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Newton Drury and the Echo Park Dam Controversy Author(S): Susan Rhoades Neel Source: Forest & Conservation History, Vol

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Newton Drury and the Echo Park Dam Controversy Author(S): Susan Rhoades Neel Source: Forest & Conservation History, Vol Newton Drury and the Echo Park Dam Controversy Author(s): Susan Rhoades Neel Source: Forest & Conservation History, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 56-66 Published by: Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983720 Accessed: 16/10/2009 15:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=fhs. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Forest & Conservation History. http://www.jstor.org SUSAN RHOADES NEEL In March1951 NationalPark man documentedthat Drury betrayed TheColorado River Basin ServiceDirector Newton Drury DinosaurNational Monument as early RecreationSurvey resignedthe post he had held for as 1941.2 more than a decade. Drury'sdeparture The documentsto which Ickes Newton Druryfirst confronted the from the park servicecame amidst one referredincluded a 1941 memoran- issue of potentialdam constructionin of the twentieth century'smost impor- dum of understandingbetween the Dinosaur National Monumentonly tant environmentalbattles: the contro- National ParkService and the Bureau months after becomingNational Park versy over the proposedconstruction of Reclamationcalling for conversion Servicedirector in August 1940. Both of Echo Parkand Split Mountain of Dinosaur National Monument into the park service'searlier policy toward dams in Dinosaur National Monu- a multiple-usenational recreation reclamationin the Colorado River ment. Among preservationistswho area, and a 1944 park servicereport basin and Drury'sown philosophyof ralliedto defend Dinosaur there was that concludedsuch a change in the preservationand resourcemanagement littledoubt that Druryhad beenforced reserve'sstatus was justifiedbecause informedhis responseto the issue. from office becauseof his opposition flooding the Greenand Yampa river Drury, who servedmany years as to the powerful Bureauof Reclama- canyons would create sufficientrecre- executivedirector of the Save-the- tion on the Echo Park matter.' As ational opportunitiesto offset any loss Redwoods League,came to the park preservationistsclamored for Drury's of scenery.These documentsare not servicewith a distinguishedpreserva- reinstatement,however, one voice secret, but their origins have yet to be tionist record.In her study of the cautionedthat the situation might not well understood.' In particular,New- league, SusanSchrepfer described be quite as it appeared.Former Secre- ton Drury'srole in their development Druryand his associatesas typicalof tary of the InteriorHarold Ickes sug- remainsunclear. If Drury,widely per- Progressive-era,middle-class reform- gested to one of his preservationist ceived as a dedicatedpreservationist, ers, dedicatedto "traditionalpatemal- friendsthat Drury had been compelled acceded to reclamationdevelopment istic philanthropy,"preferring "state to resignnot because he opposed the in Dinosaur, why did he do it? Exami- to federalinitiatives" and "accommo- Dinosaur dams, but because he had nation of National Park Servicepolicy dation over confrontation."4 failed to do so. Ickes hinted that em- toward reclamationin Dinosaur Backgroundphoto: Photo of Newton Drury barrassingrecords in the possession of National Monument from 1940 to courtesyof the National Park Service, Secretaryof the InteriorOscar Chap- 1950 may help answer that question. HarpersFerry Center. 56 Forest& Conservation History 38 (April 1994) Distaste for centralizedgovernment existing national monuments.Dino- regionso arid, the valueof scarcewater and fear that PresidentFranklin D. saur National Monument was one resourcesclearly outweighed the value Roosevelt intendedto broadenthe area the park serviceanticipated con- of the area's scenic and recreation scope of federalpower prompted vertingto a national recreationarea. resources-with the single exception Drury in 1933 to decline an offer Due largelyto opposition from the of Grand Canyon National Park.9 to head the National Park Service. Utah congressionaldelegation, how- Given past failuresand regional Like many preservationists,however, ever, the servicenever implementedits antagonisms,the challengefor the Drurygrew alarmedby the direction 1940 recreation-areainitiative.8 park servicelate in 1940 was to estab- the park servicetook duringthe New Park serviceactivities throughout lish itself as an influentialparticipant Deal.5Both the size and natureof the Colorado River basin duringthe in the planningprocess. During their the agency'sjurisdiction expanded to late-1930s engenderedconsiderable meetingwith the new director, includenot only new nationalparkland resentmentand misunderstanding, Nusbaum and Christiansenoffered a (some of which many preservationists particularlyamong state water offi- suggestionon how to proceed.They saw as less than worthy of the name), cials and local civic leaders.Con- recommendedthat the agency under- but also a host of monuments,historic cerned by this growing hostility and take a comprehensivesurvey of the sites, and buildings.Drury believed by the Bureauof Reclamation'sinitia- Colorado River basin, the purpose of that much of what the National Park tion of field investigationsalong the which would be to "literally...weigh Servicehad engaged in since 1933 was upper reachesof the Colorado River the monetarybenefits" of utilizingwa- properlythe concern of state, not fed- system, National Park Serviceperson- ter and scenic resourcesand to "estab- eral,government. Thus, in 1940, Drury nel responsiblefor the recreation-area lish a yardstickfor evaluatingthe eco- accepteda second offer of the park initiativemet with Newton Drury in nomic benefitsof recreationaluse.'510 servicedirectorship out of conviction late fall 1940. The two officials,Jesse Only by armingitself with such infor- that the agency had strayedfrom its Nusbaum and Milo F. Christiansen mation, Drury'scounselors warned, mandateto manage the "greatprime- from the Region III Office in Santa Fe, could the park servicehope to be a val" parks, and in doing so violated New Mexico, impressedupon Drury credibleplayer in the "comprehensive the bounds of sound government.As thatthe ColoradoRiver basin's unique study and planningof the Colorado Drurytook the helm, he was deter- environmentalconditions presented River Basin,"and thus influencedeci- mined to steer the serviceback on an especiallydifficult problem for the sions about recreationaldevelopment course and end its era of expansion. park service.They arguedthat in a and scenic Dreservation. Nowhere had the park service's The idea of a detailed New Deal expansionismbeen more study of the Colorado ambitiousthan in the Colorado River River basin's recreation PROPOSEDCOLORADO RIVERSTORAGE PROJECT basin. Here the servicesought not resources Upper ColoradoRiver Commission appealedto only to create new national parks and KENDALL SIT t Drury. The new director monumentsbut also to insinuateitself had a distinctivemanage- into managementof all the region's ment style, particularlyin recreationresources. The servicesuc- his approachto conflict ceeded in establishingsome new park- resolution,which derived lands in the basin, includingthe 1938 Wyoming from a personalityill- addition of the Greenand Yampa disposedto confrontation 1 L.keCity S Utah ECHOPARK rivercanyons to Dinosaur National as well as his experience RES. SITE STE Monument, but there had also been &ofiIeCO ( MT MM. RS s with the Save-the-Red- failures.The service'smost ambitious woods League.Drury project,a seven-thousand-square-mile Spg believedthat good public y %e 'sE I ~~~~~~~G-.a Escalante CG CANYONI DEDEQE National Monument in RESSTE policy resultednot from < c ESEE 2,, +s Utah, stalled in the face of opposition { ntGIeenRive interestgroup politicking from reclamationand livestock inter- but fromreasoned dialogue ests.6In fact, the park serviceachieved R ESSECDYSTAL CDEDD RES.SITE amongresource managers expansion of Dinosaur National Mon- J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ESITE and usersbased on impar- ument only after making significant tial data preparedby 4t % gEN ~~~~~CANYONRES.SITE| , concessions to these special interests. experts. The VattColorado)Daranjptx league often In to response these frustrations,in ,_ Arizona _ 2 E.ST relied on expert studiesas 1940 the park servicelaunched an ini- a springboardfor negotia- i_ aranyl { NewMexico tiative designedto accommodaterec- N I- LEGEND t R tions with timber interests lamation, preservation,and recreation INITIALwSTORAGEUNITbSe
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