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OFR 2003-25, Geologic Map of the Tumwater 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Thurston County, Washington

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OFR 2003-25, Geologic Map of the Tumwater 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Thurston County, Washington WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES OPEN FILE REPORT 2003-25 Division of Geology and Earth Resources Ron Teissere - State Geologist 122°52¢30² 123°00¢00² R.3W. R.2W. 57¢30² 55¢00² 47°07¢30² 47°07¢30² Qps INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS and boulders commonly faceted and (or) striated; ranges in ACKNOWLEDGMENTS adjacent oceans during the last glaciation: Geological Society of Qgt Qgof Qp Qgt Qp thickness from wispy, discontinuous layers less than 1 in. America DNAG Geology of North America, v. K-3, p. 111-125. Qp The Tumwater quadrangle is located at the south end of Puget Sound Quaternary Unconsolidated Deposits We have benefited greatly from discussions with Derek Booth and Qls Qps thick to more than 30 ft thick; thicknesses of 2 to 10 ft are In Qa and includes the cities of Tumwater and Olympia. The quadrangle is Kathy Troost (Univ. of Wash.) and Ray Wells and Brian Sherrod (U.S. Morrison, R. B., 1991, Introduction. Morrison, R. B., editor, Qp most common; may include outwash clay, sand, silt, and Qgt mostly urban and residential land. HOLOCENE NONGLACIAL DEPOSITS Geological Survey). This map is supported by the National Geologic Quaternary nonglacial geology—Conterminous U.S.: Geological Qps gravel, or ablation till that is too thin to substantially mask Qp Mapping Program under Cooperative Agreement No. 01HQAG0105 Society of America DNAG Geology of North America, v. K-2, p. 1- Qpg Fill—Clay, silt, sand, gravel, organic matter, shells, rip-rap, the underlying, rolling till plain; erratic boulders are Qf with the U.S. Geological Survey. New radiocarbon ages (Table 1) were 12. Qgt GEOLOGIC HISTORY and debris emplaced to elevate the land surface and reshape commonly associated with till plains but may also occur as provided by Beta Analytic, Inc. X-ray fluorescence analyses of basalt Noble, J. B.; Wallace, E. F., 1966, Geology and ground-water resources surface morphology; includes engineered and non- lag deposits where the underlying deposits have been Qls Qgt Late Wisconsinan–age Vashon Drift covers most of the quadrangle. samples (Table 2) were provided by the Washington State University of Thurston County, Washington; Volume 2: Washington Division Qgof Pre-Vashon units are generally exposed only along coastal bluffs or engineered fills; shown only where fill placement is modified by meltwater; typically, weakly developed modern Qgt Qp GeoAnalytical Lab. of Water Resources Water-Supply Bulletin 10, v. 2, 141 p., 5 plates. stream banks, where mass wasting is common. Landslides and relatively extensive, sufficiently thick to be of geotechnical soil has formed on the cap of loose gravel, but the Qgof Palmer, S. P.; Walsh, T. J.; Gerstel, W. J., 1999a, Geologic folio of the Qga colluvium disrupt and obscure the continuity of exposures so that pre- significance, and readily verifiable. underlying till is unweathered; local textural features in the REFERENCES CITED Olympia–Lacey–Tumwater urban area, Washington—Liquefaction Vashon geologic history is not easily deciphered. In the Puget Lowland till include flow banding and apophyses that extend 10 to Qpg Modified land—Soil, sediment, or other geologic material susceptibility map: Washington Division of Geology and Earth south of Tacoma, all finite radiocarbon ages reported before 1966 are Qml 15 ft downward into underlying sand and gravel (or till) and Armstrong, J. E.; Crandell, D. R.; Easterbrook, D. J.; Noble, J. B., Qa Qgo that has been locally reworked to modify the topography by Resources Geologic Map GM-47, 1 sheet, scale 1:48,000, with suspect due to laboratory contamination (Fairhall and others, 1966, are oriented transverse to ice-flow direction. 1965, Late Pleistocene stratigraphy and chronology in southwestern excavation and (or) redistribution; includes mappable sand 16 p. text. Qa p. 501). Stratigraphic assignments based on these radiocarbon ages are British Columbia and northwestern Washington: Geological Society Qp and gravel pits generally excavated into unit Qga. Vashon advance outwash—Sand and gravel and lacustrine Qpg now questionable and need to be re-evaluated. We have systematically Qga of America Bulletin, v. 76, no. 3, p. 321-330. Palmer, S. P.; Walsh, T. J.; Gerstel, W. J., 1999b, Strong-motion Qpg clay, silt, and sand of northern source, deposited during sampled all datable material from nonglacial sediments subjacent to the amplification maps of the Tumwater and Lacey 1:24,000-scale Qps Alluvium—Silt, sand, gravel, and peat deposited in stream glacial advance; may contain some nonglacial sediments, Bodle, T. R., 1992, Microzoning the likelihood of strong spectral In Qps Vashon Drift and found them to be older than previously reported. With Qa quadrangles, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey, National Qps beds and estuaries; includes some lacustrine and beach Qgas such as cobbles and rip-ups of silt or peat as lag along amplification of earthquake motions using MMI surveys and Qgt Qgt a few exceptions, these sediments have been beyond the range of Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, External Research Qps Qgt deposits. channel sides and bottoms; gray where fresh, light yellowish surface geology: Earthquake Spectra, v. 8, no. 4, p. 501-527. radiocarbon dating. Program, annual project summaries, Volume 40, Pacific Northwest: Qgt Qgof gray where stained; sands (unit Qgas) locally 100 ft thick, Booth, D. B., 1994, Glaciofluvial infilling and scour of the Puget U.S. Geological Survey, 9 p. The antiquity of the pre-Vashon units causes radiocarbon dating to Peat—Organic and organic-matter-rich mineral sediments Qp well sorted, fine-grained with lenses of coarser sand and Lowland, Washington, during ice-sheet glaciation: Geology, v. 22, Qpg be of little help for making correlations, and abrupt facies changes Porter, S. C.; Swanson, T. W., 1998, Radiocarbon age constraints on Qpg deposited in closed depressions; includes peat, muck, silt, gravel; locally called Colvos Sand (Garling and others, no. 8, p. 695-698. Qa within glacial and nonglacial units also render correlations tenuous. rates of advance and retreat of the Puget lobe of the Cordilleran ice and clay in and adjacent to wetlands. 1965) and thought to be generally correlative to the Qps Despite these difficulties, we have developed a conceptual model for Booth, D. B.; Goldstein, B. S., 1994, Patterns and processes of sheet during the last glaciation: Quaternary Research, v. 50, no. 3, Qps Esperance Sand; generally permeable and porous with low In the more recent pre-Vashon geologic history that is consistent with our Mass wasting deposits—Colluvium consisting of loose soil landscape development by the Puget lobe ice sheet. Lasmanis, p. 205-213. Qpg Qmw cohesivity relative to overlying and underlying sediments, Raymond; Cheney, E. S., convenors, Regional geology of Qps observations but by no means compelling. and glacial sand and gravel deposited by soil creep and Pringle, R. F., 1990, Soil survey of Thurston County, Washington: U.S. Qgt and subject to deep-seated landsliding. Washington State: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Qpf Qga The oxygen-isotope stage 6 glaciation, called the Double Bluff shallow ravelling on hillslopes, some of which occurred Soil Conservation Service, 283 p., 49 plates. Glaciation in northern Puget Sound, was probably as extensive as the Resources Bulletin 80, p. 207-218. during the waning stages of the Vashon Stade of the Fraser Rau, W. W., 1981, Pacific Northwest Tertiary benthic foraminiferal stage 2 or Vashon Stade of the Fraser Glaciation (Mix, 1987; Fig. 1). Glaciation; shown where colluvium is of sufficient thickness PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS OLDER THAN VASHON DRIFT Borden, R. K.; Troost, K. G., 2001, Late Pleistocene stratigraphy in the Qp Qps Qgt Qgos biostratigraphic framework—An overview. In Armentrout, J. M., 1 The end moraines of this glaciation lie a short distance beyond the to mask underlying geologic strata. south-central Puget Lowland, Pierce County, Washington: Qps editor, Pacific Northwest Cenozoic biostratigraphy: Geological Qps inferred limit of the Vashon ice in the vicinity of Tenino, south of this Pre-Vashon glaciolacustrine deposits—Parallel-laminated Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Report of Qgt Qpf Society of America Special Paper 184, p. 67-84. quadrangle (Lea, 1984). Subglacial erosion was probably similar to the Landslide deposits—Rock, soil, and organic matter clayey and (or) fine sandy silt with rare dropstones; medium Investigations 33, 33 p. Qls Qgas erosion that Booth (1994) documented beneath Vashon ice and would deposited by mass wasting; depending on degree of activity, gray where fresh to light tan where dry and oxidized to olive Schasse, H. W.; Logan, R. L.; Polenz, Michael; Walsh, T. J., 2003, Qgt Bretz, J H., 1913, Glaciation of the Puget Sound region: Washington have left accommodation space for deposition during the interglacial location within the slide mass, type of slide, cohesiveness, tan where moist and oxidized; very low permeability and Geologic map of the Shelton 7.5-minute quadrangle, Mason and Qmw Geological Survey Bulletin 8, 244 p., 3 plates. Qgt Qgt time of oxygen-isotope stage 5. and competence of materials, may be unstratified, broken, porosity cause this unit to readily perch groundwater; soft- Thurston Counties, Washington: Washington Division of Geology sediment deformation common; locally exceeds 100 ft in Deeter, J. D., 1979, Quaternary geology and stratigraphy of Kitsap Qls 2 The oxygen-isotope stage 4 glaciation, called the Possession chaotic, and poorly sorted or may retain primary bedding and Earth Resources Open File Report 2003-24, 1 sheet, scale County, Washington: Western Washington University Master of Qgt Qgos Glaciation in northern Puget Sound, was mild relative to stages 2 and 6 structure; may be cut by clastic dikes or normal or reverse thickness; organic matter rare; interpreted to have been 1:24,000. Qpf Science thesis, 175 p., 2 plates. Qps (Mix, 1987; Fig. 1), represented by the Vashon and Double Bluff Drifts shear planes; surface is commonly hummocky in lower deposited in proglacial lakes even where dropstones have Shannon & Wilson, Inc., 1999, Phase 2 geotechnical report, Sunrise Qgo 3 respectively in the Puget Lowland.
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