eola geomorphic surfaces of the degrees F (frigid). Elevation is about 4,700 to 6,500 Willamette Valley series (9) and the Paiute and Rye feet. The tablelands are characterized by basalt and Patch Formations of the pre-Lake-Lahonton lacustrine tuff flows that have been uplifted by faulting. surfaces series (19, 22). The lower lying high lake Low tablelands are characterized by the absence of terraces correlate to the Dolph geomorphic surface. appreciable relief. Slopes typically are less than 15 The Drewsgap series (Typic Durixerolls) is an percent, but they range to as much as 30 percent. The example of soils on these terraces. These soils are soils on these tablelands are equivalent in geomorphic characterized by a duripan and mollic epipedon. The age to the Calapooyia geomorphic surface of the duripan is indurated, and the lower part has several Willamette Valley (9) and the lower member of the discontinuities of compacted sediment and weakly Eetza Formation of the Lahonton Valley Group (19, cemented to strongly cemented layers. The loamy 20, 22). These soils reflect both present and past soil argillic horizon reflects the age of development on the formation processes or episodes. All of these soils Dolph geomorphic surface. The higher lying high lake have an argillic horizon, but the degree of terraces correlate to the Eola geomorphic surface. development ranges from loamy to clayey. The The Oxwall series (Typic Durixerolls) and Salisbury presence or absence of a duripan is also variable. series (Abruptic Durixerolls) are examples of soils on Because the distinct diagnostic subhorizons vary these terraces. These soils have a clayey argillic across this relatively uniform landform, the soil horizon that is dominantly montmorillonitic clay and a formation processes appear to have been interrupted strongly cemented or indurated duripan. by different erosional and depositional episodes. Dunes are of the Holocene and are associated with These low tablelands receive 8 to 12 inches of the alluvial flats and low terraces. Dunes typically are precipitation and generally are at an elevation of about on the eastern edge of the basins and valleys and 4,700 to 5,500 feet. The soils that receive less than 10 reflect effects of the prevailing wind. Soil material inches of precipitation and are at elevations of less continually is being added to or removed from the than 5,000 feet dominantly have an ochric epipedon, dunes; thus, little soil development has occurred. and the soils that receive more precipitation and are at Examples of soils on dunes include those of the Als the higher elevations dominantly have a mollic and Kewake series (Typic Torripsamments) and epipedon. Examples of soils on low tablelands include Zorravista series (Xeric Torripsamments). All of these those of the Brace series (Xerollic Durargids, fine- soils have an ochric epipedon, but the amount of and loamy), Coglin series (Xerollic Paleargids, fine), depth to salts, sodium, and carbonates varies. Drakesflat series (Aridic Calcic Argixerolls, fine), Ratto Alluvial and colluvial fans are of the Holocene and series (Xerollic Durargids, clayey), and Raz series are associated with high water levels of Pleistocene (Xerollic Durorthids, loamy). lakes. These fans occur as alluvial shoreline deposits High tablelands also are characterized by the or colluvial deposits at the foot of fault-block absence of appreciable relief. Slopes typically are less escarpments. The fans correlate to the Dendritic than 15 percent, but they range to as much as 50 Member of the Sehoo Formation of the Lahonton percent. The age of soil development on these Valley Group (24). The soils are very deep and are tablelands is similar to that of the soils on high lake gravelly or cobbly. They have a cambic horizon with terraces. The soils on the high tablelands reflect both weak structural development and an ochric epipedon present and past soil formation processes or with minimal organic matter accumulation. Soils in episodes. These soils have a clayey argillic horizon Goose Lake Valley that receive more precipitation that dominantly contains montmorillonitic clay. than soils in other basins or valleys and soils at the Intermittent to continuous, thin duripans or silica foot of escarpments that receive supplemental deposits are common below the argillic horizon. The moisture from runoff have a weak mollic epipedon. surface layer is relatively thin, and there is an abrupt 490

textural change from the surface layer to the dense and are associated with older geomorphic surfaces clay subsoil. The dense clay layer and associated such as the Dolph, Eola, and Looney surfaces silica deposits reflect past climatic conditions or (9, 26). episodes of deposition. Mountains. The soils on mountains typically The high tablelands receive 10 to 16 inches of receive 10 to 35 inches of precipitation (aridic, xeric, precipitation and generally are at an elevation of or udic). The mean annual air temperature is 41 to 47 about 5,000 to 6,500 feet. Ochric epipedons are degrees F (mesic, frigid, or cryic). Elevation is about dominant at the lower ranges of elevation and 4,700 to 8,400 feet. The mountains consist of precipitation, and mollic epipedons are dominant at stable and active slopes that adjoin rock the higher ranges. Examples of soils on these escarpments (27). Slopes range from 0 to 70 percent. tablelands include those of the Anawalt series (Lithic Vegetation ranges from desert to forest plant Xerollic Haplargids), Booth series (Typic Palexerolls), communities. Carryback and Hart series (Aridic Palexerolls), Floke The soils on these active and stable slopes are series (Abruptic Xerollic Durargids), Freznik series extremely variable. Because of the variability of (Xerollic Paleargids), Merlin and Ninemile series the parent material and climate, soil development (Lithic Argixerolls), and Observation series (Typic ranges from weak to strong. On the more active, Argixerolls). steep slopes, soils such as those of the Upland basins and flood plains are of the Felcher series (Xerollic Camborthids), Riddleranch Holocene. The soils in these basins and flood series (Aridic Haploxerolls), Derapter series (Aridic plains are equivalent in geomorphic age to the Calcic Argixerolls), Westbutte series (Pachic Ingram geomorphic surface of the Willamette Haploxerolls), Harcany series (Pachic Cryoborolls), Valley (9). The soils on the flood plains are Rogger series (Ultic Haploxerolls), Chocktoot subject to cutting and filling during periods of series (Vitrandic Cryoborolls), and Drakespeak flooding. The reworking of the soil material is series (Typic Cryumbrepts) reflect soil development evident by the irregular decrease in organic matter changes in relation to the increase in soil as depth increases. Examples include soils of the moisture and decrease in soil temperature. In Cressler series (Fluvaquentic Haplaquolls) and the less dissected areas, the soils typically exhibit Degarmo and Welch series (Cumulic Haplaquolls). a stronger degree of development that is associated The soils in basins reflect past climatic conditions with the Dolph or Eola geomorphic surface of the or episodes of erosion and deposition. These Willamette Valley (9) and the Lovelock Formation soils have a dense clay layer that has a high of the pre-Lake Lahonton lacustrine surfaces (21). content of montmorillonitic clay. Examples include Soils associated with the more stable slopes soils of the Boulder Lake series (Aquic include those of the Lorella series (Lithic Argixerolls), Chromoxererts), Macyflet series (Xerollic Royst and Winterim series (Pachic Argixerolls), Paleargids), Mudpot series (Typic Haplaquepts), Mound and Woodchopper series (Pachic Ultic and Swalesilver series (Aquic Palexeralfs). Many Argixerolls), and Hammersley series (Argic Pachic of the basins and flood plains are narrow and small Cryoborolls). 491

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(24) Morrison, R.B., and J.C. Frye. 1965. Correlation of the middle and late Quaternary successions of the Lake Lahontan, Lake Bonneville, Rocky Mountain (Wasatch Range), southern Great Plains, and eastern midwest areas. Nev. Bur. Mines Rep. 9.

(25) Muntzert, J.K. 1969. Geology and mineral deposits of the Brattain District, Lake County, Oregon. M.S. thesis, Oreg. State Univ.

(26) Parsons, R.B., C.A. Balster, and A.O. Ness. 1970. Soil development and geological surfaces, Willamette Valley, Oregon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34: 485- 491.

(27) Peterson, F.F. 1981. Landforms of the Basin and Range Province, defined for soil survey. Nev. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 28.

(28) Peterson, Norman V., and James R. McIntyre. 1970. The geology and mineral resources of East Klamath County and West Lake County, Oregon. Oreg. Dep. Geol. and Miner. Ind. Bull. 66. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 493

(29) Portland Cement Association. 1962. PCA soil primer.

(30) Schumacher, F.X. 1926. Normal yield tables for white fir. Calif. Exp. Stn. Bull. No. 407.

(31) Shaver, F.A., A.P. Rose, R.F. Steel, and A.E. Adams. 1905. An illustrated history of Central Oregon embracing Wasco, Sherman, Gilliam, Wheeler, Crook, Lake and Klamath Counties, Oregon. West. Hist. Publ. Co., Spokane, Wash.

(32) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1979. Soil resource inventory of Fremont National Forest. Pacific Northwest Region.

(33) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1979. Plant associations of the Fremont National Forest. R6-ECOL-79-004.

(34) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National soil survey handbook. Soil Surv. Staff. (Available in the State Office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service at Portland, Oregon)

(35) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1951. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18. (Supplements replacing pp. 173-188 issued May 1962)

(36) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

(37) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1970. Soil survey of Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon.

(38) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpretating soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(39) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1976. National range handbook. (Available in the State Office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service at Portland, Oregon)

(40) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1980. Soil survey of Modoc County, California, Alturas Area.

(41) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1986. Geomorphic surfaces and soils in the Lower Colorado River Area, Arizona and California.

(42) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service. 1974. Soil survey of Surprise Valley-Home Camp Area, California- Nevada.

(43) United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1902. Twelfth census of the United States taken in the year 1900. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Wash., D.C. 494

(44) United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1924. Fourteenth census of the United States, state compendium, Oregon. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Wash., D.C.

(45) Walker, George W. 1963. Reconnaissance geologic map of the eastern half of the Klamath (AMS) quadrangle, Lake and Klamath Counties, Oregon. U.S. Geol. Surv., Miner. Invest., Field Stud. Map MF-260.

(46) Walker, George W., Norman V. Peterson, and Robert C. Green. Reconnaissance geological map of the east half of the Cresent quadrangle, Lake, Deschutes, and Crook Counties, Oregon. U.S. Geol. Surv., Misc. Geol. Invest. Map I-493.

(47) Walker, George W., and Charles A. Repenning. 1965. Reconnaissance geological map of the Adel quadrangle, Lake, Harney, and Malheur Counties, Oregon. U.S. Geol. Surv., Misc. Geol. Invest. Map I-446. 495

Glossary

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from Ash, volcanic. Fine pyroclastic material less than 2 the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is millimeters in diameter. similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous dioxide and lower in oxygen. areas geographically associated in a characteristic Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as single map unit. granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods Available water capacity (available moisture are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of available for use by most plants. It is commonly alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a percentage defined as the difference between the amount of of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the soil water at field moisture capacity and the total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed growth is restricted. as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in Alluvial cone. The material washed down the sides of inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is mountains and hills by ephemeral streams and expressed as: deposited at the mouth of gorges in the form of a moderately steep, conical mass descending Very low ...... 0 to 3 equally in all directions from the point of issue. Low ...... 3 to 6 Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it Moderate ...... 6 to 9 issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary High ...... 9 to 12 stream near or at its junction with its main stream. Very high ...... more than 12 Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, deposited on land by streams. Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms the Andic soil properties. A collection of physical and steepest inclined surface and principal element of chemical properties given in “Keys to Soil many hillsides. Back slopes in profile are Taxonomy” that are the taxonomic criteria for the commonly steep, are linear, and may or may not Andisol order. include cliff segments. Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony, required by one mature cow of approximately 1,000 barren land dissected by many intermittent pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month. drainage channels. Badland is most common in Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim semiarid and arid regions where streams are after the removal of soil for construction and other entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief uses. Revegetation and erosion control are generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff extremely difficult. potential is very high, and geologic erosion is Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by active. an accumulation of illuvial silicate clay. This Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, horizon has a minimum thickness, depending on generally referring to the section at breast height the thickness of the solum; a minimum content of and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of clay as compared to the overlying eluvial horizon; stand density, commonly expressed in square feet. and generally has coatings of oriented clay on the Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the surface of pores or peds or bridging sand grains. ice. 496 Soil Survey

Basalt. A dark, commonly extrusive (locally, intrusive nearly level or have a grade toward one or both as in dikes) mafic igneous rock composed mainly ends. of calcic plagioclase, generally labradorite, and Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or clinopyroxene in a glassy or fine grained mass. biological methods to make conditions favorable The extrusive equivalent of gabbro. for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition Base saturation. The degree to which material having from woody vegetation and thus allow understory cation-exchange properties is saturated with grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), increases forage production and thus reduces the expressed as a percentage of the total cation- hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for exchange capacity. some species of wildlife. Basin. A broad, structural lowland between mountain Butte. An isolated small mountain or hill with steep or ranges. It commonly is elongated and many miles precipitous sides and a top variously flat, rounded, wide. Also used to refer to a depressional area that or pointed that may be a residual mass isolated by has few, if any, outlets. erosion or an exposed volcanic neck. Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, nearby central area for transport to a processing or marine sediment. facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To the surface. reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or the the configuration and relief of the landforms are entire log is suspended. determined or strongly influenced by the underlying Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium bedrock. carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, Calcic horizon. A subsurface horizon that has an and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage accumulation of calcium carbonate or of calcium and to prevent accelerated erosion. and magnesium carbonate. It has secondary Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of carbonate of at least 5 percent more than the C which consists of an illuvial horizon and the horizon or is 5 percent, by volume, identifiable overlying eluvial horizons. secondary carbonates; is at least 15 centimeters Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most thick; and has 15 percent calcium carbonate of the soil material has been removed by the wind. equivalent or more. A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a Caliche. A more or less cemented deposit of calcium resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or carbonate in soils of warm-temperate, subhumid to cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is arid areas. Caliche occurs as soft, thin layers in exposed. the soil or as hard, thick beds directly beneath the Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, solum, or it is exposed at the surface by erosion. subject to flooding. Cambic horizon. A subsurface horizon that is finer Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 than loamy fine sand and consists of material that centimeters) in diameter. has been altered or removed but has not Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the accumulated. Evidences of alteration include the border of an upland summit that is dissected by elimination of fine strata; changes caused by ravines. wetness, such as gray colors and mottles; Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above the redistribution of carbonates; and colors that are ground surface; the point on a tree where diameter yellower or redder than those in the underlying measurements are ordinarily taken. horizons. Broad-base terrace. A ridge-type terrace built to Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See control erosion by diverting runoff along the Crown.) contour at a nonscouring velocity. The terrace is 10 Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, very steep sided valley to 20 inches high and 15 to 30 feet wide and has with high, precipitous walls in an area of high local gently sloping sides, a rounded crown, and a dish- relief. shaped channel along the upper side. It may be Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 497

particles and in tiny spaces between particles. percent of these rock fragments, and extremely Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds cobbly soil material has more than 60 percent. capillary water in the soil. Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a landscape moved by creep, slide, or local wash and that formed in similar kinds of parent material but deposited at the base of steep slopes. have different characteristics as a result of Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or differences in relief and drainage. establishing terraces, diversions, and other water- Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. control structures on a complex slope is difficult. The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of or so small in area that it is not practical to map exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, them separately at the selected scale of mapping. expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 The pattern and proportion of the soils or grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is areas. synonymous with base-exchange capacity but is Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in more precise in meaning. volume of soft soil under load. Catsteps. Very small, irregular terraces on steep Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various hillsides, especially in pasture, formed by the sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of trampling of cattle or the slippage of saturated soil. concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains. Cement rock. Shaly limestone used in the The composition of most concretions is unlike that manufacture of cement. of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and iron Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation oxide are common compounds in concretions. through the use of chemicals. Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or composed of rounded or subangular rock more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured plow depth. material. Conglomerate is the consolidated Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less equivalent of gravel. than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, combination with needed cultural and management less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 practices. In a good conservation cropping system, percent silt. the soil-improving crops and practices more than Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the offset the effects of the soil-depleting crops and surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root practices. Cropping systems are needed on all channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. tilled soils. Soil-improving practices in a Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that contains conservation cropping system include the use of much more clay than the horizons above it. A rotations that contain grasses and legumes and claypan is commonly hard when dry and plastic or the return of crop residue to the soil. Other stiff when wet. practices include the use of green manure crops of Climax plant community. The stabilized plant grasses and legumes, proper tillage, adequate community on a particular site. The plant cover fertilization, and weed and pest control. reproduces itself and does not change so long as Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not the environment remains the same. invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount Coarse fragments. Mineral or rock particles larger of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. than 2 millimeters in diameter. Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly rounded deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 resistance of soil material to rupture and to centimeters) in diameter. penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent, of puddled soil material; and the manner in which by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock the soil material behaves when subject to fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) in compression. Terms describing consistence are diameter. Very cobbly soil material has 35 to 60 defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” 498 Soil Survey

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing digging and can affect filling and compacting. crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over or summer fallow. bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches Control section. The part of the soil on which deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; classification is based. The thickness varies moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the and 40 or 80 inches. surface for the specified use. Coppice dune. A small dune of fine grained soil Desert pavement. On a desert surface, a layer of material stabilized around shrubs or small trees. gravel or larger fragments that was emplaced by Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical upward movement of the underlying sediments or action that dissolves or weakens concrete or that remains after finer particles have been uncoated steel. removed by running water or the wind. Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly improve and protect the soil between periods of determined by and approximately conforming to regular crop production, or a crop grown between the dip of the underlying bedrock. trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, Cropping system. Growing crops according to a generally a terrace, built to protect downslope planned system of rotation and management areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. practices. Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping in Crop residue management. Returning crop residue to which crops are grown in a systematic the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the organic matter content, and fertility and helps to slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One control erosion. strip is in a close-growing crop that provides Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting farming protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a operations on sloping farmland in such a way that crop that provides less protection from erosion. tillage is across the general slope. This practice is used where slopes are not long Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be living branches and their foliage. used. Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and The average annual increase per acre in the duration of wet periods under conditions similar to volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total those under which the soil formed. Alterations of volume of the stand by its age. As the stand the water regime by human activities, either increases in age, the mean annual increment through drainage or irrigation, are not a continues to increase until mortality begins to consideration unless they have significantly reduce the rate of increase. The point where the changed the morphology of the soil. Seven classes stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth of natural soil drainage are recognized— is called the culmination of the mean annual excessively drained, somewhat excessively increment. drained, well drained, moderately well drained, Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very tend to cave in or slough. poorly drained. These classes are defined in the Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range “Soil Survey Manual.” plants. Because they are the most palatable, they Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. from an area. Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more grazing land for a prescribed period. open and has broader bottom land than a ravine or Delta. A body of alluvium having a surface that is gulch. nearly flat and fan shaped; deposited at or near the Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of mouth of a river or stream where it enters a body mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material of relatively quiet water, generally a sea or lake. that is in the process of decomposition and Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that includes everything from the litter on the surface to has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per underlying pure humus. Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 499

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is tilled or colloidal suspension from one place to another for at least one growing season for weed control within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material and decomposition of plant residue. through eluviation are eluvial; those that have Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of received material are illuvial. active deposition, incised by younger and lower Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material alluvial surfaces. accumulated through wind action; commonly refers Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water to sandy material in dunes or to loess in blankets into the soil. on the surface. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It balance, for the growth of specified plants when receives no long-continued supply from melting light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth snow or other source, and its channel is above the factors are favorable. water table at all times. Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by all organic soil material. Peat contains a large water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by amount of well preserved fiber that is readily such processes as gravitational creep. identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic the lowest bulk density and the highest water processes acting over long geologic periods and content at saturation of all organic soil material. resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a building up of such landscape features as flood soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has erosion. drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than days after a soaking rain; also called normal field geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, capacity. such as a fire, that exposes the surface. Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the remains on the surface after fine particles are downhill side of the road. removed by sheet or rill erosion. Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop or cliff breaking the general continuity of more or help control creeping or running fires. It also gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from serves as a line from which to work and to erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. facilitate the movement of firefighters and Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the equipment. Designated roads also serve as soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel or firebreaks. sand for construction purposes. First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil subject to frequent or occasional flooding. that restrict the growth of some plants. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a Excess salts (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in stream and is subject to flooding unless protected the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. artificially. Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical action, as a fluvial plain. properties restrict the growth of plants. Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as Excess sulfur (in tables). Excessive amount of sulfur much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a in the soil. The sulfur causes extreme acidity if the mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. soil is drained, and the growth of most plants is Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. restricted. Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deep- Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants seated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. earth’s surface. Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore and development because of given physical and productivity through accumulation of moisture. biological factors by which it may be differentiated Summer fallow is common in regions of limited from other stands. 500 Soil Survey

Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey use or disturbance. and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil carbonate, or other substance. moisture. Frost action can damage roads, buildings Head out. To form a flower head. and other structures, and plant roots. Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers material intermediate in degree of decomposition especially to the processes or soil-forming factors between the less decomposed fibric material and responsible for the formation of the solum, or true the more decomposed sapric material. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and Geomorphic surface. A surface consisting of one or corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue more landforms that represents an episode of from these crops can be used to control erosion landscape development. It is a mappable part of until the next crop in the rotation is established. the land surface that is defined in terms of These crops return large amounts of organic morphology, age, origin, and stability of component matter to the soil. landforms. Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys commonly of limited summit area and having a and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, well defined outline; hillsides generally have slopes the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell of more than 15 percent. The distinction between a considerably with changes in moisture content. hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is dependent on Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, local usage. resulting in the reduction of iron and other Holocene. The second epoch of the Quaternary, elements in the profile and in gray colors. extending from the end of the Pleistocene (about Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that ten thousand years ago) to the present. grade toward a protected waterway. Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway, the surface, having distinct characteristics typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as produced by soil-forming processes. In the protection against erosion. Conducts surface water identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter away from cropland. represents the major horizons. Numbers or Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in of the major horizons. An explanation of the diameter. An individual piece is a pebble. subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Manual.” Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 The major horizons of mineral soil are as follows: percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and decaying fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3 plant residue. inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop surface in which an accumulation of humified grown to be plowed under in an early stage of organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. maturity or soon after maturity. Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of originally part of a B horizon. the material below the water table. E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or running water and through which water ordinarily some combination of these. runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to transition from the overlying A to the underlying C be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, tillage. sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or except by blasting or by the use of special browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) a equipment that is not commonly used in combination of these. construction. C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, excluding Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or indurated bedrock, that is little affected by soil- Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 501

forming processes and does not have the the rate decreases with application time. Therefore, properties typical of the overlying soil material. The intake rate for design purposes is not a constant material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike but is a variable depending on the net irrigation that in which the solum formed. If the material is application. The rate of water intake, in inches per known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic hour, is expressed as follows: numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C. Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath Less than 0.2 ...... very low the soil. 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable More than 2.5 ...... very high part of the organic matter in mineral soils. Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, according to their runoff potential. The soil that flows for prolonged periods only when it properties that influence this potential are those receives ground-water discharge or long, continued that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on contributions from melting snow or other surface a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting and shallow subsurface sources. when the soil is not frozen. These properties are Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area depth to a seasonal high water table, the infiltration and grow after the climax vegetation has been rate and permeability after prolonged wetting, and reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade depth to a very slowly permeable layer. The slope following disturbance of the surface. and the kind of plant cover are not considered but Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in are separate factors in predicting runoff. production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level molten or partially molten state. Major varieties plains surrounded by levees or dikes. include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a andesite, basalt, and granite. strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one by small earth ridges called border dikes, or horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, borders. material is removed from an upper horizon and Controlled flooding.—Water is released at intervals deposited in a lower horizon. from closely spaced field ditches and distributed Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or uniformly over the field. roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close-growing Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that crops or in orchards so that it flows in only one increase in amount as the more desirable plants direction. are reduced by close grazing. Increasers Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and under commonly are the shorter plants and the less low pressure to the surface of the soil or into the palatable to livestock. soil through such applicators as emitters, porous Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the tubing, or perforated pipe. immediate surface of soil or other material, as Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made by contrasted with percolation, which is movement of cultivation implements. Furrows are used for tree water through soil layers or material. and row crops. Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which water Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. conditions. Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the tile lines until the water table is raised enough to surface of the soil at any given instant, usually wet the soil. expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the allowed to flow onto an area without controlled rate at which water is applied at the surface. distribution. Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate; landforms. 502 Soil Survey

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as and exposed when the water level is lowered or the follows: abundance—few, common, and many; elevation of the land is raised. size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of faint, distinct, and prominent. The size soil and loose rock, generally when wet or measurements are of the diameter along the saturated. The speed and distance of movement, greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 as well as the amount of soil and rock material, millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 vary greatly. millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.5 more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). centimeters) or more across. Large stones Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, adversely affect the specified use of the soil. rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area other material by percolating water. (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated passes from a plastic to a liquid state. mass or in a group forming a chain or range. Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay Mountainside. The part of a mountain between the particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less summit and the foot. than 52 percent sand particles. Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) particles, deposited by wind. Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support three simple variables—hue, value, and chroma. loads. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4. for seeding, brush management, and other Narrow-base terrace. A terrace no more than 4 to 8 management practices. feet wide at the base. It is similar to a broad-base Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt terrace, except for the width of the ridge and loam, or silt. channel. Mesa. A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that isolated upland mass characterized by summit contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an widths that are more than the heights of bounding adverse effect on the physical condition of the erosional scarps. subsoil. Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. mineralogical composition, chemical composition, (See Reaction, soil.) or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, low in organic material. Its bulk density is more magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, than that of organic soil. boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and production and prevention of soil damage. water. Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no Ochric epipedon. A surface layer that is too light in natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. color (has higher value of chroma than a mollic Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam, epipedon), too low in content of organic matter, or sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. too thin to be either a mollic epipedon or an umbric Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay epipedon. loam, or silty clay loam. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, various stages of decomposition. including the texture, structure, porosity, Paleosol. A soil with distinctive morphological consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, features, such as color and structure, that can be and biological properties of the various horizons, described consistently and that formed on a and the thickness and arrangement of those landscape that resulted from a soil-forming horizons in the soil profile. environment that no longer exists at the site. The Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that former pedogenic process was altered because of Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 503

changes in the external environment or was Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or interrupted by burial. pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the Pitting (in tables). Pits caused by melting around ice. movement of water and the growth of roots. For They form on the soil after plant cover is removed. example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, and Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the traffic pan. liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of Paralithic contact. The boundary between soil and moisture content within which the soil remains continuous, coherent underlying material that has a plastic. hardness of less than 3 (Mohs scale). Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and changes from semisolid to plastic. mineral material in which soil forms. Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a summit area that is considerably elevated (more granule, a prism, or a block. than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and Pediment. A gently sloping, erosional surface at the separated from them on one or more sides by foot of a receding hill or mountain. escarpments. Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain that A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to occupies the lowest parts of closed depressional permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from areas, such as those on intermontane basin floors. about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 Temporary ponding occurs primarily in response to square meters), depending on the variability of the precipitation and runoff. soil. Pleistocene. The first epoch of the Quaternary (about Percolation. The downward movement of water two million to ten thousand years ago). through the soil. Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water below the plowed layer. through the soil adversely affects the specified Pluvial lake. A lake that formed during a period of use. exceptionally heavy rainfall; a lake that formed Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water during the Pleistocene at a time of glacial advance or air to move downward through the profile. The and is now either extinct or exists as a remnant. rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil depressions. Unless the soils are artificially physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated drained, the water can be removed only by hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil percolation or evapotranspiration. Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid the engineering profession and with traditional permeability, the soil may not adequately filter usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow effluent from a waste disposal system. continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where surface describing permeability, measured in inches per or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult or hour, are as follows: expensive to install. Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil Very slow ...... less than 0.06 inch material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch same size. Because there is little difference in size Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches of the particles, density can be increased only Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches slightly by compaction. Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches Potential native plant community. See Climax plant Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches community. Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content features that affect its use and management, such of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has as slope, stoniness, and flooding. no properties restricting the penetration of roots to pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and this depth. alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for 504 Soil Survey

specific management purposes, under the Extremely acid ...... less than 4.5 appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 and at the proper time of day. Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 a specified plant or sequence of plants under Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 specific management. Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 through all its horizons and into the parent Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher material. Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered maintains enough cover to protect the soil and rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the maintain or improve the quantity and quality loose earth material above the solid rock. of the desirable vegetation. This practice Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, increases the vigor and reproduction capacity of considered collectively. the key plants and promotes the accumulation of Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, litter and mulch necessary to conserve soil and weathered or partly weathered mineral material that water. accumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated in Puddling. A process by which a soil loses its place. structure and becomes massive as a result of Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated traffic or tillage during wet periods. The soil erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and becomes hard and cloddy when dry. not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm Pumice. Light-colored, vesicular, glassy volcanic rock machinery. fragments that can float on water. Riparian areas. Wetland ecosystems that have a high Quaternary. The second period of the Cenozic Era water table because of proximity to aquatic extending from the end of the Tertiary (about two ecosystems or subsurface water. Riparian areas million years ago) to the present and comprising usually occur as an ecotone between aquatic and the Pleistocene (ice age) and the Holocene upland ecosystems, but they have distinct plant (present). and soil characteristics. Riparian areas are Range condition. The present composition of the plant uniquely characterized by a combination of high community on a range site in relation to the diversity, high density, and high productivity of potential natural plant community for that site. species. Continuous interaction occurs among Range condition is expressed as excellent, good, riparian, aquatic, and upland terrestrial ecosystems fair, or poor on the basis of how much the present through exchange of energy, nutrients, and plant community has departed from the potential. species. Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike means during road construction. It is commonly on plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or the uphill side of the road. browsing. It includes natural grasslands, savannas, Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, and areas diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, that support certain forb and shrub communities. pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil, Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a by plant roots. distinct natural plant community. A range site is Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil the product of all the environmental factors is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. responsible for its development. It is typified by an Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream association of species that differ from those on channels from an area. The water that flows off the other range sites in kind or proportion of species or surface of the land without sinking into the soil is total production. called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a before reaching surface streams is called ground- soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction Salic horizon. A subsurface horizon that contains a because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degrees secondary enrichment of salts that are more of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH values, soluble in cold water than in gypsum. The horizon are: must be at least 15 centimeters thick and contain Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 505

at least 2 percent salts. The product of its and other structures. It can also damage plant thickness, in centimeters, and percentage of salts, roots. by weight, is 60 or more. Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an mineral form is called quartz. amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. molecules of silica to the number of molecules of Salty water (in tables). Water that is too salty for alumina and iron oxide. The more highly weathered consumption by livestock. soils or their clay fractions in warm-temperate, Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral humid regions, and especially those in the tropics, fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in generally have a low ratio. diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay sand and not more than 10 percent clay. (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil sand-sized particles. that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly percent clay. decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk silt-sized particles. density, and the lowest water content at saturation Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic of all organic soil material. criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material underlying and have similar conservation needs or the soil and grading to hard bedrock below. management requirements for the major land uses Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive in the survey area. pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of Site class. A grouping of site indexes into 5 to 7 saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix production capability levels. Each level can be into an unlined auger hole. represented by a site curve. Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching, Site curve (50-year). A set of related curves on a loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to graph that shows the average height of dominant increase water absorption or to provide a more trees for the range of ages on soils that differ in tillable soil. productivity. Each level is represented by a curve. Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles The basis of the curves is the height of dominant deposited from suspension in water. The chief trees that are 50 years old or are 50 years old at kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, breast height. formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; Site curve (100-year). A set of related curves on shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed a graph that show the average height of from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are dominant and codominant trees for a range of ages many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited on soils that differ in productivity. Each level is sand is consolidated into sandstone. represented by a curve. The basis of the curves is Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through the height of dominant and codominant trees that the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified are 100 years old or are 100 years old at breast use. height. Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) based on the height of the dominant stand at an Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average almost alike, except for differences in texture of height attained by dominant and codominant trees the surface layer. All the soils of a series have in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, 75 feet, the site index is 75. and arrangement. Skid trails. The paths created by skidding logs and the Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of bulldozer or tractor used to pull them. soil material from the land surface by the action of Skidding. A method of moving felled trees to a nearby rainfall and surface runoff. central area for transport to a processing facility. Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dry Most skidding systems involve pulling the trees and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling with wire cables attached to a bulldozer or rubber- can damage roads, dams, building foundations, tired tractor. Generally, one end is lifted when the 506 Soil Survey

felled trees are skidded or pulled. As a result, surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has friction and surface disturbance are minimized. properties resulting from the integrated effect of Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces climate and living matter acting on earthy parent produced by one mass sliding past another. In material, as conditioned by relief over periods of soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip time. surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging clayey soils, where there is marked change in between specified size limits. The names and moisture content. sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled, the United States are as follows: crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 exchangeable sodium. The soil generally is silty or Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 productivity. Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or Clay ...... less than 0.002 wet. Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical horizon, in which the processes of soil formation distance divided by horizontal distance, then are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. the material in these horizons are unlike those of Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special the material below the solum. The living roots and practices are required to ensure satisfactory plant and animal activities are largely confined to performance of the soil for a specific use. the solum. Sloughed till. Water-saturated till that has flowed Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in slowly downhill from its original place of deposit by a soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old glacial ice. It may rest on other till, on glacial weathered surface. In a cross section, the line outwash, or on a glaciolacustrine deposit. may be one fragment or more thick. It generally Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water overlies material that weathered in place and into the soil. is overlain by recent sediment of variable Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, thickness. resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 6 to 15 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones inches (15 to 38 centimeters) in length if flat. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree of that interfere with or prevent tillage. alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a percentage Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the arrangement of strips or bands that provide total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water growth is restricted. erosion. Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a particles into compound particles or aggregates. sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation The principal forms of soil structure are—platy extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are: longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and Slight ...... less than 13:1 Moderate ...... 13-30:1 granular. Structureless soils are either single Strong ...... more than 30:1 grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering without any regular Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with cleavage, as in many hardpans). trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on other equipment commonly used in construction. the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after Lake County, Oregon, Southern Part 507

harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat next crop, and during the early growing period of or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. the new crop. Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural the solum below plow depth. classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. Generally The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes refers to a leached horizon lighter in color and may be further divided by specifying “coarse,” lower in content of organic matter than the “fine,” or “very fine.” overlying surface layer. Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during that is too thin for the specified use. the summer to control weeds and allow storage of Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling practice common in semiarid regions, where emergence, and root penetration. annual precipitation is not enough to produce a Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently of a hill; part of a foot slope. practiced before planting winter grain. Too arid (in tables). The soil is dry most of the time, Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its and vegetation is difficult to establish. equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the rich in organic matter and is used to topdress “Ap horizon.” roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, Toxicity (in tables). Excessive amount of toxic considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions substances, such as sodium or sulfur, that of these horizons. severely hinder establishment of vegetation or Tableland. A broad upland with a large nearly level or severely restrict plant growth. undulating summit area and steep side slopes Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, descending to surrounding lowlands. Types of zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils tableland include plateaus and mesas. in extremely small amounts. They are essential to Talus. Fragments of rock and other soil material plant growth. accumulated by gravity at the foot of cliffs or steep Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more slopes. volcanic ash and dust. Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on recognized in the classification system. Such soils banks of fill material. are named for a series they strongly resemble and Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than the are designated as taxadjuncts to that series alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the because they differ in ways too small to be of lowlands along streams. consequence in interpreting their use and behavior. Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only when one stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In or more of their characteristics are slightly outside nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by the range defined for the family of the series for heavily loaded streams. which the soils are named. Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across assumed to be inherited from the parent material sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to rather than to be the result of poor drainage. the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional so that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to areas that are excavated at an angle across a a prepared outlet. A terrace in a field generally is sloping road. They are used to reduce the built so that the field can be farmed. A terrace downward velocity of water and divert it off and intended mainly for drainage has a deep channel away from the road surface. Water bars can easily that is maintained in permanent sod. be driven over if constructed properly. 508

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the poorly graded soil. earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The changes result in disintegration and decomposition moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at of the material. which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of much that it does not recover when placed in a coarse grained particles that are well distributed humid, dark chamber. over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by normally can be easily increased in density and the wind.