CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW FOR THE FREMONT CARQUEST DEVELOPMENT SITE, SEATTLE, KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON
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May 18, 2015
Project Number 32264 Report Number 15-93
SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW FOR THE FREMONT CARQUEST DEVELOPMENT SITE, SEATTLE, KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON
Report Prepared for
CoU LLC 2501 N. Northlake Way Suite 201 Seattle, WA 98103
By
Amber Earley and Eileen Heideman
May 18, 2015
Project Number 32264 Report Number 15-93
CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION – NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
SWCA Environmental Consultants 5418 - 20th Avenue NW, Suite 200 Seattle, Washington 98107
CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET
Author: Amber Earley and Eileen Heideman
Title of Report: Cultural Resources Overview for the Fremont Carquest Development Site, Seattle, King County, Washington
Date of Report: May 18, 2015
County(ies): king Section: 18 Township: 25N Range: 4E Quad: Seattle North Acres: 0.7
PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes
Historic Property Inventory Forms to be Approved Online? Yes No
Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No
TCP(s) found? Yes No
Replace a draft? Yes No
Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No
Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No
DAHP Archaeological Site #:
ABSTRACT
SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) completed a cultural resources assessment for a private development on two parcels on North 34th Street in the Fremont neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. SWCA carried out background research to identify previous cultural resources investigations and known archaeological and historical sites within the project vicinity, and reviewed historic maps, published historic, ethnographic, and environmental information. SWCA’s architectural historian made a project reconnaissance to record existing historical buildings on the parcels. The buildings are recommended not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.
Because background research and field reconnaissance suggested moderate potential for cultural resources to be present, SWCA recommends monitoring during construction to determine if significant archaeological resources are present. No further work is recommended for the buildings.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...... i
LIST OF FIGURES ...... iv
LIST OF TABLES ...... iv
INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Regulatory Setting ...... 1
METHODS ...... 4 Background Research ...... 4 Structure Survey ...... 4
NATURAL SETTING ...... 4 Geology and Geomorphology ...... 4 Project Area Boreholes ...... 6 Vegetation ...... 6 Fauna ...... 7
CULTURAL SETTING ...... 7 Prehistory ...... 7 Ethnography ...... 8 History ...... 9 Project Area Land Use History ...... 11 Previous Cultural Resource Investigations ...... 20
BUILDINGS ...... 22 FRE-15-01 Fremont Electric Company Building ...... 22 FRE-15-02 Fremont Electric Company Warehouse ...... 22 FRE-15-03 Carquest Auto Parts Building ...... 24
ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL FOR PROJECT AREA ...... 25
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 25
REFERENCES ...... 27
APPENDIX A: HISTORIC PROPERTY INVENTORY FORMS ...... A-1
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Project location...... 2 Figure 2. Air photo showing parcels and existing buildings...... 3 Figure 3. Bird’s Eye View, 1891, showing project area...... 10 Figure 4. Lake Washington Ship Canal under construction...... 12 Figure 5. Canal plan map, 1891, showing project parcels...... 13 Figure 6. Sanborn map, 1898, showing project parcels...... 14 Figure 7. Sanborn map, 1905, showing project parcels...... 15 Figure 8. Historic photo, 1911, along North 34th Street (Ewing Avenue), view northwest...... 16 Figure 9. Historic photo, 1911, along North 34th Street (Ewing Avenue), view east...... 17 Figure 10. Sanborn map, 1919, showing project parcels...... 18 Figure 11. Sanborn map, 1951, showing project parcels...... 19 Figure 12. Buildings locations, showing construction chronology for FRE-15-01...... 23 Figure 13. Recorded buildings, view to the northeast with the Aurora Bridge in the background...... 24
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Within Approximately ½ Mile of the Project Area. ... 20 Table 2. Previously Recorded Buildings on Adjacent Blocks...... 21
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INTRODUCTION
CoU LLC plans to construct a mixed use building on parcels 1972202710 and 1972202730 in the Fremont neighborhood of Seattle (Figures 1 and 2). Three existing buildings on the parcels were constructed between 1917 and 1958 (FRE-15-01), in 1966 (FRE-15-02), and 1976 (FRE-15-03) and house several retail businesses. CoU LLC contracted with SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to provide a cultural resource assessment of the parcel and to evaluate the existing buildings for their significance.
Regulatory Setting
The project is within the area designated by the City of Seattle as the Government Meander line buffer, established in the late 1800s and approximating the historical Lake Union shoreline. Because of its proximity to the Meander Line, the project is subject to the Seattle DPD Director’s Rule 2-98. The Rule elaborates on State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) (RCW 43 21C) Historic Preservation Policy and provides guidance for identification, protection, and treatment of archaeological sites on the City of Seattle’s shorelines. As noted in the Rule, many of Seattle’s existing and former shoreline areas may be sites of potential archaeological significance due to settlement patterns of Native Americans and early Euroamericans. Archaeological sites may be directly or indirectly threatened by development or redevelopment projects, and the SEPA policy provides the opportunity for analysis of these sites.
SEPA and its implementing rules contained in the Washington Administrative Code (WAC 197-11) require project proponents to identify any places or objects on or adjacent to the project that are listed in, or are eligible for, national, state, or local preservation registers, and to identify sites of archaeological, scientific, or cultural importance on or adjacent to the project. Project proponents are required to describe proposed measures to reduce or control impacts to those places, objects, and sites. The Director’s Rule requires applicants for projects within 200 feet of the U.S. Government Meander Line to conduct research regarding the probable presence on the site of archaeologically significant sites or resources and identify potential mitigation depending on the results of that investigation.
Other Washington state laws address archaeological sites and Native American burials. The Archaeological Sites and Resources Act [RCW 27.53] prohibits knowingly excavating or disturbing prehistoric and historic archaeological sites on public or private land. The Indian Graves and Records Act [RCW 27.44] prohibits knowingly destroying American Indian graves and provides that inadvertent disturbance through construction or other activities requires re-interment under supervision of the appropriate Indian tribe. In order to prevent the looting or depredation of sites, any maps, records, or other information identifying the location of archaeological sites, historic sites, artifacts, or the site of traditional, ceremonial, or social uses and activities of Indian Tribes are exempt from disclosure [RCW 42.56.300].
The purpose of this report is to aid the project in complying with these various legal requirements by assessing the potential for encountering archaeological materials during construction based on background sources and field reconnaissance. Recommendations are also included for any additional archaeological resources investigations needed to avoid or minimize adverse effects.
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Figure 1. Project location.
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Figure 2. Air photo showing parcels and existing buildings.
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METHODS
Background Research
SWCA project archaeologist Amber Earley reviewed background information from previous surveys and recorded archaeological sites and buildings, obtained from the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data (WISAARD) to ascertain the historic context for the proposed building site and to determine if previous cultural resources investigations had been carried out and/or sites identified in or near the parcel. A check was also made of the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods Historic Preservation/Landmarks database of historic properties to determine if locally-significant resources were within or adjacent to the project area. King County Assessor records, including archival resources, were accessed for information on the existing buildings located on the project parcels. Other information was obtained from ethnographic and historical accounts, maps, and photographs. A number of historical maps and photographs were also consulted. Recent geotechnical borelogs were also examined to better understand the existing geomorphological conditions in the project vicinity.
Structure Survey
SWCA architectural historian Eileen Heideman conducted a site visit on February 19, 2015, to record the existing buildings. This included photographing the buildings and recording information about materials and construction methods on field forms. This information was then entered into a digital database to generate a Washington State Historic Property Inventory Form for each building. Archival research was conducted at the Puget Sound Regional Branch of the Washington State Archives to build on research conducted for the Cultural Setting portion of this report.
NATURAL SETTING
Archaeological evidence indicates that the Pacific Northwest was occupied by humans soon after the last continental glacial retreat. Subsequent processes such as global sea level rise, climatic warming, river aggradation, rebound, earthquakes, and volcanic activity continued to shape the landscape and influence the people who resided in the Puget Lowland over the next 13,000 years. These processes contributed to the creation of landforms suitable for human occupation and affected the distribution of plant and animal resources. These processes have also been responsible for altering the physical character of the archaeological record itself, by selectively preserving or destroying sites that contain evidence of past lifeways.
Geology and Geomorphology
The project is in an elongated trough and structural depression oriented on a north-south axis called the Puget Lowland. The Puget Lowland is bordered on the east by the Cascade Mountains and on the west by the Olympic Mountains. The topography and surficial geology of the Puget Lowland is the result of multiple continental glaciations that advanced south from Canada during the Pleistocene epoch (1.8 million to 10,000 years ago) (Booth et al. 2003; Easterbrook 1993; Porter and Swanson 1998). The most recent glacial cycle, the Vashon stade of the Fraser glaciation, began about 25,000 years ago and ended abruptly at the close of the Pleistocene (Armstrong et al. 1965). The Vashon ice sheet reached Seattle by 14,500 radiocarbon years before the present (BP) and retreated from the area by 13,650 BP (Porter and Swanson 1998). The Seattle area was buried by a maximum of 900 m (3000 feet) of ice.
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Proglacial and large recessional lakes, such as Lake Russell and Lake Bretz, formed along the front of the Puget Lobe and drained southwest through the Black Lake Spillway into the ancestral Chehalis River prior to 13,650 BP because drainage north to the Juan de Fuca Strait was blocked by the ice sheet (Thorson 1989; Waitt and Thorson 1983). The maximum elevation of the proglacial lakes in the Seattle area is about 60 m (200 feet) above sea level (Mullineaux et al. 1965; Thorson 1989). Recessional Glacial Lake Russell was at 41 m (134 feet) elevation, but today, the relict shoreline of Glacial Lake Russell is at about 100 m (330 feet) elevation because of rebound of the land following the retreat of ice (Thorson 1980; Troost and Booth 2008). The shore of Glacial Lake Bretz is at about 30 m (100 feet) elevation in the Seattle vicinity (Thorson 1989). A third shoreline of a smaller, unnamed recessional lake is mapped at 15 m (50 feet) elevation in the Seattle area (Haugerud 2006). Lake Union would have been part of the proglacial and recessional glacial lakes until the Admiralty Inlet was breached.
Global (eustatic) sea-level was much lower during the last glacial maximum because of the tremendous amounts of water locked up in ice sheets. Global sea-level began to rise when continental ice sheets started to retreat. The Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice sheet, which occupied the Puget Lowland, retreated north past the Admiralty Inlet between Whidbey Island and the Olympic Peninsula by 13,650 BP allowing marine water to flood the Puget Lowland (Dethier et al. 1995; Mosher and Hewitt 2004). The marine incursion resulted in formation of deep, fjord-like embayments at Elliott and Commencement Bays. The remaining glacial lakes drained into the rising marine waters (Thorson 1989). Inundation reached a maximum of about 60 m (200 feet) in the Seattle vicinity before isostatic rebound began in the Puget Lowland. The project area would have been inundated by the initial marine incursion.
Once the Puget Lowland was freed from the weight of ice and meltwater, the land began to rise. The rate of isostatic rebound of the land was faster than continued global sea level rise in the Puget Sound, resulting in a relative sea level decline between about 12,000 and 11,000 BP. During rebound, rivers established new courses and carved valleys and channels deep into the glacial drift in an effort to reach their lowered base level. Isostatic rebound was mostly complete in the Seattle area by 11,000 BP, after which continued global sea level rise drowned the earliest Holocene shorelines (Dethier et al. 1995; Dragovich et al. 1994). Global sea-level rose very rapidly until about 7,000 years ago when the rate slowed and approached modern positions by about 5,000 years ago. The levels of Lake Washington and Lake Union would have been controlled by the Holocene sea level rise after 11,000 BP.
Ongoing north-south structural shortening of the Puget Lowland is a result of northward migration of the Pacific Plate as it moves in a variable strike-slip relationship with the North American Plate in California. Although movement on this plate boundary does not usually cause fault ruptures at the surface in the Pacific Northwest, deep earthquakes along the subducting portion of this plate boundary can occasionally cause regional uplift and subsidence (Johnson et al. 2004). Significant amounts of shaking and related landslides and delta liquefaction can be triggered by the deep plate boundary earthquakes. The project area is also just north of the Seattle Fault Zone (SFZ). The SFZ is composed of a series of shallow faults that orient perpendicular to the plate boundary. Holocene earthquake activity on the SFZ around 1100 BP resulted in uplift of about 16 feet (5 m) south of the SFZ and about 3 feet (1 m) of subsidence north of the fault (Atwater and Moore 1992, Blakely et al. 2009, Brocher et al. 2001, Bucknam et al. 1992, Johnson et al. 1994, Thorson 1993). Cultural materials in the project area may have been affected by subsidence or shaking as a result of the tectonic setting.
The Puget Lowland is characterized by undulating uplands that are interrupted by large ice-carved troughs. The largest troughs are now occupied by the marine waters of the Puget Sound and freshwater lakes, such as Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish (Galster and Laprade 1991; Liesch et al. 1963;
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Troost and Stein 1995; Yount et al. 1993). Vashon glacial deposits in the project vicinity include glacial outwash deposited by meltwater, till deposited directly by the glacial ice, glaciolacustrine sediment deposited in glacial lakes that were present in front of the ice sheet, and undifferentiated ice contact drift (Troost and Booth 2008). Older glacial and interglacial deposits are also present below the Vashon sediment. The glacial deposits compose Fremont, Queen Anne, and Capitol Hill. The project area is within a basin that lies between these hills where Lake Union is today.
The project area is on the northwest shore of Lake Union, at the eastern edge of the Lake Washington Ship Canal. The Lake Washington Ship Canal and Hiram Chittenden Locks were constructed between 1912 and 1916 to drain Lake Washington into the Puget Sound through the Montlake Cut (a former logging canal) and the Fremont Cut at Salmon Bay (Crowley 1998; Dorpat 1989; Larson 1975). The canal was dredged, and the spoils were used as fill along the canal banks. Opening of the canal in 1917 caused the level of Lake Washington to drop 3.7 m (12 feet) and the shores of Salmon Bay to change from a tidal embayment to a freshwater channel as they were inundated (Chrzastowski 1983, Crowley 1998, Jones and Jones 1979). The shoreline of Lake Union did not change in elevation due to the opening of the ship canal (Chrzastowoski 1983) but was covered with fill as it was historically developed.
Surface deposits along the ship canal are mapped as a fill from Gas Works Park to Ballard (Troost and Booth 2008). Native Holocene-age deposits mapped in the project vicinity include colluvium, alluvium, lacustrine, and wetland sediment, though the project vicinity is mainly characterized as modified land due to the presence of the fill (Dragovich et al. 1994; Snyder et al. 1973). Vashon till is mapped as the major geologic unit underlying the fill in the project area (Troost et al. 2005; Troost and Booth 2008).
Project Area Boreholes
Often, boreholes drilled for geotechnical work record information about subsurface sediments at a grosser scale than that used by archaeologists to determine probability for buried cultural resources. However, geotechnical borelogs are useful for identifying depth of fill, presence of native soils, and depth of non-cultural glacial material. Four boreholes were drilled in the project area in November 2014 to examine existing conditions (Swenson and Tan 2015). The boreholes encountered fill from 5.5 to 17.5 feet below surface (fbs) that included wood debris and brick fragments. The fill overlaid glacial till. The presence of a soil A- or B-horizon, which could indicate a historic or pre-contact surface suitable for settlement, was not identified in borelogs, but may still be present underneath the fill.
Other borelogs in the general vicinity of the project were retrieved from the Washington Department of Natural Resources Subsurface Geology Information System. Boreholes excavated for the Quadrant Lake Union Center just south of the project area the site of the Bryant Mill encountered 5 to 30 feet of fill that contained significant amounts of wood waste including sawdust and wood fragments (Ward and Finley 1997). One borehole excavated near the southwest corner of Fremont Avenue North and North 34th Street encountered fill to about 2 feet overlying what appears to be glacial till (Shannon & Wilson Inc. 1995). Two boreholes were excavated in A.B. Ernst Park, just northwest of the project parcels (Seattle Public Utilities 2003). One of the boreholes encountered native silty sand with tree roots and organics, which may indicate the presence of a native A-horizon.
Vegetation
Before large-scale urbanization, native vegetation in the Seattle area was typical western hemlock forest, dominated by coniferous Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and red cedar. Alder and big-leaf maples are the most common deciduous trees and may be more common in disturbed situations. Forest understory communities follow a moisture gradient, and in the western hemlock forests generally
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consist of dense shrubs and herbaceous plant, including sword fern, bracken fern, salal, Oregon grape, ocean spray, blackberry, red huckleberry, and red elderberry (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). At the end of the 19th century, logging throughout the lowlands and on the hills above Lake Union led to dramatic alteration of the once densely-forested environment.
Naturally treeless areas such as marshes and wetlands like those once found at the southwest corner of Lake Union host associations of moisture-loving to semi-aquatic plants, including willow, alder, cattail, reeds, cranberries, skunk cabbage, and wapato (Deur and Turner 2005; Franklin and Dyrness 1973). In their natural state, these areas would have provided food or useful resources for humans as well as food and cover for some of the game and waterfowl they hunted. Historic accounts indicate a large prairie or seasonal meadow was located in the area of today’s Seattle Center, part of it reaching to the southern terminus of Lake Union and westward to the Belltown area above Elliott Bay (Bass 1937; Waterman 2001). This type of habitat may have been burned periodically to create a specialized environment that could be relied on seasonally for berry crops and other plant materials.
Fauna
Much of the wildlife that provided a significant source of food, hide, skins, and bone for Seattle’s native people would also have been important to early settlers in the area. Elk, black-tailed deer, bear, and mountain lion, and smaller animals such as rabbit, raccoon, red fox, porcupine, squirrel, coyote, weasel, and river otter are all found in Western Washington. Marshes and wetlands provided habitat for beaver and muskrats and a migration corridor for ducks, geese, and other waterfowl. Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest relied most predominately on fish and shellfish. Lake Union, Lake Washington, and nearby rivers and streams supported runs of chinook, coho, and sockeye salmon, as well as freshwater fish such as bulltrout, suckers, Dolly Varden, sculpin, and numerous other fishes. The tideflats in Elliott Bay and Shilshole Bay supported a variety of shellfish, and saltwater fish, harbor seal, sea lions, and porpoises, were found in coastal waters.
CULTURAL SETTING
Archaeological evidence indicates that Native Americans have lived in western Washington for at least 12,000 years. More archaeological evidence of past lifeways is available from archaeological sites dating after about 5,000 years ago, and especially for the last 2,500 years when populations increased and villages were established. Euroamerican inhabitants were drawn to the region by timber related opportunities, mineral resources, and land for homesteading.
Prehistory
The Puget Lowland contains meager evidence of early Holocene human occupation. A small number of isolated fluted projectile points characteristic of the period between 12,000 and 11,000 BP have been found in western Washington, the closest of which was recovered near Renton (Avey 1991; Meltzer and Dunnell 1987). Recent investigations in Redmond have recovered in situ projectile points in contexts pre-dating 10,000 BP (Kopperl et al. 2010, 2014). More common are Olcott sites, named after the type site in Snohomish County near Arlington and found mostly on glacial outwash surfaces in the Puget Lowland and inland foothill valleys (Kidd 1964; Mattson 1985). The distinctive stone tool assemblage consists of large, leaf-shaped and stemmed points and cobble and flake tools manufactured from locally available cobbles. Olcott assemblages are usually interpreted as evidence of an early, highly mobile hunting and gathering adaptation.
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After about 5000 BP, larger populations organized in more complex ways to exploit a wide range of locally available resources including large and small mammals, shellfish, fish, berries, roots, and bulbs, with an increasing emphasis on salmon over time. Shell middens containing large quantities of shellfish remains and marine fish and mammal bone are common on the saltwater shoreline. Full-scale development of marine-oriented cultures on the coast and inland hunting, gathering, and riverine fishing traditions as represented in the ethnographic record are apparent after about 2500 BP (Blukis Onat 1987). Large semi-sedentary populations occupied cedar plank houses located at river mouths and confluences and on protected shorelines (Ames and Maschner 1999; Blukis Onat 1987; Fladmark 1982; Matson and Coupland 1995). European contact in the late 18th century led to drastic changes in Native American populations and community structures, primarily caused by disease pandemics, as well as major changes in native economies (Boyd 1999; Campbell 1989).
A number of significant archaeological sites in Seattle represent human occupation over the past 5,000 years. The West Point Site Complex consists of two shell midden sites (45KI428 and 45KI429) approximately four miles west of the project area (Larson and Lewarch 1995). The complex contains a rich assemblage of projectile points, bone and antler wedges, harpoon points and valves, and labrets (lip plugs) along with shell layers and fish and mammal bone. Radiocarbon dates show the complex was almost continuously used between 4300 and 200 BP. The Duwamish No. 1 site (45KI123), just over six miles south of the project area, contained evidence of three occupation periods between 1970 and 200 BP. The Duwamish No. 1 site consisted of a shell midden with fish drying racks, hearths, and food processing features that were found in association with over 2,230 lithic and bone artifacts and the faunal remains of birds and land and sea mammals (Hudson et al. 2005). Shell midden deposits indicative of long-term use were also exposed during construction of the Chittenden Locks in 1912 about 2.5 miles west of the project area and recorded by the Burke Museum (No. 1102). The midden may have been related to an ethnographically-reported village called šišul (Wandrey 1975; Waterman 2001). Other Late Period shell middens have been identified along shorelines in south Seattle (45KI152) and west Seattle (45KI432). Shell middens generally contain charcoal, fire modified rock (FMR), bone and lithic artifacts, and remains of shell, fish, and mammal species.
Ethnography
The project area is in the traditional territory of ancestors of members of today’s Duwamish Tribe, Suquamish Tribe, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, the Tulalip Tribes, and the Snoqualmie Tribe. The Duwamish, a Lushootseed-speaking group whose territory historically encompassed all of present-day Seattle, occupied villages and camps along the shores of Lake Union, Elliott Bay, Lake Sammamish, and sections of the Duwamish, Black, and Cedar River watersheds (Harrington 1909; Ruby and Brown 1992; Smith 1940; Waterman 2001). A distinct group of Duwamish called the Shisholamish, or the “inlet people,” lived in the Salmon Bay area of Ballard west of the current project (Waterman 2001). The Duwamish were linked by marital ties as well as shared use of some territory with the Suquamish to the west and Snohomish to the north, Snoqualmie to the east, and groups on the White and Green Rivers to the south known collectively today as the Muckleshoot. The Duwamish would have granted use rights to some resource areas in their territory to groups with whom they were related by marriage or other ties.
No ethnographic place names are known in the immediate project area, however, recorded place names for natural features are found throughout Salmon Bay, Elliott Bay, Lake Union, and Lake Washington. Lake Union’s outlet into Salmon Bay, called Gwa’xwop, and the Montlake Cut to Lake Washington, called L (where one lifts up his canoe), connected the Shilshole shoreline to Lake Washington andڮSxwa’tsugw the Black-Cedar-Green-Duwamish River system. Lake Union was called Xa’ tcu, or small lake (Costello
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1895; Lane 1975). A small creek entering Lake Union from the north near the Fremont Bridge was called bࡵtࡵtdaq and was a place where shamans held dances. Another creek entering the north end of Lake ,wa’t-qo, or place where one whips the waterڮUnion east of the railroad bridge in Ballard was called Cic because Native Americans would hit the water with sticks to drive fish for capture there. The Gas Works Park promontory was called StĢ’tciL, which means “a prop,” because the landform appeared to be leaning on the opposite shore of the lake (Waterman 2001). The number of ethnographic place names in the project vicinity demonstrates Native American familiarity with this shoreline.
The annual subsistence cycle of native people in the Puget Sound region was based on the availability of resources in different seasons. Permanent Duwamish settlements in the Seattle area were on Salmon Bay and Elliott Bay, and temporary resource gathering camps were situated throughout the Seattle area (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930). In spring and summer, Native Americans would travel by trail or dugout canoe to set up temporary camps for fishing, hunting, harvesting shellfish, and gathering berries, roots, bulbs, and other plant resources (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930; Smith 1940). Salmon and shellfish, especially clams, formed important parts of the diet. Other important resources included freshwater fish, deer, bear, small mammals, waterfowl, and marine resources including fish, crabs, shrimp, oysters, and mussels. People spent winters in cedar plank houses along shorelines and riverbanks, living on salmon, clams, berries, roots, and the other foods they collected and preserved by smoking or drying. They tended to increase their socialization through visiting, trading, and engaging in festivities and ceremonies during the long winter months (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930; Miller 1999; Smith 1940).
The influx of white settlers into the Puget Sound region in the mid-1800s caused tensions with many Native American groups, but relations between Native Americans and Euroamericans in Seattle were initially relatively peaceful (Bass 1937; Watt 1931). The local Duwamish were friendly with early Seattle pioneers and they often provided the settlers with labor, salmon, shellfish, baskets, and other resources. The Native Americans continued to live among the Euroamericans in spite of treaty-era tensions, the development of reservations, and diminishing means of pursuing a traditional lifestyle (Thrush 2007). The Duwamish, Snoqualmie, Snohomish, and Suquamish were signatories to the Point Elliot Treaty of 1855, which established the Tulalip, Lummi, Swinomish, and Port Madison reservations (Ruby and Brown 1992). Today many people of Duwamish descent live among the Muckleshoot, Suquamish, Snoqualmie, and Tulalip Tribes as a result of this treaty. Others Duwamish descendants continue to seek independent Federal tribal status (Ruby and Brown 1992).
History
The Arthur Denny party landed at Alki Beach in 1852. Settlement quickly moved to the east side of Elliott Bay where homesteads were established and the deep water port promised future industrial success (Bagley 1916, 1929; Denny-Lindsley 1906; Watt 1931). The original settlement was concentrated in the south part of what is now downtown Seattle and gradually expanded north towards Belltown. The forested shores of Lake Union attracted speculators with original settlers David Denny and Thomas Mercer claiming land along the west shore of Lake Union (Bagley 1929, United States Surveyor General 1863). Other early settlers in the project vicinity include John Ross and William Strickler, who claimed tracts of land along Ross (Salmon) Creek west of the project area (Krafft 2010; United States Surveyor General 1856).
On the Fourth of July in 1854 Seattle residents gathered to celebrate the holiday along Lake Union, which was called “little waters.” Thomas Mercer proposed they name the lake to the east of “little waters” Lake Washington and that “little waters” be called Lake Union. Mercer believed that a canal should eventually join Lake Union and Lake Washington to the Puget Sound. Roughly 30 years later,
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other speculators began to anticipate construction of a shipping canal. Henry Yesler and the Lake Washington Improvement Company bought property adjacent to Ross Creek from John Ross and William Strickler in 1883. Judge Thomas Burke with Daniel Gilman, David Denny, and partners incorporated the Seattle Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad (SLS&E) that same year and bought the land along the north shore of Lake Union, east of Ross Creek including the project area (Dorpat 1984; Krafft 2010; Warren 1981). The partners constructed a spur of the SLS&E between downtown Seattle and Salmon Bay by 1887 (Kroll 1912; Warren 1981). Edward Blewett and Edward Kilbourne purchased some of Strickler’s land from David Denny and John Hoyt in 1888 to plat Fremont, which was named after their home in Nebraska (Divjak 2006; Dorpat 2001; Sheridan 2002).
The hills around Fremont were logged and cleared by the 1890s, but lumber and shingle mills continued to be important to Lake Union industry into the twentieth century. The 1889 Seattle fire caused demand for timber to rebuild the downtown core, and much of it was supplied by the mills on Lake Union and Salmon Bay. The Bryant Lumber and Shingle Mill was constructed on Lake Union in 1890 just south of the project vicinity by Isaac Burlingame, drawing workers to Fremont (Figure 3). The Bryant Mill was purchased by the Fremont Lumber Mill in 1896 and continued to operate until a major fire in 1932 (Divjak 2006; Sheridan 2002).
John Ross and Henry Yesler purchased land on the north shore of Lake Union and east of the project area for a steamboat landing in the 1890s, a service on Lake Union that was established earlier by David Denny, in order to encourage connections between Fremont and downtown Seattle. The Latona and
Figure 3. Bird’s Eye View, 1891, showing project area.
Maude Foster steamboats ferried passengers around the lake (Krafft 2010). Fremont continued to grow because it had housing for mill workers, groceries, hardware stores, drug stores, a dairy, cafes, hotels,
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schools, and churches. In 1891, Fremont, home to about 5,000 residents, was annexed to Seattle (Divjak 2006; Sheridan 2002).
Transportation improvements spurred industrial development along Lake Union and in north Seattle. Guy Phinney first built a private streetcar line to bring visitors from Fremont to his Woodland Park estate, north of Fremont (McRoberts 1999). Edward Kilbourne and Luther Griffith then began street car service to Fremont from downtown Seattle by connecting the downtown street car line that ended at the base of Queen Anne Hill to a wooden trestle that followed today’s Westlake Avenue (Dorpat 2001; Long 2001). The original horse-drawn cars were replaced by an electric street car system, and other lines were built to connect Fremont to Ballard, Green Lake, and the University District. Transportation and infrastructure projects in Fremont required raising the elevation of some of the steeper streets. The fill for raising the streets may have come from early dredging of the log canal or from regrade projects taking place around Lake Union (Divjak 2006). In 1910, Stone and Webster’s Seattle-Everett Traction Company inaugurated interurban service between Seattle and Everett and Fremont was a crossroads for their train traffic. Fremont’s position on the local north-south and east-west streetcar line contributed to further growth of the area. New development such as the Pacific Iron Works grew up in north Lake Union area, and the Fremont Milling Company on the shoreline near the project grew to include a tannery and a machine works (Krafft 2010).
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began work to build a continuous waterway between the inland lakes and Puget Sound in the early 1900s. First, Salmon Bay was dredged, deepened, and widened to allow for passage of seagoing vessels. The Hiram Chittenden Locks and a temporary dam were then constructed in Shilshole Bay between 1912 and 1916 (Crowley 1998; Dorpat 1989, Larson 1975). The Ship Canal Project, conducted between 1911 and 1917, was completed when Lake Union was joined to Salmon Bay by the Fremont Cut along an existing stream (Figure 4). The first vessels came through the locks in 1917 (Crowley 1998; Larson 1975).
The Fremont Bridge opened at the same time as the Ship Canal, providing easy access to downtown (Divjak 2006), but the rapid adoption of the automobile spurred development of new routes throughout the city. Along with the Fremont Bridge, the Ballard Bridge and the Montlake Bridge were the main north-south routes over the water, and were quickly overwhelmed by auto traffic. Construction on the George Washington Memorial Bridge along State Route 99 was completed in 1932. It was the first bridge in Seattle to be built without streetcar tracks (Peckham 1980).
Fremont was home to speakeasies and cheap hotels during the 1920s and the neighborhood developed a wicked reputation. Fremont went into decline as a result of the general economic downturn in the 1930s. The interurban service ended in 1939 and trolley service to Fremont came to a close in 1941. Businesses closed and buildings were abandoned and the district remained in poor condition for about 30 years. Fremont began to evolve as an artistic and activist community in the 1970s. High-tech companies, retail shops, bars, restaurants, and condominiums have since replaced abandoned warehouses and changed the neighborhood. Today, the project area contains businesses and retail space.
Project Area Land Use History
Early maps of the Fremont area show buildings on the project parcels as well as a steep slope down to the edge of Lake Union (Figure 5). The exact nature of the structures on the 1891 map are not known, but were present at a time when indoor plumbing was not common, and privies may have been present.
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Figure 4. Lake Washington Ship Canal under construction.
By 1893, Sanborn fire insurance maps show a printing shop near the corner of Aurora Street and Ewing Avenue, the precursor to North 34th Street. The project parcels also contained a dwelling near the center of the project area and a store that fronted Ewing Avenue (Figure 6). The 1893 map also shows the Bryant Mill (also called the Fremont Milling Company) and the Lake Union shoreline just south of the SLS&E tracks.
By 1905, the printing shop on the corner of Aurora and Ewing was gone, and a dwelling was in its place. The dwelling at the center of the project area is still present, but the store is gone. East of where the store stood is a dwelling that also housed a tailor (Figure 7). Photographs of Ewing Avenue taken in 1911 show the construction of a large retaining wall just north of the SLS&E tracks. Figure 8 shows stores just west of the project area along Ewing Avenue. Figure 9 was taken looking east along Ewing Avenue toward the project area and shows the difference in elevation between the street and the tracks to the south. The Bryant mill is visible on the right side of the photograph.
In 1919, only the dwelling that once housed a tailor was still present on the project parcels, along with two outbuildings. The Bryant Mill had expanded to the east and occupied filled area as far east as Aurora, and Ewing Avenue was called North 34th Street (Figure 10).
By 1951, the project parcels and adjacent parcels housed a variety of stores, restaurants, the Fremont Public Library, a church, and garages (Figure 11). Parcel #1972202710 housed four storefronts and a restaurant, while parcel #1972202730 had an electrical supply store and an auto and ship supply store that also provided battery service. The three buildings on the parcels today were constructed between 1917 and 1976 and are currently used for retail, restaurant and professional services.
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Figure 5. Canal plan map, 1891, showing project parcels.
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Figure 6. Sanborn map, 1898, showing project parcels.
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Figure 7. Sanborn map, 1905, showing project parcels.
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Street (Ewing Avenue), view northwest. h t Figure 8. Historic photo, 1911, along North 34
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Figure 9. Historic photo, 1911, along North 34th Street (Ewing Avenue), view east.
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Figure 10. Sanborn map, 1919, showing project parcels.
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Figure 11. Sanborn map, 1951, showing project parcels.
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Previous Cultural Resource Investigations
Eleven cultural resources investigations have been completed within ½ mile of the project area (Table 1). The previous investigations include those completed for transportation studies (Parsons Brinkerhoff 2004; Rooke et a. 2010; Schwab 2010), neighborhood and parks associations (Tobin 1991; Wickwire 2005), utilites and trails (Nelson 2001; Parvey 2004; Shong and Miss 2004), a cell tower (Finley 2013), private development (Rinck 2012), and a fiber optic cable line installation (Wessen and Davis 1987).
Table 1. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Within Approximately ½ Mile of the Project Area. AUTHOR DATE PROJECT RELATION TO RESULTS* PROJECT AREA Wessen and Davis 1987 Technical Report Cultural Resources Survey for the US Adjacent None Sprint Fiber Optic Cable Project Seattle, Washington to Spokane, Washington Tobin 1991 Historical Survey and Planning Study of Fremont's Adjacent 26 historic buildings Commercial Area Nelson 2001 Cultural Resource Investigations for the West Lake Union 0.2 mi S 45KI502 Improvement Project, Seattle, Washington Parsons Brinckerhoff 2004 Fremont Bridge Approach Replacement Project Section Adjacent None 106 Technical Documentation Parvey 2004 Cultural Resources Investigation for the Ship Canal Trail 0.5 mi W None Extension Project, Seattle, Washington Shong and Miss 2004 Letter Report: Results of Cultural Resources Monitoring 0.2 mi S None for the City of Seattle West Lake Union Trail Improvement Project King County, Washington Wickwire 2005 Seattle Parks and Recreation's Historic Resources Plan 0.5 mi E Gas Works Park Rooke et al. 2010 Cultural Resources Discipline Report for the Aurora Adjacent None RapidRide—E Line Project, NEPA Documented Categorical Exclusion Final Historical, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources Discipline Report Schwab 2010 Cultural Resources Report Washington State Department Adjacent Historic Aurora of Transportation SR 99: Aurora Avenue Bridge Seismic Avenue Bridge Retrofit Seattle, King County, Washington Rinck 2012 Archaeological Resources Overview of the Stone 3400 0.2 mi E None Project, Seattle, Washington Finley 2013 Letter Report: Results of a Cultural Resources Study of 0.4 mi S None the Aurora Bridge Cell Site (Trileaf #606016), Seattle, King County, Washington
One historical archaeological site is within ½ mile of the project area. Site 45KI502 is the Westlake Avenue North segment of the Northern Pacific Railroad belt line constructed in 1911 that extends between Aloha Street and the Fremont Bridge and runs parallel to Westlake Avenue North, across Lake Union from the project area (Cole 2000). The trestle, which is partially buried, is now owned by the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad. The trestle segment was recommended not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) (Nelson 2001). In 1995, a Fremont community member reported finding an isolated cryptocrystalline silica (CCS) projectile point along the base of their fence while gardening on NW 35th Street, approximately .15 mile west of the project area (King County Record 01191). The isolate was not recorded on a state form and was not given a trinomial number. The project area is also at the east end of the Fremont Cut, a contributing component of the 45DT114 Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places that includes the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the Fremont Cut and channel, and the Montlake Cut (Potter 1977).
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Twenty seven historical buildings and structures are on blocks adjacent to the project site (Table 2). Most of the buildings date to the first half of the 20th century and were recorded as part of a study of the Fremont business district, but were not evaluated for eligibility as City of Seattle Landmarks or for the NRHP (Tobin 1991). The Fremont Public Library at 731 N 35th Street was finished in 1921 with funds provided by Andrew Carnegie, the last one with Carnegie funds to be constructed in Washington. The building is still operational as a library and has been nominated for the NRHP and is a listed Seattle Landmark. The Fremont Building has also been nominated for the NRHP. It was constructed in 1911 in the heart of the Fremont commercial district at the intersection of Fremont Avenue N, Fremont Place N, and N 35th Street. The George Washington Memorial Bridge was constructed adjacent to the project block in 1931 to accommodate the growing automobile traffic in the area. The bridge is a listed Seattle Landmark (Peckham 1980). The Fremont Hotel at 3419-3429 Fremont Avenue N is also a listed Seattle Landmark (Seattle Department of Neighborhoods 2015).
Table 2. Previously Recorded Buildings and Structures on Adjacent Blocks. RELATION TO COMPILER/DATE AGE DESCRIPTION NRHP ELIGIBILITY PROJECT AREA Vandermeer 1981; Tobin 1921 Seattle Public Library Fremont Branch To N Eligible* 1992 Burke and Garfield 1992 1911 Fremont Building To W Eligible Peckham 1980; Soderberg 1931 Aurora Avenue Bridge To E Eligible* 1980 Tobin 1991 ca. 1911 Fremont Hotel To W Not evaluated* Tobin 1991 1927 McKenzie Building To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1895-1900 Fremont Drug Company To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1902 Cape Cod Comfys To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1905-1909 Fremont State Bank Building To N Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1902 Frank & Dunya To N Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1903-1909 Yak’s Building To N Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1906-1912 J.P. Dean Building To N Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1927 Fremont I.O.O.F. Building To NW Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1907 Fremont Mini-Warehouse To N Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1911-1912 Fremont Hardware/Lake Union To NW Not evaluated Apartments Tobin 1991 1909 Fremont Doric Temple To NW Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1911-1916 3519 Fremont Place To NW Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1946 Acme Plating Works To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1909 Maurice Leehey Building To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1926 Thompson Building To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1946 Yoohoo and Stampola To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1965 Blue Flame Service To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1944 David Evans Building To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1925-1926 Fremont Annex To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1927 McKenzie Apartments To W Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1907-1913 Fremont Post Office To N Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1907-1911 Bridgeview Apartments To N Not evaluated Tobin 1991 1924 Fremont Baptist Church To N Not evaluated Peckham 1979 ca. 1910 1023 N 36th St To NE Not evaluated Peckham 1979 ca. 1890 1025 N 36th St To NE Not evaluated * Seattle Landmark
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BUILDINGS
Three buildings are located within the project area, and are designated with field numbers FRE-15-01, FRE-15-02 and FRE-15-03 (Figures 12 and 13). These buildings are recommended not eligible for the NRHP, and have been reviewed by the City of Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, which has determined that they do not meet the City’s criteria for landmark designation (personal communication, Joanna Hess Callahan. The Washington State Historic Property Inventory Forms for these resources are included in Appendix A.
FRE-15-01 Fremont Electric Company Building
Description: The building was constructed as several separate units with construction dates spanning the first half of the century. These separate buildings shared common walls and were later joined with a common Roman brick veneer façade in 1951. The storefronts were later remodeled with aluminum- frame windows and matching stucco storefront and window surrounds. Due to the varying construction dates, the building has several construction methods, but most of the structural system consists of concrete block and hollow core tile (King County Assessor 1945-1996, 2015). The building currently has four south-facing storefronts, and a fifth unit is located in a south addition that is accessed from the east side of the building. A steel canopy of irregular shape is located on the east side of the building.
The building has undergone numerous alterations over time, including multiple additions and several interior and exterior remodels, including replacement of all windows and storefronts.
Significance: This building was constructed in multiple sections over the course of more than 40 years. The original portion of the building and its various additions are listed below in order of construction date (the letters correspond to building sections identified in Figure 12):
ͻ A – 1917 – Radiator (automotive) shop (now 760 N 34th Street - Dragonfly Holistic Healing) ͻ B – 1922 – Fremont Electric Co. (now 770 N 34th Street - Milstead & Co.) ͻ C – 1944 – Addition to rear of Fremont Electric Co. (now 790 N 34th Street – History House) ͻ D – Rebuilt in 1947 after October 13, 1945 fire – Ideal Laundry (now 750 and 754 N 34th Street – Salsa con Todo, Café Turko.) ͻ E – 1952 – Addition to rear of laundry and radiator shop ͻ F – 1958 – Steel canopy on east side of Fremont Electric Co. (now part of History House and outdoor eating space for Milstead & Co.). County Assessor information shows that this canopy was constructed over the top of the Fremont Electric Company parking lot to extend the shop into a covered outdoor space “for adjusting and testing gas and elec[tric] motors and equipment” (King County Assessor 1945-1996).
This building has undergone numerous alterations that have caused loss of integrity of design, materials and workmanship. It is therefore recommended not eligible for the NRHP.
FRE-15-02 Fremont Electric Company Warehouse
Description: This building was constructed out of concrete block with a steel canopy over a loading dock on the south side of the building. The loading dock area was later enclosed with glass curtain walls in a 2014 remodel to create a reception area for the business currently occupying the building. A wheelchair access ramp was also added to the front of the building in 2014. The north side of the building is accessible from an entrance off the alley. This side of the building also contains three fixed windows set
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Figure 12. Buildings locations, showing construction chronology for FRE-15-01.
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Figure 13. Recorded buildings, view to the northeast with the Aurora Bridge in the background.
high in the wall. These windows appear to be a more recent alteration and may date to the 2014 remodel of the building.
Significance: This building was constructed in 1966 as a warehouse and loading dock for the Fremont Electric Company, which was located on the adjacent parcel to the east. County Assessor records indicate that the architect of this building was Lester C. Quist. The parcel on which this building was constructed was later merged with the adjacent parcel to the west (King County Assessor 1966).
This building has been altered to the extent that very little historical material remains visible. These changes have caused loss of integrity of design, materials, workmanship and feeling. The change of use in the building from a warehouse to a yoga studio has also caused loss of integrity of association. This building is recommended not eligible for the NRHP.
FRE-15-03 Carquest Auto Parts Building
Description: This tall, one-story building was built using tilt-up construction methods and was built with a large bank of windows or loading bays across the main (south) façade. This area has since been filled in with brick. The building has a modern two door glass entrance with a window surround set into the brick infill on the main façade, but the building contains no other windows. A low garage entrance is accessed from the alley at the west end of the north façade.
King County Assessor records indicate that the building was constructed with a full basement that extends under the parking lot in front of the building to the south edge of the parcel near the location of the sidewalk (King County Assessor 1976).
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Significance: This building was constructed in 1976 as a CARQUEST automobile supplies distribution center and continues to serve as an auto parts store for the same company. The building is less than 50 years old and is does not have exceptional importance. The alterations to the main façade have also caused loss of integrity of design, materials, and workmanship. This building is recommended not eligible for the NRHP.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL FOR PROJECT AREA
The project is within the Meander Line buffer zone, the historic Lake Union shoreline, an area that has archaeological potential for pre-contact archaeological sites. Lake Union held a special place in the life of local Native American people, serving as a link between the Elliott Bay shoreline and Lake Washington and to points south in the Green River and White River valleys. A stream once flowed into Lake Union near the present location of the Fremont Bridge, and the area in general would have supported plants and animals that were valuable to Native Americans. Lushootseed place names have been recorded for various features in the project vicinity.
The area south of North 34th Street has been filled to level the significant drop to the Lake Union shoreline that was once present. Fill has been identified in boreholes within the project parcel to depths between 5.5 and 17.5 feet. Just northwest of the project parcels, however, native silts which may include soil horizons are present and may indicate a stable historic or pre-contact surface. Though some portions of the project area have been disturbed by successive periods of construction and demolition that have removed these high probability surfaces, there is moderate to high potential for pre-contact resources to be found under fill. Pre-contact archaeological material has been found elsewhere in Fremont in a similar geomorphic setting. Pre-contact remains would probably consist of lithic scatters, hearths, and isolated remains, but could include shell midden as well.
Historical settlement occurred on the project parcels as early as 1891 and included a variety of dwellings, stores, and possibly privies. While subsequent development may have obscured or removed early historical archaeological material, remnants of early settlement may be present in the form of privies associated with the earliest buildings. Privies were often used for disposal of a variety of household waste that is informative about the way people lived including broken ceramics, bottles, clothing, and other material related to daily life. Early building foundations, construction materials, or other historical artifacts may also be present under the existing fill.
The three buildings present on the project parcels are recommended not eligible for the NRHP and the Department of Neighborhoods has determined that they don’t meet criteria for Seattle Landmark designation (personal communication, Joanna Callahan, May 11, 2015).
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Two City of Seattle Landmarks are adjacent to the project area: the Fremont Library and the Aurora Bridge. Project plans take into account the proximity of the Fremont Library and calls for a pedestrian passage between A.B. Ernst Park (immediately west of the library) and the Burke-Gilman Trail to the south. The existing alley between the Fremont Library and the project area will be preserved as part of this project, providing additional access and a buffer between the two properties. New construction within the project area will stay below the elevation of the bridge deck on Aurora Avenue, preserving
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views to and from the bridge deck. This project is not anticipated to adversely impact any NRHP resources or any Seattle Landmark properties in the project vicinity (CoU, LLC and Weber Thompson 2015).
Because of the potential for both pre-contact and historic-period remains to be present, SWCA recommends monitoring of excavations that will extend beneath the fill. Monitoring should be carried out by a qualified archaeologist under a monitoring and discovery plan. If geotechnical studies are planned, archaeological monitoring of this testing may limit the extent of additional monitoring and testing.
It is always possible that archaeological resources may be found in other portions of the project. In the event that historic or pre-contact cultural resources are discovered at any time during construction and an archaeological monitor is not on site, contractors should cease activities at once and consult with DAHP and a professional archaeologist on next steps. If construction in any area encounters human remains, whether burials, isolated teeth, bones, or potential mortuary items, work in that area should be stopped immediately and the area around the discovery secured [RCW 68.50.645 and RCW 27.44.040]. The King County Sherriff, Medical Examiner, and affected Tribes, must be notified. This assessment is based information on the proposed project site. If the construction footprint changes additional assessment may be required. Please ensure that an electronic copy of this finalized report is provided to DAHP and the appropriate tribes.
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SWCA Environmental Consultants May 18, 2015 CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION Cultural Resources Overview for the Fremont Carquest Development Site 35
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1991w Historic Property Inventory Form, Fremont Baptist Church. On file, Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.
SWCA Environmental Consultants May 18, 2015 CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 36 Cultural Resources Overview for the Fremont Carquest Development Site
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SWCA Environmental Consultants May 18, 2015 CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION Cultural Resources Overview for the Fremont Carquest Development Site 37
Wessen, Gary and Gene Davis 1987 Technical Report Cultural Resources Survey for the US Sprint Fiber Optic Cable Project Seattle, Washington to Spokane, Washington. Prepared for US Sprint by Dames & Moore, San Diego, California.
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SWCA Environmental Consultants May 18, 2015 CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 38 Cultural Resources Overview for the Fremont Carquest Development Site
SWCA Environmental Consultants May 18, 2015 CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
APPENDIX A: HISTORIC PROPERTY INVENTORY FORMS
SWCA Environmental Consultants A-1 May 18, 2015 CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
SWCA Environmental Consultants A-2 February 24, 2015 CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION Historic Inventory Report
Location Field Site No.FRE-15-01 DAHP No. Historic Name: Fremont Electric Company Building, DEA Laundry Common Name: History House, Milstead & Co., Dragonfly Holistic Healing, Cafe Turko, Salsa con Todo Property Address: 750 - 790 N 34th St, Seattle, WA 98103 Comments: Tax No./Parcel No. 197220-2730 Plat/Block/Lot Denny & Hoyts Addition, Block 33, Lots 13 through 17. Acreage 0.39 Supplemental Map(s)
Township/Range/EW Section 1/4 Sec 1/4 1/4 Sec County Quadrangle T25R04E 18 King SEATTLE NORTH
Coordinate Reference Easting: 1184944 Northing: 850045 Projection: Washington State Plane South Datum: HARN (feet)
Identification
Survey Name:Fremont Office Carquest Site -32264 Date Recorded: 02/19/2015 Field Recorder: E. Heideman / SWCA Owner's Name: Fremont Dock Company Owner Address: 3401 EVANSTON AVE N City: Seattle State: WA Zip: 98103 Classification:Building Resource Status: Comments: Survey/Inventory Within a District? No Contributing? National Register: Local District: National Register District/Thematic Nomination Name: Eligibility Status: Not Determined - SHPO Determination Date: 1/1/0001 Determination Comments:
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 1 of 7 Historic Inventory Report
Description Historic Use: Commerce/Trade - Business Current Use: Commerce/Trade - Business Plan: Irregular Stories: 1 Structural System: Mixed Changes to Plan: Extensive Changes to Interior: Extensive Changes to Original Cladding: Extensive Changes to Windows: Extensive Changes to Other: Other (specify): Style: Cladding: Roof Type: Roof Material: CommercialVeneer - Brick Flat with Parapet Asphalt / Composition - Rolled Foundation: Form/Type: Concrete - Poured Commercial
Narrative
Study Unit Other Transportation Community Planning/Development Commerce Architecture/Landscape Architecture
Date of Construction: 1917 Built Date Builder: 1922 Addition 1944 Addition 1947 Remodel 1952 Addition 1958 Addition 1951 Remodel Engineer: Architect:
Property appears to meet criteria for the National Register of Historic Places:No Property is located in a potential historic district (National and/or local): No Property potentially contributes to a historic district (National and/or local): No
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 2 of 7 Historic Inventory Report
Statement of This building was constructed in multiple sections over the course of more than 40 years. The original Significance: portion of the building and its various additions are listed below in order of construction date (the letters correspond to building sections identified in the aerial photograph): • A – 1917 – Radiator (automotive) shop (now 760 N. 34th Street - Dragonfly Holistic Healing) • B – 1922 – Fremont Electric Co. (now 770 N. 34th Street - Milstead & Co.) • C – 1944 – Addition to rear of Fremont Electric Co. (now 790 N. 34th Street – History House) • D – Rebuilt in 1947 after October 13, 1945 fire – Ideal Laundry (now 750 and 754 N. 34th Street – Salsa con Todo, Café Turko. • E – 1952 – Addition to rear of laundry and radiator shop • F – 1958 – Steel canopy on east side of Fremont Electric Co. (now part of History House and outdoor eating space for Milstead & Co.). County Assessor information shows that this canopy was constructed over the top of the Fremont Electric Company parking lot to extend the shop into a covered outdoor space “for adjusting and testing gas and elec[tric] motors and equipment.” This building has undergone numerous alterations that have caused loss of integrity of design, materials and workmanship. It is therefore recommended not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.
Description of The building was built as several separate units with construction dates spanning the first half of the Physical century. These separate buildings shared common walls and were later joined with a common Roman Appearance: brick veneer façade in 1951. The storefronts were later remodeled with aluminum-frame windows and matching stucco storefront and window surrounds. Due to the varying construction dates, the building has several construction methods, but most of the structural system consists of concrete block and hollow core tile (King County Assessor, 1945-1996; ibid 2015). The building currently has four south-facing storefronts, and a fifth unit is located in a south addition that is accessed from the east side of the building. A steel canopy of irregular shape is located on the east side of the building. The building has undergone numerous alterations over time, including multiple additions and several interior and exterior remodels, including replacement of all windows and storefronts.
Major Earley, Amber and Eileen Heideman Bibliographic 2015 Cultural Resources Overview for the Fremont Carquest Development Site, Seattle, King County, References: Washington. SWCA Environmental Consultants Report Number 15-93. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Seattle, Washington. King County Assessor 1945-1996 Property Card, Tax Parcel Number 1972202730. On file at Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives, Bellevue, Washington. 2015 Tax Parcel Property Detail.http://info.kingcounty.gov/Assessor/eRealProperty/Detail.aspx? ParcelNbr=1972202730, accessed February 2015.
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 3 of 7 Historic Inventory Report
Photos
Building from N 34th Street, view to the northeast. Building from N 34th Street, view to the northwest. 2015 2015
770 and 790 N. 34th Street, view to the north-northeast. 754, 760 and 770 N. 34th Street, view to the north. 2015 2015
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 4 of 7 Historic Inventory Report
750 and 754 N. 34th Street (748 N. 34th Street to the left), back of 750-790 N. 34th Street, view to the southwest. view to the north. 2015 2015
Building and additions (letters correspond to descriptions in 750 to 790 S. 34th Street from Aurora Avenue, view to the narrative section). southwest. 2015 2015
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 5 of 7 Historic Inventory Report
Image courtesy of Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives and King County Assessor. Radiator repair business at what is now 760 N. 34th Street. 2015
Image courtesy of Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives and King County Assessor. Canopy constructed in 1958 (photo dated February 2, 1959). 2015
Image courtesy of King County Assessor and Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives. Deal Laundry in 1948 at what is now 750 and 754 N. 34th Street. 2015
Image courtesy of King County Assessor and Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives Fremont Electric Company at what is now 770 N. Franklin Street. 2015
Image courtesy of King County Assessor and Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives. Concrete block addition on rear of building. 2015
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 6 of 7 Historic Inventory Report
Image courtesy of King County Assessor and Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives. Building in 1951 after remodel. 2015
Building location. 2015
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 7 of 7
Historic Inventory Report
Location Field Site No.FRE-15-02 DAHP No. Historic Name: Fremont Electric Company Warehouse Common Name: Bikram Yoga Studio Property Address: 748 N 34th St, Seattle, WA 98103 Comments: Tax No./Parcel No. 197220-2710 Plat/Block/Lot Denny & Hoyts Addition, Block 33, Lots 9 - 12 Acreage 0.33 Supplemental Map(s)
Township/Range/EW Section 1/4 Sec 1/4 1/4 Sec County Quadrangle T25R04E 18 King SEATTLE NORTH
Coordinate Reference Easting: 1184864 Northing: 850030 Projection: Washington State Plane South Datum: HARN (feet)
Identification
Survey Name:Fremont Office Carquest Site -32264 Date Recorded: 02/19/2015 Field Recorder: E. Heideman / SWCA Owner's Name: Fremont Dock Company Owner Address: 3401 EVANSTON AVE N City: Seattle State: WA Zip: 98103 Classification:Building Resource Status: Comments: Survey/Inventory Within a District? No Contributing? National Register: Local District: National Register District/Thematic Nomination Name: Eligibility Status: Not Determined - SHPO Determination Date: 1/1/0001 Determination Comments:
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 1 of 5 Historic Inventory Report
Description Historic Use: Commerce/Trade - Warehouse Current Use: Commerce/Trade - Business Plan: Rectangle Stories: 1 Structural System: Concrete - Block Changes to Plan: Extensive Changes to Interior: Extensive Changes to Original Cladding: Extensive Changes to Windows: Extensive Changes to Other: Other (specify): Style: Cladding: Roof Type: Roof Material: Other - UtilitarianConcrete - Block Flat with Eaves Asphalt / Composition - Glass - Curtain Wall Rolled Foundation: Form/Type: Concrete - Poured Utilitarian
Narrative
Study Unit Other Community Planning/Development Commerce Architecture/Landscape Architecture
Date of Construction: 1966 Built Date Builder: 2014 Remodel Engineer: Architect: Lester C. Quist
Property appears to meet criteria for the National Register of Historic Places:No Property is located in a potential historic district (National and/or local): No Property potentially contributes to a historic district (National and/or local): Statement of This building was constructed in 1966 as a warehouse and loading dock for the Fremont Electric Company, Significance: which was located on the adjacent parcel to the east. County Assessor records indicate that the architect of this building was Lester C. Quist. The parcel on which this building was constructed was later merged with the adjacent parcel to the west (King County Assessor 1966). This building has been altered to the extent that very little historical material remains visible. These changes have caused loss of integrity of design, materials, workmanship and feeling. The change of use in the building from a warehouse to a yoga studio has also caused loss of integrity of association. This building is recommended not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 2 of 5 Historic Inventory Report
Description of This building was built out of concrete block with a steel canopy over a loading dock on the south side of Physical the building. The loading dock area was later enclosed with glass curtain walls in a 2014 remodel to create Appearance: a reception area for the business currently occupying the building. A wheelchair access ramp was also added to the front of the building in 2014. The north side of the building is accessible from an entrance off the alley. This side of the building also contains three fixed windows set high in the wall. These windows appear to be a more recent alteration and may date to the 2014 remodel of the building. Major Earley, Amber and Eileen Heideman Bibliographic 2015 Cultural Resources Overview for the Fremont Carquest Development Site, Seattle, King County, References: Washington. SWCA Environmental Consultants Report Number 15-93. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Seattle, Washington. King County Assessor 1966 Property Card, Tax Parcel Number 1972202710. On file at Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives, Bellevue, Washington. 2015 Tax Parcel Property Detail. http://info.kingcounty.gov/Assessor/eRealProperty/Detail.aspx? ParcelNbr=1972202710, accessed February 2015.
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 3 of 5 Historic Inventory Report
Photos
Building, showing recent (2014) alterations to the facade, Building, view to the north. view to the east-northeast. 2015 2015
Roof of building (center), view to the southwest. Back (north) side of building, view to the southwest. 2015 2015
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 4 of 5 Historic Inventory Report
Building location. Building location. 2015 2015
Image courtesy of King County Assessor and Puget Sound Regional Branch, King County Archives. Original appearance of building when it was used as a warehouse. 2015
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 5 of 5
Historic Inventory Report
Location Field Site No.FRE-15-03 DAHP No. Historic Name: CARQUEST Auto Parts Common Name: CARQUEST Auto Parts Property Address: 744 N 34th St, Seattle, WA 98103 Comments: Tax No./Parcel No. 197220-2710 Plat/Block/Lot Denny & Hoyts Addition, Block 33, Lots 9 - 12 Acreage 0.33 Supplemental Map(s)
Township/Range/EW Section 1/4 Sec 1/4 1/4 Sec County Quadrangle T25R04E 18 King SEATTLE NORTH
Coordinate Reference Easting: 1184805 Northing: 850105 Projection: Washington State Plane South Datum: HARN (feet)
Identification
Survey Name:Fremont Office Carquest Site -32264 Date Recorded: 02/19/2015 Field Recorder: E. Heideman / SWCA Owner's Name: Fremont Dock Company Owner Address: 3401 EVANSTON AVE N City: Seattle State: WA Zip: 98103 Classification:Building Resource Status: Comments: Survey/Inventory Within a District? No Contributing? No National Register: Local District: National Register District/Thematic Nomination Name: Eligibility Status: Not Determined - SHPO Determination Date: 1/1/0001 Determination Comments:
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 1 of 5 Historic Inventory Report
Description Historic Use: Commerce/Trade - Specialty Store Current Use: Commerce/Trade - Specialty Store Plan: Rectangle Stories: 1 Structural System: Concrete - Reinforced Concrete Changes to Plan: Intact Changes to Interior: Unknown Changes to Original Cladding: Moderate Changes to Windows: Extensive Changes to Other: Other (specify): Style: Cladding: Roof Type: Roof Material: CommercialConcrete - Poured Flat with Parapet Asphalt / Composition - Rolled Foundation: Form/Type: Concrete - Poured Commercial
Narrative
Study Unit Other Transportation Community Planning/Development Commerce Architecture/Landscape Architecture
Date of Construction: 1976 Built Date Builder: Engineer: Architect:
Property appears to meet criteria for the National Register of Historic Places:No Property is located in a potential historic district (National and/or local): No Property potentially contributes to a historic district (National and/or local): No Statement of This building was constructed in 1976 as a CARQUEST automobile supplies distribution center and Significance: continues to serve as an auto parts store for the same company. The building is less than 50 years old and is does not have exceptional importance. The alterations to the main façade have also caused loss of integrity of design, materials, and workmanship. This building is recommended not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Description of This tall one-story building was built using tilt-up construction methods and was built with a large bank of Physical windows or loading bays across the main (south) façade. This area has since been filled in with brick. The Appearance: building has a modern two door glass entrance with a window surround set into the brick infill on the main façade, but the building contains no other windows. A low garage entrance is accessed from the alley at the west end of the north façade. King County Assessor records indicate that the building was constructed with a full basement that extends under the parking lot in front of the building to the south edge of the parcel near the location of the sidewalk (King County Assessor 1976).
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 2 of 5 Historic Inventory Report
Major Earley, Amber and Eileen Heideman Bibliographic 2015 Cultural Resources Overview for the Fremont Carquest Development Site, Seattle, King County, References: Washington. SWCA Environmental Consultants Report Number 15-93. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Seattle, Washington. King County Assessor 1976 Property Card, Tax Parcel Number 1972202710. On file at Puget Sound Regional Branch, Washington State Archives, Bellevue, Washington. 2015 Tax Parcel Property Detail.http://info.kingcounty.gov/Assessor/eRealProperty/Detail.aspx? ParcelNbr=1972202710, accessed February 2015.
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 3 of 5 Historic Inventory Report
Photos
Front (south) facade, view to the north; note bricked-in Building, view to the northeast. showroom windows.. 2015 2015
Rear elevation, view to the west-southwest. West and rear (north) sides of building, view to the east- 2015 southeast. 2015
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 4 of 5 Historic Inventory Report
Roof of building, view to the southwest. building location. 2015 2015
Image courtesy of King County Assessor and Puget Sound Building location. Regional Branch, Washington State Archives. 2015 Building prior to infill of showroom windows. 2015
Tuesday, February 24, 2015 Page 5 of 5