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Branch and Stem Growth As Affected by Loss of Leaf Area on Selected Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2017 Branch and Stem Growth as Affected by Loss of Leaf Area on Selected Branches in Loblolly Pine Shannon Dumo Kidombo Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Kidombo, Shannon Dumo, "Branch and Stem Growth as Affected by Loss of Leaf Area on Selected Branches in Loblolly Pine" (2017). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4397. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4397 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BRANCH AND STEM GROWTH AS AFFECTED BY LOSS OF LEAF AREA ON SELECTED BRANCHES IN LOBLOLLY PINE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The School of Renewable Natural Resources by Shannon Dumo Kidombo B.S. Moi University, Kenya, 2005 M.S. Southern University and A&M, 2013 August 2017 ©Copyright 2017 Shannon Dumo Kidombo All rights reserved ii To mom Jescah M. Anogole iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my studies at Louisiana State University I was supported by many faculty, friends and colleagues. I am grateful to all of them, though I may not list them all here. I owe my deepest gratitude to my adviser Dr. Thomas Dean, who believed in me and my potential to achieve, and mentored me through graduate studies and research. Thank you for accepting to chair my PhD advisory committee. I also express my appreciation to my advisory committee members, Dr. Quang Cao, Dr. Volker Stiller, and Dr. Angella Webb, all of whom provided insight, guidance, and inspiration during my research. I am deeply grateful to my family, who endured many challenges and supported me while I pursued my studies away from them. My wife Pheonah Nabukalu and daughter Mayra Mmbone thanks for your support, encouragement, and patience for the years during my studies. My mom Jescah Anogole, who made sacrifices to give me an education, Dad Pius Kidombo, Siblings Bright Kundu, Colleen Mugaywa, Dennis Ayieko, Seth Musanyi, Elgah Kinzi, and Mercy Andia who supported me and took care of my interests at home while I studied. I am also indebted to research associates Joseph Nehlig and Donald Bluhm of Lee Memorial Forest and labmate Cory Garms for enduring long days in the scorching summer sun during field data collection. I will always be indebted to you for your contribution. Great appreciation to my officemates Cory Garms, Andrea De Stefano, and Lewis Peters all of whom supported me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Research objectives ..................................................................................................................... 5 General methods ......................................................................................................................... 5 Synopsis of the chapters .............................................................................................................. 7 References ................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2 ELONGATION OF BRANCHES AND GROWTH OF NEW LEAVES AS INFLUENCED BY LOSS OF LEAF AREA ............................................................................... 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 10 Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 13 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 24 References ................................................................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 3 EXAMINING BRANCH AUTONOMY AND HOW CROWN DYNAMICS INFLUENCE GROWTH OF TREES .......................................................................................... 31 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 31 Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 34 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 47 References ................................................................................................................................. 50 CHAPTER 4 GROWTH RESPONSE OF TREE ANNUAL RINGS TO CHANGES IN LEAF AREA OF SELECTED BRANCHES .......................................................................................... 54 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 54 Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 56 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 62 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 68 References ................................................................................................................................. 71 CHAPTER 5 GROWTH OF TREE DIAMETER AND STEM TAPER AS AFFECTED BY REDUCED LEAF AREA ON SELECTED BRANCH WHORLS ............................................. 73 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 73 Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 76 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 82 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 89 v References ................................................................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................... 96 APPENDIX I: TESTING FOR CONTRASTS............................................................................. 99 APPENDIX II: SAS CODES...................................................................................................... 100 A: SAS code for nonlinear mixed effects models: Logistic, Chapman-Richards, and Bailey and Clutter ............................................................................................................................... 100 B: SAS code for Charpman-Richards model, treatment coeficients, contrast statements and estimates .................................................................................................................................. 102 C: SAS code for mixed effects linear models with starting values and contrast statement .... 104 VITA…………………..………………………………………………………………………..106 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Treatment combinations and theoretical expectation of the source of carbohydrates for elongation of terminal leaders ..................................................................................... 15 Table 2-2 Fixed effects of initial branch cross-sectional area, length, leaf area and their interactions on the final length of terminal bud. Values obtained from fitting the model∶ 푦푖 = 퐴푏 + 퐵퐿 + 퐼휏 + 퐴푏. 퐼휏 + 퐵퐿. 퐼휏 + 휀푖 where 푦푖 is the length of fully elongated terminal bud (cm); 퐴푏 is the cross-sectional area of the branch; 퐵퐿 is the branch length; 퐼휏 is the indicator variable for treatment 휏 where 휏 = 1 – 9; and 휀푖 is the error. .................................................................................................................................
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