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Investigation Into the Filterability of Raw Sugars from Different Geographical Regions of the World

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Investigation Into the Filterability of Raw Sugars from Different Geographical Regions of the World International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 2017; 5(6): 53-58 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijctc doi: 10.11648/j.ijctc.20170506.11 ISSN: 2376-7286 (Print); ISSN: 2376-7308 (Online) Investigation into the Filterability of Raw Sugars from Different Geographical Regions of the World Kamal Suleiman Hassan1, Kanada Toto Korea2, Abubakr Musa1, 3, * 1Sugar Institute, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Algezira, Sudan 2Alkhaleej Sugar Co., Dubai, UAE 3School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Email address: [email protected] (A. Musa) *Corresponding author To cite this article: Kamal Suleiman Hassan, Kanada Toto Korea, Abubakr Musa. Investigation into the Filterability of Raw Sugars from Different Geographical Regions of the World. International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 5, No. 6, 2017, pp. 53-58. doi: 10.11648/j.ijctc.20170506.11 Received: October 19, 2017; Accepted: November 8, 2017; Published: January 2, 2018 Abstract: This study was carried out at Alkhaleej Sugar Refinery in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The study aimed to find out the correlation between the filterability and slurry resistance value so fraw meltliquor in the carbonation sugar refinery and the raw sugar quality. The investigation utilized 5 raw sugar samples originated from various regions of the world comprising three quality groups namely; low pol sugar (LP) originated from Thailand, very high pol sugar (VHP) originated from Brazil, South-Africa, Sudan, India, and very high pol sugar (VVHP) originated from Brazil. The filterability and the slurry resistance tests were used as the main determining factors for the evaluation. The filterability of refined sugar (consideredas100%) was used as a reference value for comparison. The results of the experiments showed that the filterability of low pol raw sugar was only about 20% from that of refined sugar. Whereas the filterability values for VHP and VVHP sugars ranged between 40% to 80% from that of refined sugar. In addition, the slurry resistance values for VHP and VVHP sugars in the laboratory were 0.76 and 0.64 respectively compared to 0.74 and 0.48 in the refinery production line. It was also observed that there is a close similarity between laboratory filterability and slurry resistance with the actual refinery filtration process swhich suggests that the laboratory filterability and slurry resistance tests could be used as tool to predict the behavior of the refinery filtration process for similar qualities of raw sugar. Keywords: Raw Sugar, Refinery, Filterability, Slurry Resistance 1. Introduction Filtration process is an old well-established unit operation calcium phosphate from phosphatation refinery. which is traced back to 1789. It is used in sugar refining The nonsucrose content of raw sugar has been studied by industry to remove the suspended non-sugar particles from many research workers [3, 4]. They stated that the the melted raw liquor after the purification stage [1] nonsucrose content of the raw sugar is different from one Clarke [2], stated that the knowledge of the composition of country to another, qualitatively and quantitatively. raw sugar is essential in order to optimize the refinery The efficiency of each stage of the refining process is operations and the selection of suitable methods of purification influenced in different ways by the quality of raw sugar and for the efficient removal of nonsugar components. depending on the type of refinery, its clarification and Raw meltliquor purification can be effected either by decolorization processes, some components are easy to carbonation process or phosphotation process. During these remove, and others are more difficult. processes most of the impurities are precipitated either in the Raw sugars from various regions of the world filter form of calcium carbonate from carbonatation refinery or differently; though they might be from the same quality 54 Kamal Suleiman et al.: Investigation into the Filterability of Raw Sugars from Different Geographical Regions of the World brand. Some filter well and others give poor filterability. The 2. Increase the temperature of the liquor in order to reasons are normally correlated to the specific quality reduce the viscosity, hence boosting the flow rates. characteristics of the sugar. 3. Add more alpha amylase enzyme when raw sugar is Filterability is defined as the ability of raw sugar to filter having high level of starch. easily. It is an indication of the filtering characteristics of a 4. Increase lime ratio to give better purification raw sugar when it is processed through the clarification stage performance and act as filter aid for filtration. of the refinery. 5. Add additional filter aid to reduce the insoluble solids No single factor that would impact on raw sugar and the turbidity levels of the filtrate. filterability, but rather a combination of several factors. There are two main parameters which are used as However, the parameters correlating most strongly with poor indicators for the evaluation of raw sugar filterability: filterability are: turbidity, soluble phosphate, starch, 1. The (%) filterability. suspended solids and dextran. 2. The slurry resistance. There are three major brands of the raw sugar; low Both indicators are very important criteria to be used for polarization abbreviated as (LP) with Pol < 99%, very high predicting the behavior of raw meltliquor at the filtration polarization (VHP) with Pol 99.3%, and very very high station of the sugar refinery. polarization (VVHP) with Pol about 99.65% [5]. Filterability in (%) is defined as: the cumulative Raw sugars with poor filterabilities will be directly reflected volumetric flow rate (ml) of filtrate collected from filtering in the refinery capacity. The liquor flow rates will be reduced raw meltliquor at 65 Brix at 8.2 pH and 80C-85C due to difficulty infiltration. Hence, the operating personnel will temperature through a pre-coated filter paper of (8microns) find themselves forced to choose one of the following remedies: in10minutes; divided by the flow rate of a pure refined sugar 1. Reduce the liquor brix which will lead to more solution with similar conditions [6]. consumption of steam at the evaporators to remove this The slurry resistance of the formed cake was calculated water. using the following formula [7]: Slope of linear line 9.8 10^5 Slurry Resistance S. R = Brix ^ 2 density ^ 2 A graph of (filtration time of treated raw meltliquor a pure white sugar solution under standard and identical divided by accumulated volume of filtrate versus conditions. accumulated volume of filtrate during that time) was plotted The calibration test performed using pure refined sugar for each sugar sample and the slope of the linear line was was firstly done, and the volume of the filtrate was collected calculated, then the slurry resistance value. The filtration after 5 minutes and used as the reference to calculate the time in this test was 10 minutes. filterability of different test samples. Procedure: a sample solution for each raw sugar was 2. Material and Methods prepared and adjusted to 65.0 brix in aplastic bottle. The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 8.2 using buffer solution 2.1. Materials 9. The filter aid C elite Hyflosupercel was added (0.5% on solids). The mixture was stoppered and heated in a water The chemical reagents used in the experiments were bath till 80°C with gentle shaking. The filtration apparatus prepared according to the international commission of was assembled and mounted in a water jacket. Water was uniform methods of sugar analysis (ICUMSA) methods [8]. circulated in the jacket and maintained at 80°C. The sample Distilled water with a conductivity ash less than 2 µ S/cm was transferred to the filter funnel having 8 micron filter was used as the solvent for preparation of sugar solutions, paper and the stopwatch was simultaneously started. The and for preparing chemical reagents. There agents used in the filtrate volume for each sample was collected after 5 minutes experiments of filterability determination included: in a measuring cylinder for the calculation of filterability. 1. Buffer solution: pH 9. The accumulated filtrate volumes against filtration time was 2. Milk of lime solution: of 15 degree Baume. recorded for 10 minutes. Finally a graph was plotted using 3. Filter aid: Celite-505, Hyflosupercel. the accumulated filtrate volume versus the filtration time. 4. Filter paper: 8 microns, and 0.45 micron filter papers. For standardization, a pure refined sugar solution was 2.2. Methods of Analysis prepared and adjusted to 65 brix, and the same procedure for filtering raw sugar samples was followed. 2.2.1. Determination of the Filterability of Raw Sugar The volume of filtrate collected after 5 minutes was Samples using Laboratory Filtration Equipment recorded. The filterability of each raw sugar sample was This method is the modified Australian Nicholson Horsely calculated against the refined sugar volume. filtration determination method [9]. It is based on the Calculations: comparison between the volumes of filtrate of the test based The filterability of each raw sugar sample was calculated on the comparison between the volume offiltrate of the test using the formula: solutions of various raw sugars with the volume of filtrate of International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 2017; 5(6): 53-58 55 Table 1. Results of Filterability test (ml /10 mins) for the five Raw Sugar Vol of filtrate of the test solution 100 Samples under Investigation. % Filterability = Vol of filtrate of the pure sugar solution Time Raw Sugar Samples 2.2.2. Determination of Slurry Resistance for the (Mins) A B C D E Carbonated Liquor from Raw Sugar Samples in the 1 10 28 24 12 16 Laboratory 2 13 47 34 17 30 This method depends on performing a batch carbonatation 3 16 54 41 21 38 process in the laboratory using laboratory filterability 4 18 60 45 25 45 determination equipment [10].
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