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Organizing the *South: Railroads, Plantations, and War. Steven Gedson Collins Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Organizing the *South: Railroads, Plantations, and War. Steven Gedson Collins Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1999 Organizing the *South: Railroads, Plantations, and War. Steven Gedson Collins Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Collins, Steven Gedson, "Organizing the *South: Railroads, Plantations, and War." (1999). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7075. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7075 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ORGANIZING THE SOUTH: RAILROADS, PLANTATIONS, AND WAR A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University' and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of D octor o f Philosophy in The Department of History by Steven G. Collins B. S., Oklahoma State University, 1987 M. A., Southwest Texas State University, 1992 December 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9960046 Copyright 1999 by Collins, Steven Gedson All rights reserved. UMI* UMI Microform9960046 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright 1999 Steven Gedson Collins All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been written without the help of a number of people supporting my efforts. First, I would like to thank Paul Paskoff. Through long conversations, he helped give focus and direction to my cluttered ideas. His advice and constant encouragement kept me plugging along. One could not ask for a better dissertation advisor. Gaines Foster also gave my work careful reading and always provided penetrating comments and questions. It was a pleasure and a privilege to work so closely with these two fine scholars. I would also like to thank other members of my dissertation committee, William J. Cooper, Jr., Carville Earle, Thomas Owen, and Christopher Kenny for their careful reading and thoughtful comments. James Gaughan also took time from his busy schedule to improve this manuscript with his editing skills. On a personal level, I would like to thank my parents, Ged and Joyce Collins, who have always given support to my endeavors. Their level-headed advice has served me well. My mother-in-law, Martha Luan Brunson has provided wisdom and encouragement. And finally, I would like to thank my wife Ann who has read, edited, and commented on every draft of this work. She has always been a source of strength and laughter. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................................iii ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1 "THE VISIBLE HAND" IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH: SOUTHERN RAILROAD MANAGEMENT, 1840-1860 ........... 7 2 SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATION IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH ................................................................................................ 50 3 ORGANIZING FOR WAR: SOUTHERN RAILROAD MANAGEMENT DURING THE CIVIL WAR ........................... 94 4 SYSTEM AND WAR: THE CONFEDERATE ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT AND UNIFORM PRODUCTION OF AM M UNITION................................................................................143 5 SYSTEM, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONFEDERATE GUNPOWDER PRODUCTION .................................................... 191 6 ORGANIZING A NEW SOUTH ...................................................229 EPILOGUE............................................................................................................... 277 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................... 282 APPENDIX: LETTER OF PERMISSION............................................................. 305 V IT A .......................................................................................................................... 307 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This work examines the emergence of organizational and bureaucratic ideas in the nineteenth-century South. It shows that organizational thinking took root in the antebellum South and grew during the Civil War. Many Southerners accepted the modem precepts of time, system, and bureaucratic control. They created of modem view of the world while incorporating slavery within this outlook. These same organizational ideals helped create a New South. The first section of this work examines how southern railroad managers introduced modem bureaucratic structures into their operations. At the same time, they incorporated slavery within this modem corporate structure. The second section examines the acceptance of m odem ideas of organization, system, control, and technology by southern planters. Southern reformers transformed organizational ideals into a unique vision of modernization based on agriculture and slave labor. Agricultural reform, educational reform, and commercial conventions became the clearest manifestations of these new organizational ideals. The third section of this dissertation studies the growth of organizational and bureaucratic ideas during the Civil War. Southern v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. railroads and the Confederate Ordnance Department reveal the failure and success respectively of organizational ideas during the war. Under the strain of war, southern railroads' bureaucratic structures collapsed. However, the Confederate Ordnance Department represented the greatest success the Confederacy had in organizing for war. The Ordnance Department incorporated the latest ideas of system, uniformity, and control associated with the American System of Manufacturing. The final section of this study examines how the organizational ideas that emerged during the antebellum period and during the war provided the framework for creating a New South. Railroad managers, agricultural reformers, and former Confederate Ordnance officers, all played a role in this transformation. Railroad managers continued to improve bureaucratic operations and acted upon the lessons they learned from the war. Many Confederate Ordnance officers became academics after the war and played a significant role in higher education reform. Agricultural reformers continued to preach the need for system, control and organization in southern agriculture. Organizational and bureaucratic ideas associated with railroads, plantations, and war provided the foundations for a New South. v i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION A historical debate has occurred in the last thirty years over modernization in the nineteenth-century South. Did the South accept the modem tenets
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