National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center

Dinosaur National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report

Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2006/008

Dinosaur National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report

Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2006/008

Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225

March 2006

U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner.

Natural Resource Reports are the designated medium for disseminating high priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series include vital signs monitoring plans; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; fact sheets; and regularly-published newsletters.

Views and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect policies of the National Park Service. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service.

Printed copies of reports in these series may be produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is also available from the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program website (http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/gre_publications) on the internet, or by sending a request to the address on the back cover. Please cite this publication as:

Graham, J. 2006. Dinosaur National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2006/008. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.

NPS D-217, March 2006

Table of Contents

List of Figures ...... iv

Executive Summary ...... 1

Introduction ...... 3 Purpose of the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program ...... 3 General Information...... 3 Early Explorations...... 3 General Geologic Setting ...... 4

Geologic Issues...... 8 Potential Geologic Hazards ...... 8 Other issues at Dinosaur ...... 8 Mineral Resources...... 9 Potential Geologic Research ...... 9 Interpretive Needs ...... 10

Geologic Features and Processes...... 11 Dinosaur Quarry ...... 11 Canyons ...... 11 Weber Sandstone and Steamboat Rock ...... 11 Type Localities...... 11 Laramide Structures ...... 12 Geologic Association with Pikeminnow ...... 12

Map Unit Properties ...... 13 Map Unit Properties Table...... 14

Geologic History...... 17 Precambrian ...... 17 Paleozoic Era ...... 17 Mesozoic Era...... 18 Cretaceous-Tertiary Laramide Orogeny ...... 18 Cenozoic Era...... 18

References...... 25

Appendix A: Geologic Map Graphic ...... 27

Appendix B: Scoping Summary...... 29

Attachment 1: Geologic Resource Evaluation Products CD

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report iii List of Figures

Figure 1. Location Map of Dinosaur National Monument...... 5 Figure 2. Laramide tectonic map...... 6 Figure 3. Geologic time scale...... 7 Figure 4. Precambrian orogenic belts ...... 20 Figure 5. Paleogeographic map of the Early Mississippian...... 21 Figure 6. Major uplifts and basins of the Pennsylvanian Period...... 22 Figure 7. Paleogeographic map of the Late Triassic ...... 22 Figure 8. Paleogeographic map of the Late Jurassic ...... 23 Figure 9. Cretaceous Interior Seaway...... 24

iv NPS Geologic Resources Division Executive Summary

This report has been developed to accompany the digital geologic map produced by Geologic Resource Evaluation staff for Dinosaur National Monument. It contains information relevant to resource management and scientific research.

Dinosaur National Monument (NM) is internationally structure and shrink upon drying. This shrink and swell known as a repository of significant fossil resources. capacity of bentonite can cause havoc with roads, Located on the Utah- Colorado border, Dinosaur NM is buildings, and infrastructures such as pipelines and one of eight national park units established primarily for septic systems, presenting challenges to park managers. the protection of significant fossil resources. At Dinosaur these resources include the thousands of dinosaur bones Current fluvial processes associated with the Green and that are now housed in the Dinosaur Visitor Quarry. Yampa Rivers may also present challenges due to erosion These bones were entombed about 150 Ma during the and flash flooding. Cliffs carved into the Weber Late Jurassic Period. They became part of the flat- lying Sandstone may be undercut, causing cliff collapse. Cliff strata that were later uplifted and tilted during the collapse, erosion, and sediment influx from tributary Laramide Orogeny to an angle of about 67o. Today the streams create ever- changing fluvial geomorphic bones form a spectacular display on one wall of the landscapes that demand the attention of park resource quarry. management.

The Dinosaur Quarry is world- renown not only for the A Geologic Resources Inventory workshop held at quantity of fossil material (over 350 tons of fossils and Dinosaur in 1998 identified issues of primary importance attached rock were removed from 1909 to 1924) but also to resource managers. These issues included: for the quality of the dinosaur remains found there. • Slumps in existing Morrison Formation landslide Eleven different types of dinosaurs, from giant materials along the Harpers Corner road creating herbivorous Sauropods to voracious carnivores, have maintenance and traffic hazards been discovered at the quarry. Several relatively • complete, articulated skeletons have been removed from Green River cutbank erosion into the Mancos Shale the quarry. The 21.79 m (71.5 ft) skeleton of Apatosaurus along the quarry entrance road near the park louisae (formerly known as Brontosaurus), for example, boundary is one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons ever • Cub Creek incision of several meters into older valley found. Bones found at Dinosaur NM come in a variety of fill deposits where the road crosses the stream sizes and shapes from the thick, dense thighbones of • Green River cutbank erosion and the relocation Sauropods to delicate, intact skulls, teeth, and tail tip options for the Echo Park campground vertebrae. The Dinosaur Quarry is a not only a • Expanding, contracting, and shifting Morrison remarkable sight for dinosaur enthusiasts but it also Formation substrate causing damage to the Quarry provides scientists new insights into dinosaur behavior Visitor Center and the ecosystem in which they lived. • Foundation movement issues at the Headquarters Dinosaur National Monument encompasses more area building in Colorado than just the Dinosaur Quarry, containing spectacular • The need for a geologic hazards map canyons cut by the Green and Yampa Rivers. Rather than flowing around the nose of the east- west trending Uinta Research needs and potential research projects were also Mountains, these rivers flow through the mountains discussed at the workshop and included: exposing strata deformed during the Laramide Orogeny • about 70- 40 Ma. Canyon walls reveal textbook examples Association of rare plants with certain geologic strata of folded and faulted rocks formed during the past 2 and geomorphic surfaces billion years. • Comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of the Cedar Mountain Formation to gain significant understanding During the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, volcanoes of the paleoenvironments of that time period erupted on the western margin of the North American • Long- term preparation and curation of specimens continent and ejected volcanic ash into the atmosphere. • When the ash settled, it mixed with fine sediments and Hydrogeology and geomorphology of Cub Creek and groundwater to form a type of clay called bentonite other stream restoration projects consisting mostly of the clay mineral montmorillonite. • Juniper tree age dating and correlation to the past Bentonite has the capacity to accept water into its climate record structure and swell when wet and to expel water from its

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 1 Geologic features of importance to staff at Dinosaur NM From Split Mountain to Lodore Canyon and the Yampa include the following: Plateau, the strata in Dinosaur display a record of • Dinosaur quarry geologic time that spans about 2 billion years. Dinosaur National Monument contains one of the most complete • Other localities of type specimens of fossils stratigraphic columns exposed in the National Park • The canyons of Dinosaur System. The Uinta Mountains contain significant clues to • Weber Sandstone and Steamboat Rock the structural history of the Rocky Mountains as well. The rocks are primarily sedimentary and they contain • Type Localities of the Lodore Formation and Brown’s significant information that reveals and helps unravel the Park Formation complex and dynamic history of Earth. • Laramide Structures

2 NPS Geologic Resources Division Introduction

The following section briefly describes the regional geologic setting and the National Park Service Geologic Resource Evaluation Program.

Purpose of the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program 1,800 years ago, the Fremont culture entered the area and Geologic resources serve as the foundation of park grew corn, beans, and squash as well as engaging in ecosystems and yield important information for park hunting and gathering. They stayed until drought and decision making. The National Park Service Natural crop failures drove them out about 700 years ago (Kiver Resource Challenge, an action plan to advance the and Harris, 1999). In addition to rock shelters and management and protection of park resources, has numerous other artifacts in the monument, the Fremont focused efforts to inventory the natural resources of people left spectacular pictographs and petroglyphs on parks. The geologic component is carried out by the rock walls in the monument. Geologic Resource Evaluation (GRE) Program administered by the NPS Geologic Resources Division. The Shoshone, who also practiced a hunting and gathering lifestyle, were the first people to reoccupy the The goal of the GRE Program is to provide each of the area a few hundred years ago. In 1825 William Ashley identified 270 “Natural Area” parks with a digital floated through the dangerous canyons of the Green geologic map, a geologic evaluation report, and a River with a small party of trappers. They were the first geologic bibliography. Each product is a tool to support individuals known to do so. Major John Wesley Powell the stewardship of park resources and each is designed to repeated the feat in 1869 and continued down the Green be user friendly to non- geoscientists. River to its confluence with Colorado River. He and his men were the first to navigate both canyons of the Green The GRE teams hold scoping meetings at parks to review and Colorado rivers. available data on the geology of a particular park and to discuss the geologic issues in the park. Park staff are In the late 1800s, the American public became enamored afforded the opportunity to meet with the experts on the with the remains of dinosaurs. Paleontologists eagerly geology of their park. Scoping meetings are usually held explored the western United States looking for bones to for individual parks although, some meetings address an take back to their respective colleges, universities, or entire Vital Signs Monitoring Network. museums. The treachery, competition, and frantic desire to find (and name) the next unique species during these General Information “Dinosaur wars” make for interesting reading.

Dinosaur National Monument straddles the Utah- In 1908 Earl Douglas and W.J. Holland, director of the Colorado border in northwest Colorado and northeast Carnegie Museum, found a magnificent dinosaur Utah (figure 1). The Monument covers about 210,278 thighbone and other evidence of dinosaurs in acres (328 sq. mi. or 852 sq. km.). Visitation in fiscal year northeastern Utah. Douglas returned the following year 2002 was 299,622. Dinosaur NM is both a park with a to the Uinta Mountains and spent months scouring the world- famous dinosaur quarry that most people come to visit, and also a park with spectacular canyons of the countryside, but he found no extraordinary bone deposit. Green and Yampa rivers.

On August 19, 1909, Douglas found eight large, The Dinosaur Quarry Visitor Center is located north of articulated dinosaur vertebrae in the exact position they the Green River in Utah. The Quarry is 11 km (7 mi) north had occupied in the living animal. These eight bones of Jensen, Utah, on Utah State Highway 149. Thousands were the first of thousands that would eventually be of dinosaur bones that were entombed 150 Ma during the removed from the greatest dinosaur quarry ever Late Jurassic Period have been discovered in this area of discovered. the park. Dinosaur NM is one of eight National Park

Service units established primarily to protect significant Prior to Douglas’ discovery, very few dinosaur bones had fossil resources. been found intact and even fewer complete skeletons

had been uncovered. Douglas’ dinosaur proved to be an Monument Headquarters and Visitor Center are located Apatosaurus of exceptional size and completeness. His 1.6 km (1 mi) east of the town of Dinosaur, Colorado, just discovery proved for the first time that Apatosaurus had a off U.S. Highway 40. There are no dinosaur bones in this very long tail with a so- called “whip lash” on the end. part of the park. The Visitor Center provides information This anatomical surprise was one of many that to the public about the quarry and about the canyon country of the park. revolutionized dinosaur paleontology.

Several years after operations began at the quarry, the Early Explorations government opened the area for settlement. To Douglas, At least 7,000 and perhaps 10,000 years ago, paleo- Holland, and their associates, this meant that a Indians hunted big game in the Dinosaur region. About speculator could locate a claim on the quarry property

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 3 and acquire its vast bone deposits for private gain. General Geologic Setting Douglas filed a claim on behalf of the Carnegie Museum Dinosaur National Monument is located on the eastern for the mineral rights to the land, but government end of the Uinta Mountains, a broad anticline formed officials disallowed the claim on the grounds that during the Laramide Orogeny (about 70- 40 Ma). The dinosaur bones could not be considered minerals in Uinta Mountains are the topographic expression of a nature under the General Mining Law of 1872. Holland regional anticline or arch, known as the Uinta arch. They traveled to Washington, D.C., to confer with his old contain abundant folds and faults that developed during friend Charles Doolittle Walcott, a renowned the Laramide mountain building event (figure 2). The paleontologist who also happened to be the Secretary of Uinta Mountains are also one of the few east- west the Smithsonian Institution. trending mountain ranges in the western United States.

Walcott brought this issue to the attention of President Erosion by the Green and Yampa rivers cut the canyons Woodrow Wilson and on October 4, 1915, President in the monument and exposed folded and faulted rocks Wilson set aside 80 acres surrounding the quarry as a formed during the past 2 billion years (Kiver and Harris, national monument. In 1938, the monument was 1999). Seeming to defy logic, the Green and Yampa rivers expanded to include the rugged canyons of the Green converge at the east end of the Uinta Mountains and flow and Yampa rivers. through the mountain structure rather than around the topographically lower east end of the mountains. With the financial support of Andrew Carnegie, Douglas collected more than 350 tons of dinosaur bones and The Green River is interpreted as a superposed stream other fossils from the dinosaur quarry from 1909 to 1923. (Hanson, 1986). The Green and Yampa rivers cut When the Carnegie operations ceased, the Smithsonian sinuous, meandering stream channels into the flat- lying Institution was invited to remove some remaining Tertiary strata that had buried the older Uinta arch. important groups of bones, and in 1923, they shipped 33 When they encountered the folded strata in the anticline, boxes of fossil bones to Washington. Also in 1923, the streams continued to cut down through the soft Douglas supervised teams from the University of Utah sedimentary rocks. Eventually the meanders became that removed an Allosaurus skeleton, a partial skeleton of entrenched, and the rivers continued to cut down a juvenile Sauropod, parts of two Stegosaurus skeletons, through the dense, hard rocks of the Precambrian core of and an excellent Barosaurus skeleton (McIntosh, 1977). the anticline. Construction of the Dinosaur Quarry Visitor Center began in 1957 and it was opened to the public on June 1, Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic strata are found 1958. at Dinosaur National Monument. The billion- year- old Uinta Mountain Group, consisting of metasediments, are Technicians at the park, Jim Adams and Tobe Wilkins, exposed in the core of the Uinta arch and the Paleozoic uncovered and prepared the dinosaur bones that the and Mesozoic strata are laid out like pages of a book on visitors see today. Over 2000 bones stand out in relief on the flanks of the eroded anticline. Dinosaur bones are the quarry face, thanks in large part to the dedication and primarily found in the Jurassic- age (about 150 Ma) perseverance of these two individuals. Morrison Formation.

4 NPS Geologic Resources Division

Figure 1. Location Map of Dinosaur National Monument.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 5

Figure 2. Laramide tectonic map showing the basement-cored arches and Thrust Belt that borders the Colorado Plateau to the west. Modified from Gregson and Chure (2000).

6 NPS Geologic Resources Division

Figure 3. Geologic time scale. Red lines indicate major unconformities between eras. Absolute ages shown are in millions of years. Scale is from the United States Geological Survey.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 7 Geologic Issues

A Geologic Resource Evaluation scoping session was held for Dinosaur National Monument, August 10- 11, 1998, to discuss geologic resources, to address the status of geologic mapping, and to assess resource management issues and needs. The following section synthesizes the scoping results, in particular, those issues that may require attention from resource managers.

Potential Geologic Hazards Canyon to take advantage of the tree cover. This A geologic resources workshop held at Dinosaur location, however, has a greater risk of flash floods and National Monument in 1998 (Appendix B) identified the debris flows. A second alternative site is available on the following geologic hazards that affect the monument. east side of the creek and canyon, but unfortunately, this These hazards are especially significant with regards to second site has no tree cover. maintenance of park roads and buildings. Cub Creek has incised its channel several meters into • Slumps older valley fill deposits where the Cub Creek road • Stream bank erosion crosses the stream. In the spring of 1998, high stream flow • Stream incision eroded around the end of a beaver dam upstream and flow was directed against the Cub Creek road • Bentonitic soils embankment. Park maintenance redirected the flow back to the main channel through a culvert under the road and Other issues at Dinosaur armored the upstream portion of the roadbed with • Abandoned mine workings riprap. Nevertheless, the stream rapidly silted- in • Caves upstream of the barrier, indicating that, although • Adjacent mineral development entrenched, the stream still carries a high sediment load. A comprehensive study of the hydrology and geomorphology of this area would aid in restoring the Slumps in existing landslide materials create channel geometry and fluvial regime existing prior to maintenance and traffic hazards in several areas along entrenchment. the Harpers Corner road. Landslide material is mostly derived from the Jurassic Morrison Formation. To Expanding, contracting, and shifting substrate beneath alleviate this problem, Dinosaur maintenance is the Quarry Visitor Center has caused major damage to considering relocating the roadways to the crests of the building. Although the quarry face appears to be associated ridges. stable, the central part of the structure is sinking and has sustained offsets ranging from several inches to a foot or Mancos Shale forms the relatively flat plain leading into more. The obvious floor deformation and tilting of the dinosaur quarry in Utah. The Green River is actively support beams and windows suggest that the structural eroding its cutbank along the quarry entrance road near integrity of the building has been compromised. The the park boundary. Maintenance staff at Dinosaur NM building is located on the Morrison Formation which have been armoring the eroded areas with riprap in an contains bentonite, a clay that swells and contracts in attempt to stall further cutbank erosion, but only for a response to changes in water content. limited time. Park maintenance has attempted to isolate the plumbing At the workshop, the “only permanent solution” in the building and to keep the roof in good condition to discussed was to move the road to the opposite bank of limit the amount of water that can infiltrate under the the Green River, a solution with engineering and political building, but the problem persists. The spiral walkway issues. Stream restoration projects throughout the has been reinforced but must continually be monitored country, including one on the Yampa River in Steamboat for movement. Swelling clays have also deformed the Springs, Colorado, have shown that bank erosion can be parking lot and sidewalk outside the building. A controlled while sustaining the ecological health of a comprehensive engineering study has never been stream by relocating the channel of the river away from undertaken. The quarry building is a historic structure, the cutbank, eliminating cutbank erosion. Park therefore approval must be obtained for any management may wish to consider a stream restoration architectural modifications. Although less severe, similar project as a possible solution for Green River erosion. foundation and movement issues exist at the headquarters building. The existing campground at Echo Park is also located on a cutbank of the Green River just below its confluence A geologic hazards map is needed for park planning and with the Yampa River. Participants at the workshop maintenance staff. This was discussed at the workshop discussed the possibility of relocating the campground but not in detail. away from the river on the west side of Pool Creek

8 NPS Geologic Resources Division Two abandoned mines have been identified in Dinosaur. the Bureau of Land Management has been actively The Mantle Mine, an abandoned copper mine, had four engaged in issuing oil and gas leases on BLM adits and two shafts associated with it. These were administered lands immediately west of the Harpers blasted closed by the State of Colorado in 1988. There are Corner Road and also south of the Monument two “outlier” openings. One is apparently a very short headquarters near Dinosaur, Colorado. After consulting adit considered hazardous because of unstable rock. with the NPS, BLM indefinitely deferred oil and gas Another adit is near an access road. Although the area is leasing within ½ mile of the park headquarters and in a remote part of the park with little visitation, both of further agreed to a 1200 foot setback for leases adjacent these openings may need to be closed. to the Harpers Corner Road scenic easement. The BLM agreed to enforce a “Visual Resource Management Level Another mine opening, the Shepard Mine, was identified 2” designation for this area. Numerous oil and gas wells on a map as being west of and “several draws over from” have been drilled further west of the Harpers Corner the Mantle Mine (Burghardt, per. com). These should be Road in Utah, but are still in the viewshed of the park. examined for possible closure in the future. Bat habitat does not appear to be an issue at either mine. Oil Shale The BLM is preparing to amend existing applicable There are reports of several caves in Dinosaur NM. One Resource Management Plans to address oil shale and tar cave has been explored to a distance of 1000 feet (300 m) sands resources leasing in Wyoming, Colorado and Utah. but apparently it continues on. Access to another cave is Although tar sands do not occur in the vicinity of deemed treacherous and at least one cave is known to Dinosaur National Monument, the park is literally contained archeological materials. One of the caves has surrounded by oil shale basins. Oil shale leasing may been partially mapped in a cursory way. occur to the northwest of Dinosaur in the Green River Basin (Wyoming), to the northeast in the Washakie Basin In spite of these reports and the acknowledged large (Wyoming), to the southwest in the Uinta Basin (Utah), exposures of limestone rock in the monument, there has and to the Southeast in the Piceance Creek Basin been no systematic search to locate and evaluate the (Colorado). number, distribution, and significance of caves in Dinosaur. Present knowledge of the caves in the Potential Geologic Research monument is spotty and anecdotal. Dinosaur National In addition to the need for a geologic hazards map, there Monument has asked for technical assistance to develop is also a need for a hydrology and geomorphology study a cave management plan for known cave resources and of Cub Creek, and a comprehensive geologic engineering develop funding requests for a comprehensive inventory study of the Morrison clays. The following research of caves in the monument. The need for a cave inventory needs were discussed at the 1998 workshop: and assessment of paleontological resources was identified in the 2005 draft Paleontological Resource • Association of rare plants with certain geologic strata Review, Management and Research Plan, for Dinosaur • Comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of the Cedar National Monument. Mountain and correlative formations • Storage facilities for paleontological specimens Mineral Resources

Federal mineral leasing is prohibited within the Tamara Naumann, botanist at Dinosaur NM, noted the boundaries of Dinosaur National Monument as is the association of rare plants with certain geologic strata and location of new mining claims. Approximately 4,500 geomorphic surfaces using the rare Ute Ladies- Tresses acres in the park are non- federally owned and could Orchid as an example. The rare orchids grow in Lodore potentially be the subject of proposals to develop private Canyon and show a strong correlation with geomorphic mineral rights. If that occurred, the NPS would regulate surfaces formed under the flow regime established by that activity. However, no mineral production on this discharge from Flaming Gorge dam. Increased flows acreage is taking place at this time. from Flaming Gorge have been proposed to assist the endangered fish in the Green River. The affect of Coal increased flow on the orchid population is unknown. In Coal is present in the vicinity of the park; however, there 1998, further research was needed to determine the effect has been no federal coal leasing immediately adjacent to of flooding on the existing surfaces and plants, as well as, the park. In the late 1980’s several Preference Right how and if these flows might create new habitat for the Leases for coal were issued in an area located over 10 orchid. miles south of the park, but information on the current status of these leases is unavailable. In recent years, dinosaur fossils have been found in the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation. A Oil and Gas comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of the Cedar Also in the late 1980’s, Conoco Inc., drilled the “Blue Mountain Formation and its correlative formations Mountain Unit #1- A” exploratory oil and gas well on would help define the paleoenvironments of that time BLM lands directly adjacent to the Harpers Corner Road period. Research into the sedimentology, stratigraphy, scenic easement. The well did not produce and was palynology, pedology, invertebrate paleontology and subsequently plugged and abandoned. More recently, paleobotany of the Cedar Mountain Formation would greatly enhance the understanding of the new quarry.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 9 Although not discussed in the 1998 meeting, other issues ventilated creating a hazard by the buildup of radon gas, of interest to Dinosaur staff include: a need for geological a product of the radioactivity associated with many and paleontological studies of the Lower Cretaceous specimens. Dakota Sandstone, and the Upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale and Frontier Sandstone; geological studies of the Interpretive Needs Triassic Moenkopi Formation and of the Lower Jurassic Specific interpretive issues were not discussed in detail at Glen Canyon Formation; and an inventory of the Upper the workshop, but several resources associated with Jurassic Chinle Formation. geology included:

• The Morrison Initiative: Christine Turner and Fred Fossil specimens are prepared in the Quarry Visitor Peterson of the USGS worked on the Morrison Center. The ever- growing collection of fossils has put a Initiative. Their comprehensive report is complete and strain on this storage facility. There have been a number available to Dinosaur staff. of engineering studies of the structural problems discussed above, but the building continues to • Christine Turner and Fred Peterson also discussed the deteriorate. Plans are underway to either rehabilitee or need for a geologic guidebook and road log linking rebuild all or part of the structure to provide the Permian formations among various parks and other infrastructure for preparation, curation, research, sites on the Colorado Plateau. resource management, and inventory and monitoring of • Several interpretive publications related to the geology the fossil collections. Other fossils are stored in sheds or of Dinosaur NM are available in the monument the basement of the headquarters building more than 20 bookstores and mentioned in the workshop scoping miles away. These storage facilities are improperly report (Appendix B).

10 NPS Geologic Resources Division Geologic Features and Processes

This section provides descriptions of the most prominent and distinctive geologic features and processes in Dinosaur National Monument.

Dinosaur Quarry entrenched gooseneck meanders of the Yampa River Preservation of the dinosaur quarry was the impetus for below Harding Hole (Hansen, 1996; Gregson and Chure, the creation of Dinosaur National Monument. The eight 2000). articulated tail vertebrae of Apatosaurus that Dr. Earl Douglas saw projecting from the Morrison ridge led to Other unique and spectacular canyons include Split the discovery of the remains of over 400 individuals, Mountain Canyon, Whirlpool Canyon, and Jones Hole. making this quarry one of the greatest dinosaur localities As the name implies, Split Mountain is split by the Green ever found. River, which has exposed a unique cross- sectional perspective of the Split Mountain anticline. As it flows There are three layers of bones at Dinosaur NM. Bones through Split Mountain, the Green River drops an in the first layer were generally extracted for museums average of 3.7 m per km (19.5 ft per mi.), the steepest and exhibits. The second layer is mostly what exposed at gradient of any other canyon in Dinosaur. The contact the quarry and cliffs at Dinosaur. The third layer has not between the Uinta Mountain Group and the overlying been as fully developed as the others. The orientation of Lodore Sandstone is exposed in Whirlpool Canyon, a the bones as well as the sedimentology of the layers canyon that the Green River has cut through the uplifted indicates that the dinosaurs were preserved in a fluvial Mitten Park structural block, exposing the Mitten Park environment. Much like bison carcasses that collected in and Island Park faults as well. At this contact, are fossil the meanders of the Missouri and Platte Rivers during sea stacks about 55 m (180 ft) high which were buried by flooding season, dinosaurs were log- jammed in the the sediments of the Cambrian Lodore sea more than rivers in Morrison time - either caught in floods or 500 Ma (Hansen, 1996). drowned in some other way. Sediment carried by the floods rapidly buried the bones, resulting in the excellent Downstream lies Jones Hole, an extended, steep- walled preservation seen today. The femurs, vertebrae, and canyon. Jones Creek emerges abruptly from openings in other large limb bones are oriented parallel to flow and the Round Valley Limestone about 6.5 km (4 miles) there is segregation of large bones from smaller digit above its confluence with the Green River in Whirlpool bones. These smaller bones (like twigs) were transported Canyon. Upper Jones Hole follows the Island Park fault farther down stream than the larger bones. This trace from the Jones Creek springs down to its segregation of bone size can be seen in the quarry. confluence with Ely Creek, a smaller tributary stream. The fault places Cambrian- age Lodore strata against Some of the bones are very small, such as the ear bone Pennsylvanian- age rocks. that proved dinosaurs could actually hear (first found at Dinosaur NM). Yet some of them are in close Weber Sandstone and Steamboat Rock approximation to larger bones, which may or may not The Weber Sandstone almost always forms towering have been from the same animal. The wear on some landforms where it is exposed. The best known of these bones looks as though they traveled some distance while is Steamboat Rock in Echo Park. This enormous others appear fresh, as if the animals drowned and were sandstone monolith towers 320 m (1,050 ft) above the buried on the spot. For more information on the history Green River and is more than a mile long (Hansen, 1996). of Dinosaur Quarry and the paleontology of the Erosion by the Green River on the inner side of an monument please refer to the Paleontology section of entrenched meander formed Steamboat Rock and Gregson and Chure (2000) and to the paleontology carved the outer canyon walls of Echo Park (Gregson summary paper by Santucci (2000). and Chure, 2000). The Weber Sandstone also forms the hogbacks, flatirons, and box canyons that are a part of Canyons Split Mountain and the south side of Blue Mountain. Recognized as two of the great river gorges of western Although exposed at the surface in the monument, the North America, the canyons of the Green and Yampa Weber Sandstone dips into the subsurface south of Blue Rivers each possess their own unique character. The Mountain outside of the monument. In the subsurface, Canyon of Lodore, cut by the Green River, exposes red the Weber Sandstone is the primary reservoir rocks of rocks of the Precambrian Uinta Mountain Group for the giant Rangely Oil Field southeast of the monument. most of its length. These reddish cliffs tower 600 m (2,000 ft) above the surface of the river. Exposures of Type Localities Weber Sandstone dominate the precipitous walls of A type locality is an area where exposed strata are first Yampa Canyon. One cliff, called the Grand Overhang by definitively described and documented by geologists. river runners, is 330 m (1,100 ft) high and exposes the Two formations have their type localities within or near entire thickness of the Weber. The cliff is an undercut, Dinosaur National Monument. The type locality of the overhanging wall of sandstone located within the deeply Lodore Formation is located at the southern end of

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 11 Lodore Canyon near Limestone Draw. This site is about variety of tectonic theories and models through the 4 km (2.5 mi) upstream from Echo Park and the years. See Gregson and Chure (2000) for a list of confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers. Major John references. Wesley Powell first named the formation as the Lodore Group in 1876. The Browns Park Formation has its type Geologic Association with Pikeminnow locality in Browns Park, Colorado and Utah. In 1876 John The spawning sites of the Colorado Pikeminnow Wesley Powell also was the first to use the name Browns (formerly called squawfish) in the Lower Yampa Canyon Park Formation. appear to be associated with geologic structure and lithology. The bedrock- incised channel bottom of the Laramide Structures Lower Yampa has formed in response to downstream “The Dinosaur area contains some of the best exposures folding. The pikeminnow spawn on bank- attached and of Laramide- age faults and folds found anywhere within mid- channel bars at three locations in the canyon, which the Rocky Mountains,” (Gregson and Chure, 2000). is located on the east- dipping flank of a northeast- Exposures of Laramide- age structures range from high- trending anticline. Furthermore, the contact between the angle normal faults to classic low- angle thrust faults. Weber Sandstone and the limestone of the underlying Fold shapes range from classic cylindrical to quite Morgan Formation are the discharge sites of carbonate – angular and kink- like folds. Thrust faults are exposed at rich seeps and springs. Water conductivity is higher Hells Canyon and Mitten Park. Cylindrically- folded where these spawning bars are located (Mussetter and strata at Mitten Park become tight, kink- like folds just a Harvey, 1999). few miles south at the Ruple Point- Red Rock anticline. Analysis of structures in Dinosaur NM has supported a

12 NPS Geologic Resources Division Map Unit Properties

This section provides a description for and identifies many characteristics of the map units that appear on the digital geologic map of Dinosaur National Monument. The table is highly generalized and is provided for informational purposes only. Ground disturbing activities should not be permitted or denied on the basis of information contained in this table. More detailed unit descriptions can be found in the help files that accompany the digital geologic map or by contacting the NPS Geologic Resources Division.

This section explains specific properties associated with Precambrian strata are exposed in the northern part of the geologic formations that have been identified and the monument, in the Lodore Canyon area. Upper mapped in the park. The properties of specific units may Paleozoic strata form the core of the Split Mountain and be informative when making management decisions. Red Rock anticlines. Mesozoic rocks flank these Geologic features and processes are often specific to a anticlines. particular stratigraphic unit (group, formation, or member). The following Map Unit Properties Table identifies properties specific to each unit present in the Dinosaur NM offers one of the most complete stratigraphic column including: map symbol, name, stratigraphic columns exposed within the National Park description, topographic expression, resistance to System (Untermann and Untermann, 1969; Hansen, 1977; erosion, suitability for development, hazards, potential Gregson and Chure, 2000). Except for the Ordovician, paleontologic resources, mineral resources, and global Silurian, and Devonian, all of the geologic periods (figure significance. 3) are represented in the Dinosaur NM area. Almost all of the rocks exposed in the area are sedimentary and range in age from Precambrian (about 1,100 Ma) to Miocene (about 25 to 10 Ma) (Hansen and others, 1983; Hansen, 1986a, 1986b; Gregson and Chure, 2000). The Quaternary Period is represented by unconsolidated alluvium.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 13 Map Unit Properties Table

Unit Name Suitability for Potential Paleontologic Mineral Specimens Age Lithology and Description Topographic Expression Erosion Resistance Hazard Potential Global Significance (Symbol) Development Resources & Resources

Unconsolidated Highly variable; includes alluvial, landslide, Debris flow and flooding Quaternary (Holocene) material terrace and gravel deposits, eolian sand, talus, and Variable Low Variable None None potential flora (Q) debris fan deposits; variable thickness Quaternary Major Regional Unconformity Some lake clay Browns Park Variable; primarily sandstones and unconsolidated Forms Browns Valley north of and volcanic Lake clays: ostracods and Type locality in Formation tuffs with minor chert, limestone, siltstone, Variable Low Unknown Gates of Ladore deposits; some diatoms Browns Park (Tbp) conglomerate, and mudstone; 600 ft (490 m) thick floodplain Local outcrops on Blue Isolated Light gray to pinkish- gray to tan, poorly sorted, Mountain, Yampa Plateau, deposits;

Tertiary Bishop loosely cemented, pebble, cobble, boulder Ruple Ridge, trail to Harpers probably not an Conglomerate conglomerate and coarse- grained sandstone; 200- Loosely cemented Low None documented Unknown None Corner, near Jones Hole, and issue with (Tb) 500 ft (60- 150 m) thick to very thin due to post- drainages of Diamond Gulch regards to Bishop erosion and Pot Creek development Major Regional Unconformity Mesaverde Transitional from marine and near- shore Group sandstone and shale to lagoon, swamp, and Ridge former; Not exposed in Variable Not exposed in Dinosaur Not exposed in Dinosaur Coal elsewhere None (Kmv) continental sandstone with coal in upper part: 2600 Not exposed in Dinosaur Dinosaur ft (800 m) thick Sego Sandstone Gray marine shale with fossiliferous (Baculites) Ridge former; Not exposed in Not exposed in Moderate Not exposed in Dinosaur Not exposed in Dinosaur None (Kmvs) dolomite concretions; 0- 250 ft (0- 75 m) thick Not exposed in Dinosaur Dinosaur Dinosaur Buck Tongue, Slope former; Not exposed in Not exposed in Mancos Shale Thickness: 200- 500 ft (60- 150 m) Low Not exposed in Dinosaur Not exposed in Dinosaur None Not exposed in Dinosaur Dinosaur Dinosaur (Kmb) Castlegate Gray marine shale with fossiliferous (Baculites) Ridge former; not exposed in Not exposed in Not exposed in Sandstone Moderate Not exposed in Dinosaur Not exposed in Dinosaur None dolomite concretions; thickness: 0- 100 ft (0- 30 m) Dinosaur Dinosaur Dinosaur (Kc) Dark gray, silty to clayey, marine shale that Invertebrate marine fauna: weathers light gray to light yellow; minor siltstone Low: landslide potential; Bentonite clay mollusks (Inoceramus), Mancos Shale and sandstone in upper part with layered bentonite Slippery when wet; Slope and valley former cutbank erosion along may cause ammonites (Baculites), Gypsum None (Km) and a few limestone beds in the lower part; locally Swelling clay streams and rivers problems brachiopods, bryozoans,

Upper Cretaceous Upper Cretaceous fossiliferous; thickness : 4800- 5600 ft trace fossils (1450- 1700 m) Upper part: light- brown to light- greenish- gray, thin- bedded to massive, fine- grained calcareous Development Invertebrate marine fauna Frontier Upper part: hogbacks & Upper part: resistant to Coal in upper part; sandstone; locally cross- bedded with ripple marks; on hogbacks in lower part: bivalves, Sandstone flatirons; Lower unit: slopes & erosion; Lower part: low Potential rockfall hydrocarbons None Lower part: dark- gray, fossiliferous, calcareous will impact ammonites, gastropods & (Kmf) saddles resistance elsewhere shale, silty shale, and siltstone; 100- 300 ft (30- 90 viewscape petrified wood m) thick Forms narrow strike valley Mowry Shale Hard, gray, fissile, siliceous shale; between Dakota Sandstone and Low: forms valleys Bentonitic soils Slippery when wet Fish scales, shark teeth Bentonite (Kmm) 33- 220 ft (10- 65 m) thick None Frontier Sandstone Light- gray to yellow, cross- bedded, medium- to Development Dakota coarse- grained to pebbly sandstone and minor Petrified wood & on hogbacks Hydrocarbons Sandstone pebble conglomerate with subordinate black Forms hogbacks Highly resistant Potential rockfall invertebrate shell None will impact elsewhere (Kd) carbonaceous shale; 40- 100 ft fragments viewscape (12- 30 m) thick

Lower Cedar Sauropod skull is one

Cretaceous Colorful clay- and siltstone, some sandstone; local Mudstone & siltstone have Sauropod skull, Mountain Erodes with Morrison to form Similar to of the most important conglomerate (Buckhorn Conglomerate); a lower resistance than Similar to Morrison Fm. deinonychid (Utahraptor), Possible uranium Formation strike valleys & low ridges Morrison Fm. Cretaceous fossils 0- 200 ft (0- 60 m) thick sandstones and small mammals (Kcm) found to date

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 14

Unit Name Suitability for Potential Paleontologic Mineral Specimens Age Lithology and Description Topographic Expression Erosion Resistance Hazard Potential Global Significance (Symbol) Development Resources & Resources Dinosaurs, e.g. Stegosaurus, World renown Multi- colored mudstone and siltstone, with Mudstones have a low Shifting Morrison Mudstones are slippery Camarasaurus dinosaur fossils bentonite, sandstone, and conglomerate; dinosaur Mudstones form slopes; resistance & landslide substrate; Major source of Formation when wet due to Ornitholestes, Diplodocus, including relatively fossils; sandstones tilted into hogbacks potential; sandstones are bentonite in uranium ore minerals (Jm) bentonite; radon gas Apatosaurus, Allosaurus, complete skeletons 650- 1000 ft (200- 300 m) thick more resistant to erosion mudstone Barosaurus, and skulls Camptosaurus; also turtles Redwater mbr: light- green to olive- green, fissile, glauconitic siltstone and shape with sparse interbeds of tan, lavender, or greenish- gray cross- Redwater mbr: bedded, glauconitic, oolitic, fossiliferous limestone brachiopods, bivalves, and sandstone; thins from about 130 ft (40 m) in the Redwater mbr: softer, less echinoderms, Stump Redwater mbr: forms slopes; western part to 70 to 90 ft (22- 27 m) in the east. resistant to erosion. None cephalopods (belemnites). Formation Low None None Curtis mbr: light- gray to light- greenish- gray, documented (Js) Curtis mbr: forms ledges thin- to medium- bedded, cross- bedded, Curtis mbr: more resistsnt Curtis mbr: sparse medium- to coarse- grained sandstone; ripple bivalves, traces of bottom marks locally and fossiliferous; thins from about dwellers

Jurassic 50- 100 ft (15- 30 m) in western Dinosaur to about 23 ft (7 m) at Deerlodge Park Pink to yellow- gray, fine- to medium- grained Development Entrada Cliff former but outcrops are quartz sandstone with eolian cross- bedding; thins on Entrada will Not fossiliferous in Evidence of vast sand Sandstone more subdued than Glen High Rockfall None eastward from 165 ft (50 m) at Dinosaur Quarry to impact Dinosaur dunes (Je) Canyon Sandstone 40 ft (12 m) at Deerlodge Park viewscape Dark- red sandy siltstone and mudstone; thickens Carmel westward and pinches out toward the east, ranging Forms a narrow ribbon of None Marine fossils: clams Formation from about 130 ft (40 m) thick near Island Park, subdued, easily eroded red Low Low Gypsum crystals None documented (Arctica) (Jca) about 110 ft (33 m) south of Cub Creek, to about 60 rocks and strike valleys ft (19 m) at Plug Hat Rock Glen Canyon Development Evidence of vast Sandstone Pink to gray- yellow eolian cross- bedded quartz Strike ridges, hogbacks, cuestas on hogbacks eolian sand dunes in (Navajo/Nugge High Rockfall None None sandstone; thickness 600- 650 ft (180- 200 m) flanking Split Mt. & Blue Mt. will impact extensive sand sea t equivalent viewscape (erg) (JTRg) Red to gray siltstone, sandstone, and shale with Garta mbr. forms cliffs, Vertebrates, e.g. Chinle Potential uranium local basal conglomerate (Gartra member); 200- benches, caprocks, hogbacks; Low: erodes easily except Phytosaur (crocodile Formation Unknown Low resources; petrified None 460 ft main body of Chinle forms for Garta member relative), teeth, bone (TRc) wood (60- 140 m) thick slopes and narrow strike valleys fragments, wood Mostly red to brown, green, and gray siltstone and

Triassic Moenkopi Forms floor of many strike Sparse; mollusks some shale and fine- grained sandstone; gypsiferous Formation valleys and colorful flatirons at Low Unknown Low reptile tracks (e.g., Gypsum None siltstone and shale near base; ripple marks; (TRm) Split Mt. gorge Chirotherium); thickness: 500- 800 ft (150- 240 m) Major Regional Unconformity Resistant lower ss and Development Park City Phosphatic marine sandstone, siltstone, dolomite, cherty limestone; Upper Green and yellow flatirons; on flatirons will Formation and limestone with fossils; 100- 430 ft (30- 130 m) shale, siltstone, limestone, Rockfall Phosphate None forms protective cap on Weber impact Marine invertebrates: (Pp) thick and sandstone more easily viewscape pelecypods, scaphopods, eroded gastropods, fusulinids, corals.

Permian Development Weber Light gray to yellow- gray sandstone with sweeping Monoliths and cliffs, most High with well- cemented on Weber will Hydro- carbon Exposes classic Sandstone eolian cross- beds; locally interlayered limestone Rockfall notable landforms quartz sandstone impact reservoir Laramide structures (Pw) beds; 650- 1500 ft (200- 470 m) thick.

viewscape Exposures in Upper: Red fine- grained sandstone with gray to Yampa Canyon, Rockfall in upper part; Marine invertebrates: pale lavender, cherty, fossiliferous marine Lodore Morgan Upper: forms red cliffs upper part may be abundant brachiopods, limestone; thickness 500- 575 ft (150- 175 m) Upper part is resistant; Canyon, and Formation undercut by eroding bryozoans, None None Lower part is easily eroded Split Mountain (PNm) Lower: forms gray slopes lower part leading to cliff sponges, algae, Lower: light- gray to red and green shale and anticline are collapse foraminifera Pennsylvanian Pennsylvanian siltstone; 130- 300 ft (40- 90 m) thick unsuitable for development

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 15

Unit Name Suitability for Potential Paleontologic Mineral Specimens Age Lithology and Description Topographic Expression Erosion Resistance Hazard Potential Global Significance (Symbol) Development Resources & Resources

Light gray to pale lavender, thick- bedded Topographic Round Valley limestone, with thin partings of gray to red shale; position makes Forms gray ledgy slopes and/or Rockfall and ledge Limestone pink to red chert; fossiliferous; 200- 300 ft (65- 90 High this formation Chert nodules None multi- tiered cliffs collapse (PNrv) m) thick at Split Mt. and 400 ft (120 m) at the head unsuitable for of Yampa Canyon development Pennsylvanian Pennsylvanian

Humbug: light- gray to red, fine- to very fine Doughnut Humbug Fm is relatively grained sandstone interbedded with light- gray Humbug: forms ledgy slopes Doughnut Shale Doughnut Shale becomes Shale/Humbug high; limestone and red to black shale. contains plastic when wet and Traces of coal None Formation Doughnut Shale is Doughnut: gray shale and gray to red sandstone. Doughnut: forms slopes bentonite prone to landslides Fish and marine (Mdh) relatively low Combined thickness: 250- 300 ft (75- 90 m) invertebrates: crinoids, Madison trilobites, Limestone Dip slopes pose gastropods, cephalopods, Part of interior sea Light- to dark- gray, thick and unevenly bedded, corals, echinoderms Mississippian Mississippian (Leadville potential from present day cherty limestone and dolomitic limestone, sparsely Jagged cliffs and dip slopes High Karst (sinkhole) potential None equivalent) development Arctic Ocean to the fossiliferous; 600- 680 ft (180- 200 m) thick (Mm) problems Gulf of Mexico

Major Regional Unconformity Type locality is near Lodore Light brown to green sandstone and shale with Ledge- forming sandstone; Rare trilobite body parts, Glauconite Limestone Draw in Formation basal coarse to pebbly transgressive marine Variable Low Rockfall and cliff collapse slope- forming shale trace fossils occurrence the lower reach of (Cl) sandstone; thickness: 230- 600 ft (70- 180 m)

Cambrian Cambrian Lodore Canyon Major Regional Unconformity Red fine- to coarse- grained, pebbly, quartzitic sandstone with occasional conglomerate; gray to Uinta Mountain green and red micaceous shale and siltstone. Prominent outcrops and cliffs Fossilized algal globules Deposited about 1.1 Group High Low Rockfall and cliff collapse None documented Thickness: 7000 ft (2100 m), bottom of formation is in Canyon of Lodore found north of Dinosaur billion years ago (Yu) not exposed; up to 2400 ft (7000 m) thick in Precambrian adjacent areas

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 16 Geologic History

This section highlights the map units (i.e., rocks and unconsolidated deposits) that occur in Dinosaur National Monument and puts them in a geologic context in terms of the environment in which they were deposited and the timing of geologic events that created the present landscape.

Precambrian Antler Orogeny, extensive shallow seas repeatedly Continents evolve through a process called accretion transgressed and regressed across the Dinosaur area wherein materials are added to a central continental depositing the Lower Mississippian Madison Limestone, core, known as a craton. By this process a continent the sandstone, limestone, and shale of the Upper grows in areal extent through time. Continents may also Mississippian Humbug Formation, and the dark- gray merge and later fragment, resulting in complex histories Doughnut Shale. During the Early Mississippian, a to unravel. shallow sea reached from the present day Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico (figure 5). About 2.5 billion years ago (Archean Eon) in the Precambrian, the area that is now Wyoming formed the Coal in the Doughnut Shale suggests brief intervals of southern margin of the North American craton. non- marine conditions during the Upper Mississippian. Sedimentary rocks were deposited and later Fresh or brackish water in vegetation- rich swamps metamorphosed in a broad continental shelf that mixed with marine environments that led to the extended to the south and west. As Archean time drew to deposition of coal (Gregson and Chure, 2000). a close, the North American craton experienced a growth spurt. Studies of folds and faults in the Red Creek Marine environments returned with deposition of the Quartzite beneath the overlying Uinta Mountain Group Round Valley Limestone of the Lower Pennsylvanian. indicate that a collisional event began to affect the area The Round Valley Limestone marks a change in tectonic about 2.3 billion years ago (figure 4) (Hanson, 1975). regime. Intermixed with the limestone are nodules of pink and red chert. The chert marks the initiation of a About 1.5 billion years ago a broad, elongate east- west tectonic event that formed the Ancestral Rocky trough formed along the southern edge of the Wyoming Mountains in Colorado (figure 6). area and filled with the sediments of the Uinta Mountain Group, now exposed in Uinta Mountains and in Although deformation related to the Pennsylvanian- Dinosaur National Monument. The trough was probably Permian Ancestral Rocky Mountain Orogeny has not a failed arm of a rifted continental margin (an aulacogen) been recognized in the Dinosaur area, the sedimentation (Gregson and Chure, 2000). Ripple marks, fossil mud rates of the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic were greatly cracks, and even rain prints suggest that sedimentation affected by plate tectonic activity that was suturing South kept pace with subsidence and that the basin was not America onto the North American continent. Hundreds very deep (Hanson, 1975). Sediments thousands of feet of feet of Middle Pennsylvanian Morgan Formation were thick were deposited, lithified, and then uplifted, tilted deposited in beach and near- shore shallow marine northeastward, and partially eroded forming the Unita environments that developed in the Uinta trough. Mountian Group (Hansen, 1986b; Gregson and Chure, Overlying the Morgan Formation is upwards of 470 m 2000). This period of erosion with little or no (1,500 ft) of Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian sedimentation created a hiatus (gap) in the stratigraphic Weber Sandstone. The sweeping cross- beds in the record that lasted several hundred million years until Weber indicate that most of the formation was deposited Late Cambrian. The nature of this unconformity is in a beach and sand dune environment. Local described in Hanson (1977). interlayered limestone beds containing marine fossils show a close marine association (Gregson and Chure, Paleozoic Era 2000).

Rare body fossils of trilobites have been found in the A marine environment once again returned to the area Cambrian Lodore Formation at Jones Hole (Hanson, and is recorded in the Lower Permian Park City 1996). Sediments and body fossils suggest that the Formation. Deposits of phosphate- rich sediment Lodore environment was one of warm, shallow marine accumulated as cold, mineral- rich, marine waters welled water. up from the bottom into warmer zones or currents.

Another break in sedimentation from the Late Cambrian These deposits are now mined for fertilizer in the Brush Creek area northwest of Dinosaur NM (Hansen and to the Early Mississippian indicates the area must have others, 1980, 1983; Maughan, 1979; Rowley, Dyni, and remained relatively high for several million years from others, 1979; Rowley, Kinney, and others, 1979; Rowley the Ordovician Period through the Devonian Period. and others, 1985). While the western margin of North America was experiencing accretionary tectonic activity from the

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 17 Mesozoic Era advanced southward onto the continent from the Arctic The Lower Triassic Moenkopi Formation rests region. As the sea transgressed, shore and near- shore unconformably above the Paleozoic strata. Continental sediments accumulated forming the Dakota Sandstone, environments became more widespread during the Mowry Shale, and Frontier Sandstone. Mesozoic and dominated the landscape. Near- shore continental (possibly tidal flat) environments formed the The seas advanced and retreated many times during the distinctive Moenkopi red beds. Gypsum precipitated in Cretaceous until the most extensive interior seaway ever times of high aridity. The basal Garta member of the recorded drowned much of western North America Upper Triassic Chinle Formation was deposited in (figure 9). The Western Interior Seaway was an elongate streams and rivers possibly in paleovalleys cut into the basin that extended from today’s Gulf of Mexico to the underlying Moenkopi Formation (figure 7). The red to Arctic Ocean, a distance of about 4827 km (3,000 mi) gray siltstone, sandstone, and shale that makes up the (Kauffman, 1977). The western margin of the seaway main body of the Chinle represent channel, flood plain coincided with the active Cretaceous Sevier Orogenic and lake deposits. belt, but the eastern margin was part of a low- lying, stable platform ramp in Nebraska and Kansas. The Eolian environments are recorded in the Lower Jurassic marine Mancos Shale and its equivalent to the east, the Glen Canyon Sandstone and the Middle Jurassic Entrada Pierre Shale, were deposited in this sea. Eventually, as the Sandstone. The Glen Canyon Sandstone records an western highlands encroached on the western margin of extensive sand sea (erg) that covered Utah, Wyoming, the sea, sedimentation increased and multiple cycles of Colorado, and parts of Arizona and New Mexico. coastal bar, beach, lagoon, and swamp deposits Between the Glen Canyon and Entrada Sandstones are prograded eastward, filling the seaway. These sediments shallow marine sandy shale, siltstone, sandstone, and became the formations found in the Mesaverde Group evaporite deposits of the Middle Jurassic Carmel and equivalents. Formation. This formation records the encroachment from the north of a shallow sea into the southern Cretaceous-Tertiary Laramide Orogeny Wyoming and northern Utah area. Consequently, the In the Late Cretaceous, basement structures began Entrada erg that formed following retreat of the shallow forming in the western foreland basin. These structures sea, was not as widespread as the Glen Canyon erg. are the initial structural response to the Laramide Orogeny, and as they grew into uplifts and sub- basins, Plate activity increased at the end of the Middle Jurassic the last great seaway of the western interior regressed resulting in a major transgression of an inland sea that from the continent. The Laramide Orogeny evolved into destroyed the vast ergs that once covered the Colorado a complex set of thrusted uplifts (highlands) and basins. Plateau (Kocurek and Dott, 1983). Marine deposits of the Many of these uplifts, such as the Uinta, Wind River, and Stump Formation record this transgressive event. Sawatch, grew into immense mountain ranges, while others formed ridges within the intermontane basins, i.e., The fluvial and overbank deposits of the Upper Jurassic Douglas Creek, Rock Springs, and Moxa arches. Morrison Formation and the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation subsequently buried the Stump The relationship between Laramide deformation and Formation during a regressive episode. Morrison thrusting in the Sevier- Wyoming thrust belt to the west environments were quite varied with sediments is not well understood. The Uinta uplift, however, deposited in mudflats, overbank floodplains, stream overlapped both the Sevier and Laramide events in space channels, small eolian sand fields, and scattered lakes as well as time so that both events must have influenced and ponds (figure 8) (Peterson, 1994). Dinosaur fossils at its development (Gregson and Chure, 200, and the Dinosaur NM quarry are found in a fluvial references therein). With contraction, “the old rift basin depositional system within the Salt Wash member of the inverted the subsided structure and uplifted the Uinta Morrison. Bentonite in the Brushy Basin member of the Mountain Group and underlying Precambrian rocks well Morrison records volcanic ash falls generated from above much younger strata in the surrounding basins,” distant volcanoes to the west. Dinosaurs roamed the (Gregson and Chure, 2000, p. 174). Existing structures in Morrison environments that recent work documents as the foreland were reactivated by Laramide compression more arid with ephemeral streams than previously that also generated multiple new structures. thought (Turner and Peterson, 1998). Cenozoic Era By Cretaceous time, marine and marginal marine Erosion and sedimentation began almost simultaneously environments dominated the area. Crustal loading of the as Laramide foreland uplifts became positive features of east- directed thrust sheets of the Sevier Orogenic thrust the landscape. Most of the Laramide structures have long belt (west of Dinosaur) probably extended the entire and complex histories. The Uinta uplift separated the length of North America creating a continental scale greater Green River basin to the north from the Uinta foreland basin during the Cretaceous. As the mountains Basin to the south. Large lakes filled these basins during rose in the west and the roughly north- south trending the Eocene Epoch of the Tertiary Period. Lake Gosiute Western Interior Basin expanded, the Gulf of Mexico formed north of the arch and Lake Uinta formed to the separating North and South America continued to rift south. The coarse boulders and gravel deposited near the open in the south, and marine water advanced mountain front became the Fort Union and Wasatch northward into the basin. At the same time, marine water Formations. The finer sand and silt that traveled farther

18 NPS Geologic Resources Division out into the basins became the Wasatch and Green River After the Bishop Conglomerate was deposited, the Green Formations. Fine calcareous and organic- rich muds and Yampa River drainages developed and evolved accumulated as thick lakebed deposits and eventually steadily during and after deposition of the Browns Park became the marlstone and oil shale of the Green River Formation (Gregson and Chure, 2000; Hansen, 1986a). Formation. None of these strata, however, are exposed The ancestral Yampa River flowed into the easternmost in the Dinosaur area. Dinosaur area and is responsible for the basal conglomerate of the Browns Park Formation. The Laramide deformation had ceased by Oligocene time. ancestral Green River flowed eastward across the Rock Streams had leveled the uplands and mantled the area Springs uplift in Wyoming. In middle Pleistocene, the with gravel derived from the crest of the Uinta Range. Green River was captured by the present river drainage The Bishop Conglomerate (about 29 Ma) blanketed an system. The re- entrenchment of the Green River extensive pediment surface known as the Gilbert Peak continued after initial canyon development due to erosion surface. The conglomerate extended up all the regional uplift and changes in river discharge. This major valleys and filled in around the high peaks and entrenchment of the Green and Yampa Rivers is ridges of the Uinta Mountains (Gregson and Chure, responsible for the spectacular canyons that dominate 2000; Hansen and others, 1980, 1983; Hansen, 1986a; the landscape today. For more detailed information Rowley, Dyni, and others, 1979; Rowley and others, about Dinosaur’s Neogene historical geology, please 1985). Following the tectonic quiescence of the refer to Hansen (1986a). Oligocene, deformation resulted in subsidence and a north down, south up rotation of the Uinta range and the formation of the Browns Park basin in the Miocene.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 19

Figure 4. Precambrian orogenic belts that formed the western part of the North American craton. Ages are in billions of years. Thrust faults that sutured the landmasses together are marked by solid triangles with the triangles on the overthrust block of rock. The eastern limit of the north-south trending, Mesozoic Sevier thrust belt generally follows the eastern boundary of the Paleozoic passive margin and is shown here for reference (westernmost thrust trace). The North American crystalline basement is generally thought to extend to the Strontium isotope 0.706 or 0.704 line (dashed line). West of this line, oceanic crust prevails. Modified from Burchfiel and others, 1992.

20 NPS Geologic Resources Division

Figure 5. Paleogeographic map of the Early Mississippian Period of the western United States. While the lithofacies are complex in the foreland basin adjacent to the Antler orogenic highland, a broad carbonate platform spread over eastern Utah, depositing the Madison Limestone. Marine water also breached the Transcontinental Arch through the Paleozoic Strait. Any Mississippian rocks that were deposited on the transcontinental Arch or ancestral Uncompahgre highland during this time have been eroded. Modified from Poole and Sandberg, 1991.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 21

Figure 6. Major uplifts and basins present during the Pennsylvanian Period in the southwestern United States. Sediment eroded from the uplifts (gray) was deposited in the adjacent basins (yellow). Both the uplifts and basins resulted from compressional tectonics. Note the position of the South American Plate overriding the North American Plate. CCT: Central Colorado Trough. The trough formed between the Front Range and Uncompahgre Uplifts. Modified from Rigby, 1977.

Figure 7. Paleogeographic map of the Late Triassic. UN: Uncompahgre uplift; SL: San Luis uplift; FR: Front Range uplift. Highlands are shaded a solid gray. Modified from Dubiel, 1994.

22 NPS Geologic Resources Division

Figure 8. Late Jurassic paleogeography. Thin arrows indicate fluvial dispersal. Thick arrows indicate wind directions. Solid triangles indicate the location of the subduction zone with the triangles on the overriding, upper lithospheric plate. Note the possible marine environment to the east where continental environments were previously established. The alluvial plain expanded to the east with time. Modified from Lawton, 1994.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 23

Figure 9. Location of the Cretaceous seaway. Shaded areas indicate land above sea level. “S.O.B.” and inverted “V”s indicate the Mesozoic Sevier Orogenic belt. North indicates the Cretaceous north. Modified from Rice and Shurr (1983).

24 NPS Geologic Resources Division References

This section provides a listing of references cited in this report. A more complete geologic bibliography is available and can be obtained through the NPS Geologic Resources Division.

Burchfiel, B.C., Cowan, D.S., and Davis, G.A., 1992, Hansen, W.R., Rowley, P.D., and Carrara, P.E., 1983, Tectonic overview of the Cordilleran orogen in the Geologic map of Dinosaur National Monument and western United States, in B.C. Burchfiel, P.W. Lipman, vicinity, Utah and Colorado: W.S. Geological Survey and M.L. Zoaback, eds., The Cordilleran Orogen: Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I- 1407, scale Conterminous U.S.: Geological Society of America, 1:50,000. The Geology of North America, v. G- 3, p. 407- 480. Kauffman, E. G., 1977, Geological and biological Dubiel, R. F., 1994, Triassic deposystems, overview: Western Interior Cretaceous Basin: paleogeography, and paleoclimate of the Western Mountain Geologist, v. 14, p. 75- 99. Interior, in Mario V. Caputo, James A. Peterson, and Karen J. Franczyk, eds., Mesozoic Systems of the Kiver, E.P., and Harris, D.V., 1999, Geology of U.S. Rocky Mountain Region, USA: Rocky Mountain Parklands: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, p. 601- Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), 613. Denver, CO., p. 133- 168. Kocurek, G. and Dott, R. H. Jr., 1983, Jurassic Gregson, J. D. and Chure, D. J., 2000, Geology and paleogeography and paleoclimate of the central and paleontology of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah- southern Rocky Mountain region, in Mitchell W. Colorado, in D.A. Sprinkel, T.C. Chidsey, Jr., and P.B. Reynolds and Edward D. Dolly, eds., Mesozoic Anderson, eds., Geology of Utah’s Parks and Paleogeography of the West- Central United States: Monuments: Utah Geological Association Publication Rocky Mountain Section, SEPM (Society for 28, p. 155- 189. Sedimentary Geology), Denver, CO., p. 101- 118.

Hansen, W.R., 1969, The Geologic Story of the Uinta Lawton, T. F., 1994, Tectonic setting of Mesozoic Mountains: U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1291, 144 p. sedimentary basins, Rocky Mountain region, United States, in Mario V. Caputo, James A. Peterson, and Hansen, W.R., 1977, Geologic map of the Canyon of Karen J. Franczyk, eds., Mesozoic Systems of the Lodore South quadrangle, Moffat County, Colorado: Rocky Mountain Region, USA: Rocky Mountain U.S. Geological Survey Geologic quadrangle Map GQ- Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), 1403, scale 1:24,000. Denver, CO., p. 1- 26.

Hansen, W.R., 1986a, Neogene tectonics and Maughan, E.K., 1979, Petroleum source rock evaluation geomorphology of the eastern Uinta Mountains in of the Permian Park City Group in the northeastern Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Great Basin, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho, in Newman, Professional Paper 1356, 78 p. G.W. and Goode, H.D., eds., basin and Range Symposium: Rocky Mountain Association of Hansen, W.R., 1986b, History of faulting in the eastern Geologists – Utah Geological Association, p. 523- 530. Uinta Mountains, Colorado and Utah, in Stone, D.S., ed., New Interpretations of Northwest Colorado McIntosh, J.S., 1977, Dinosaur National Monument: Geology: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Constellation Press, Phoenix, 40 p. p. 229- 246. Mussetter,R.A., and Harvey, M.D., 1999, Geologic and Hansen, W.R., 1996, Dinosaur’s restless rivers and craggy geomorphic associations with Colorado pikeminnow canyon walls: Vernal, Dinosaur Nature Association, spawning, lower Yampa River, Colorado, in 1999 103 p. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting , Abstracts with Programs, v.31, no.7, p. 483. Hansen, W.R., Carrara, P.E., and Rowley, P.D., 1980, Geologic map of the Haystack Rock quadrangle, Peterson, F., 1994, Sand dunes, sabkhas, stream, and Moffat County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey shallow seas: Jurassic paleogeography in the southern Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ- 1535, scale 1:24,000. part of the Western Interior Basin, in Mario V. Caputo, James A. Peterson, and Karen J. Franczyk, eds., Mesozoic Systems of the Rocky Mountain Region, USA: Rocky Mountain Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Denver, CO., p. 233- 272.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 25 Poole, F. G. and Sandberg, C. A., 1991, Mississippian Rowley, P.D., Hansen, W.R., Tweto, O., and Carrara, paleogeography and conodont biostratigraphy of the P.E., 1985, Geologic map of the Vernal 1o X 2o western United States, in John D. Cooper and Calvin quadrangle, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming: U.S. H. Stevens, eds., Paleozoic Paleogeography of the Geological Survey Map Miscellaneous Investigations Western United States – II: Society of Economic Series I- 1526, scale 1:250,000. Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM), Pacific Section, p. 107- 136. Rowley, P.D., Kinney, D.M., and Hansen, W.R., 1979, Geologic map of the Dinosaur Quarry quadrangle, Rigby, J. K., 1977, Southern Colorado Plateau: Kendall/ Uintah County, Utah: U.S. Geologic Survey Geologic Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA., 148 p. Quadrangle Map GQ- 1513, scale 1:24,000.

Rice, D. D. and Shurr, G. W., 1983, Patterns of Santucci, V.L., 2000, A survey of paleontologic resources sedimentation and paleogeography across the Western from the National Parks and Monument sin Utah, in Interior Seaway during time of deposition of Upper D.A. Sprinkel, T.C. Chidsey, Jr., and P.B. Anderson, Cretaceous Eagle Sandstone and equivalent rocks, eds., Geology of Utah’s Parks and Monuments: Utah northern Great Plains, in Mitchell W. Reynolds and Geological Association Publication 28, p. 535- 556. Edward D. Dolly, eds., Mesozoic Paleogeography of the West- Central United States: Rocky Mountain Turner, C.E., and Peterson, F., 1998, The Morrison Section, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), p. Formation extinct ecosystems project – final report: 337- 358. National Park Service/U.S. Geological Survey Interagency Agreement No. 1443- IA- 1200- 94- 003, Rowley, P.D., Dyni, J.R., Hansen, W.R., and Pipiringos, 594 p. G.N., 1979, Geologic map of the Indian Water Canyon quadrangle, Moffat County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Untermann, G.E., and Untermann, B.R., 1969, A popular Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ- 1516, scale 1: guide to the geology of Dinosaur National Monument: 24,000. Dinosaur Nature Association, Jensen, 126 p.

26 NPS Geologic Resources Division Appendix A: Geologic Map Graphic

The following page provides a preview or “snapshot” of the geologic map for Dinosaur National Monument. For a poster size PDF of this map or for digital geologic map data, please see the included CD or visit the GRE publications webpage: http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/gre_publications.cfm

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 27

Appendix B: Scoping Summary

The following excerpts are from the GRE scoping summary for Dinosaur National Monument. The scoping meeting occurred August 10- 11, 1998; therefore, the contact information and Web addresses referred to herein may be outdated. Please contact to the Geologic Resources Division for current information.

Workshop Summary Joe Gregson, I&M geologist/information manager, An inventory workshop was held at Dinosaur National presented an overview of the NPS I&M Program, the Monument on August 10- 11, 1998 to discuss the status of the natural resource inventories, and the monument’s geologic resources and associated issues geological resources inventory. Bruce Heise, NPS GRD and needs. In all, fifteen cooperators participated in the geologist, followed with an overview of the organization two- day workshop. The list of participants can be found of the Natural Resource Stewardship and Science at the end of this section. Washington Office, GRD, and the Colorado pilot project. Field Trip Dan Chure, park paleontologist, gave the group a tour of In the morning of the first day of the workshop, Wallace the Jurassic quarry and discussed the instability of the Hansen, who mapped most of the Dinosaur area before exposed Morrison Formation and fossils. Dan also took retiring from the USGS, led a field trip for many of the the group just east of the Quarry Visitor Center to show cooperators. The group traveled to Harpers Corner to and discuss unstable mass wasting conditions associated discuss the stratigraphy, structure, and geomorphology with the historic quarry office that had been constructed of the monument. Along the Harpers Corner road, the by Earl Douglas. group stopped to discuss areas of unstable roadway due to slumps and landslides. Christine Turner and Fred Peterson, USGS geologists,

gave an overview and discussed important results of the In the afternoon, the field trip visited the Green River District of the monument. The Dinosaur NM Chief of Morrison Initiative, which was an intensive, multidisciplinary research project that comprehensively Maintenance, explained stabilization work that will be studied the Morrison Formation associated with done along the bank of the Green River near the park paleontological sites throughout the west. Much of the entrance, where the river has been actively eroding its cut Morrison Initiative work was done in NPS units, and bank into the road base that was constructed in the Dan Chure played a key role in its success. Mancos Shale slope. At Cub Creek, where the road crosses the stream, the group discussed the historic After lunch, Ann Elder and Scott Madsen, park museum channel incision and recent high flows and specialists/paleontologists, gave the group a tour of a new sedimentation that create numerous problems for road dinosaur quarry site (2 Sauropods) located west of the maintenance. The trip ended with a hike from Josey Morris Ranch to Hog Canyon to view and discuss a Quarry Visitor Center in the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation that is an important faunal locality stream restoration project that was done to benefit the for this time period. Ute Ladies- Tresses Orchid, a federally listed rare plant.

Steve Petersburg explained that the restoration project Tamara Naumann, park botanist, discussed the has raised the local water table in Hog Canyon, which is a association of rare plants with certain geologic strata and relatively short box canyon eroded into the Weber geomorphic surfaces. Tamara shared issues about the Sandstone. The increased height of the water table and Ute Ladies- Tresses Orchid, a federally listed threatened exclosure of cattle has allowed for recovery and thick plant that occurs in the monument with significant riparian growth of vegetation on the canyon floor, but populations in Lodore Canyon. has given limited results for increasing the population of the rare orchid, which appears to grow best on The remainder of the meeting was devoted to discussing periodically disturbed areas. the status of geologic and paleontologic mapping at Dinosaur as well as resources that could contribute to a Workshop Meeting geologic report about the monument. After introductions by the participants, Bill Dye and Gary Mott of Dinosaur NM maintenance took the group on a Hazards tour of the Dinosaur Quarry Visitor Center to show the Several hazards were discussed that affect the extent of the damage caused by movement of the monument- - especially the maintenance of park roads substrate beneath the building. Issues with the visitor and buildings. Most of the hazards were associated with center building are discussed in more detail in the slope or substrate instability and mass wasting events. Hazards section.

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 29 1. Along the Harpers Corner road, slumps in existing windows suggest that the structural integrity of the landslide materials (mostly derived from the Jurassic building may be in jeopardy. The site location is on the Morrison Formation) create maintenance and traffic Morrison Formation, which dips about 50 degrees hazards in several areas. Dinosaur NM Maintenance is toward the south. The Morrison contains abundant considering relocating the roadways to the crests of smectitic clays called bentonite, which swell and associated ridges to help alleviate the slumping contract greatly with changes in fluid content. problems. Dinosaur NM maintenance has isolated plumbing in the building and kept the roof in good condition to 2. Along the quarry entrance road near the park limit the amount of water that can infiltrate under the boundary, the Green River has been actively eroding building, but the deformation continues. Also, its cutbank into the road base that was constructed Dinosaur NM maintenance has reinforced the spiral into the Mancos Shale slope. Dinosaur NM walkway but must also continually monitor the maintenance has a project in work that will fill in the freestanding structure for movement. Deformation eroded areas and armor the bank with riprap to and ground movement are also readily apparent in the protect the road for a time. The hazardous location of parking lot and sidewalk outside of the building. the road, unstable Mancos badlands above, and Green Dinosaur NM maintenance has received some River erosion below, were discussed. The only engineering review from the Denver Service Center, permanent solution may be to move the road to the but a comprehensive engineering study has never been opposite bank of the Green River, which has its own undertaken. The quarry building is considered a set of engineering and political issues. historic structure, so approval must be obtained for any architectural modifications. Dinosaur staff 3. At Cub Creek where the road crosses the stream, the expressed the need for major reconstruction of the creek has incised several meters into the older valley quarry building, and all of the cooperators concurred. fill deposits. Upstream of the road crossing, recent Although building renovation is well outside the scope beaver dams may be restoring the riparian zone and of the geologic resources inventory, it is recommended arresting the entrenchment, but this spring, high that the ongoing deformation of the quarry building stream flow eroded around the end of a beaver dam and surrounding area should be studied and that a and directed the stream against the road embankment. major engineering review to address the structural Dinosaur NM maintenance had to breach the beaver problems is needed. dam to get the stream flowing back into its main channel and through the culvert under the road. 6. Without discussing the details, Dinosaur staff noted Subsequently, Dinosaur NM maintenance placed that similar, but less severe, foundation- movement riprap to armor the upstream portion of the roadbed, issues exist at the headquarters building. but the stream rapidly silted in upstream of the barrier, indicating that although entrenched, the stream is still 7. Although not specifically discussed, a geologic hazards moving significant sediment. This problematic area map is needed for park planning and maintenance. could benefit from a comprehensive study of the hydrology and geomorphology with the goal of Research Needs restoring the pre- entrenchment channel geometry and 1. Tamara Naumann, Dinosaur NM botanist, discussed fluvial regime. the association of rare plants with certain geologic strata and geomorphic surfaces. The Uinta Basin has 4. The relocation of the Echo Park campground was 30- 40 endemic plant species of which 15- 20 occur discussed. The existing campground is located on the within Dinosaur NM. Tamara shared issues about the cutbank of the Green River just below its confluence Ute Ladies- Tresses Orchid, a federally listed with the Yampa River in the bend of the river around threatened plant that occurs in the monument with Steamboat Rock. Dinosaur NM maintenance significant populations in Lodore Canyon. In the personnel indicated that tentative plans were to canyon, the rare orchids grow somewhat abundantly relocate the campground back from the river on the and show a strong correlation with geomorphic west side of the Pool Creek canyon to take advantage surfaces formed under the flow regime established by of the tree cover. It was noted that the close proximity discharge from the Flaming Gorge dam. J.C. Schmidt of a side canyon and Pool Creek to west side area has a and Paul Grams (who mapped the geomorphic greater risk for flash floods and debris flows than surfaces in Dinosaurs canyons) of Utah State would a location on the east side of the creek and University assisted with the orchid inventory. A canyon (where, unfortunately, there is no tree cover). significant issue is that increased flows from Flaming Gorge have been proposed to assist the recovery of 5. The Quarry Visitor Center has undergone major endangered fish in the Green River, but the increased damage due to expanding, contracting, and shifting flows might endanger the new- found orchid substrate beneath the building. Although the quarry population. Analysis of existing data is in progress, and face appears to be somewhat stable, the central part of further research is needed to determine the effect of the structure appears to be sinking and significant flooding on the existing surfaces and plants, as well as, offsets of several inches to a foot or more are readily how and if higher flows might create new habitat for apparent in many areas of the building. The obvious the orchid in areas such as Brown’s Park. The research floor deformation and tilting of support beams and

30 NPS Geologic Resources Division will assist with the preparation of a mitigation plan that guidebook and road log that linked Permian could help both the orchids and fish. formations among various parks and other sites for the Colorado Plateau. Geologic guidebook road logs have 2. During the discussion of the Morrison Initiative and also been discussed at other workshops as an while visiting the Lower Cretaceous dinosaur dig, it overarching interpretive theme among parks. was noted that a comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of the Cedar Mountain and correlative 3. Several interpretive publications related to geology are formations would give significant understanding of the available for Dinosaur NM. A comprehensive geologic paleoenvironments of that time period. New research map of Dinosaur NM has been compiled and might include detailed sedimentology, stratigraphy, published (Hansen, Rowley, and Carrara, 1983) and is palynology, pedology, as well as invertebrate and floral for sale in the monument bookstores. A river runner’s paleontology. Understanding of the new quarry site in guide (Hansen, 1993), that is published by the Dinosaur the Cedar Mountain Formation and its fossils would Nature Association and that explains the general be greatly enhanced by such a study. geology of the monument quite well, is also for sale. A USGS Professional Paper and Rocky Mountain 3. Although the present quarry preparation facilities are Association of Geologists paper about the Eastern quite good, several problems exist for long- term Uinta Mountains (both by Hansen, 1986) are available preparation and curation of specimens. The present but not for sale. Other resources by the Untermanns facility is located in the Quarry Visitor Center with its and Don Stone are also available but not sold in the structural building problems discussed earlier. In bookstores. A generalized geology publication for addition, specimen storage facilities are inadequate for Dinosaur NM would make a useful interpretive the ever- growing collection. Working collections are addition to the existing publications. stored at the quarry site, but others are stored in sheds or the basement of the headquarters building more Maps than 20 miles away. Improperly ventilated storage 1. Geologic Maps. Due to the extensive work by Wallace facilities make working with radioactive specimens Hansen and his colleagues, the geology of the (that contribute to the buildup of radon gas) a Dinosaur area has been well mapped. Fifteen 1:24,000 hazardous task. Dinosaur NM staff proposed that a and several smaller scale maps, including a 1:50,000 new building should be constructed at another, more scale Dinosaur National Monument map (Hansen, stable site. The new building would provide Rowley, and Carrara, 1983), exist for the area. At the infrastructure for collection preparation and curation, subsequent map evaluation meeting at the USGS in scientific research, resource management, as well as Denver, stable- base source maps will be sought for inventory and monitoring activities—all under one developing a digital geologic coverage for the park. roof. Several in the group had heard about the existence of scanned versions of the Dinosaur NM maps, but no 4. As mentioned above, a study of the hydrology and one knew of their status. Michele Gudorf of the geomorphology of Cub Creek in conjunction with Intermountain Region GIS group was contacted, and planning for a stream restoration project would assist only part of the existing map coverage is available and with continual road maintenance problems in that that is probably in an old version of GRASS GIS and area. will not be useable for the inventory map products. Michele is sending a copy of the data to the I&M 5. Wallace Hansen suggested that two very large juniper Program in Fort Collins for evaluation. trees in Yampa Canyon, that may be record trees measuring 144” and 120” in circumference, should be 2. Paleontologic Maps. Dan Chure discussed the fact that cored to get their age and a climate record. Trees of no complete maps showing the locations of the quarry this size may be 2000 or more years old. Tamara sites and fossil locations currently exist. Source maps Naumann agreed to do the project. Wallace also of the Carnegie, Smithsonian, and University of Utah suggested that vandalized rock art could be retouched, quarry activities are available, and a National Science and the group concurred. Foundation grant has been acquired to compile a Interpretation comprehensive map and database of the fossil Although specific interpretive issues were not discussed attributes and locations. A contractor(?) in Salt Lake in detail, several resources associated with geology City is compiling the map and database of more than were noted. 4000 records that document more than 400 fossil animals. A multimedia demonstration project is also in 1. Christine Turner and Fred Peterson of the USGS are work that will combine photos, drawings, literature, working with other researchers on a comprehensive citations, etc. into an interactive visitor display. The report for the Morrison Initiative. They think that after Carnegie Museum wants to publish the completed completion of the comprehensive scientific report that map for sale. a summary report of the important results will be written for Dinosaur NM and the general public. 3. GIS Data. The cooperators discussed that some GIS data had been developed for the monument and that 2. Christine Turner and Fred Peterson also discussed other base cartographic data should be available from earlier work for a professional society geologic the I&M Program, the Intermountain Region GIS staff,

DINO Geologic Resource Evaluation Report 31 and Moffat County (DOQQs). The I&M Program has ACTION ITEMS DLG, DEM, DRG, and DOQ data available on CD- 1. Joe Gregson will check for available digital base ROM, so Moffat will not be contacted. The cartographic and other GIS data that is available for Intermountain Region GIS staff has the partial geologic Dinosaur NM (DONE, 9/18/98). raster map(s) and a coarse vegetation coverage 2. Obtain stable- base geologic map masters from USGS available. The geomorphic surfaces coverage may be for digitizing. available from Paul Grams of Utah State University. 3. Digitize, attribute, and develop GIS for Dinosaur NM geologic maps. 4. GIS Needs. Dinosaur NM does not currently have an 4. Compile, edit, and distribute a Dinosaur NM geologic operational GIS. Since Dinosaur does not have a FTE report. to dedicate for a GIS Specialist position, the best 5. Establish a GIS system for Dinosaur NM (I&M and alternative is to acquire a desktop GIS system (i.e., IMR will assist with data). Dinosaur NM staff should Arcview GIS) that the scientific and resource propose an Arcview GIS system for funding by the management staff could use to support their research, IMR GIS FTSC (Teresa Ely). (**Need to identify at inventory, and monitoring activities. The I&M and least one Dinosaur NM NR staffer to take the lead for Intermountain Region GIS Programs should be able to this desktop GIS.) assist Dinosaur NM staff with setting up a GIS system 6. Geologic hazards map. Check with states of Colorado for the park. and Utah for any existing data. Assess feasibility of developing hazards map for park GIS. Report 7. Abandoned mine lands inventory. Review topographic Several geologic reports already exist that cover the maps for locations of mine adits and shafts. Develop Dinosaur area quite well as discussed in 3 under GIS coverage and AML data records if possible. Interpretation above. The consensus of the group was 8. Develop paleontological themes for park GIS that a synopsis of the existing material could be compiled (DINO/USGS/IMR projects). for the geologic inventory report. Paleontology (Dan 9. Archive Dinosaur NM research library materials into Chure), hazards, data, and other sections will be NRBIB Procite database. Vince Santucci has contacted compiled and written by GRD and I&M staff as needed. Scott Palowski, archivist at Yellowstone N.P. about a detail to assist with this project. 10. Conduct a cave inventory (unique geologic features). Inverviews with Dinosaur NM staff provided information about several caves in the monument. Identified caves include Whispering, Signature, Mantell, Interstate, and Cave of Logs. Copies of reports were forwarded to Ron Kerbo of NPS GRD.

Workship Cooperators

Dan Chure, Dinosaur NM Park Paleontologist Ann Elder, Dinosaur NM Museum Specialist- Paleontologist Scott Madsen, Dinosaur NM Museum Specialist- Paleontologist Tamarra Naumann, Dinosaur NM Botanist Steve Petersburg, Dinosaur NM Resource Management Bill Dye, Dinosaur NM Maintenance Gary Mott, Dinosaur NM Maintenance Joe Gregson, NPS I&M Program Bruce Heise, NPS GRD Vince Santucci, NPS GRD – FOBU Tim Connors, NPS GRD Wallace Hansen, USGS (retired) Christine Turner, USGS Denver Fred Peterson, USGS Denver (GIP)

32 NPS Geologic Resources Division Dinosaur National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report

Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2006/008 NPS D-217, March 2006

National Park Service Director • Fran P. Mainella

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Associate Director • Michael A. Soukup

Natural Resource Program Center The Natural Resource Program Center (NRPC) is the core of the NPS Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Directorate. The Center Director is located in Fort Collins, with staff located principally in Lakewood and Fort Collins, Colorado and in Washington, D.C. The NRPC has five divisions: Air Resources Division, Biological Resource Management Division, Environmental Quality Division, Geologic Resources Division, and Water Resources Division. NRPC also includes three offices: The Office of Education and Outreach, the Office of Inventory, Monitoring and Evaluation, and the Office of Natural Resource Information Systems. In addition, Natural Resource Web Management and Partnership Coordination are cross-cutting disciplines under the Center Director. The multidisciplinary staff of NRPC is dedicated to resolving park resource management challenges originating in and outside units of the national park system.

Geologic Resources Division Chief • David B. Shaver Planning Evaluation and Permits Branch Chief • Carol McCoy

Credits Author • Dr. John Graham Editing • Sid Covington, and Bruce Heise Digital Map Production • Stephanie O’Meara, Jenny Adams, Jerome Walker, Abbey Abbley, and Eileen Ernenwein Map Layout Design • Melanie Ransmeier

The Department of the Interior protects and manages the nation’s natural resources and cultural heritage; provides scientific and other information about those resources; and honors its special responsibilities to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated Island Communities. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225

http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ (303) 969-2090

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