The Political Economy of Financially Successful Independent

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@Florida International University Class, Race and Corporate Power Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 3 2014 The olitP ical Economy of Financially Successful Independent Hip-Hop Artists Geoff sO trove University of Oregon, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Ostrove, Geoff (2014) "The oP litical Economy of Financially Successful Independent Hip-Hop Artists," Class, Race and Corporate Power: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 3. Available at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol2/iss1/3 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts, Sciences & Education at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Class, Race and Corporate Power by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The olitP ical Economy of Financially Successful Independent Hip-Hop Artists Abstract From 2000 to 2010, America’s music industry’s annual revenue went from $4 billion to $2 billion. Much of this is attributed to the internet’s ability to provide consumers with easy access to free music, and hip hop has been especially impacted by this trend. Utilizing document analysis and personal interviews, this study found that the success of independent artists has influenced the business strategies of major record companies. In response to a dramatic decrease in record sales, major labels have made more of an effort to sign their artists to 360 deals, which allow the labels to profit from every aspect of an artist’s brand or identity. While some independent artists are the main beneficiary of the profits eg nerated from their music and personal brand, they also reify the commodity-form capitalist system by attempting to turn their music and brand into a fetishized commodity and by turning their audience into a fetishized commodity. Keywords Hip Hop, Political Economy, Fetishism, Music Industry, Culture, Reification, Commodities Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This article is available in Class, Race and Corporate Power: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol2/iss1/3 Introduction The internet has become the world’s greatest tool for consumption. Many acts of consumption that previously occurred in a physical, face-to-face, human-to-human setting now take place within the internet’s digital hyperreality. In response, the music industry must adjust its business strategies to keep up with an increasingly digital world and consumer behavior. This study explores the ways in which financially successful independent hip hop artists are able to maintain consistent income, and in what ways their business strategies have influenced the actions of major record labels. Traditionally, most artists would need to receive cash advances from major record labels in order to be able to fund the recording and production of their music. After receiving the cash advance, however, the artist would no longer control the music. The label that issued the cash advance would then sell the artist’s sound recordings and be the main financial beneficiary. Known as working “for hire,” this was the traditional way in which artists were able to make a living and record companies were able to turn a profit. Nowadays, instead of simply making money by selling an artist’s music, record companies demand to control more than just the sound recordings. Most major labels now control all of the image and branding rights associated with the artist, which includes merchandising, sponsorships, and touring. Known as “expanded-rights deals,” this is an emerging way in which recording artists are able to make a living and record companies are able to turn a profit. Because of the internet, however, musicians who previously needed the capital and resources of major record labels can now create, record, produce, and distribute music completely independently. The internet has created easy access to resources that were not previously available to independent artists. On the other hand, the internet has also increased the ability of consumers to easily access free music. There are now many ways for consumers to listen and possess music without actually purchasing it. On top of the rising rates of illegal music piracy, there are now a growing number of legal internet sites that allow consumers to listen to music for free, such as Pandora, Groove Shark, YouTube, MySpace, and many others. The aim of this project is to explore the strategies utilized by financially successful independent hip-hop artists in order to maintain consistent income in an age when consumers do not necessarily need to purchase music in order to listen and possess it. Specifically, this project explores how independent hip-hop artists make the majority of their money (whether it be by selling records, performing at live events, selling merchandise, etc.), and whether independent hip-hop artists are the ones taking home the majority of the money made from their art. In other words, while the “expanded-rights deal” model allows for the record company to be the main financial beneficiary of an artist’s work, do independent artists break away from this paradigm by receiving the majority of the profits? In addition, this paper explores whether or not major record labels have been impacted by the success of independent artists. With the decreasing need to turn to major record labels in order to record, produce, and distribute music, how have major record labels changed their business strategies in order to keep up with the cultural and societal changes that have resulted from technological advancements? How much do record labels still rely on record sales as a major source of revenue? In other words, this paper answers three main research questions: 1) How do financially successful independent hip-hop artists generate the majority of their income? 2) How have major record labels adjusted their business strategies as a result of the financial success of these independent hip-hop artists? 3) Are these independent hip-hop artists the main beneficiaries of the revenues generated from their labor? The Political Economy of Communication Political economists of communication have sought to decenter the media of communication by investigating its economic, political, and other material constituents. At the heart of political economy is the notion of “viewing systems of communication as integral to fundamental economic, political, social, and cultural processes in society.” 1 This includes considering those people who set the parameters and goals for media and information production and distribution, and for the introduction and developments of new communications and information technologies. In other words, political economists of communication analyze how power and control is produced and reproduced within the media industry. Power and control is central to any understanding of modern society and “any adequate analysis of the distribution of power and of the process of legitimation must necessarily include an analysis of the mass media.”2 Political economists understand that power is located at different levels. It can be held within specific ownership structures, hierarchies and political alliances with media corporations, and, also, in access and reception. Understanding the role of commodities is also central to the political economy of communication. Karl Marx noted that the value of a commodity reflects the value of the labor that has gone into producing it; but Dallas Smythe felt that when it came to communications, Marxist theory had a blind spot. 3 His question to Marx was: What is the commodity form of mass-produced, advertiser supported communications under monopoly capitalism? And his answer: audiences. In other words, Smythe realized that the mass media had turned the audience into a commodity. In fact, what many people would consider “leisure time” is really just the time when the audience is being sold to advertisers. This means the audience is really doing unpaid work. Therefore, the selling of audiences to advertisers not only serves as an essential marketing function, it also helps to reproduce labor power within society. It is not just “a question of the increasing control of the large media companies over a particular media sector or even several sectors, but also their increasing influence over the whole field of non-work time.” 4 This relates to the mode of production. The mode of production is “the way in which a society chooses to appropriate and allocate all of the productive resources and surpluses needed for and created by the process of production,” and “capitalists create rules defending unequal distribution determined by competition between capitalists and each individual’s willingness to pay for goods and services.” 5 In regards to commodification, the capitalist mode of production helps to separate conception from execution within the media industry. For instance, it is not uncommon for a commodity to begin within working-class culture, and then be transformed into a product and offered back to working class audiences. Markets play a big part in political economy, as well. Meehan and Torre point out that in the media industry these “markets tend to be oligopolized and stratified, with the proverbial ‘big boys’ exerting the most influence over the market’s shape and workings.” 6 Therefore, the organizational structure of the economy, not the particular market, is the major force guiding production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services. In the media industry, five major corporations basically run the show: The Walt Disney Company, News Corporation, Time Warner, CBS Corporation and Viacom. The myth is that they compete against each other. The truth is that the intertwining of these big corporations through joint ventures gives each participant an interest in the success of the specific venture but also an active concern for the health of its partner.

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