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Download at Ace Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: ____________________ _______________________ Gianluca De Fazio Date Political Radicalization in the Making: The Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland, 1968-1972 By Gianluca De Fazio Doctor of Philosophy Sociology _________________________________________ Professor Roberto Franzosi Advisor _________________________________________ Professor John Boli Committee Member _________________________________________ Professor Alex Hicks Committee Member _________________________________________ Professor Pamela Oliver Committee Member Accepted: _________________________________________ Lisa A. Tedesco, Ph.D. Dean of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies ___________________ Date Political Radicalization in the Making: The Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland, 1968-1972 By Gianluca De Fazio B.A., University of Trento (Italy), 2002 M.A., University of Trento (Italy), 2003 M.Sc., University of Reading (United Kingdom), 2005 Advisor: Roberto Franzosi, Ph.D. An abstract of A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology 2013 Abstract Political Radicalization in the Making: The Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland, 1968-1972 By Gianluca De Fazio This dissertation investigates the radicalization of contention in Northern Ireland during the “Troubles” between 1968 and 1972. Three arenas of contention - intra-movement dynamic, movement-countermovement interactions and the structure of opportunities/threats available in the political system - are examined to explain the radicalization of the Civil Rights Movement and the ignition of political violence in those years. The radicalization of contention is explored through Quantitative Narrative Analysis (QNA), an innovative methodological approach that relies on computer-assisted story grammars (the Subject (S) – Action (A) – Object (O) sequence and their modifiers) to parse narrative texts. The research strategy is to unveil social actors, their interactions and tactics within contentious events. Relying on 2,097 entries from a three-volume chronology of contentious events in Northern Ireland, I compiled a relational database of 6,036 semantic triplets detailing “who did what, when, where, why and how”. The analysis of these data via sequential network models allows the reconstruction of the nature and evolution of the interactions among the main political actors involved in the “Troubles”. In particular, four distinct phases of the conflict are unveiled through network models of violence, indicating how and when the conflict radicalized, and how actors shifted their strategies of contention. Archival data are used to further specify how mechanisms of radicalization, such as intra-movement competition, political outbidding, hostile counter-mobilization, repression, object shift and boundary activation, engendered the conflict, thus illustrating why actors radicalized their requests and tactics. Political Radicalization in the Making: The Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland, 1968-1972 By Gianluca De Fazio B.A., University of Trento (Italy), 2002 M.A., University of Trento (Italy), 2003 M.Sc., University of Reading (United Kingdom), 2005 Advisor: Roberto Franzosi, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology 2013 Political Radicalization in the Making: the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland, 1968-1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 The Conflict in Northern Ireland .................................................................................................... 3 Radical Contentious Politics ........................................................................................................... 8 Arenas of Contention .................................................................................................................... 11 Intra-Movement Dynamics ....................................................................................................... 12 Intra-Movement Competition ............................................................................................... 12 Political Outbidding .............................................................................................................. 13 Movement-Countermovement Interactions .............................................................................. 16 Opportunities/Threats in the Political System .......................................................................... 19 Radical Scenarios .......................................................................................................................... 23 Methods to Study Contention ....................................................................................................... 27 Dissertation Plan ........................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 2: Northern Ireland as a Site of Contention .............................................................. 33 Social Relations of Conflict and Network Models. .................................................................. 34 Civil Rights Protests and Civil Disturbances (August 1968-July 1969)............................... 35 The Outbreak of Ethnic Antagonism (August 1969-January 1971) ..................................... 40 The Resurgence of Paramilitary Activity (February 1971-July 1971) ................................. 45 Armed Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency (August 1971-December 1972) ...................... 48 The Landscape of Contention: GIS Models.............................................................................. 56 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 3: The Emergence of the CRM and its Opponents in 1968...................................... 60 Stormont System of Power ........................................................................................................... 60 Origins of the Civil Rights Movement.......................................................................................... 63 In Search of Constitutional Redress: The Precursors of the CRM (1963-1968). ..................... 63 The Birth of the CRM in Northern Ireland: The Militant Route (1968). .................................. 67 Reactions to Civil Rights Mobilization......................................................................................... 71 Unionist Perceptions and Reactions to the CRM. ..................................................................... 71 RUC’s Perceptions and Policing of the CRM........................................................................... 74 The Unionist Government and the CRM. ................................................................................. 79 “Not an Inch!” Loyalist Reactions to the CRM ........................................................................ 82 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 88 Chapter 4: 1969 and the Historical Context of the Troubles .................................................. 90 People’s Democracy and the “Long March” ................................................................................ 91 February Elections and Contained Contention ............................................................................. 97 Back to the Streets: the Radicalization of the CRM ................................................................... 103 The Summer of 1969 and the Onset of the Troubles .................................................................. 112 The Battle of the Bogside. ...................................................................................................... 116 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 118 Chapter 5: The Troubles and Ethno-national Contention .................................................... 121 The Radicalization of Contention ............................................................................................... 122 Hostile counter-mobilization .................................................................................................. 122 Socialization to Violence. ..................................................................................................
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