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THE STUDY of POLITICS This Book Was Published by ANU Press Between 1965–1991 THE STUDY OF POLITICS This book was published by ANU Press between 1965–1991. This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press. This project aims to make past scholarly works published by The Australian National University available to a global audience under its open-access policy. THE STUDY OF POLITICS A Collection of Inaugural Lectures Edited by PRESTON KING FRANK CASS First published in Australia 1978 Printed in Great Britain for the Australian National University Press, Canberra © Frank Cass Co. Ltd. 1977 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be made to the publisher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry The study of politics. Simultaneously published, London: Cass. ISBN 0 7081 0363 4. 1. Political science — Study and teaching (Higher) — Great Britain. I. King, Preston T., 1936-, ed. II. Title. 3 2 0 ’.0711 ’41 Printed in Great Britain by Billing & Sons Ltd, Guildford, London and Worcester ^r»us7 j LIBRARY Y CONTENTS Preston King Introduction ix 1 H. J. Laski ON THE STUDY OF POLITICS (.LSE, 1926) [ 2 Ernest Barker THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE (Cambridge, 1928) 17 3 Denis Brogan THE STUDY OF POLITICS (Cambridge, 1945) 35 4 G. D. H. Cole SCOPE AND METHOD IN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THEORY (Oxford, 1945) 47 5 K. C. Wheare THE MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT (Oxford, 1945\ 59 6 Michael Oakeshott: POLITICAL EDUCATION (LSE, 1951) 75 7 J. C. Rees INTERPRETING THE CONSTITUTION (Swansea, 1956) 97 8 Isaiah Berlin TWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY (Oxford, 1958) 119 9 Max Beloff THE TASKS OF GOVERNMENT (Oxford, 1958) 163 10 Howard Warrender: THE STUDY OF POLITICS ( Belfast, 1961) 181 11 J. H. Burns THE FABRIC OF FELICITY: THE LEGISLATOR AND THE HUMAN c o n d it io n (University College London, 1967) 207 12 W. H. Greenleaf THE WORLD OF POLITICS (Swansea, 1968) 225 13 M. M. Goldsmith : ALLEGIANCE (Exeter, 1970) 245 14 A. H. Birch THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF representation (Exeter, 1971) 265 15 Maurice Cranston : POLITICS AND ETHICS (LSE, 1971) 279 16 Bernard Crick FREEDOM AS POLITICS (Sheffield, 1966) 301 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following permissions are gratefully acknowledged: Mrs Laski and London School of Economics for H. J. Laski’s On the Study of Politics, an Inaugural Lecture delivered before the London School of Economics in 1926 and published by Humphrey Milford, London, 1926. Cambridge University Press for Sir Ernest Barker’s The Study of Political Science, delivered before the University of Cambridge in 1928, published in Barker, The Study of Political Science in its Relation to Cognate Studies, and republished under the present abbreviated title by Methuen in Barker, Church, State and Study. Essays. Also for Sir Denis Brogan’s The Study of Politics, delivered before the University of Cambridge on 28 November 1945, and published in 1946. The Clarendon Press for G. D. H. Cole’s Scope and Method in Social and Political Theory, delivered before the University of Oxford on 9 November 1945; K. C. Wheare’s The Machinery of Government, delivered before the University of Oxford on 16 November 1945; and Max Beloffs The Tasks of Government, delivered before the University of Oxford on 20 February 1958. Associated Book Publishers Ltd. for Michael Oakeshott’s Political Education, delivered before the London School of Economics on 6 March 1951, first published by Bowes & Bowes (1951) and republished by Methuen in Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics (1962). Oxford University Press for Sir Isaiah Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty, delivered before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958 and published in Berlin, Four Essays on liberty (1958). vii The authors for reproduction of the inaugural lectures by J. C. Rees (Interpreting the Constitution, delivered at the University College of Swansea on 1 December 1955, and published by the University); Howard Warrender (The Study of Polities, delivered before the Queen's University of Belfast on 8 March 1961, and published by the University); W. H. Greenleaf (The World of Polities, delivered at the University College of Swansea on 5 March 1968, and published by the University); M. M. Goldsmith (Allegiance, delivered in the University of Exeter on 12 November 1970, and published by the University); A. H. Birch (The Nature and Functions of Representation, delivered in the University of Exeter on 7 May 1971, and published by the University); Maurice Cranston (Politics and Ethics, delivered at the London School of Economics on 26 October 1971, and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in Cranston, The Mask of Politics and Other Essays). University College, London for J. H. Burns’s The Fabric of Felicity: the Legislator and the Human Condition, delivered at University College on 2 March 1967. Allen Lane, and Basic Books, Inc., for Bernard Crick’s Freedom as Politics, delivered at the University of Sheffield in 1966. The lecture was originally published by Sheffield University, but follows here the slightly different version as it appeared in Crick, Political Theory and Practice (Allen Lane. 1972, and Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1973). viii INTRODUCTION The studyof politics is as old as the most ancient of universities. We need only refer to the work of Plato and Aristotle to make the point clear. But in earlier times, no distinction was made between the study of politics and the study of philosophy, or between the study of political theory and the study of ethics. There was no distinction made either between the study of politics and the study of history, law, sociology and economics. At the least, society was regarded as a single unit of study. If we take classical writers like Bodin, Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Kant. Hegel, Bentham and Mill, what we detect is an interpenetration of ‘disciplines’: all of these figures are as much concerned with law as with politics, as also with philosophy, and at least three-quarters of them are equally concerned with ‘economics'. They were disposed to treat society, and social problems, as a single unit of study, and this is a tradition which it is very difficult today for us to continue. In the twentieth century, history and philosophy, the omnibus sciences, have rather definitively blown up, and their different parts describe an outward movement from a formerly common core: law, economics, politics, sociology, psychology, business studies and so on. Chairs in history, philosophy and law are of course historically commonplace. But chairs in other subjects are basically new to this century. The university study of politics is not at all new, but the separation of political studies from legal, economic, historical, sociological and psychological studies most certainly is. The inaugural lectures republished here are, not unnaturally, restricted to the United Kingdom. This restriction imparts to them a certain coherence, and also makes it easier to reproduce more of them—although not all. All of the chairs in politics in England were established in this century. They were established initially in three universities (the first of these being Oxford), upon which other universities have subsequently drawn. The first chair in politics in an English university was the Gladstone Professorship of Political Theory and Institutions established at Oxford in 1912. It was endowed by the General Committee of the National Memorial to Mr. Gladstone out of a surplus left from the fulfilment of the Committee's original purposes. The first incumbent ix X PRESTON KING was W. G. S. Adams (1874-1966), who held the chair until 1933. He was the founder and editor of Political Quarterly and was intimately involved in governmental affairs. It would be difficult to maintain that he made a lasting contribution to the subject and his name is almost entirely unfamiliar to contemporary students of politics. The successor to Professor Adams was Sir Arthur Salter (1881-1975), who was even more involved in public affairs than was Adams. He held his first position of public trust in the Transport Department of the Admiralty in 1904 and his last was that of Minister of Materials during 1952-53. He was certainly an extremely active man, publishing his memoirs in 1961 and a further book in 1967. But, as he himself states in his memoirs, he was far less of an academic than an administrator. Officially, he held his Oxford professorship until 1944. But in fact he rejoined the world of governmental affairs in 1940 and Sir Robert Ensor served Oxford in his stead for the remainder of Sir Arthur’s tenure. The duties attached to the Gladstone Professorship of Political Theory and Institutions were officially divided between two chairs in 1940, although no new appointments were made until 1944. One of the new chairs was labelled the Gladstone Professorship of Social Administration, the other being called the Chichele Professorship of Social and Political Theory. Professor K.. C. Wheare (b. Australia, 1907) was appointed to the chair in administration and Professor G. D. H. Cole (1889-1959) was appointed to the chair in Theory. Professor Wheare was very active in Oxford life, having been Pro- Vice-Chancellor during 1958-64. His professorial tenure lasted from 1944 through 1957 and his inaugural lecture is the first in the Oxford series reproduced in this volume. Professor Cole was an extremely prolific writer. He lived much longer than Laski and his output was even greater (although pure output is of course no measure of quality). Cole was a University Reader in Economics at Oxford during 1925-44 and then a fellow of All Souls during 1944-57.
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