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Roman Jakobson

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Roman Jakobson ROMAN JAKOBSON /ˈroʊ mɑn ˈjɑːkəbsən/ “…but it seems to me my fate is to tightrope -walk in inconceivable situations.” Patrice Quammie-Wallen FH6050 – Presentation of a theorist Thursday 22 March, 2018 SOCIABLE VITALITY POETICS CHARM STORYTELLER SPY PROLIFIC RELATIONAL RADICAL INNOVATIONS ECLECTIC RUSSIAN SURVIVOR CZECH OPPORTUNIST DESCRIPTIVE LINGUIST POLYGLOT GENIUS AMERICAN METICULOUS IN HIS 85TH YEAR… • POLYGLOT • STRUCTURALISM • PROFESSOR EMERITUS HARVARD UNIVERSITY • FOLKLORE • PROFESSOR EMERITUS MASSACHUSETTS • MYTHOLOGY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (MIT) • ART • 25 HONORARY DEGREES • POETRY –RUSSIAN AND CZECH • NAZI PERESCUTION SURVIVOR • PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY • SURVIVED BY 2 WIVES • COMMUNICATION • BRIDGED EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LINGUISTIC STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT • SEMIOTICS • BLENDED THE STUDIES OF LINGUISTICS AND • TRANSLATION LITERATURE • PSYCHOLINGUISTICS • NUMEROUS CLOSE FRIENDSHIPS • LANGUAGE ACQUISITION • CONVERT TO ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY • APHASIA • SOCIOLINGUISTICS THE JOURNEY OF ROMAN JAKOBSON 1915 •Moscow Linguistic Circle founding and President till 1920. “The elucidation of 1918 1896 linguistic problems of both practical and poetic language •Master’s degree •Birth. Jewish. as well as questions of •Research Associate at •Industralist dad. Chemist folklore and ethnology.” Moscow University till 1920 mom. •Russian Formalism; science •Execution of Imperial family •Well-to-do. of literature •Fascinated by language. •Avant garde art and poetry. 1914 1917 1920 •Lazarev Institute of Oriental •Russian Revolution March •Professor of Orthoepy, Languages. and October Moscow Dramatic School •Moscow University •1917-1922 Civil War •Nikolai Trubetzkoy •7-12 million people killed. •World War 1 1920 •Arrived in Prague as a translator for the first Soviet 1933 Red Cross mission. Was •Professor, viewed with Masaryk suspicion in University, Brno – newly formed 1939 democratic 1928 •Russian Philology Czechoslovakia •First and Old Czech 1938 •Intellectual and International Literature artistic Congress of •Married Svatava •Death of Nikolai immersion Linguistics, Hague Pirkova Trubetzkoy 1926 1930 1937 1939 •Prague Linguistic •PhD Charles •Czech citizenship •Flees Brno upon Circle – Vilem University Nazi occupation Mathesius, of Czechoslovakia Nikolai Trubetzkoy, Rene Wellek, Jan Mukarovsky •Otto Jespersen, Emile Benveniste, 1939 • Arrives in Denmark April 21 after hiding in Prague • Visiting Professor University of Copenhagen • Copenhagen Linguistic Circle; Louis Hjelmslev • Leaves Denmark for Norway 1940 • Visiting Professor at University of Oslo, Norway 1940 •Fled north to Sweden •Prison guard •Coffin 1941 •Published ‘Child Language, Aphasia, and the Phonological Universals’. Investigated parallels between child language acquisition and its loss by brain damaged patients. 1941 •Refugee to the United States •L’Ecole Libre des Hautes 1949 Etudes in New •Harvard York University; •Claude Lévi- 1944 Samuel Strauss Hazzard Cross •Franz Boas, •Founding Professor of 1962 Benjamin Member of Slavic 1982 Whorf, the Linguistic Languages and •Marries 1970 Leonard Circle of New Literatures Krystyna •Dies in Bloomfield York and General Pomorska •Professor Cambridge •‘Word’ Journal Linguistics Emeritus, MIT Massachusetts 1943 1946 1957 1965 1975 •Visiting •Thomas G. •MIT; Visiting •Professor •Convert to Professor of Masaryk Chair Institute Emeritus, Eastern Linguistics, of Professor Harvard Orthodox Columbia Czechoslovak University Christianity University. Studies at Columbia University HIS CONTRIBUTIONS HIS CONTRIBUTIONS Roman Jakobson nous a fait un cadeau merveilleux: il a donne la linguistique aux artistes. (Roman Jakobson has given us a marvellous gift; he gave linguistics to artists.) Roland Barthes 1915-1980 JAKOBSON’S POETICS- Contributors • Russian Formalism “sharply emphasizes the difference between literature and life, it rejects the usual biographical, psychological, and sociological explanations for literature. It develops highly ingenious methods for analyzing works of literature and for tracing the history of literature in its own terms.” Art was not mysterious or a social servant. • Formalism distinguised between fabula (story) and sujet (plot). • Jakobson developed the description of the speech event (1960) • Saussure’s Structuralism: SIGNIFIER & SIGNIFIED=SIGN JAKOBSON’S POETICS JAKOBSON’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION JAKOBSON’S POETICS • “Since Jakobson was especially interested in what distinguished poetry from other discursive forms, he argued that the "focus on the message for its own sake" characterizes poetry. For Jakobson, the degree to which any of the constituent factors of a speech event were emphasized produces different forms of discourse.” Society for Conceptual logistics in communication research Influenced stylistics and ethnography and succeeded by student Michael Silverstein who developed a semiotics of culture. “Jakobson’s entire work was a quest for semiotics.” Umberto Eco PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY • PRAGUE LINGUISTIC CIRCLE The Prague school worked to discover how sounds in a language were related. “Taken together, the propositions, theses, and other collaborative works (see Toman, 1995: 161 for a listing) stressed the theoretical separation of phonology from phonetics, the decomposition of sounds into oppositions among features [distinctive features], and the importance of synchronic oppositions for diachronic study. Phonemes were no longer viewed as unanalyzable entities but rather as sets of features, which constituted the real structure of the language.” Oxford Research Encyclopaedia • This paradigmatic work in Phonology bled into the application of structuralism in other areas. • American scholar Dell Hymes cites his 1962 paper, "The Ethnography of Speaking, as "the formal introduction of Prague functionalism to American linguistic anthropology”. • Jakobson’s seminal paper (1941) was “an attempt to identify universal dimensions to phonological analysis and to show that these un- fold at a fixed order in language development and break down at a reverse order in aphasia (the regression hypothesis).” Oxford Scholarship THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! REFERENCES B. H. (1980). Roman Jakobson in His 85th Year. Poetics Today,2(1a), 9-7. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1772347 Marullo, T. (2009). Lenin's Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia (Book Review). The Slavic and East European Journal, 53(4), 684-685. MIT Institute Archives and Special Collections https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc72.html Includes a listing of all Jakobson’s writings and publications. Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of Linguistics. Nikolai Trubetzkoy. Oxford Scholarship Online. Broca’s Region, Chapter 24. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177640.001.0001/acprof- 9780195177640-chapter-24 Roy Harris (2012) Jakobson's saussure, Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, 29:1, 75- 88, DOI: 10.1080/03740463.1997.10429456 Society for Conceptual Linguistics in Communication Research. Model of Communication. http://www.sclcr.com/toolkit/conceptDatabase/viewConcept.php?id=470 The Narratologist. 2014. Literary Theory: Russian Formalism 1914-1930. http://www.thenarratologist.com/literary-theory/literary-theory-russian-formalism/ Waugh, L. (1980). The Poetic Function in the Theory of Roman Jakobson. Poetics Today, 2(1a), 57-82. doi:10.2307/1772352.
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