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The Federal Council of Protestant Evangelical Missions in Korea, Japanese Colonialism, and the Formation of Modern Korea

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The Federal Council of Protestant Evangelical Missions in Korea, Japanese Colonialism, and the Formation of Modern Korea Christianity and Modernity in Korea under Japanese Colonial Rule: the Federal Council of Protestant Evangelical Missions in Korea, Japanese Colonialism, and the Formation of Modern Korea Byongsung Lee School of Religious Studies McGill University, Montreal April 2017 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies ©Byongsung Lee, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... v Résumé .................................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................ix List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ x Introduction: Christianity and Modernity in Colonial Korea ..................................................... 1 1. Protestantism and Conversion to Modernity in Korea...................................................... 1 i) Japanese Aggression and Korean Conversion to Christianity .............................................. 3 ii) Christianity and Modernity ................................................................................................. 7 2. Literary Review and Theoretical Considerations ............................................................ 12 i) Three Explanations for the “Success” of Protestantism in Korea ...................................... 12 ii) Definition of Modernity and Four Conceptual Distinctions in the Korean Context ......... 19 a) The Modern as a Condition vs. the Modern as a Normative Frame ............................ 20 b) The Western vs. the Modern ........................................................................................ 22 c) Modernization vs. Modernity ....................................................................................... 27 d) The Colonial vs. the Modern ......................................................................................... 32 iii) A Tripartite Frame in Colonial Korea and the Formation of Korean modernity .............. 35 3. Method and Materials ................................................................................................... 39 i) The Federal Council of Protestant Evangelical Missions in Korea ..................................... 39 ii) Missionary Narratives and Documents ............................................................................. 41 iii) The Period of the General and Federal Council (1905-1941) and Japanese Colonial Influence ............................................................................................................................... 44 iv) Chapter Overview ............................................................................................................ 45 I. Missionaries, Modernity, and the Federal Council as a Modern Institution ........................ 49 1. Anglo-American Missionaries and the Federal Council ................................................... 51 2. “Evangelical Missions” and the Federal Council ............................................................. 56 3. Protestant Missions as Opposed to Catholic Missions in Colonial Korea ........................ 61 4. The Federal Council as a Modern Institution .................................................................. 68 i) The Federal Council as a Voluntary and Civil Association ................................................. 68 ii) The Federal Council as a Federal Institution ..................................................................... 72 iii) Territorial Division and Mutual Benefit of Mission Agencies .......................................... 74 iv) The Federal Council as a Nationwide Organization ......................................................... 77 v) The Federal Council and Its Global Connection ................................................................ 78 II. Protestantism, Civilization, and Religion in Colonial Korea ................................................ 81 1. The Korean Quest for Modern Civilization, the Civilization-Oriented Mission of Protestant Missionaries, and Colonialism as Civilizational Rule ......................................... 81 i) The Modern Western View of Religion and the Religious Landscape in Korea ................ 81 ii) Korean Aspirations for Modern Civilization and Protestant Missions .............................. 85 a) The Korean View on Christianity as Civilization ............................................................ 85 ii b) Protestant Missionaries and the Civilizing Mission ...................................................... 88 c) Civilization-Oriented Protestant Missions and the Blurred Boundary between Secular and Religious ..................................................................................................................... 91 iii) Civilization and the Colonial Power ................................................................................. 94 vi) Civilization-oriented Religion and Faith-centered Religion ............................................. 97 2. Colonial Definition of Religion, Religious Freedom, and the Federal Council ................ 103 i) The Colonial Policy of Religion and Protestantism .......................................................... 103 a) Modernization and Religion ........................................................................................ 103 b) The Legal Definition of Religion in Colonial Korea ..................................................... 105 c) Buddhism, Confucianism, and “Quasi-Religious Groups” in Colonial Korea .............. 106 d) Shinto and Religion ..................................................................................................... 109 e) The Colonial Policy of Religion and Korean Protestantism ......................................... 112 ii) Religious Freedom, Colonial Power, and the Federal Council ........................................ 115 a) Religious Freedom as a Civilizational Value ................................................................ 115 b) Three Dimensions of Religious Freedom .................................................................... 118 1) “Legitimate Propagation” and Freedom of Propagation ........................................ 119 2) Separation of Religion and Education, and “Educational Freedom” ...................... 125 3) Institutional Autonomy and Religious Freedom ..................................................... 129 iii) The Church-and-State Relationship in Colonial Korea and the Federal Council ........... 130 a) The Colonial Political Order and Protestant Missionaries .......................................... 130 b) Protestant Missionaries and the Politics of Neutrality ............................................... 135 c) The Federal Council and the Colonial Regime ............................................................ 140 III. Protestant Social Teachings, the Colonial Moral Order, and Korean Modern Morality .... 145 1. Modern Education, Protestantism, and the Colonial Moral Order ................................ 145 i) Modern Education and Protestantism ............................................................................ 145 a) Protestantism and Koreans’ Longing for Modern Education ..................................... 145 b) The Protestant Mission and Modern Education......................................................... 148 ii) Colonial Education and the Colonial Moral Order .......................................................... 151 a) The Colonial Moral Order ........................................................................................... 151 b) Confucian Ethic and the Colonial Moral Order ........................................................... 154 c) Shinto and the Colonial Moral Order .......................................................................... 157 iii) The Colonial Moral Order and Christian Morality ......................................................... 159 a) Protestant Teaching and the Modern Moral Order ................................................... 159 b) The Colonial Moral Order and Protestant Missionaries ............................................. 161 2. Protestant Social Teachings, Social Reform, and Moralism in Colonial Korea ............... 164 i) The Self-help Economic Ethic in Colonial Korea .............................................................. 164 a) Protestant Missionaries of the Federal Council and the Capitalist Ethic ................... 164 b) Colonialist Emphasis on Self-Help .............................................................................. 168 ii) Social Reform, Missionary Welfare Work, and Colonial Welfare Policy ......................... 172 a) Protestant Social Reform and the Social Service Committee of the Federal Council 172 b) The Colonial Welfare Policy and Missionary Welfare Work ....................................... 177 iii) Korean Protestant Moralism, Missionary Moralism, and Colonial Moralism ............... 180 a) The Colonial Moral Order and Colonial Moralism .....................................................
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