CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT FOR THE UELAND TREE FARM, KITSAP LAKE, MINERAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, KITSAP COUNTY,

BY MARGARET BERGER

GLENN D. HARTMANN, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

PREPARED FOR: PARAMETRIX, INC. 4660 KITSAP WAY, SUITE A BREMERTON, WA 98312

TECHNICAL REPORT #323 CRC PROJECT 0702F

CULTURAL RESOURCE CONSULTANTS, INC. 8001 DAY ROAD WEST, SUITE B BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WA 98110

AUGUST 17, 2007 REVISED DECEMBER 5, 2007

Executive Summary This report describes a cultural resources assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm (UTF) Mineral Resource Project, Kitsap Lake, located in Kitsap County, Washington, performed by Cultural Resource Consultants, Inc. (CRC) at the request of Parametrix, Inc., as a component of preconstruction environmental review in accordance with the Washington State Environmental Policy Act. The project consists of commercial development of sand and gravel, and basalt mineral mines on approximately 152 acres within the approximately 1,700-acre UTF property. Project components include access roads, stormwater treatment ponds, haul roads, ditches, and reclamation/infiltration ponds.

Assessment methods included a review of relevant background literature and maps, and an archaeological field reconnaissance survey. There are no archaeological or historical sites or ethnographically named places recorded in the area of potential effects. The area has been used historically for logging, and is known ethnographically for a variety of plant, fish, and game resources. No cultural resources were identified in archaeological reconnaissance of the project area. Furthermore, the sedimentary context observed in the APE does not indicate the presence of buried intact cultural resources. The project does not appear to have the potential to impact any potentially significant cultural resources and as a result, no further work is recommended at this time.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 1 - Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington

AUTHOR: Margaret Berger DATE: August 17, 2007; Revised December 5, 2007 LOCATION: Kitsap County, Washington USGS QUAD: Bremerton West, WA 7.5’ (1953, photorevised 1981) and Wildcat Lake, WA 7.5’ (1953, photorevised 1968) T, R, S: Township 24 North, Range 1 West, Sections 12, 13, 24, 25; and Township 24 North, Range 1 East, Sections 7, 18, 19, Willamette Meridian.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary...... 1 Introduction...... 3 Project Location and Description...... 3 Area of Potential Effects...... 6 Environmental Context...... 6 Cultural Context...... 8 Previously Recorded Sites in or near the APE...... 12 Archaeological Expectations...... 14 Survey Methodology and Results...... 15 Conclusions and Recommendations...... 17 Limitations of this Assessment...... 19 Individuals and Agencies Contacted...... 19 References Cited...... 20

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Portions of the Bremerton West (USGS 1953, photorevised 1981) and Wildcat Lake (USGS 1953, photorevised 1968) topographic quadrangles showing the location of the project...... 4 Figure 2. Excerpt from preliminary plans for the proposed project, courtesy of Parametrix, Inc...... 5 Figure 3. APE under consideration in this report, outlined on portions of Bremerton West (USGS 1953, photorevised 1981) and Wildcat Lake (USGS 1953, photorevised 1968) topographic quadrangles...... 6 Figure 4. GLO map showing the project area (United States Surveyor General 1858, 1884). Streams transect the APE, located west of Kitsap Lake, Ostrich Bay, and Oyster Bay. No cultural features are mapped within the APE or surrounding area...... 10 Figure 5. Portion of a map showing the location of water system features in the E½NW¼ and W½NE¼ of Sec. 18, T24N, R1E, Willamette Meridian...... 11 Figure 6. Transects surveyed (white lines) in archaeological reconnaissance of the UTF Kitsap Lake property...... 16 Figure 7. Typical conditions observed in archaeological survey for the UTF Mineral Resource Development Project...... 17 Figure 8. Typical soil profile observed in archaeological survey for the UTF Mineral Resource Development Project...... 18

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 2 - Introduction This report describes a cultural resources assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm Mineral Resource Project, Kitsap Lake, located in unincorporated Kitsap County, Washington (hereafter “the project”). Cultural Resource Consultants, Inc. (CRC) has conducted this preliminary investigation at the request of Parametrix, Inc. as a component of preconstruction environmental review in accordance with the Washington State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). This assessment was intended in part to assist in addressing agency regulations pertaining to the identification of cultural resources (e.g., RCW 27.53). Investigations were conducted with the goal of evaluating impacts of the proposed project on cultural resources, to determine the potential for any as yet unrecorded cultural resources within the project area, and to ensure that no cultural resources are disturbed by the project.

Assessment methods included a review of previous ethnographic and archaeological investigations in the local area, a records search at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) for known archaeological sites in the immediate area, a review of relevant background literature and maps (including General Land Office (GLO) maps), review of correspondence between Parametrix and the Suquamish Tribe, archaeological field reconnaissance survey, and the preparation of this report. CRC has also contacted cultural resources staff of the Skokomish and Suquamish Tribes on a technical basis (G. Hartmann, CRC, 16 August 2007, letters to D. Lewarch, Suquamish Tribe, and to T. Strong, Skokomish Tribe), requesting information regarding cultural resources concerns or sites in the project area.

Project Location and Description The legal description for the project includes portions of Sections 12, 13, 24, 25, T24N, R1W; and portions of Sections 7, 18, and 19, T24N, R1E, Willamette Meridian (Figure 1). The project is located in unincorporated Kitsap County, within 0.2 miles southwest of Kitsap Lake, about 2 miles south-southwest of the town of Chico, and within 2 miles northwest of the town of Gorst. The city of Bremerton is located within 1.5 miles east-southeast of the project and the Naval Shipyard Bremerton Annex is within 1.2 miles northeast of the project. Gold Mountain, Green Mountain, and the Union River Reservoir are all located within 3 miles southwest of the project; and Erlands Point and Rocky Point, on the shores of Dyes Inlet, are each within about 3 miles northeast of the project.

The Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake (UTF) is situated on approximately 1,716 acres of forestland just west of Kitsap Lake. The UTF property is bordered by the City of Bremerton’s watershed lands to the south and west, Washington State Department of Natural Resources and the Mountaineers Foundation properties to the north, and Port Blakely property to the east. Current use of the tree farm is timber-related. The property is also heavily used by the public for a variety of informal recreation activities including hunting, gathering, walking, and mountain biking. UTF seeks to develop a long-term management strategy and is in the process of analyzing ecological and societal functions in the Chico Creek watershed and the environmental impacts of the project on these functions. The Ueland Tree Farm occupies about 20 percent of the Chico Creek watershed, which supports southern Kitsap County’s largest salmon run. Preliminary development plans call for stream and wetland buffers to protect steep slopes, riparian areas along Chico Creek and Dickerson Creek, and the bogs and wetlands that are scattered throughout the property.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 3 - Figure 1. Portions of the Bremerton West (USGS 1953, photorevised 1981) and Wildcat Lake (USGS 1953, photorevised 1968) topographic quadrangles showing the location of the project.

The UTF Mineral Resource project proposes commercial development of basalt, and sand and gravel mines within the UTF property. Development plans include two gravel mines and three quarry areas. The project will develop roughly 152 acres of the 1,716-acre UTF property for surface mining and access roads connecting mining areas. The two gravel mines are labeled Gravel Mine A and Gravel Mine B. Potential commercial mine-related activities at Gravel Mine A (ca. 32 acres) may include a concrete batch plants. Gravel Mine B (34 acres) is being taken through the permitting process but is intended by UTF to be donated as a conservation area. In addition to Gravel Mines A and B, three quarries, Quarry Areas A, B, and C, are proposed. The mineral development plan will be carried out over approximately 50 years beginning with Gravel Mine A and Quarry Area A. Following completion of mining on Quarry Area A (25 acres), Quarry Areas B and C (27 and 39 acres, respectively) will be developed.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 4 - Figure 2. Excerpt from preliminary plans for the proposed project, courtesy of Parametrix, Inc.

The mining process will generally involve removal of vegetation and topsoil using heavy equipment, and subsequent excavation of sand and gravel, or basalt rock, to depths designated in site reclamation plans, typically between 30 and 100 ft below the existing ground surface. Upon completion of mineral removal, the site will be reclaimed according to local and state reclamation standards. Other project actions will include excavation and grading for the construction of access and haul roads, drainage ditches, and stormwater treatment ponds. These ground disturbing activities will occur predominantly in the eastern half of the UTF property.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 5 - Area of Potential Effects The area of potential effects (APE) under consideration in this assessment consists of the 1,716- acre UTF property (Figure 3). All mines, quarries, access roads, mitigation areas, and other proposed components of the project are expected to occur within this area. Project-related activities in other locations, such as access routes, construction staging areas, and stockpiling areas for removed soils or other materials also have the potential to affect cultural resources. These areas are also expected to occur within the UTF property.

Figure 3. APE under consideration in this report, outlined on portions of Bremerton West (USGS 1953, photorevised 1981) and Wildcat Lake (USGS 1953, photorevised 1968) topographic quadrangles.

Environmental Context Archaeological evidence suggests that humans began living in the Puget Sound region began following the last glacial retreat at the end of the Pleistocene, approximately 14,000-10,000 years ago. Deglaciation had extensive effects on the environment, including changes to landscapes, climate, and vegetation. These modifications significantly influenced the spatial distribution of human activities, which was based on the availability of resources and the suitability of certain landforms for occupation. The potential distribution of cultural resources in the project area are informed by an understanding of local environmental trends over time. These changes are also

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 6 - important in identifying conditions that may have affected contemporaneous preservation of these resources,

The project area is geographically situated within the Willamette-Puget Lowland physiographic province, a province that is characterized by the wide “trough” between the Coast and Cascade Ranges (McKee 1972:290), in the Puget Sound Area of the Tsuga heterophylla vegetation zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1973:6, 45). Vegetation now on-site primarily consists of second- and third-growth forest with dense understory including Scot’s broom, Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor), huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.), and salal (Gaultheria shallon). The project area is currently undeveloped and does not contain any recorded structures. Several logging roads and two unnamed streams transect the project. Wetlands and ponds dot the APE but are primarily located in the southern half of the property, down slope from the upland locations of the proposed quarries (Parametrix 2007; USGS 1953, photorevised 1981). The project is located in the Chico subarea of the Basin (Economic and Engineering Services 1997:Exhibit 1). There are no major river systems in the basin but there are numerous streams, lakes, and wetlands. The confluence of Lost and Wildcat Creeks is within 1,000 feet north of the northern boundary of the APE; downstream from this confluence, the stream is known as Chico Creek. Kitsap Creek joins Chico Creek within 0.5 miles east of the Lost-Wildcat confluence and from there, Chico Creek flows towards Chico Bay. Downstream of a natural barrier falls at river mile 1.1, which is northeast of the APE, chum, coho, and steelhead spawn and rear in Dickerson Creek (Parametrix 2007:3-17), and native fall chum and winter steelhead, and mixed coho stocks spawn in Chico Creek (WDFW 2002).

The landscape consists of the wooded, undulating hills commonly found in the southern Kitsap Peninsula. Topography varies throughout the APE. Elevation ranges from 200 ft above sea level in the Dickerson Creek valley in the northeastern corner of the APE, to over 1100 ft above sea level in the southwestern corner, south of Quarry Area C. The topography and geology of the area were formed during the Late Pleistocene, following episodes of advance and retreat of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, which originated from Canada and extended between the Cascade and Olympic mountain ranges into the Puget Lowland (Kruckeberg 1991:12; Thorson 1980:303). The Vashon Stade was the most recent glacial event in Puget Sound, and is largely responsible for the region’s contemporary landscape. Glacial advance and retreat scoured and compacted underlying sediments while meltwaters carved drainage channels into glacial outwash deposits (Downing 1983:2; Booth et al. 2003). As the Puget lobe retreated, glacial meltwater was impounded beyond its margins in a series of proglacial lakes until the ice no longer blocked the flow of the meltwater into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The project area was covered by Glacial Lake Russell ca. 16,500 years ago, and meltwater deltas, now recognizable as sand, gravel, and cobble deposits in the area, formed at ice-lake interfaces (Thorson 1980:317). Retreat of the glacial ice created kettle-and- kame topography. Shallow ponds formed at the bottom of the kettles and remain today as wetlands and lakes, examples of which can be found throughout the project area. These features originated when detached blocks of glacial ice, sand, and gravel were stranded and, as they melted, formed and filled depressions known as kettles (Kruckeberg 1991:247).

Bedrock geology in the local area consists of Quaternary glacial deposits and Tertiary-period basalts (Yount and Gower 1991). Local basalts are dark gray and fine-grained but contain

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 7 - phenocrysts (large crystals visible to the naked eye), precluding the rock from use as raw material in stone tool production. Surface geologic deposits are mostly Vashon recessional outwash dating to the late Pleistocene. Locally, these are stratified sand and gravel deposits up to 40 meters thick that formed in deltas that built into meltwater lakes that were impounded as the Vashon glacier retreated and melted (Yount et al. 1993). Vashon till overlies the recessional deposits. Marsh and peat deposits and Holocene alluvial deposits overlie the Vashon till in discrete locations in the project area. Vashon advanced outwash occurs in lower portions of the Dickerson Creek and Lost Creek valleys (Yount et al. 1993). Soils mapped for the project area include Alderwood very gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes; Alderwood very gravelly sandy loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes; Alderwood very gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes; Dystric Xerothents, 45 to 70 percent slopes; Harstine gravelly sandy loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes; Indianola loamy sand, 15 to 30 percent slopes; Kilchis very gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes; Kilchis very gravelly sandy loam, 30 to 70 percent slopes; Kilchis-Shelton complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes; McKenna gravelly loam; and Neilton gravelly loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes (USDA NRCS 2007). These soils developed on glacial parent materials deposited in the Vashon Stade.

From about 13,000 to 7,000 years before present (BP), temperatures increased dramatically (Leopold et al. 1982). Climate conditions were initially cooler than present and supported a sparse vegetal environment of subalpine grasses and sedges. As temperatures rose, the glacier retreated rapidly to the north and left the regional landscape ice-free and suitable for inhabitants by approximately 11,000 years ago (Kruckeberg 1991:22). After 7000 BP, climate became cooler and wetter, and grassland, Douglas fir, western cedar, and western hemlock communities colonized the landscape by 5000 BP (Leopold et al. 1982; Suttles 1990). In the early Holocene, forests were more open than present (Barnosky et al. 1987:314). Aside from minor fluctuations, due largely to extensive land clearing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, ecological landscapes have remained relatively stable for the past 5000 years (Barnosky et al. 1987; Leopold et al. 1982). Vegetation in the APE and much of the surrounding area is now second- or third-growth forest dominated by Tsuga heterophylla zone species such as Douglas fir, western cedar, and western hemlock.

Cultural Context Thousands of years of human occupation in Puget Sound have been summarized in a number of archaeological, ethnographic, and historical investigations over the past several decades that provide a regional context for evaluating the project area (e.g., Carlson 1990a; Greengo 1983; Larson and Lewarch 1995; Nelson 1990). Recent syntheses of archaeological research in the region are also available (e.g., Carlson 1990b; Morgan et al. 1999; Wessen and Stilson 1987). Human use of the area is generally structured around the value of natural resources available in local environments including fresh water, terrestrial and marine food resources, forests, and suitable terrain. Archaeological context for evaluating this project area is provided by information regarding the local and regional chronological sequence and research problem domains as included in Morgan et al. (1999), Rooke et al. (2002), Wessen and Stilson (1987), and others.

The project area is within the traditional lands of the Suquamish Tribe, Salish-speaking people that occupied lands between present-day Gig Harbor, and Bainbridge and Whidbey Islands prior to the implementation of the Point Elliott Treaty in 1855 (Spier 1936; Suttles and Lane 1990). Pre-

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 8 - contact Suquamish settlements were often located on major waterways, and heads of bays or inlets. People practiced a seasonal subsistence economy that included hunting, fishing, and plant food horticulture. In the winter, the Suquamish lived at large permanent village settlements and they spent the summer hunting, fishing, and gathering at specialized, temporary camps. Although Suquamish territory differs from those of neighboring Puget Sound groups in that it lacks a major river drainage, an abundance of plant and animal resources was available in estuarine and marine environments in the region. A combination of fish, shellfish, marine mammals, waterfowl, game, roots, and berries served as a rich, diverse, and relatively reliable resource base (Ruby and Brown 1992:226; Suttles and Lane 1990:489). Wetlands in the project area are likely to have contained plants such as cranberries, rushes, sedges, and reeds that were used by native inhabitants as food or for medicinal or technological purposes (Benson 1975:8; Norton 1979). Fish may have been caught in Chico Creek and its tributaries, and the Kitsap Lake area was known for its deer population (Snyder 1968:132).

The traditional territory of the Tuwaduq people, now known as the Skokomish Tribe, is located to the west of the project, occupying lands on both sides of (Gibbs in Spier 1936:32), including the shores and drainages of Hood Canal, from Port Ludlow in the north to the drainage in the south (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992). The Tuwaduq also followed a seasonal round, acquiring food resources in small work groups intensively in the spring, summer, and autumn, and spending winters in villages on protected bays near mouths of streams. There were nine Tuwaduq winter villages located on the shoreline of Hood Canal, a settlement and summer camp areas in the vicinity of Seabeck (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992:54) being nearest the current project. The Tuwaduq and Suquamish engaged in trade, facilitated by a trail connecting Seabeck, the head of Dyes Inlet, and Manette, and used some resource areas in common (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992:292-293).

Captain George Vancouver conducted the first recorded Euro-American exploration of Hood Canal in 1792 and also explored Dyes Inlet but did not include it in his charts (Perry 2002:6). The first survey of waters in the area was conducted by Charles Wilkes’ crew in 1841, which produced the first detailed map of the area in an effort to increase the American presence in the Oregon Territory (Perry 2002:9). Dyes Inlet is named for John W. W. Dyes, Wilkes’ assistant taxidermist (Craig 1974). Early Euro-American presence in the vicinity of the project was dominated by logging and mill operations, with settlements at accessible, relatively protected areas on the Hood Canal, Dyes Inlet, and Ostrich Bay shorelines. Logs were cut from surrounding forests and transported to Dyes Inlet for distribution. The first settler in the area was William Littlewood who maintained a government trail from Manette to Seabeck via the north end of Dyes Inlet and the path of Old Anderson Hill Road (Craig 1974:10; Perry 1977). Daniel J. Sackman arrived in the area now known as Fairview in the 1850s and established a logging and milling company (Perry 1977:IV:3). Logs harvested by Sackman’s company, many of which came from the hills above Chico, were floated to William Renton’s mill at Port Orchard (Perry 1977:IV:2, 16). In the Seabeck area, several miles west of the project, the Washington Mill Company was established in 1857 (Kennedy and James 1981:40).

Although early Euro-American settlement of the Chico area was sparse, it had significantly impacted Native American lifeways by the mid-1850s. The project area is included in lands ceded

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 9 - under the Treaty of Point Elliott in 1855. Many Indian families were relocated and interned during this period following the signing of the Treaty by the Suquamish and other tribes. Following the signing of the Treaty of Point No Point, also in 1855, the Tuwaduq and neighboring tribes were forced to abandon most of their Hood Canal villages and relocate to the 3,840-acre Skokomish Reservation, located on the lower Skokomish River (Ruby and Brown 1992). The treaties dissolved Indian title to their traditional and accustomed lands and by 1856, the federal government was using military force to contain Indian people dissatisfied with the poor quality of reservation lands.

Figure 4. GLO map showing the project area (United States Surveyor General 1858, 1884). Streams transect the APE, located west of Kitsap Lake, Ostrich Bay, and Oyster Bay. No cultural features are mapped within the APE or surrounding area.

Settlement and logging activity in the immediate vicinity of the project did not begin until the 1890s, likely due to the difficulties of overland transportation through the densely forested, hilly upland environment. Until the invention of the donkey engine and the development of regional logging railroads in the 1880s, loggers used ox teams to pull loads of timber over skid roads constructed of greased wood ties (Labbe and Replinger 1990). Settlers continued to arrive in Chico and Silverdale to pursue logging, but by the 1880s, most of the land around Dyes Inlet had been cleared and farming and dairying became more important local industries. In Chico, oil was found in 1873. In 1922, there was an attempt to drill a well in Chico Bay and by 1928, Chico Oil Company was drilling a well “somewhere up Newberry Hill and behind Eldorado Hills” (Perry 1977:IV:21), perhaps 3 miles north of the project.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 10 - In 1929, the Kitsap Lake Development Association began construction of a water system to serve residences on the northwestern shores of Kitsap Lake, within 0.25 miles of the northeasternmost portion of the project (Reeves, Kitsap Lake Development Association, 24 November 1929, letter to Port Blakely Mill Co.). Roughly 3950 linear feet of 4-inch diameter wire-wound wooden pipe was installed on lands that were owned by Port Blakely Mill Company within the current APE to divert water from Dickerson Creek (C. E. Douglass, 9 December 1929, letter to Ellis Wm. White regarding Application No. 2667). The pipe extended from “an intake constructed in Dickinson Creek just above what is known as Dickinsons Falls” to a reservoir on lands owned by Kitsap Lake Development Association, in NE¼NE¼, Sec. 18, T24N, R1E, Willamette Meridian (Reeves, 24 November 1929, letter to Port Blakely Mill Co.). Douglass (9 December 1929, letter to Ellis Wm. White) notes that there was “a trail into the point of diversion (which is at a falls) and there are many people in and out during the summer months to see the falls.” The water system was augmented with plastic pipes in the 1970s. A map of the water system provided by Parametrix does not include the trail (Figure 5), and the documents describing the trail do not indicate who, in particular, was visiting the falls. CRC's correspondence with cultural resources personnel of the Skokomish Tribe and the Suquamish Tribe has not identified any cultural significance of the falls or a trail to the falls.

Figure 5. Portion of a map showing the location of water system features in the E½NW¼ and W½NE¼ of Sec. 18, T24N, R1E, Willamette Meridian.

Development in the local area was sustained throughout the twentieth century by its proximity to Naval facilities such as the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard built in 1891 (Perry 2002), the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Keyport constructed prior to World War I, and the Trident Submarine Base at Bangor just northwest of the project area, established in 1944 (Perry 1977).

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 11 - Closer to the current project, the U.S. Navy built a railroad connecting Shelton, Bangor, and Bremerton in 1944 (Perry 2002:155). This railroad is located just north and east of the UTF property. The project is not expected to affect the railroad. Timber and quarrying have also continued to be vital local industries. Historical maps and literature suggest that logging and mining would have been the most likely historic period uses of the project APE (Anderson Map Company 1909; Buchanan 1930; Kroll Map Company 1954; Metsker Map Company 1936).

Previously Recorded Sites in or near the APE Knowledge of the archaeological record in the Central Kitsap area remains limited due to the relatively small number of cultural resources studies that have been conducted. Just a handful of cultural resources surveys have been conducted in the vicinity of the project area, but there have been surveys, test excavations, and data recovery investigations throughout Kitsap County (e.g., Berger, Chambers, et al. 2006; Berger, Mather, et al. 2006; Chambers and Hartmann 2005; Earley 2005; Forrest 1992; Hartmann 1998; Jermann 1983; Kopperl 2004; Larson et al. 1993; Lewarch et al. 2002a; Lewarch et al. 2002b; Morgan 1993). Based on evidence from previously recorded sites, one can infer broad patterns of pre-contact subsistence and settlement patterns.

Evidence from archaeological sites in the Bremerton area indicates that human occupation and use of that area extends about 1000 years into the past (Lewarch et al. 2002a). The Evergreen Park site (45KP121) is a large, stratified shell midden site on the west side of Port Washington Narrows that, based on radiocarbon dates and historic records, was used from about 1300 BP to the late 1800s and early 1900s (Lewarch and Forsman 1999; Lewarch et al. 2002a). The Bay Street Shell Midden (45KP115), where archaeological deposits were found in a narrow ravine and on an adjacent bluff (Lewarch 1998; Lewarch et al. 2002b:9), was occupied between 800 and about 130 years ago. However, evidence of human presence dating to 11,000 to 11,500 BP has been found elsewhere in the South Kitsap area, in the vicinity of Colby near Yukon Harbor, where an isolated Clovis point was found (Stein et al. 2004). The Manette site (45KP9) is on the east side of the Port Washington Narrows, just over 5 miles east of the project area. Based on artifact typologies, the early component at Manette dates to the Olcott Phase, 7000 to 4000 BP, and the later component, on the south side of the site, post-dates 2000 BP (Jermann 1983).

There are no archaeological or historical sites recorded in the APE and only five recent cultural resource surveys (Dugas et al. 1998; Earley 2005; Hudson et al. 2005; Kopperl 2004; Lewarch et al. 2002a) have been conducted within an approximately 10,000-foot radius of the APE (as filed at DAHP, March 9, 2007). Kopperl (2004) conducted an archaeological assessment for a fish enhancement project along Heins Creek and recorded one historic-period cultural resource, a cement culvert constructed ca. 1945. Further investigations were not recommended since the culvert is not likely to be eligible for state or national historic registers. Hudson et al. (2005) performed an archaeological and historical resources assessment for a housing development project just south of Oyster Bay and recorded six early-1940s residential buildings. Earley (2005) conducted a cultural resources assessment for improvements to State Route 3 in Gorst and did not encounter any cultural resources. Archaeological investigations have been conducted on U.S. Navy installations in the Bremerton area including at Jackson Park and Naval Hospital Bremerton on the west shore of Ostrich Bay (Lewarch et al. 2002a), just northeast of Kitsap Lake, and at Naval Submarine Base Bangor, within roughly two miles north of the APE (Lewarch et al. 1997).

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 12 - The nearest historic properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) are located over one mile away from the APE and will not be affected by the current project. The Washington Historic Register (WHR) site located nearest to the project is The Mountaineers Forest Theatre District (45KP136), about 1,000 feet north of the project. Site 45KP136 consists of a cabin built in 1918, an open air theater constructed in 1926, and associated outbuildings situated on 20 acres of land owned by The Mountaineers (The Mountaineers 2001). Site 45KP25 is an historic period archaeological site recorded within 9,000 feet east of the APE. The site consisted of two log buildings dating to ca. 1934 that were inventoried in anticipation of their removal due to further development of the U.S. Navy’s Jackson Park Housing development (Linkletter 1975). Other buildings dating to the 1930s to about 1950 (e.g., Courtois 1992) have been inventoried on Naval Submarine Base Bangor’s Camp Wesley Harris, over one mile north of the APE.

The nearest recorded pre-contact archaeological sites are 45KP116 and 45KP120. Site 45KP116, the Elwood Point Shell Midden Site, is within 2 miles northeast of the project on the shoreline of Ostrich Bay. Cultural materials observed at the site consist of broad, relatively thin shell midden deposits containing fire-cracked rock, shell fragments, and charcoal (Kelly 1992). Site 45KP120, the Shelbanks Shell Midden Site, is perhaps 1.2 miles east of the project, near the mouth of a stream that drains into the south end of Ostrich Bay (Dugas et al. 1998). The site includes apparently intact deposits of midden matrix containing seven species of shellfish and fire-cracked rock, and is listed on the NRHP. None of these recorded cultural resource sites is expected to be impacted by the current project.

There are no ethnographically named places recorded in the current project area or immediate vicinity. Ethnographically named places in the vicinity of the project are generally located along the shorelines of Dyes Inlet, Ostrich Bay, and Oyster Bay. The nearest recorded place names are dexwpak’ap, translated by Waterman (ca. 1920) as “to spread something about,” for a place south of Ellwood, and TL3o’tL3oxets, referring to a small bay at the inner end of a narrow peninsula west of Ostrich Bay, where oysters could be found (Waterman 2001:209). Waterman (ca. 1920; 2001) also recorded names for Ellwood Point and places on the shoreline of Erlands Point, as well as historic house locations on Chico and Ostrich Bays. One of the place names on Erlands Point, Ya’xud, has been translated as “arrowhead,” (Waterman ca. 1920) or “arrow point,” (Waterman 2001:214), and refers to a large chert boulder on the beach. Snyder (1968:132) lists spéwl, a winter village site with a large shed-roofed house near the mouth of Chico Creek at Dyes Inlet, as the Suquamish settlement nearest the current project area. People at this village belonged to the sxα´k’tabˇs band (Elmendorf and Kroeber 1992:292). Closer to the current project area, Snyder (1968:132) learned from Suquamish informants that deer hunting was good around Kitsap Lake and that salmon could be caught in Chico Creek.

Literature review and site files searches at DAHP did not identify any traditional cultural properties (TCPs) recorded in or near the APE. No sites recorded in published ethnographies are anticipated to be affected by the current project. CRC’s communications with the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (THPO) of the Skokomish Tribe (M. Berger, CRC, 12 September 2007, electronic transmittal to K. Miller, Skokomish Tribe) and with the Suquamish Tribe Archaeologist (G. Hartmann, CRC, 20 November 2007, electronic transmittal to D. Lewarch, Suquamish Tribe)

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 13 - have not revealed the presence of any cultural resource sites or any outstanding cultural resource concerns within the APE or vicinity.

Review of GLO plats for the project area (USSG 1880, 1884) did not identify any cultural features such as settlements, houses, or trails within the current APE. One trail appears on the plat for T24N, R1W (USSG 1880) over 4 miles west of the APE, reaching from the head of Hood Canal to Seabeck. Metsker (1936) and Kroll (1954) maps of the area were reviewed in this assessment. These mid-twentieth century maps show that land ownership in the APE was dominated by “Port Blakely Mill Co.” and “Chas. R. McCormick Lbr. Co.” (Kroll Map Company 1954; Metsker Map Company 1936). Two historic-period roads associated with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) appear on these maps. One, labeled “C.C.C. Rd.,” extends eastward from the Gold Creek CCC Camp southwest of Green Mountain into the APE in SW¼, Sec. 13, T24N, R1W (Metsker Map Company 1936). The other is marked “C.C.C Project” and heads east from about 0.5 miles south of the Green Mountain Lookout Station into the APE in NW¼, Sec. 24, T24N, R1W, before curving to the south near the center of Sec. 24 and then turning west into Sec. 23 (Kroll Map Company 1954).

Archaeological Expectations DAHP recently developed an archaeological predictive model for the Hood Canal area, which suggests that the potential for the discovery of archaeological sites varies across the APE, ranging from very low and low in upland portions of the APE to moderate in the Dickerson Creek and Lost Creek valleys (DAHP GIS Hood Canal Model layers, reviewed March 9, 2007). Based upon a review of environmental and cultural data for the project area, the probability for cultural resources in the APE is considered to be low. Sites in the Puget Sound region tend to be located at stream confluences or near the outlets of streams on the Sound due to the natural resources such as food and fresh water that would have been available there (Wessen and Stilson 1987). Areas with level terrain on terraces or benches overlooking major drainages or saltwater inlets also tend to be culturally sensitive, in part due to their suitability as settlement locations. This has certainly been the case in the Bremerton area, where archaeological sites have been found in bluff, beach, and shoreline settings along Port Washington Narrows, Oyster Bay, and Ostrich Bay.

Within the APE specifically, the presence of wetlands and creeks indicates a potential for cultural resources to be present. In addition to potentially serving as fresh water sources, these portions of the project would have contained plant and animal food and technological resources that would have attracted people in the past. As a result, it is possible that people traveled through the project area in the past and engaged in resource collecting activities such as fishing and hunting. However, these behaviors do not tend to generate extensive archaeological deposits and would have relied primarily on technology constructed from organic materials, which do not preserve well in the acidic soils common to Puget Sound forests (Nelson 1990). Based on the local archaeological record, types of pre-contact cultural resources that may be present in the project area might include the remains of camps or other habitation sites; fire-cracked rock features; midden deposits containing shell and faunal remains or other discarded debris; trails; and similar materials representing a range of hunting, plant gathering, and ceremonial activities.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 14 - Historic period cultural resources might include objects such as structural foundations, roads, materials made of metal and glass, or other evidence of logging operations. Specifically, roads associated with the CCC may be present in the southwestern portion of the APE (Kroll Map Company 1954; Metsker Map Company 1936), and remains of the wooden pipeline constructed by the Kitsap Lake Development Association may be present in the northeastern portion of the APE. Maps of the water system provided by Parametrix indicate that most of the pipes lie within roads. However, portions of the wooden pipeline may be visible where it crosses the east fork of Dickerson Creek. Evidence of the trail to the falls, mentioned in a document related to the water system (C. E. Douglass, 9 December 1929, letter to Ellis Wm. White regarding Application No. 2667), may also be present. Maps provided by Parametrix also show the locations of two concrete dams on Dickerson Creek but the age of these features is unknown.

The potential for subsurface cultural resources to be present in the APE varies as a function of local geomorphology. In nonglacial times such as the Holocene, coincident with the period of human occupation in the Puget Sound region, sedimentary deposition has occurred primarily in major river valleys and at the base of steep slopes (Booth et al. 2003:20-21). Since the last glacial retreat (ca. 12,000-13,000 years ago), little, if any, sedimentary deposition is likely to have occurred in the APE (Borden and Troost 2001:Figure 4). Evidence of postglacial cultural activity in environmental settings similar to the current project area is typically present near the modern ground surface. The character of locally mapped soils and surface geology also indicates that deeply buried cultural materials are not expected to be present. Many locations in the APE are sloped and actively eroding; and soils are generally thin and weakly developed, in part due to the relatively long history of logging on the property. An online search of Bureau of Land Management (BLM) General Land Office records (http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/) indicates that deeds for land in the current APE and vicinity were filed in the early 1890s, most likely for logging purposes. The APE currently contains evidence of previous disturbances including logging, construction of gravel roads, and roadside ditches. Overall, the potential for the APE to contain buried intact archaeological deposits is considered to be low.

Survey Methodology and Results Field methodology was developed to inspect the project area and assess the potential for cultural resources within the APE. Field methods consisted of pedestrian survey, conducted in meandering transects oriented and spaced depending on surface conditions including topography, vegetation, and presence of surface water (Figure 6). Reconnaissance targeted areas with natural soil exposures such as roadside ditches, stream banks, and cleared areas, to maximize coverage of areas with good visibility. Stream and wetland margins were examined whenever possible due to the relatively higher potential for those areas to contain archaeological materials. Surveyors oriented themselves with the assistance of handheld GPS, compasses, digital imagery provided by Parametrix, and topographic maps of the project area. Full field notes and photographs are on file at CRC.

Cultural Resource Consultants archaeologists conducted field investigations August 2 through August 7, 2007, and on September 26, 2007 (Figure 7). Weather conditions varied over the course of survey but were mostly cool and overcast. Ground visibility was considered to be poor in 90 percent of the project area due to dense vegetation and good in the remainder of the project area.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 15 - Previous modifications and disturbances to the landscape, including relatively recent land clearance activities such as removal of vegetation, culverts and drainage ditches, and numerous logging and other access roads, were visible throughout the project. The project area was observed to contain many roughly north-south trending ridges separated by low-lying, wet areas. Relatively level areas were observed to be few and far between. Field reconnaissance did not identify any landforms with high archaeological sensitivity. No pre-contact cultural materials were identified.

Figure 6. Transects surveyed (white lines) in archaeological reconnaissance of the UTF Kitsap Lake property.

The creek crossings where concrete dams and wooden pipes are indicated on a map provided by Parametrix were thoroughly examined for evidence of the water system proposed in 1929. No remnants of the wooden pipeline were found in the northeastern portion of the project, nor was any evidence of the trail described in 1929. Metal culverts encased in stonework were observed under road crossings on the west and east forks of Dickerson Creek in the mapped locations of the concrete dams. These culverts do not appear to meet criteria of significance for local or federal historic registers (NRHP 1991; OAHP n.d.). The absence of the wooden pipeline in its mapped location crossing Dickerson Creek suggests that the water system is no longer intact and as such, any remnants of the water system that do remain on the property do not retain a degree of integrity that would make them eligible for listing on the NRHP or WHR.

Apparently recent refuse materials, such as beverage cans and bottles, metal wire, and other debris, were observed at multiple locations throughout the APE. Several very large stumps, remnants of the historic logging of old growth trees in this region, were seen in the southeastern portion of the APE, away from the locations of the proposed work. These will not be affected by the proposed

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 16 - project. No signs of recent or historic bark peeling was evident on trees. Surveyors did not identify any physical evidence of the CCC roads mapped in the southwestern part of the APE. No potentially significant historic period cultural resources were identified in this assessment.

Figure 7. Typical conditions observed in archaeological survey for the UTF Mineral Resource Development Project.

Naturally exposed sediments were observed in many locations throughout the project including in roadside ditches, streambeds, tree throws, and recently cleared areas (Figure 8). Many locations in the APE are sloped and actively eroding. Where visible, soils are generally thin and weakly developed, in part due to the relatively long history of logging on the property. Exposed soils appear consistent with descriptions of the glacially derived gravelly sandy loams, gravelly loams, and gravelly loamy sands mapped for the area (McMurphy 1980; USDA NRCS 2007). Bedrock was visible at or near the ground surface in numerous locations in the southern and western portions of the APE. Given the broad extent of exposed sedimentary profiles and the low probability for the area to contain buried cultural resources, no subsurface testing, such as the excavation of shovel or auger probes, was conducted in the course of this reconnaissance.

Conclusions and Recommendations Based on the results of the research described above, there are no data to indicate the presence of potentially significant intact historic or pre-contact archaeological resources within the APE. The proposed project does not appear to have the potential to affect cultural resources. Given the relative proximity of the project area to abundant plant and animal resources, it is possible that pre- contact populations used and traveled through the project area. There is also a roughly 120-year long record of Euro-American land use in the project area. However, no pre-contact or historic period cultural resources were identified in the APE.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 17 - Figure 8. Typical soil profile observed in archaeological survey for the UTF Mineral Resource Development Project.

Upland areas without major river crossings, such as the current project area, are generally considered to have a low probability to contain potentially significant cultural resources. Places more conducive to settlement than the coniferous forest environment of the APE, such as the shorelines of Ostrich Bay and Oyster Bay, are located within just a few miles. Furthermore, based on local topography, previous landscape modifications, and the nature of sediments and erosional conditions observed in field reconnaissance, the probability that buried intact cultural resources exist in the project area is considered to be low. Should the project scope be revised to include lands different than described herein, the conclusions of this report will require reevaluation.

CRC recommends that Parametrix provide this report to appropriate review personnel of the Suquamish Tribe and the Skokomish Tribe, and DAHP, or other interested parties, for review prior to the initiation of any land-altering activities.

In the event that any ground-disturbing or other construction activities result in the inadvertent discovery of archaeological resources, work should be halted in the immediate area, and contact made with county officials, DAHP, and tribal representatives. Work should be stopped until further investigation and appropriate consultation have concluded. In the unlikely event of the inadvertent discovery of human remains, work should immediately be halted in the discovery area, the remains covered and secured against further disturbance, and communication established with county administrative and law enforcement personnel, DAHP, and authorized tribal representatives.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 18 - Limitations of this Assessment No cultural resources study can wholly eliminate uncertainty regarding the potential for prehistoric sites, historic properties or TCPs to be associated with a project. The information presented in this report is based on professional opinions derived from our analysis and interpretation of available documents, records, literature, and information identified in this report, and on our field investigation and observations as described herein. Conclusions and recommendations presented apply to project conditions existing at the time of our study and those reasonably foreseeable. The data, conclusions, and interpretations in this report should not be construed as a warranty of subsurface conditions described in this report. They cannot necessarily apply to site changes of which CRC is not aware and has not had the opportunity to evaluate.

It should be recognized that this assessment was not intended to be a definitive investigation of potential cultural resources concerns within the project area of potential effect. Within the limitations of scope, schedule and budget, our analyses, conclusions and recommendations were prepared in accordance with generally accepted cultural resources management principles and practice in this area at the time the report was prepared. We make no other warranty, either express or implied. These conditions and recommendations were based on our understanding of the project as described in this report and the site conditions as observed at the time of our site visit.

This report was prepared by CRC for the sole use of Parametrix. Our conclusions and recommendations are intended exclusively for the purpose outlined herein and the project indicated. The scope of services performed in execution of this investigation may not be appropriate to satisfy the needs of other users, and any use or re–use of this document, including findings, conclusions, and/or recommendations, is at the sole risk of said user. If there is a substantial lapse of time between the submission of this report and the start of construction, or if conditions have changed due to project (re)design, or appear to be different from those described in this report, CRC should be notified so that we can review our report to determine the applicability of the conclusions and recommendations considering the changed conditions.

Individuals and Agencies Contacted Dennis Lewarch Archaeologist Suquamish Tribe P.O. Box 498 15838 Sandy Hook Road Suquamish, WA 98392-0498

Kris Miller THPO, Cultural Resources Skokomish Tribe N 80 Tribal Center Road Skokomish, WA 98584-9748

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Ueland Tree Farm, Kitsap Lake, Mineral Resource Development Project, Kitsap County, Washington CRC Report #323 - 19 - Tom Strong Skokomish Tribe N 80 Tribal Center Road Skokomish, WA 98584-9748

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