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Titel: Nov 10-13:41 (Sida 1 Av 65) Internal Problems of Russia 1855-81

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Titel: Nov 10-13:41 (Sida 1 Av 65) Internal Problems of Russia 1855-81 RUSSIA 1855 - 1914 How effectively did the reforms of Alexander II solve the internal problems of Russia? Timespan 1855 (death of Nikolas I) - 1881 (assassination of A II) The reforms of Alexander II REFORMS: · The abolition of serfdom - not immediate, the peasants still dependent of the commune. Econommically the serfs were worse off. · Local government reform - some powers distributed to the local community. · Reform of the judicial system - Russia one small step towards a state governed by law. · Economic and financial reforms · Education reforms · Reforms of the armed forces · The nationalities - liberalism towards the finns, russification of the poles. Titel: nov 10-13:41 (Sida 1 av 65) Internal problems of Russia 1855-81: Titel: nov 11-13:41 (Sida 2 av 65) How well were the problems solved: Titel: nov 11-13:41 (Sida 3 av 65) The Crimean War made Alexander II realize that Russia was no longer a great military power. His advisers argued that Russia's serf-based economy could no longer compete with industrialized nations such as Britain and France. "It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for the time when it will begin to abolish itself from below. In 1861 Alexander issued his Emancipation Manifesto that proposed 17 legislative acts that would free the serfs in Russia. Alexander announced that personal serfdom would be abolished and all peasants would be able to buy land from their landlords. The State would advance the money to the landlords and would recover it from the peasants in 49 annual sums known as redemption payments. Titel: nov 10-19:14 (Sida 4 av 65) How far is it true to say that Russia was transformed into a modern country between 1855 and 1900? Problems: the definition of modern. Transformation has to be discussed as it took place. In a conclusion the student has to decide if the result was a modern country. Timespan; The rule of Alexander II, Alexander III and start of Nicholas II. Titel: dec 2-20:24 (Sida 5 av 65) Background: The humiliating defeat in the Crimean War. The war thought Russia a lesson. West European efficiency and industrialisation defeated the stagnated and old fashioned Russian Empire. This alarmed the Russian government and the new ruler. Russia had to be reformed in order to compete with the west. Social reform was also inevitable to prevent revolution by the peasantry. Titel: nov 11-13:50 (Sida 6 av 65) Russian serfdom By the end of the 16th century the Russian peasant came under the complete control of the landowner and during the middle of the 17th century serfdom became hereditary. Their situation became comparable to that of slaves and they could be sold to another landowner in families or singly. By the 19th century it was estimated that about 50 per cent of the 40,000,000 Russian peasants were serfs. Most of these were the property of the nobility but large numbers were owned by the Tsar and religious foundations. Titel: nov 7-17:21 (Sida 7 av 65) Titel: nov 7-21:10 (Sida 8 av 65) Rural Russia: Land tenure in Feudal Russia was arranged by cherespolositsa, where land on each fief was divided into long narrow strips. Serfs tended two strips side by side: one for the landlord, the other for themselves. After serfdom was abolished in 1861, the land serfs had once cultivated for themselves became owned by a peasant commune, the Obshchina , formed from those peasants on the same fief. The landlords retained the lands that were not used for maintaining the life of the serfs (eg. they kept the majority of the land), still in strips side to side with the communal land. The landlords also retained all of the forested and pastoral land. While the serfs had once been able to graze their animals (commonly a cow and horse) on pastoral land, now their animals had no where to graze. The newly "emancipated" peasants were also stranded from the most prized commodity of Russia throughout most of the year: firewood. Titel: nov 8-1:36 PM (Sida 9 av 65) From this relationship between landowner and peasant was born the kulak , who imposed on the peasantry a tax to use their pasture. The communes responded by lying fallow some of their land and turning it into pasture. Their remained, however, the strips of the landlord's land throughout their community. The kulak here established a system of tolls for each animal that crossed over their land (areas now called vavilony – "babylons"). In order to have wood for winter, peasants had little choice but to work the kulak's land in return for a payment fee that would allow them to cut timber from the kulak's forest. The hated Kulaks as seen in Stalin's propaganda. Titel: nov 8-1:45 PM (Sida 10 av 65) Titel: nov 7-21:11 (Sida 11 av 65) Titel: nov 7-21:12 (Sida 12 av 65) Titel: nov 7-18:20 (Sida 13 av 65) Distressed by the suffering of the serfs and the selfishness of the nobles Alexander II forbad landowners to move serfs to poor lands or to dispose of them by giving them to the army. The serfs on royal estates were liberated in 1858 and in 1861 Alexander II signed the EMANCIPATION ACT. http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Eman.htm Here you can read the whole declaration l Titel: nov 7-17:50 (Sida 14 av 65) · No intention of introducing a modern system of money relationship into the countryside or a class of capitalist farmers. · No equality before the law · No real economic freedom to develop individual lands. · The nobles remained priviliged increasing their share of the wealth from 1861-1914. Titel: nov 7-17:52 (Sida 15 av 65) · 1864 - next major reform; the creation of the Zemstvos - elected local governments. · 3 categories of voters for councils chosen for 3 years. · Local assemblies · Provincial assemblies · Urban councils · Regional and provincial nobles of the highest rank chaired the rural assemblies. The wealthy and the titled had more voting power · Those who paid a higher tax had a greater representation · The councils main purpose were to make improvements. Zemstvo building Titel: nov 7-17:53 (Sida 16 av 65) · Army- and financial reforms; · Universal conscription 1874 - increase of the army, six years service with a vast reserve replaced the old serf army based on a 25-year service. · The Prussian army acted as a model for the new Russian army. · Economic reforms attempted to stabilise the currency and encourage foreign investments. · The Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78 revealed the limitations of the new armies and caused a financial crisis and a loss of foreign confidence. Titel: nov 7-17:56 (Sida 17 av 65) REFORMS IN FINLAND REFORMPOLICY Alexander II assembled the diet in 1863 which resulted inn a period of development and reforms. · The Dietreform of 1869 -The diet had to assemble every 5, later every 3 year. -Expanded representation -Expanded powers Titel: nov 9-19:29 (Sida 18 av 65) THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF FINLAND. Background; · the industrial revolution, late 18:th century (Britain, Belgium, Sweden) · liberalism of AlexanderII Titel: nov 9-19:31 (Sida 19 av 65) The industrial breakthrough didn't take place before the 1860's. The transition was quite slow and concerned almost only the woodworking industry. FORESTRY · Watermills (16:th century) · Tarproduction, the most important product of export The Finnish pavillion in Paris · Steampower, restricted until 1857 1900. Gesellius, Lindgren and due to fear of efficiency Saarinen. · Paperproduction, 1842 (Frenckell) · Saima channel (1856) · Industrial towns, Kemi, Kotka · Government of forestry 1859 · Worldexhibitions from 1867, exhibition of industry and art in Helsinki 1876 Titel: nov 9-19:34 (Sida 20 av 65) THE RAILWAY · Helsinki-Hämeenlinna 1862 · Riihimäki-St:Petersburg 1870 · Trackwidth-russian Titel: nov 9-19:35 (Sida 21 av 65) ECONOMIC REFORMS · Right to take initiative in legislative matters 1886 · Decentrilisation, the cities and municipilities received most of the clerical duties (education, healthcare, infra structure) but also the right of taxation · The language reform(1863) - Suomen Pankki (The central Bank) headquarters, Finnish an official language within 20 built 1882. years. · Stock companies (1864) · Law of free enterprice - the right to buy/sell everywhere (1879) · Law of banks (1864) -made it possible to start bankingactivity. Necessary to acumulate investments. · The Finnish National Bank -National currency 1860 Titel: nov 9-19:36 (Sida 22 av 65) Lev Bronstein, or Trotskij before the founding the socialist party, when he was considered a Narodnik. Titel: nov 7-18:00 (Sida 23 av 65) Birth of Revolution: From this conflict in rural society, Russia's first revolutionary organisation formed in the 1860s: the Narodniks . These groups were mostly made up of students without a clear direction, save to overthrow the monarchy and landlords, and distribute land among the peasantry. In the spring of 1874, the conflict between the kulaks and peasantry brought turbulence to Russia's urban centres, and the Narodniks left the cities for the villages, going "among the people" (hence their name), attempting to "teach" the peasantry to revolt under their guidance. They found almost no support. The policefile of Stalin Titel: nov 8-1:41 PM (Sida 24 av 65) The Tsarist police (Okhrana) responded to the movement with steeled repression: political action was not an option for the "emancipated" peasantry. Revolutionaries and peasant sympathisers were beaten, imprisoned or exiled to Siberia. As peasants were arrest and exiled or imprisoned, kulaks gained their land, putting the peasant communes under increasingly heavy burdens. In 1877, the Narodniks came to their height with thousands of revolutionaries and peasants in support.
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