Index of People, Places, and Topics*

Note: Page numbers referring to figures, tables, and diagrams are given in italics.

Ābān ([deity of] ‘Waters’), 229, 380, 388 agriculture, 8, 72, 179, 292, 322, 326, 328, day, 280, 384, 388 379, 431, 432, 468, 513, 525, 542 festival, 280, 388–389 Ahl-e Haqq see Yarsan month, 130, 280, 381, 388 Ahreman (‘Evil Spirit’, also Aṇgra Mainiiu, prayer to, 279, 339 Aŋra Mainiiu) rite(s), 278, 279, 384 animals, 139; see also animal(s), see also Anāhitā maleficent ‘Abbasid̄ Dynasty / ‘Abbasids,̄ 73, 107–108, antagonist, 218; see also Mazdā 109, 145, 270, 285, 468, 474, 487, 495 cosmic war / cosmogony, 238–240 Achaemenid Dynasty / Achaemenids, 148, cosmology and eschatology, 236–238, 264, 283, 287, 394, 395, 411, 418, 239–240, 241, 254, 259, 325, 327, 424, 461 330, 350, 439–440, 489, 499–500 see also Artaxerxes I; Artaxerxes II; countries, 25 Cambyses I; Cyrus II the Great; Darius I creation, 237, 238 the Great; Darius III; Xerxes I creatures, 219, 237, 248, 276, 352; Aešmā (demon, ‘Wrath’, also Xešm),̄ 62, 65, see also demon(s) 66, 220, 274, 353 darkness, 63, 238, 447 antagonist of see Sraoša destroyer of the world, 215, 217, aesthetics, 25, 72, 123, 161, 214, 218, 247, 218–219, 237, 239, 244, 256, 268, 276, 351,COPYRIGHTED 372 261–262, MATERIAL 322, 350, 352, 353, 354, see also architecture; art; beauty; color(s); 365, 434, 504; see also pollution food; fragrance; number(s); poetry; theater druj and, 219, 224, 248 Afghanistan, 1, 24, 25, 26, 29, 36, 117, enemy of Zarathustra, 31, 267 130, 139, 399, 411, 413 “fell down from the sky,” 242 see also Hindukush gesture of rebuttal, 373

*Index produced by Dr Anna Tessmann

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to , First Edition. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Yuhan Sohrab‐Dinshaw Vevaina. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Ahreman (‘Evil Spirit’, also Aṇgra Mainiiu, fire, 406 Aŋra Mainiiu) (cont’d ) followers, 35, 66, 87, 223, 262; Greek and Latin sources, 439, 440, 442, see also Zarathustra 444, 447, 448, 455 gesture of veneration, 366, 373 Hades, 440, 442 god of Mazdayasnian religion, 31 homosexuality, 281 Greek sources, 440 humans and, 218–219, 222 “heavenly” deity, 129, 416 iconography, 96 hymn, 521 immateriality, 218 iconography, 96, 131, 276 limitedness, 218, 237, 241, 439 incest, 255–256, 318 Manichaeism, 481, 484, 488, 489 Indra and, 135, 151 name, 218 Jupiter, 248, 253 nature, 216, 218–219, 222, 237, 256, 447 light, 215, 217, 237, 242, 254, 349–350, plague of, 23, 24, 28, 448 351, 395, 429, 438, 509 rejection of, ritual, 336, 355, 366, 373; Manichaeism, 481, 482, 488, 489 see also pādyāb‐kustı;̄ prayer(s) Mithra and, 139, 151, 246 son of Zurwān and brother of Ohrmazd, month, 380 97, 221, 236, 439, 444 name, 32–33, 55, 57, 88, 273, 415, 416 spirit, harmful, 42, 274 nature of, 216, 222, 236, 256, 349, 429, tempter of humans, 222 438, 447 triumph over, 337 Nowrūz festival, 380, 382, 384, 386, 387 Ahuna Vairiia (prayer, also Ya θā Ahū Vairiiō, Ōoromozdo, 132, 133 Ahunwar), 31, 32, 36, 45, 64–65, 290, prayer invoking name of, 355 318, 336, 337, 520 reciter of Ahunwar, 63, 226, 227, 239, Ahura Mazdā, 46, 63 336–337; see also Ahuna Vairiia utterance, victorius, 226 son of Zurwān and brother of Ahreman, Zarathustra, 37, 63, 73 97, 221, 236, 439, 444 see also 27.13 in “Index Locorum” Spəṇtā Ārmaiti and, 66, 67, 261, 274, Ahura Mazdā (supreme deity, ‘Wise Lord’, 276, 318 also Ohrmazd) Spəṇta Mainiiu and, 236, 274 Achaemenids, 89, 90, 241, 418 spouses, 419 Airiiaman and, 418 subject of moral order, 217 animal(s) of, 216, 352; see also animal(s), sun, associated with, 246 beneficent supremacy, 41, 57, 135, 142, 216, 218, antagonist of, 218, 236; see also Ahreman 236, 242, 254, 416 Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta and, 42–43, 49, 57 temple, 139 ašạ and, 51, 55, 65, 66, 236, 273, 316, 321 time, infinite, 238 children, 261–262, 274 Tištriia and, 247 composer of the Gāthās, 70 triad, divine, 55 cosmogony and eschatology, 220–222, Varuṇa, 416 238–240, 259, 270–271, 325, 350, virtue, 329 351–352 and, 42, 51, 55, 236 countries, 25, 36–37, 414 wisdom, 217 creator, 41, 70, 93, 215, 216, 217, 218, word, 70, 228 235, 236, 237, 244, 318, 323, 335, and, 274 351, 354, 395, 434, 448, 481 Zarathustra and, 41, 46, 63–64, 65, Dead Sea Scrolls, 426 66, 67, 69–70, 73, 74, 76, 196, den̄ and, 217, 218, 228, 237 212, 228, 265, 266–267, 336, 344, father of humans, 274, 280 416, 531

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as Zeus, 131, 132, 133, 440, 442, 446, Zarathustra and, 76, 531 448, 449 see also Amərətāt;̰ Ašạ Vahištā; air, 251, 252, 439, 447, 502 Hauruuatāt;̰ Spəṇtā Ārmaiti; Vohu cool, opposed to lust, 325, 326 Manah; Xšaθra Vairiia creation of humans, 228 Amšāsfands see Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta element, 245, 439, 502 Amurdād see Amərətāt̰ misty, 438 Anāhitā (deity, ‘Unblemished / Stoic doctrine, 447 Unattached’, also Arəduuı̄ Sūrā Tı̄r, 252 Anāhitā, Anāhıd,̄ Ardwı̄sūr), 37, 89, zodiac, 251 132, 134, 138, 242, 244, 253, 264, Airiiānam̨ Vaejah̄ (country, also Airiianəm 275, 276, 335, 339, 389, 397, 402, Vaejah,̄ Airiiana Vaejah),̄ 24, 25, 26, 441, 521 28, 37 Achaemenid inscriptions, 89 homeland of Zoroastrianism, 36, 38 Ahura Mazdā and, 36–37 Manichaeism, 243 Anahit, 123, 134, 469 see also Aryan(s), homeland Anaïtis, 446 Aka Manah (demon, ‘Evil Thought’), 274 Aphrodítes̄ and, 253, 441 Akkadian (language), 3, 253, 289 Artemis / Diana, 275 Akkadian documents, 89 festival, 388–389 alcohol, 193, 306, 374 goddess of the waters, 132, 275, 389 see also wine hymn, 389, 521 altar see fire, altar; temple Nana, 132, 134, 137–138, 276 Amahraspands / Amahrspandān see Aməṣ̌a Nāxid, 253 Spəṇta prayer / praying to, 279, 339, 402 Amelioration Society (Society for the preserves the seed of saošiiaṇts, 276 Amelioration of the Conditions of the purifies the seed of men and the wombs of Zoroastrians in Persia), 166, 174–175, women, 276 176, 405, 542 “queen of paradise,” 276 Amərətāt ̰ / Amərə(ta)tāt ̰ (= Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta, temple(s), 275, 397 ‘Immortality’, also Amurdād), 41, Venus, 242, 253 43, 62, 124–125, 134, 265, 275, worship, 244, 279 280, 335 see also Ābān patroness of plants, 137, 351 Andronovo archaeological culture, 22 Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta (‘Beneficent / Life-giving Aṇgra Mainiiu / Aŋra Mainiiu see Ahreman Immortals’, also Amahraspands, animal(s), 139, 261, 262, 263, 265, 270, Amšāsfands, Amahrspandān) 380, 395, 447, 520, 525, 534 creation, 350–351, 353, 354, 532 abuse of, 325 festival(s), 380 Bahā’ı̄ Faith, 509 gender, 275 beneficent, 216, 237, 292, 295, 325, Greek and Roman sources, 93, 167 352, 359 haft-sın̄ , 383 creation, 259, 261, 500 heptad, 275, 383 dead, 352, 432 hymn, 521 guardian, 137, 389 iconography, 136–137 killing of, 292, 325, 365, 366, 441, 480, numismatics, 134 484, 500, 532, 536 opponents of, 418 law, 292, 294, 295, 302, 365 prayer(s) to, 341 maleficent, 216, 220, 226, 341, 352, 365; xvarənah, 246 see also xrafstar(s) Yarsan and Yezidi, 502 “protector of,” 70, 228

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animal(s) (cont’d ) see also “A Note on Transcriptions,” sacrifice of, 36, 137, 139, 140, 292, xviii–xxi 365–366, 376, 399, 441, 451, 471, Arabic sources, 73, 104, 107, 111, 133, 473, 500, 503 249, 254, 255, 256, 257, 275, 326, see also ass; beaver; bull; camel; cattle; cow; 381, 383, 391, 427, 458, 463, 464, dog; fish; frog; goat; honeybee; horse; 468, 492, 493–494, 496, 497, 498, insect(s); ox; peacock; raven; silkworm; 535, 538 snake; triton; wolf see also al-Bı̄rūnı̄; al‐Mas‘ūdı̄; al‐Ṭabarı̄ Anklesariā, Tehmuras Dinsá ̄h (Parsi priest, Arachosia (country, region, also Haraxvaitı̄), scholar), 13, 548, 552 25, 26, 27, 29, 33 An Lushan (also Roxšan) Aramaic (language), 3, 32, 90, 92, 93, 122, “god of the Light,” 152 127, 427–428, 451, 459, 464 rebellion, 150, 151–152, 156 Aramaic documents, 32, 91, 130, 131, 368, Anquetil‐Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe 424, 425, 427, 429, 469 (French scholar), 7–8, 160, 409 archaeology, 3, 18, 21, 22, 26, 29, 38, 61, ant, 441, 480 79, 86, 110, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, anthropogony, 282, 481, 483, 525 128, 130, 143, 144, 145, 146, 181, anthropology 394, 395, 400, 427, 451, 452, 469, Pahlavi, 323, 327 547 study, 3, 38, 172, 345, 346, 347, 354 see also BMAC Zoroastrian see body; consciousness; soul architecture, 22, 125, 127, 130, 183, 187, anthropomorphy, 133, 143, 461 394, 396, 397, 398, 399, 403, 405 Antia, Edulji Kersaspji (Parsi priest, scholar), see also temple 13, 340, 548 Ard see Ašị Apām Napāt ̰(deity, ‘Son of the Waters’, also Ardašı̄r I (Sasanian king), 96, 99, 250, 382, Apam̨ Napāt),̰ 134, 135, 247, 417 458, 531 Apaoša (demon, ‘Drought’) Ardwahišt see Ašạ Vahištā as a black horse, 247 Ardwı̄sūr, Arəduuı̄ Sūrā Anāhitā fight against Tištriia, 275 see Anāhitā myth, 247–248 Ārmaiti see Spəṇtā Ārmaiti see also Tištriia Armenia, 92, 95, 97, 119–127, 381, 382, apocalyptics, 115, 270, 271–272, 347, 459 384, 454, 457, 462, 464, 465, 469, literature, 448, 484, 525, 527 471, 474, 502 apocryph(a), 425, 450, 460, 461, 462, 463, Armenian (language), 3, 121, 122, 123, 474 127, 141, 469 apologetics Armenian sources, 121, 122, 124, 125, Pahlavi, 180, 434, 489, 495, 526; see also 221, 259, 423, 462, 469 Škand-gumānıḡ Wızā ̄r in “Index Locorum” see also calendar, Armenian Zoroastrian-Muslim, 535–536, 548 Arš (demon, ‘Lie’), 221 apostasy, 97, 109, 119, 230, 285, 286, 353, Arsacid Dynasty / Arsacids, 94–95, 99, 355, 467, 469, 472 120–121, 130, 260, 457, 464–465 see also conversion see also Parthia apple, 107 Arštāt (deity, ‘Rectitude’), 131, 132, 134 Arabia, 105, 106, 111, 465, 474, 494, 550 hymn, 522 Arabian Sea, 550 Rišto, 132 Arabic (Arab., language, script), 2, 3, 73, art, 3, 15, 67, 78, 79, 127, 134, 135, 136, 106, 110, 111, 180, 254, 297, 340, 137, 138, 144, 187, 250, 390 341, 356, 409, 509, 510, 530, 538 Artaxerxes I (Achaemenid king), 441

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Artaxerxes II (Mnemon) (Achaemenid king), 458, 462, 463, 464, 468, 469, 89, 339, 442, 461 534–535, 540, 547 *Aryaman, Aryamán / Airiiaman (deity, astronomy, 142, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, ‘Hospitality’), 65, 328, 418 251, 256, 257, 380, 438, 448, 455, healing, 65 468 hospitality, 328 Astwihād (demon, ‘Death’), 219, 261, 351 peaceful union, 65 Ātaš Bahrām (the highest grade of fire, ‘Fire prayer to, 32, 45, 47, 63, 337, 520; see of Victory’, also Ātas ́ Bahrām), 159, also Ā Airiiə̄mā Išiiō in “Index Locorum” 166, 167, 279, 304, 369, 371, 376, Aryan(s) (ethnonym, tribe(s), also Indo– 387, 396, 400–401, 403, 404, 536, Aryans), 8, 9, 33, 55, 56, 181, 410, 537, 540, 546, 548, 553 411, 444 Atharvaveda (AV), 34, 439 Aryanness vs. un-Aryanness, 326 Australia, 2, 170, 201, 203–205, 207, 299, “countries of,” 23, 24, 25, 26, 129, 237, 306, 307, 402, 406 244 autumn, 340, 454, 502, 503 enemies of, 87 / literature, 31–66, 519–523 homeland, 243, 411, 414; see also see also Ašə̣ m Vohū; Gāthās; Niyāyišn; Andronovo archaeological culture Pahlavi Vıdē vdā ̄d in “Index Locorum”; non-, 25, 28 Sırozā in “Index Locorum”; Vıštā ̄sp Yašt , 306 in “Index Locorum”; Yasna in “Index aṣ̌a (‘order / truth’), 46, 51, 55, 65, 216, Locorum”; Yašts in “Index Locorum” 217, 231, 236, 248, 256, 337 Avestan (Av., language, script), 2, 8, 10, 16, follower(s) of, 73, 276, 277, 282, 321, 22, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 322, 323, 324, 380, 413 45, 87, 88, 99, 131, 154, 155, 213, see also Ašạ Vahištā 214, 216, 227, 229, 231, 236, 237, Ašạ Vahištā (= Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta, ‘Best 242, 243, 273, 276, 293, 326, Rightness / Order’, also Arta Wahišta, 331–332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, Ardv(w)ahišt) 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 348, 364, Aṣ̌əm Vohū, 337 368, 370, 379, 380, 387, 396, 408, aspect of Ahura Mazdā, 51 410, 411, 412, 415, 417, 420, 446, Gāthā, 45 495, 551 guardian of fire, 136, 521 Old(er) (OAv.), 21, 22, 70, 73, 87, 217, hymn, 521 226, 227, 228, 236, 238, 241, 246, “master of Paradise,” 144 268, 269, 278, 331, 421 opponent of, 418 -Pahlavi, 229, 408 triad, divine, 55 study of, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 70, 81, 160, 167, Ašə̣ m Vohū (prayer), 36, 45, 46, 141, 148, 541–542, 551–552 337, 338, 355, 369, 520, 522 translation, 9, 184, 364, 453, 521, 522, see also Yasna 27.14 in “Index Locorum” 524, 526, 527, 528, 541–542, 544 Ašị (deity, ‘Reward’), 274, 276, 412, 522 Young(er) (YAv.), 21, 22, 70, 73, 80, 87, hymn, 142, 274, 522 129, 215, 241, 242, 275, 291, 318, ass, 173, 178, 429 322, 332, 339, 352, 379, 382, 413 Assyria, 77, 90, 411, 437, 441, 442 see also “A Note on Transcriptions,” Assyrian (language), 32, 33 xviii–xxi; Pāzand Assyrian sources, 32, 33, 411 Āz (demoness, ‘Greed’), 482, 483, 484 astrology, 17, 71, 72, 73, 113, 131, 158, Āzaṟ Ka(e)yvān (mystic, founder of 235, 240–241, 245–246, 249–252, eponymous religious group, ‘Fire of 254, 255, 256, 257, 367, 445, 455, Ancient Kings’), 538–539

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Azerbaijan (also Azarba̱ ̄ijān), 22, 77, 105, Besant, Annie (British theosophist), 168 108, 110, 114, 397 Bharucha, Sheriarji Dadabhai (Parsi priest, Aži Dahāka (monstrous creature, ‘Dragon / scholar), 548 Serpent’, also Aži Dahāg), 220, 263, Bible (also Hebrew Bible), 65, 122, 426, 428, 264, 413, 459 430, 434, 463 see also John, Apocalypse of; John, Revelation Babylonia, 79, 90, 96, 245, 247, 249, 424, of; Daniel, Book of (Dn); Matthew, Gospel 426, 427, 428, 434, 437, 438, 444, of (Mt) 448, 455, 463, 464, 477 bird(s), 143, 262, 265, 365, 395, 402, 433, Babylonian (language), 32, 130, 289, 368, 446 427, 428 see also cockerel; raven Babylonian sources, 32, 131, 242, 245, 255, al-Bı̄rūnı̄ (Persian Muslim scholar, historian), 284, 368, 438, 448 130, 142, 144–145, 262, 264, 381, see also calendar, Babylonian; Talmud, 383–384, 388, 389, 391, 492 Babylonian Black Sea, 121, 454 Bactria (also Bāxδı̄), 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (Russian– 34, 61, 85, 90, 92, 93, 129, 130, 131, American esoteric, founder of 132, 133, 134, 137, 139, 140, 143, Theosophical Society), 442 168, 549 see also BMAC BMAC (Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Bactrian (Bactr., language), 34, 129, 131, Complex), 22, 411 132, 141, 146, 275 body, 345–361 Bactrian sources, 34, 129, 141, 446 Ahreman in, 218, 327 see also calendar, Bactrian allegory of social hierarchy, 328 Bahāism / Bahā’ı̄ Faith, 505–515 aura, 169 Bahman see Vohu Manah components, 227–228 Bahrām see Vərəθraγna connection to getı̄ ḡ , 245, 251 Bahrām I (Sasanian king, also Wahrām), demon worshipers, 232 470, 478 funeral, 144, 375, 395, 402, 433 Bahrām II (Sasanian king), 470 Gayōmard, 261 Bahrām V (Sasanian king), 466, 471 integrity see Hauruuatāt bāj (framing prayer, ritual), 279, 338, 341, Manichaeism, 486 356, 360, 370, 372, 503 mortality, 406 Baṅgāli, Sorābji Sá ̄purji (Parsi lawyer, social ox, 261 reformer), 548 prayer for, 336, 338 barašnūm (ritual), 80, 280, 282, 346, 347, purity, 494 348, 355, 357, 358–360, 364, 374, regions of, 429 424, 526 resurrection, 220, 241 place, 141 Srōš, 137, 138 reform, 364 women, 281 barsom (ritual metal twigs), 137, 139, 372, 419 Zarathustra, 265 Bartholomae, Christian (German philologist), Bombay see Mumbai 10, 44, 50, 59 Bombay Association, 162, 165 impact of, 14, 60, 184, 542 Bombay Parsi Punchayet (BPP), 163, 170, beauty, 25, 72, 214, 268, 276, 351 171, 198–199, 286, 303, 304–305, beaver, 292, 325 376 Benveniste, Émile (French linguist), 12, 147, documents, 551 420, 441, 450, 460 trustees, 170, 286

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bone(s) Jalālı̄, 382, 385 funeral, 26, 137, 139, 143, 395, 399, Kadmi, also Qadimi, 160, 166, 385, 386, 400, 511 388, 401, 534, 546 living being, 65, 236 Mesopotamian, 91, 92 -untier see Astwihād Old Persian, 91, 241 Zarathustra, 67 Parsi, 385; see also calendar, Kadmi Boyce, Mary (British scholar), 3, 6, 12–13, Parsi controversy on, 13, 160, 166, 364, 49, 101, 243, 272, 346, 347, 394, 417 534, 545–546, 546–547 impact of, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 170 Parthian, 92 bridge Rasmi; see calendar, Shenshai “of the Separator,” see Cinwaď Shenshai, also Rasmi, 166, 385, 386, 387, Buddhism, 97, 108, 114, 115, 129, 133, 401, 533–534, 547 134, 152, 232, 243, 427, 428, 448, Sogdian, 130, 131, 138, 382 471, 478, 479, 480, 488 Zoroastrian, 90, 91–92, 93, 94–95, 111, Buddhist sources, 27, 129, 243, 413 124, 130, 134, 180, 241, 278, 339, bull, 135, 218, 247, 261, 267, 283, 374, 376, 377, 379–391, 527, 540; see also 403, 404 calendar, Bāstānı̄; calendar, Fasli; Gayōmard and, 218, 243, 351 calendar, Kadmi; calendar, Shenshai head mace, also gurz, 141, 374 Cama, Kharshedji Rustamji (Parsi scholar, hymn, 521 reformer), 13, 16, 166, 167, 195, killing by Mithra, 451, 452, 453, 504; 548–549 see also Mithraism Cambyses I (Achaemenid king), 89 killing of, 453, 500, 504 camel sacrifice of, 499, 502 onomastics, 39–40 urine, also nırang(dı̄ n)̄ (consecrated), and Canada, 1, 200, 205, 207, 279, 299, 306, gōmez̄ (unconsecrated), 183, 346, 356, 309, 311, 402 360, 372, 402 Caspian Sea, 411 see also cow cattle Byzantine sources, 72, 461, 462, 463 formula of breeder, 32, 46, 222; see Yasna Byzantium, 105, 108, 121, 136, 298, 397, 58 in “Index Locorum” 445, 446, 448, 470, 471, 472, 473 guardian of, 275, 351, 365; see also Druw(v)āsp Cakč ak(u)̌ (shrine) see Pı̄r-e Sabz low, 293 cak‐o‐dowlě (observance, ‘pot of fate’), 279, Zarathustra and, 41, 266 388 see also cow; bull; horse; ox calendar, 92, 93, 130–131, 180, 391 Caucasus see Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia Armenian, 92, 124, 381, 382 Caxra (country), 25, 26, 28 Avestan, 380, 381 Central Asia (region) see ; Kazakhstan; Babylonian, 130, 380 Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Bactrian, 130, 131, 132, 138, 381 ceremony, 90, 125, 144, 151, 154, 283, Bāstānı̄, 385 319, 329, 470 Cappadocian, 92, 380 Zoroastrian, 11, 35, 40, 80, 116, 145, Chorasmian, 130, 131, 382 160, 161, 183, 185, 280, 281, 294, Christian, 458, 466 301, 346, 363, 364, 366, 370, 385, Egyptian, 91, 380 406, 532, 550, 551 Fasli, 385, 386, 388, 401, 549 see also bāj; barašnūm; cak‐o‐dowlě ; funeral; Georgian, 92, 124 initiation; jašan; nāhn; nokhod‐e mošgel‐ Gregorian, 385 goša; pādyāb; rıman̄ ; wedding; Yasna

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chariot, 52, 53, 62, 66, 134, 142, 275, 411, color(s), 107, 189, 371, 374, 387, 388, 447 412, 447 brown, 80 guardian of, 275; see also Druw(v)āsp red, 25, 142 charisma see xvarənah white, 78, 80, 153, 247, 265, 276, 371, charity, 161, 162, 163, 164, 170, 171, 172, 375, 386, 387, 402 175, 191, 195, 197, 199, 279, 294, yellow, 178, 265 301, 305, 308, 309, 310, 328, 329, “confession of faith,” see Frauuarānē 376, 385, 387 “confession of sins,” see patet̄ China, 1, 6, 129, 133, 144–156, 161, consciousness, 41, 227 162, 191, 192, 193, 205, 206, conversion, 97, 106, 373 409, 465 to the Bahā’ı̄ Faith, 505–515 Chinese (Chin., language), 3, 145, 147, 148, to Christianity, 97, 119, 121, 123, 127, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 162, 167, 466, 467, 470, 472, 494 156 to Islam, 106, 109, 110, 114, 115, 117, Chinese sources, 24, 129, 133, 134, 138, 173–174, 186, 306, 329, 400, 429, 140, 143, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 434, 491, 492, 494 153, 154, 156 to Judaism, 427, 464 see also Turfan sources to Manichaeism, 486 Chorasmia, 130, 131, 136, 140, 143, 144, to Zoroastrianism, 97, 155, 164, 201, 145 202–202, 203, 205, 267, 268, 269, Chorasmian (Chor., language), 22 277, 292, 303, 307, 315, 373, 401, Chorasmian sources, 144, 252 468, 471, 479, 486 see also calendar, Chorasmian see also apostasy; marriage, intermarriage Christianity, 1, 3, 11, 16, 48, 97, 105, 109, cosmology, 12, 215, 217, 219, 231, 114, 115, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 235–257, 271, 282, 318, 321, 325, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 161, 167, 330, 380, 412–413, 437–440, 444, 171, 177, 185, 204, 226, 232, 255, 454, 478, 481, 486, 489, 526, 535, 272, 299, 306, 329, 333, 358, 382, 539 384, 427, 428, 429, 430, 448, 451, see also anthropogony; astrology; dualism 457–475, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, cow, 25, 56, 64, 261, 265, 283, 338, 412 484, 485, 488, 491, 492, 495, 501, Ahura Mazdā and, 40, 41, 70, 217, 335 526, 527, 547, 548 milk, 41, 265, 271, 282, 372, 397, 419, see also Bible; conversion, to Christianity; 420, 442 Nestorianism urine, 473 Christian sources, 7, 71, 76, 81, 95, 221, see also bull 240, 255–256, 257, 259, 283, cypress, 109, 117 448–449, 457–458, 460–464 Cyrus (Kūruš) II the Great (Achaemenid see also calendar, Christian king), 29, 89, 181, 393, 394, 395, 423, Cinwaď (eschatological bridge, also cinuuatǒ ̄ 424, 437, 438, 441, 445 pərətu‐), 51, 92, 143, 243, 320–321, cylinder of, 424 382, 460 Isaiah, 424 Cistǎ ̄ (deity, ‘Noticeable’), 522 tomb of, 393–394, 395 clothes, 79, 127, 135, 265, 281, 287, 356, 357, 374, 375, 387, 428, 452, 467, daenā ̄ (‘religion, tradition’, also den̄ ), 37, 43, 510 213, 214, 217–218, 226, 227, 229, ritual see kostı;̄ padān; sedre 232, 233, 276, 326, 327, 458, 525, cockerel, 292, 365 549 coconut, 371, 374, 387, 388 connection to sacred word, 214

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contrasted, with “evil religion,” 214, 326, dastūr (title of high priest, dastur, dastwar), 473 99, 159, 368–369, 508, 511, 532, 536 corpus of sacred wisdom, 214 head leader, 115, 116, 400 followers of, 109 spiritual authority, 230, 520 “good religion,” 214, 232, 349, 353, 473 Yarsan and Yezidis, 502–503 hymn, 522 death, 34, 52, 133, 171, 233, 236, 237, Mazdā-worshiping religion, 33, 37, 38, 240, 263, 270, 277, 285, 317, 318, 74, 214, 230, 290 320, 321, 323, 338, 346, 352, 353, performance, 234 355, 395 revelation of, 228, 266 afterlife, 43, 92, 170, 317, 320, 324, 329, semantic field, 214 342, 354, 425, 429, 449; see also sister of Aši,̣ 274, 412 eschatology “vision-soul,” 65, 66, 215, 320, 412, 522 avoidance of, 322, 331, 346 daeuuā (evil deities /demons, also dew̄ ) ceremony / ritual see dakhme, funeral duplicity of, 54 commemoration see muktād false gods, 52, 66 compensation for, 306 female, 274, 276 demon(s) of death, 215, 219, 236, 351, Indo-Iranian gods, 33, 49, 215, 416 396; see also Ahreman; Astwihād; “seed from Bad Thought,” 42 Zarmān worshiper(s), 36, 87, 335 penalty, 295, 307, 467, 472 see also demon(s) property after, 294 Dāitiiā (river), 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, 243, 266, rate among Parsi, 177, 194, 195, 196, 205 414 registers of Parsi, 551 dakhme (funeral site, also dokhma), 143, 156, deceit see druj 158, 161, 163, 164, 167, 170, 171, deed, 40, 41, 43, 52, 53, 56, 92, 214, 217, 182, 193, 195, 201, 357, 386, 396, 219, 223, 224, 230, 242, 260, 276, 399, 400, 402, 405, 406, 511, 536 282, 283, 317, 328, 330, 338, 348, see also funeral 369–370, 373, 387, 406, 414, 425, 431 Daniel, Book of (Dn), 228, 448 Delhi Parsi Anjuman, 171 Darius I the Great / Dareios / Dārayavauš demon(s), 25, 29, 31, 52, 54, 73, 98, 137, (Achaemenid king), 28, 29, 32, 89, 144, 152, 215, 218–219, 221, 222, 368, 380, 393, 394, 395, 418, 437, 223, 232, 237, 247, 249, 254, 262, 438 264, 265, 271, 274, 282, 290, 325, Darius III (Achaemenid king), 99 352, 353, 366, 425, 487 darkness see also Aešma;̄ Aka Manah; Aṇgra Ahreman, 63, 218, 237, 349–350, 337, Mainiiu; Apaoša; Arš; Astwihād; Āz; 395, 447 Dužairii; Jeh;̌ Nasu; Tarōmaiti; Vıdē vdā ̄d; creation of, 242, 424, 428–429 Waran; Zarmān demons, 219 Dhalla (Dhāla), Maneckji Nusserwanji (Parsi druj and, 317 priest, scholar), 13, 16, 79, 80, 167–168, fight against, 63, 239, 271, 351 195–196, 364, 507, 514, 549 forces of, 66 impact of, 184, 197 Manichaeism, 478, 481–482, 484 dialect, 34, 35, 36, 40, 87, 115, 127, 145, mother of the world, 444 157, 289, 409, 427, 464, 501, 520 Wrath, 65, 66; see also Aešmā Zoroastrian, 15, 117, 174, 179, 366, 530, see also Ahreman 542, 543, 544, 553 Darmesteter, James (French scholar), 9–10, diaspora, 6, 18, 170, 191–207, 279, 287, 13, 317 331, 367, 387, 434, 502

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divination, 245, 253, 367, 445 element, 245, 281, 359, 502 see also astrology enlarging by Yima, 263 divō (oil lamp, candle), 280, 281, 343, 402 eschatology, 270 dog, 292, 325, 410, 431, 433, 441 feminine creation, 275 in funeral, 26, 86, 395, 441, 446 festival, 380 in ritual see sagdıd̄ funeral, 86, 143, 352, 395, 402, 432, 433 sheep-, 293 hymn, 522 star, 521; see also Sirius Nana, 132 dragon, 25, 216, 244, 252, 270, 384 patroness / personification of, 62, 65, 66, -slayer, 29, 413, 421, 500 132, 137, 274, 318, 351, 417, 418, see also Aži Dahāka 430 drink(s), 41, 170, 346, 503 sacrifice to, 132, 393 see also alcohol; zodiac, 251 drōn (ritual bread), 372, 520 see also Spəṇtā Ārmaiti druj, druz (‘Deceit / lie’), 43, 51, 65, 66, 217, education, 75 218, 219, 222, 223, 224, 236, 237, diaspora, 203, 206–207 248, 256, 267–268, 274, 294, 317, Iran, 175, 178, 181, 443 323, 326, 331, 413 Parsi, 163, 165, 166, 167, 172, 192, 193, demoness of see Nasu 197, 198, 201, 402, 552 opposition to see ašạ religious, 76, 178, 179, 185, 187, 188, Druw(v)āsp (deity, ‘Health’, also Druuāspa), 202, 211, 230, 231, 233, 291, 306, 132, 275, 280 366, 368, 388, 538, 540, 541 dualism, 216, 224, 428, 429, 460, 462, 497 women, 278, 283, 284, 285, 286 adherents of (zindıq̄ ), 108 Egypt, 72, 81, 89, 90, 245, 439, 441, 445, anatomical, 429 447, 448, 453, 458, 460, 461, 462, cosmology, 215, 217, 220, 222, 325, 330, 465, 468 331, 444, 458, 535 Egyptian (language), 3 defense of, 233 Egyptian sources, 72, 89, 245, 250, 256 ethical, 167, 184, 216, 315, 317, 323, see also calendar, Egyptian 329, 330, 345, 458 Elam, 89, 90, 464 Iranian, 7, 108, 416, 424, 426, 434 Elamite (language), 3, 32, 89 Manichaean, 473, 477, 480, 481, 489, Elamite sources, 32, 89, 90, 92, 101, 368, 495 380 natural, 216, 222, 271 elements see air; earth; fire; metal; plant(s); pan-dualism, strict, 41 water radical, 221–222, 224, 236, 489 emotions, 23, 98, 185, 188, 218, 221, 222, theological, 331, 347–348, 439, 443 230, 368, 415, 428, 433, 522, 531 “unconscious dualism,” 9 endogamy, 261, 283, 293 Zarathustra’s, 443 ephedra, 372, 397 Zoroastrian, 9, 41, 167, 442, 500 eschatology, 10, 11, 12, 53, 54, 57, 72, 75, Duchesne‐Guillemin, Jacques (Belgian 168, 196, 219, 226, 259–272, 276, scholar), 11, 12, 44, 272 316, 317, 321, 322, 323, 324, 329, Dumézil, Georges (French scholar), 11, 12 331, 347, 349, 354, 368, 373, 382, Dužairiia (demoness, ‘Famine’), 275 387, 394, 425, 426, 429, 460, 473, 480–481, 483, 484, 487, 489, 491, earth, 243–244 508, 524, 527, 532 continents, 242 justice in, 53, 442, 505 creator of, 217, 235, 241, 351, 500 triad of judges, 92

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Eṣfahān (city), 107, 109, 110, 111, 116, fire, 66, 78, 79, 96, 97, 103, 118, 132, 135, 117, 118, 385, 404, 540 136, 139, 141, 145, 150, 158, 159, 183, esotericism, 53, 449, 487, 539 218, 228, 237, 245, 251, 265, 266, 269, see also astrology; divination; Ilm-e 275, 278, 279, 281, 291, 292, 294, 295, Khshnoom; magic; Theosophical 321, 325, 339, 342, 343, 351, 352, 353, Society; Zarathustra 356, 359, 365, 369, 371, 375, 379, 380, ethics, 8, 9, 10, 57, 60, 75, 167, 168, 189, 384, 386, 389, 393, 395, 397, 402, 434, 216, 223, 290, 291, 315–332, 369, 438, 439, 440–441, 445, 447, 448, 417, 449, 454, 483, 484, 497, 459, 461, 466, 487, 500, 502 537–538 altar, 27, 105, 111, 136, 139, 140, 141, see also dualism 154, 260, 320, 393, 394, 396, 397, Europeans, 104, 198, 203, 306 400, 404, 447, 452 see also travel(s) / traveler(s), European cult of, 92, 124, 126, 139, 169, 183, 380, evil 394, 446, 461, 462, 463, 468 “problem” of, 224–226 deity of, 417, 444, 482, 500, 521 see Ahreman; demons; dualism; ethics element, 245, 439, 502 eschatology, 51, 484 family festival, 381, 383, 384, 388–389, 391 Achaemenids, 94 iconography, 141 Avesta, 40, 41, 54, 56 -makers, 394 celebrations, 370, 374; see also gāhānbār; praise of, 389, 390, 399, 520, 521, 523 navjote; Nowrūz; sedre‐pūšı;̄ wedding ritual, 419, 424 ethics, 325, 329 Sasanian family, 400, 404 fire of Sasanians, 404 “song of fire,” 401, 554 funeral, 143, 375–376 -temple, 26, 79, 80, 92, 95, 105, 108, genealogy, 231, 412 109, 110, 114, 115, 116, 125, 126, heaven, 142 128, 130, 139–141, 145, 149, 150, law, 178, 292–293, 294, 296, 297, 301, 153, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 169, 306 179, 182, 183, 193, 199, 201, 205, Manichaeism, 485 206–207, 278, 279, 280, 281, 286, Parthians, 95 287, 304, 305, 329, 343, 351, 356, priestly, 367 358, 367, 368, 369, 371, 375, 376, Sogdian, 143, 152, 153 379, 387, 389, 390, 394, 396, 397, spiritual master, 23 398, 399, 400, 401, 402–406, 462, women, 278, 283, 285 466, 474, 478; see also Ātaš Bahrām see also gender; marriage vase, 80, 386 Far East see China; Japan “worshipers,” 149 Fars̄ (also Pars̄ / Parsa),̄ 89, 96, 105, 107, 108, see also fire, altar 110, 113, 115, 244, 383, 397, 393, 464, Fı̄rūzābād (town), 397, 398 465, 470; see also Fı̄rūzabā d;̄ Šırā z̄ fish, 135, 365, 386, 429 Farsi (language) see Persian, New fly, 144, 351, 433 Federation of Parsi Zoroastrian Anjumans of see also Nasu India (FPZAI), 171 food, 41, 172, 202, 285, 287, 325, 372, Ferdowsı̄, Abo’l Qāsem (Persian poet), 22, 386, 388, 389, 428, 442, 503 74, 76, 78, 141, 181, 260, 262, 284, see also drink(s); fruit(s); meat 412, 474, 553 fortune, 25, 225, 244, 388, 389 festival(s), 379–391 ill, 224, 279 see also gāhānbār; Nowrūz see also xvarənah

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fragrance, 142, 351, 369, 371 gāhānbār, 279, 370, 379, 382–383, 384, France, 6, 160, 171, 196, 205 385–387, 388, 521, 532 Frauuarānē (“confession of faith,” prayer), Gāthās, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 73, 87, 319, 320, 337, 338, 347–348, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39–67, 69–71, 76, 167, 520 184, 202, 203, 227, 228, 272, 277, Zarathustra’s, 265 316, 319, 321, 334, 335, 336, 337, frauuašị (spirits / pre-souls, also frawahr), 339, 340, 343, 344, 424, 425, 542, 49, 50, 73, 134, 137, 141, 220, 227, 549 270, 352 see also Yasna in “Index Locorum” “act of choosing, sacrificial,” 50 Gāuua (country), 25 female beings, 277 Gayōmard (primeval human, also Gaiiō festival, 376, 382, 386 Marətan), 31, 74, 218, 243, 259, “house of” (naus), 143 261–262, 263, 267, 271, 272, 274, hymn, 269, 522 276, 280, 282, 351, 412, 482 iconography, 134, 141 death, 240, 259, 261, 262, 282, 351 month, 381 Geldner, Karl Friedrich (German linguist), 10, pre- or “election” souls, 277, 319, 320 45, 528 righteous, 376, 380 gender, 273–287 royal, 263 Georgia, 79, 92, 95, 119–127, 128, 471, souls, collective, 380 502 Yima’s, 137 Georgian (language), 3, 123, 127 Zarathustra’s, 73 Georgian sources, 123, 126, 127, 472 frawahr see frauuašị see also calendar, Georgian freedom, 106, 109, 178, 286, 298, 305, German (language, translation), 2, 3, 10, 59, 352, 487 412, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 525, choice of religion, 52, 53, 87, 189, 215, 542 220, 221, 222, 230, 236, 271, Germany, 10, 78, 205 319–320, 325, 326, 337, 369 getı̄ ḡ (material state, world), 214, 219, religious practice, 106, 178, 292, 305 220, 227, 236, 238, 239–241, 245, French (language, translation), 3, 8, 9, 264, 252, 255, 257, 267, 354, 405, 272, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 453, 481 525, 526, 527, 528, 530 glory (royal) see xvarənah frog, 218, 429, 459 goat, 139, 365, 372 fruit(s), 173, 372, 386, 387, 405 god(s) see Ahura Mazdā; Anāhitā; Arštāt; see also apple; lork; orange; pomegranate *Aryaman; Aši;̣ Cistǎ ̄; Druw(v)āsp; funeral, 86, 144, 150, 162, 170–171, 462, Mithra; Rašnu; Sraoša; Tištriia; 533 Vərəθraγna; yazata; Zurwān displaying of grief, 376, 494 gōmez̄ see bull, urine fiery, 461 good see Ahura Mazdā; dualism; ethics; ground, 95, 163, 171, 182–183, 192, yazata 194, 195, 364, 395, 396, 403; see also Great Britain, 1, 162, 166, 170, 194, dakhme 197–200, 201, 203, 205, 306, 406, iconography, 138 550 practice, 130, 142–144, 145, 146, 171, Greece, 94, 121, 131, 136, 437, 441, 447 182, 282, 338, 365, 367, 370, 372, Greek (Gk., language), 3, 41, 62, 71, 72, 375–376, 405–406, 511, 533, 551 122, 132, 211, 249, 250, 253, 275, prayer(s), 340 357, 394, 409, 410, 427, 451, 453, see also dakhme; death; sagdıd̄ 455, 457, 459, 463, 467, 472, 478

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Greek sources, 5, 22, 26, 32, 71, 73, 89, 93, Hebrew (language), 3, 22, 425, 428, 459, 463 132, 167, 225, 240, 242, 245–246, see also Aramaic 249, 250, 251, 256, 257, 277, 283, hell, 51, 55, 67, 137, 138, 241, 243, 277, 284, 287, 293, 330, 365, 368, 380, 281, 284, 286, 320, 324, 325, 330, 381, 425, 437–446, 448, 449, 450, 350, 351, 359, 417, 483, 488, 524, 451, 460, 461, 462, 463, 468, 469, 525, 531, 534 492, 497 Helmand (country, river, also Haetuman̄ ̣t), Gujarat, 1, 157, 158, 159, 199, 299, 300, 25, 27, 36, 117, 414 304, 309, 365, 367, 389, 397, 400, see also Sistān 402, 529, 537, 543, 544, 554 Herāt (Harōiuua), 25 Gujarati (Guj., language, translation), 2, 13, herbed̄ (priestly title), 368 18, 154, 155, 163, 202, 341, 342, 356, school, 525 364, 376, 386, 389, 390, 401, 519, heresy, 211, 222, 232, 325, 353, 479, 487 525, 531, 532, 536, 537, 538, 541, see also Manichaeism; Mazdakite 543–554 movement; see also “A Note on Transcriptions,” hermeneutics, 17, 184, 211–234, 453 xviii–xxi heroes, 25, 29, 220, 112, 263, 269, 276, Gujarati sources, 13, 75, 80, 154, 279, 284, 277, 413 342, 364, 519, 521, 525, 527, 531, see also Zarathustra 532, 534, 541, 543–554 Hindu / Hinduism, 33, 113, 134–135, 151, gurz see bull, head mace 152, 154, 158, 169, 197, 232, 243, 250, 286, 299, 306–307, 402, 427, Hāmūn (lake), 24, 28, 36, 269, 394 428, 471, 514, 536–537, 544, 545 haoma (ritual drink, also hōm) 23, 41, 49, Hindukush (region, mountains, also 150, 227, 267, 282, 319, 372, 397 Hindukuš), 24, 27–28, 29, 36, 244 deity, 58, 141, 263, 265, 266, 267, 365, homosexuality, 25, 281, 287, 325, 332, 353 420 honeybee, 352 hymn, 227, 319, 520, 522 Hordād see Hauruuatāt̰ ingredients, 372, 397, 420 Hormizd II (Sasanian king), 471, 479 ritual, 372, 419, 420, 520 horse, 40, 78, 140, 173, 178, 247, 275, utensils, 137; see also barsom 410, 447 and Zarathustra, 420 compound in names, 39, 54 Hapta Həṇdu (country, river), 25, 27, 28 guardian of, 141, 275; see also Druw(v)āsp “Seven rivers” (Skr. Sapta Sindhava), rock reliefs, 96 26, 414 sacrifice, 381 Haug, Martin (German scholar), 8, 13, 70, Zarathustra and, 266, 268–267 147, 167 human(s) / humanity, 41, 51, 62, 119, 184, Hauruuatāt ̰(= Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta, ‘Wholeness / 214, 218–220, 222–226, 227–228, Integrity’, also Hordād, Haurvatāt, 241, 243, 247, 263, 271, 274, 276, 277, Hauruuatātō, Khūrdād), 41, 62, 125, 282, 292, 316, 319, 322, 323, 324, 325, 275, 280, 335, 351 326–327, 330, 335, 343, 380, 406, festival, 383, 385, 389–390 413, 429, 459, 473, 481, 500, 522 fire, 269 first see Gayōmard; Mašyā and Mašyāne hymn, 521 Hyde, Thomas (English scholar), 7, 532 heaven(s) Ahreman placed in, 256 iconography, 78, 79, 130, 132, 134, 136, religion of, 145 137, 144, 256, 275, 276, 277, 287, stone-made, 242 453, 458, 501

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Ilm-e Khshnoom (esoteric movement), 17, Islamic Republic of Iran, 182, 184–189, 168–169, 549 190, 308, 312, 373, 376, 390, 406, immortality, 76, 215, 217, 220, 231, 260, 542 263, 269, 323, 352, 397, 406, 444, see also Iran 469; see also Amərətāt;̰ Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta Islamic Revolution (1979), 1, 174, 189, 369, India, 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 13–14, 16–17, 28, 75, 402, 513, 514 103, 105, 134, 157–172, 174, 230, Islamic sources, 103–104, 107, 491–498 279, 281, 299–305, 308, 318, 320, see also Arabic sources; al-Bı̄rūnı̄; 329, 342–343, 359, 364, 365, 366, al‐Mas‘ūdı̄; al‐Ṭabarı̄ 367, 368, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, Italian (language, translation), 3, 521, 522, 375, 376, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 525, 530 389, 390, 391, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 410–421, 514, 536–537, Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams 541–542, 543–554 (American scholar), 10–11, 265, 272 see also Gujarat; Hindu / Hinduism; impact of, 13, 148; see also Dhalla Mumbai; Navsari; Pune Jāmāspa (also Djāmāspa), 40, 54, 79, 269, Indo–Aryan(s) see Aryan(s) 460, 531 initiation see navjote; nāv(w)ar; sedre‐pūšı̄ Japan, 6, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, insect(s) see ant; fly; honeybee; silkworm 156, 192, 193, 196 Iran, 25, 29, 32, 33, 36, 38, 72, 85–101, Japanese (Jpn., language), 3, 147, 148, 149, 103, 118, 130–145, 173–190, 152, 153, 155 245–256, 279, 281, 286, 296, 306, jašan / jašn (ritual), 279, 280, 339–340, 308, 331, 359, 364–377, 381–384, 372, 379, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 385–386, 388–390, 396, 397, 398, 390 399–400, 403, 404, 405, 406, 409, Jeȟ (demoness, ‘Whore’, also Jahi, Jeh), 239, 411, 413, 416, 418, 425, 450, 453, 275–276 458, 464–475, 477–480, 484, 487, see also menstruation 491, 494–498, 502, 505–515, Jewish sources, 76, 230, 426 519–528, 529–542 see also Bible; Talmud see also Islamic Republic of Iran John, Apocalypse of, 72 Iranian (Ir., language) John, Revelation of, 459 Middle Eastern see Bactrian, Khotanese, Jones, William (British scholar), 160, 409 Sogdian Judaism, 3, 11, 16, 57, 77, 109, 232, 297, Northwestern see Parthian 333, 423–435, 458, 466, 469, 473, Old (OIr.), 9, 34, 38, 40, 122, 244, 382, 491, 492, 495 520; see also Avestan see also conversion, to Judaism Iran–Iraq war (1980–1988), 186, 189, 376, Jupiter (deity, planet), 250, 251, 252, 451, 386 459 Iraq, 106, 107, 110, 111, 434, 464, 466, name of, Ahuric, 254 474, 499, 502 see also Ahura Mazdā, Jupiter Islam / Islamic justice, 72, 185, 284, 296 description of Zoroastrianism, see also eschatology 491–493 influence of Zoroastrianism on, 493–496, Ka‘ba‐ye Zartošt see Kerdı̄r Ka‘ba‐ye Zartošt 496–498 in “Index Locorum” in Iran, 103–118 Kanga, Kavasji Edulji (Parsi priest, scholar), movements, heterodox, 107–112 13, 548 polemics against, 495 Kazakhstan, 22

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Kermān (city), 105, 110, 113, 114, 116, magi, 7, 40, 108, 126, 130, 139, 141, 142, 117, 118, 143, 145, 167, 173, 150, 257, 277, 283, 368, 395, 425, 175, 176, 179, 186, 384, 385, 390, 430, 440, 444, 451, 457, 458, 459, 400, 404, 405, 406, 506, 530, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 467, 468, 540, 542 469, 474, 475, 488, 501, 534 Kermān (province), 186, 540 magic, 7, 41, 43, 71, 72, 77, 133, 142, 150, Khosrow I (Sasanian king), 98, 99, 113, 168, 254, 262, 440, 443, 444, 445, 137, 467, 480, 498 457, 458, 460, 461, 462, 464, 467, Khosrow II (Sasanian king), 105, 110, 111, 468, 469, 473, 475, 546 382, 458, 470, 471, 474 Manichaean sources, 12, 76, 95, 132, 138, Khotan, 129, 150, 156 141, 460, 467, 468 Khotanese (Khot., language), 129, see also Turfan sources 246, 277 Manichaeism, 1, 11, 97, 99, 109, 129, 148, king(s) see Abbāsid Dynasty; Achaemenid 151, 214, 153, 155, 236, 243, 254, Dynasty; Arsacid Dynasty; Pahlavı̄ 340, 426, 427, 428, 455, 463, 467, Dynasty; Sasanian Dynasty 470, 471, 472, 473, 477–489, 501, Kordestān, 397 527 kostı ̄ (ritual cord, also koštı,̄ kustı,̄ kustıḡ ), 74, dualist teaching see dualism, Manichaean 80, 159, 201, 278, 338, 343, 355, 356, prophet of, 448, 463, 470, 477–478, 480, 357, 360, 373, 388, 401, 402, 404, 486, 488 412, 429, 487, 503, 510, 525, 533 Margiana (also Mouru), 25, 26, 140, 143 see also navjote; pādyāb‐kustı;̄ sedre‐pūšı̄ see also BMAC Kurdish (language), 499, 501, 502 marriage, 40, 142, 162, 163, 165, 186, Kurds, 117, 466, 475, 499–504 188, 195, 200, 202, 284–286, see also Kordestān; Yarsan; Yezidis 292–293, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301–303, 306, 308, 312, 353, 356, Latin (Lat., language), 3, 62, 67, 245, 249, 367, 370, 374, 381, 418, 466, 472, 409, 410, 455, 457, 459, 483 487, 512, 536, 553 law(s), 43, 54, 89, 104, 108, 163, 177, 178, inter-, 18, 106, 150, 153, 170, 171, 174, 185, 186, 187, 217, 289–298, 299, 193, 195, 201, 203, 204, 305, 353, 306, 312, 322, 414, 446, 464, 466, 355, 373, 427, 510, 512–513, 514 478, 511, 513 see also polygamy; wedding; xwedō ̄dah purity, 117, 118, 167, 170, 183, 192, Mars (planet) 205, 290, 291, 295, 345, 346, 347, name of, Ahuric, 254 348, 350, 352, 353, 361, 430, 473 Wahrām associated with see Vərəθraγna, lie see druj Mars, associated with light, 78, 143, 221, 242, 246, 261, 274, Master-Moos, Meher (Parsi esotericist), 169 349–350, 351, 396, 419, 440, 449 al‐Mas‘ūdı̄ (Arab Muslim historian, Bahā’ı̄ Faith, 509 geographer), 381, 471 father of the world, 444 Mašyā and Mašyāne / Mašyānag (first Manichaeism, 478, 482, 483, 484, 485, human couple), 261–262, 282, 351 488 Manichaeism, 482–489 orientation in prayer, 343 Matthew, Gospel of (Mt), 257, 457, 458, 462, Yarsan / Yezidi myth, 502 463, 464, 467 see also Ahura Mazdā, light; fire; moon; Mazdakite movement, 98–99, 105, 108, star(s); sun; xvarənah 230, 255, 480 liturgy see Vıdē vdā ̄d; Vısp(e)rad̄ ; Yasna meat, 41, 271, 320, 321, 365, 372, 375, lork (dried fruits), 372, 386 389, 430, 441

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Media (region), 22, 23, 34, 32, 150, 397, name, 151, 455 438, 464 onomastics, 468 menō ̄g (spiritual state, world), 62, 214, 218, shrine, 405 219, 226, 227, 232, 236, 239, 240, sun, associated with, 244, 246, 251, 417, 241, 255, 352, 354, 372, 406, 481 452, 454, 504 menstruation, 25, 275–276, 353, 367, 428, temple of, 122, 397, 398, 400, 401, 404, 432, 433, 533 406 “dead matter,” 280 Zeus, 131 demoness of, 275–276; see also Jeȟ Mithraism, 5, 86, 448, 449, 451–455, 499, purification rite, 282, 346, 430; see also 500, 501, 504 nāhn Modi, Jivanji Jamsedjí (Parsi priest, scholar), seclusion of women, 281, 291, 430 79, 158, 161, 169–170, 341, 344, taboo(s), 278, 295, 325, 343, 399, 430, 346–347, 356, 361, 510, 551 458, 473 Molé, Marijan (Slovenian-French scholar), Mercury (planet) 12, 48, 61, 63, 239, 257, 272 Tı̄r, associated with see Tı̄r monājāt (devotional poem, prayer), 75, messianism, 425, 429, 457, 459, 460, 463, 341–342, 344, 538 467, 474, 487, 508 monotheism, 7, 8, 10, 49, 53, 57, 60, 67, see also saošiiaṇt 168, 184, 225, 233, 415, 424, 429, metal, 53, 125, 137, 244, 275, 281, 352 473, 495, 547 molten, 51, 53, 244 see also dualism patron of, 351; see also Xšaθra Vairiia moon, 72, 131, 132, 242, 243, 245, 246, in ritual, 356, 371, 372; see also 248, 251, 252, 261, 318, 393, 438, barsom 440, 470 milk attribute of Nana, 136 ritual, 41, 265, 354, 372, 388, 397, 419, as baga, 418 420, 442 counterpart of Māh, femine, 139 see also cow, milk; haoma dark, 248, 252 millennialism, 47, 49, 50, 76, 241, 252, hymn, 521 257, 260, 262–264, 265–266, iconography, 141 270–271, 448, 527, 538 mother of Ohrmazd, 255 Mistree, Khojeste (Parsi activist, founder of name of, Ahuric, 254 Zoroastrian Studies), 16, 170, 204 phases of, 246 Mithra (deity, ‘Contract’, also Mi(e)hr, Miθra, prayer to, 339, 521 Mithras), 451–455 Šomogo, male deity, 139 Armenian, 454, 469 Wahman, associated with, 133 associated with sun, 251 xvarənah‐ and, 246 festival, 381, 383, 384, 385, 387–388, mountain(s), 24, 62, 121, 124, 137, 243, 454, 494–495, 502 244, 247, 389, 393, 397, 399, 401, fire-temple, 397 414, 446, 447, 522, 536 hunter, 455 mūbad (priestly title, also mowbed) hymn, 24, 46, 238, 244, 246, 454, 521 etymology, 92, 141, 368 iconography, 79, 131, 132, 134, 452, mowbedān mowbed (high priest), 227, 269, 453, 455, 501 271, 296, 368 judge, eschatological, 92 muktād (commemoration ceremony, festival), legal agreements, 294 301, 375, 376, 386–387 liturgy, 521 Müller, Friedrich Max (German–British as living spirit, 482 scholar), 10, 453

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Mumbai (previously Bombay), 1, 10, 14, 78, seven, 25, 26, 37, 38, 50, 71, 93, 107, 79, 149, 154, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 127, 159, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 251, 253, 255, 262, 266, 267, 271, 171, 183, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 276, 278, 286, 290, 348, 350, 369, 199, 202, 205, 286, 299, 300, 301, 372, 383, 386, 401, 402, 414, 419, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 430, 487, 500, 502, 504, 520, 527, 311, 312, 367, 371, 375, 376, 386, 531 387, 388, 390, 401, 402, 533, 537, twenty-one, 226–227, 290, 521, 526, 540, 541, 542, 545, 546, 547, 548, 533 549, 551, 552, 553, 554 Nyberg, Henrik Samuel (Swedish scholar), music, 285, 388, 389, 503 11, 14 mythology see anthropogony; cosmology; eschatology; messianism Ohrmazd see Ahura Mazdā Olcott, Henry Steel (president-founder of nāhn (purification ceremony), 346, 355, Theosophical Society), 168, 549 356–358, 373 orange, 346 “bath of thirty washings,” 357 order see ašạ Narseh I (Sasanian king), 471, 479 ox, 259, 261, 262, 276, 294 Nasu (corpse demoness, also Nasuš), 280, Oxus (also Amu Darya), 26, 28, 40, 107 282, 353, 358, 359, 375, 395 god of, 133, 139 navjote (initiation), 164, 165, 194, 279, 286, temple, 124, 139, 140 303, 304, 338, 340, 373 treasure, 139 see also sedre‐pūšı̄ Navsari, 158–159, 371, 400, 401, 402, padān (ritual mouth cover, also padām), 139, 536, 537, 543, 545, 553 374 nāv(w)ar (priestly initiation), 279, 374, 551 pādyāb (purification ritual), 346, 355, 361, Nestorianism, 136, 148, 151, 153, 297, 402, 404 458, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 472, pādyāb‐kustı ̄ (tying of the cord, rite), 474, 480 355, 356, 360, 366, 369, 373, New Zealand (country), 1, 203, 205, 207 401, 404 Nietzsche, Friedrich (German philosopher), see also kostı̄ 72–73 paganism, 60, 61, 109, 124, 128, 347, 457, nıranḡ , also neranḡ see bull, urine 459, 460, 466 nırangdı̄ n̄ (ceremony), 356, 357, Pahlavi (Pahl. (= MP), language) see Pahlavi 372, 551 literature see also purification Pahlavı̄ Dynasty, 177–179 Nisāiia (country), 25 Aryāmehr title, 181 Niyāyišn (prayers), 13, 23, 132, 279, 339, Moḥammad Rezȧ ̄ Šāh, 177–179, 180, 340, 342, 369, 388, 389, 390, 520, 181, 185 521, 523, 524 Pahlavi literature, 5, 10, 13, 15, 70, 71, 73, nokhod‐e mošgel‐goša (ceremony, ‘solving 74, 76, 100, 104, 109, 111, 145, 180, problems’), 279 211, 485, 486, 489, 498, 523–524, Nowrūz (New Year festival), 91, 380, 524–528, 535; see also “Index 381–384, 385–387, 390, 391, Locorum” 494–495, 509 Pakistan, 1, 25, 171, 190, 195–197, 206, number(s) 299, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, three (also triad), 41, 53, 55, 92, 290, 406 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 330, 332 see also Hindukush

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paradise 370, 372, 394, 395, 397, 399, 406, endless light, 449 428, 431, 432, 449, 455, 469, 473, fire, 78 487, 488, 495, 496, 498, 523–527, “house of songs” of Ahura Mazdā, 67, 530; for MP texts, see “Index Locorum”; 136, 242 see also Pahlavi literature and “A Note on loss of, 42 Transcriptions,” xviii–xxi master of, 136, 144 New (NP, also Farsi), 2, 15, 33, 53, 74, 76, Pahlavi sources, 241 77, 78, 114, 116, 117, 148, 155, 175, place of all humans, 324 180, 186, 189, 214, 220, 240, 253, “queen of,” 276 262, 264, 270, 273, 276, 277, 278, souls of the righteous, 55 282, 285, 297, 304, 306, 337, 340, Wahman, 133 341, 355, 356, 368, 369, 370, 384, Zarathustra’s journey to, 142, 531 385, 386, 388, 394, 396, 397, 398, see also Cinwad;̌ hell 400, 413, 419, 467, 469, 505, 509, Pārs / Pārsa see Fārs 519, 521, 524, 525, 526, 527, Parsi Benevolent Institution (PBI), 162 529–542, 546; see also “A Note on Parthia, 92, 397, 464, 465; see also Arsacid Transcriptions,” xviii–xxi Dynasty Persian sources, 529–542 Parthian (Parth., language), 12, 122, 123, philanthropy, 162, 163, 183, 195, 125, 141, 368, 449, 469, 477, 488 201, 329 Parthian sources, 94–95, 96, 101, 131, 284, see also charity 449, 473 pilgrimage, 105, 159, 188, 279, 389, 401, Pasargadae (capital of Cyrus II); see Cyrus II, 536, 540 tomb of see also pır̄ ; shrine(s) patet̄ (“confession of sins”), 323, 338, 340, pır̄ (holy place, shrine), 116, 117, 405 356, 369, 458, 469 see also Pı̄r-e Sabz Pāzand (Pz., language, corpus), 18, 99, 213, Pı̄r-e Sabz (shrine, ‘Green Shrine’, also 495, 225, 254, 338, 339, 340, 341, Cakč ak(u)),̌ 188, 281, 389, 405 342, 343, 370, 371, 432, 453, 495, planet(s), 142, 216, 240, 245, 246, 519, 521, 524, 525, 527, 530, 531 247–249, 251, 252, 253–255, 257 peacock, 136, 504 Ahremanic creatures, 469 Perō ̄z I (Sasanian king), 131, 472 see also Jupiter; Mars; Mercury; Saturn; Perō ̄z III (Sasanian king), 151, 155 Venus Persepolis (Achaemenid capital, also Takht-e plant(s), 62, 66, 217, 248, 259, 263, 265, Jamšı̄d), 89, 111, 181, 277, 283, 368, 270, 275, 338, 346, 351, 352, 359, 380, 381, 393, 395 380, 383, 384, 440, 444, 447, 483, Persia see Fārs; Iran 500 Persian (language) cosmogonic, 499–500 Old (OP), 2, 10, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, guardian of, 62, 137, 351; see also 89, 90, 91, 235, 241, 253, 274, 277, Amərətāt̰ 368, 381, 384, 394, 396, 406, 409, in ritual, 366, 397, 420 410, 413, 416, 441, 452, 453, 469; for see also cypress; ephedra; pomegranate; OP inscriptions see “Index Locorum” Middle (MP), 73, 91, 94, 99, 107, 110, poetry, 4, 40, 41, 42, 43, 51–58, 60, 62, 69, 111, 119, 122, 123, 125, 131, 133, 76, 113, 148, 158, 189, 228, 351, 365, 134, 136, 140, 141, 144, 155, 213, 411–412, 414–415, 421, 425, 435, 253, 274, 275, 281, 282, 290, 292, 439, 493, 532, 536, 538, 539, 541, 293, 294, 295, 333, 364, 365, 368, 545, 553

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Polaris (star), 248 Rahnumai Mazdayasnian Sabha pollution, 118, 173, 218, 280–282, (community, educational organization), 345–361, 395–396, 402, 404, 166 433–434, 483, 487, 494 Raŋhā (country), 25 demon, 275–276, 280, 282; see also Rašnu (deity, ‘Righteousness/Straightener’, Ahreman; Nasu also Rašn), 92, 242, 246, 274, 324, in eschatology, 237 454 removal of see purification hymn, 242, 522 polygamy, 283, 553 ratu (‘divine ruler’) pomegranate, 356, 360, 372 Ārmaiti, 319, 415 power see Xšaθra Vairiia “articulation,” 318–319 prayer(s), 333–344 divine models, 66, 419, 520 see also Ahuna Vairiia; Ašə̣ m Vohū; monājāt; liturgy, 520 Niyāyišn; Ye ŋ́he Hātam̨ masters of country, 23 predestination, 220, 221 prayer to, 340 priest(s) rad, 382 evil / old, 220, 253, 265, 266, 267 ritual, 322, 326–327, 369 genealogy, 231 spiritual master, 292 initiation see na(v)wār raven, 455, 474 panthaki priest, 367 Raγā (country, city), 23, 25 qualification, priestly, 551 reincarnation, 443, 504 see also dastūr; herbed̄ ; mūbad; zaotar religion see daenā ̄ prohibition, 144, 173, 278, 281, 291, resurrection, 47, 136, 142, 143, 144, 220, 295, 325, 348, 359, 373, 432, 458, 226, 231, 241, 244, 271, 337, 384, 480, 493 425, 429, 458 see also homosexuality; menstruation; rhubarb, 261 pollution Rigveda (RV, also Ṛg‐Veda), 26, 28, 34, 40, prophet see Zarathustra 49, 61, 62, 317, 410, 411, 413, 415, prostitution, 239, 302 417, 502 deity of, 153 rıman̄ (purification ritual, also reman),̄ 346, see also Jeȟ 355, 357, 359–360 Pune (city), 157, 401 ritual, 363–377; see also ceremony; punishment, 52, 53, 230, 277, 292, festival(s); funeral; priest(s); purification; 295, 322–323, 324, 347, 430, Yasna 471, 487 river(s), 23–24, 25, 26, 28, 78, 150, 240, Pūrdāvūd, Ebrāhım̄ (Iranian scholar), 14, 244, 280, 335, 388–389, 400, 413, 17, 183, 184, 541 460 purification, 183, 189, 323, 345–361 see also Dāitiiā; Helmand; Oxus ritual, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 354, Roman Empire, 246, 250, 255, 256, 437, 355; see also bāj; barašnūm; nāhn; 445, 446–447, 448, 451, 452–455, pādyāb; rıman̄ 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 465, 467, utensils, 137; see also nıranḡ 468–471, 472, 473, 477, 479, 500, purity, 100, 117, 118, 160, 167, 173, 180, 501, 504 183, 186, 189, 273, 279, 280–282, Roman sources, 5, 167, 254, 256, 284, 368, 286, 345–361, 399, 404 446, 452, 459, 460, 461, 468 see also law(s), purity; purification Roxšan see An Lushan Russia (country), 17, 196, 205 Qur’ān, 105, 112, 383, 493, 509 Russian (language), 3

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Ṣafā, Ẕabı̄h’ollāh (Iranian scholar), 14 sedre (ritual shirt, also sudre), 159, 201, 355, Ṣafavid Dynasty / Ṣafavids, 104–105, 112, 356, 357, 373 115–118, 400, 404, 505, 535, 538, see also sedre‐pūšı̄ 539, 540 sedre‐pūšı ̄ (initiation), 278, 337, 373, 375, sagdıd̄ (ritual), 143, 375, 402, 473 503, 510 see also funeral see also navjote Šahrevar̄ see Xšaθra Vairiia sexuality, 40, 231, 261, 276, 280–282, 287, Sanjāṇa, Edalji Dorābji (Parsi priest, scholar), 303, 318, 322, 325, 332, 353, 354, 548, 551 482, 483, 484, 553 Sanskrit (Skr., language, also Vedic, Classical see also gender; homosexuality Sanskrit), 3, 10, 13, 18, 32, 52, 75, 409, shrine(s), 123, 124, 140, 169, 188, 274, 416, 521, 523, 525, 527, 543, 544 280, 287, 365–366, 390, 404, 406, Sanskrit sources, 158, 247, 251, 498, 521, 447, 460, 462, 466 523, 525, 527, 531, 544 see also pır̄ ; Pı̄r-e Sabz see also Atharvaveda; Rigveda Shroff (Srá ̄f), Behrāmsá ̄h Navroji (Parsi saošiiaṇt (future savior, also sōš(y)āns), 24, mystic, founder of Ilm-e Khshnoom), 36, 50, 63, 66, 87, 115, 239, 260, 269, 168–169, 549 270, 271, 272, 276, 340, 341, 394, silkworm, 352 459, 508, 509 sin, 42, 98, 118, 223, 226, 230, 241, 281, etymology, 64 284, 286, 290, 295, 323, 324–325, opponent, 62; see also Aešmā 328, 330, 371, 373, 431, 469, 493, Zarathustra’s son, 277 532 Šāpūr I (Sasanian king, also Šābuhr), 99, mortal, 295, 432 469, 470, 478, 501, 534 Šırā ̄z, 15, 110, 118, 179, 199, 385, 404, Šāpūr II (Sasanian king), 99, 462, 470, 471, 540 472 Sirius (Dog Star) see Tištriia; Sirius Šāpūr III (Sasanian king), 471 Sistān, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 130 Šarı̄fābād, 12, 115, 159, 167, 190, 400, 404 sky, 62, 66, 137, 242, 246, 274, 275, 320, Sasanian Dynasty / Sasanians, 96–98, 100, 351, 359, 380, 397, 402, 412, 414, 101, 104, 105–106, 107, 110, 111, 434, 440, 448, 500 112, 113–114, 115, 118, 120, 121, -watchers see astrology 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, snake, 25, 352, 455 132, 133, 139–140, 141, 145, 148, see also xrafstar(s) 150, 151, 153, 156, 227, 230, 231, sofre (cloth), 276, 279, 280, 386 232, 234, 238, 244, 245, 246, 247, Sogdian (Sogd., language), 34, 36, 40, 129, 248, 249, 250, 252, 256, 277, 397, 142, 146, 147, 155, 221, 277, 253, 404, 448, 458, 471, 491 477, 478 see also Ardašı̄r I; Bahrām I; Bahrām II; Sogdiana, 25, 26, 129, 131, 133–146, 153 Bahrām V; Hormizd II; Khosrow I; Sogdians, 120, 142, 479, 480 Khosrow II; Narseh I; Perō ̄z I; Perō ̄z III; art of, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144, Yazdgird I; Yazdgird II; Yazdgird III 276, 277 Saturn (planet), 240, 248, 250, 251, 252 China, 129, 134, 145, 148–149, 150– name of, Ahuric, 254 153; see also An Lushan see also Zurwān, Saturn funeral, 142–144 savior(s) see saošiiaṇt inter-marriages, 150 season(s), 248, 379–391 priests of, 141–142, 155 festival of see gāhānbār suγδa-, 25 see also autumn; spring; summer; winter temple, 134, 139–140

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Sogdian sources, 36, 129, 134, 135, patron of earth, 65, 66, 274, 351 141–142, 147, 149, 150, 152, 155, Spandaramet, 469 156, 277, 467 Spəṇta Mainiiu (‘Life-giving Spirit’), 65, 237, see also calendar, Sogdian 274 soul, 222, 223, 324, 440 Gāthā of, 45, 520 ancestors, 140, see also frauuašị Spiegel, Friedrich von (German scholar), breath- (uruuan‐, ruwān), 43, 66, 215, 9, 13, 409 227, 320, 415 sport, 187, 204, 205 ceremony for, 171, 367; see also muktād spring, 130, 340, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385, collective, 380; see also frauuašị 386, 391, 494, 508; see also Nowrūz cow / bull, 40, 64, 521 Sraoša (deity, ‘Hearkening’, also Srōš) daimon, 442 animal of see cockerel after death, 92, 93, 143–144, 148, 242, antagonist of see Aešmā 243, 276, 284, 286, 320–321, 324, brother of Aši,̣ 274 329, 341, 342, 354, 375–376, 382, ceremony of sacred bread, 520 417, 425, 433, 438, 440, 449, 460, funeral, 375 483, 491, 522 “hearkening” in Gāthās, 335–336 demon worshipers and heretics, 232 hymn, 46, 70, 520, 522; see also Yasna 57, festival, 370, 386 Yašt 11 “Index Locorum” fight against evil, 184, 219, 241, judge of soul, 92, 376 290, 349 Mithra, 454 immortality, 406, 425 onomastics, 468 impurity, 352 possessor of sacred word for body, 137, individual, 57, 214, 320, 353 138 journey, 276, 525, 539 prayer to, 328, 344 Manichaeism, 482, 487 ‘readiness to listen’, 64, 274 Plato, 443 ritual, 46, 64, 419 prayers for, 340, 396, 522 vərəθrajan, 6 pre-, 220, 227, 241, 522; see also frauuašị weapon, 336 “property of the soul,” 294, 329 Sri Lanka (country), 1, 205, 207, 402, 403 purity of, 348, 349 star(s), 72, 123, 238, 246–247, 248, 253, righteous, 446; see also frauuašị 254, 441, 522 righteousness of, 326 see also Polaris; Sirius; sun ritual for, 387, 442 steer see bull “sins pertaining to the soul,” 292, 295, 323 summer, 138, 188, 248, 318, 321, 331, spiritual development, 169 340, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 387, vision-, 66, 215, 227, 320, 327, 522 388, 440, 521 yazads, 353 sun, 62, 66, 79, 91, 132, 181, 240, 242, see also daenā ̄ 243, 245, 246, 248, 252, 255, 261, Spanish (language), 3 270, 271, 274, 282, 318, 351, 359, Spəṇtā Ārmaiti (= Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta (‘Life- 381, 393, 397, 402, 410, 414, 415, giving Devotion / Humility’, also 417, 418, 438, 440, 442, 448, 451, Spa(e)ndārmad) 454, 462, 464, 467, 470, 500, 504 antagonist of, 282, 418; see also Tarōmaiti attribute of Nana, 136 daughter-wife-consort of Ohrmazd, 67, dark, 248, 252 261, 274, 276, 318 hymn, 521 iconography, 134, 137 in iconography, 79, 134, 141 mother of humans, 274 -lit sky, 62, 66

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sun (cont’d ) Parsi, 13, 75–76, 533–534; see also Dhalla name of, Ahuric, 254 polemics, 472–474, 480, 485–488, 495 orientation in ritual, 343, 402 prayer, 338 prayer to, 339, 342, 521 purity, 346–349 xvarənah‐ and, 246 synthetic, 132–133 see also ,̄ sun, associated with; women, 287 Mithra, sun, associated with Yarsan and Yezidis, 504 Surat, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 171, see also apologetics; Āzaṟ Ka(e)yvān; 301, 371, 400, 401, 402, 404, 536, dualism; monotheism; Zurvanism 543, 546 Theosophical Society (esoteric movement), Sweden, 205 168, 196, 549 Syria, 455, 459, 465, 502, 513 see also Besant, Annie; Blavatsky, Helena Syriac (Syr., language), 3, 221, 463, 465, Petrovna; Olcott, Henry Steel 467, 468, 469 thought, 40, 42, 43, 46, 54, 63, 64, 65, 66, Syriac sources, 132, 221, 240, 259, 293, 69, 215, 217, 219, 236, 274, 277, 282, 381, 427, 439, 444, 449, 458, 460, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 326, 328, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468 335, 336, 348, 412, 415, 449 personification of see Vohu Manah al‐Tabarı̣ ̄ (Persian Muslim scholar, historian), state / world of see menō ̄g 104, 105, 275, 284, 381, 383, 464 Tı̄r (deity, planet) Tafazż olı̇ ̄, Aḥmad (Iranian scholar), 15 air, element of, 252 Tajikistan, 24, 139, 399 Teiro, 132 Talmud, 290, 426–434, 435 Tištar, connection to, 254 Babylonian (Bavli), 284, 297, 298, 381, Mercury, associated with, 247, 253, 254 382, 383, 426, 427, 428–429, 430, see also festival; Tištriia, Tı̄r- 433, 435, 494 Tištriia (deity, Dog Star, also Tištar) Jerusalem (Yerushalmi), 381, 382 antagonist of see Dužairiia Palestinian, 433 constellation, 246 Tarōmaiti (demoness, ‘Scorn’), 274, 282 festival, 125, 384, 388, 390 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 163 hymn, 238, 246, 247, 257, 521 Tavadia, Jehangir (Parsi scholar), 14, 433 iconography, 136 temple, 393–406; see also Ātaš Bahrām; fire, myth, 247–249 temple Sirius, associated with, 238, 246, 247, theater, 187, 203, 553–554 248, 254, 448, 521 theology, 9, 211 Tı̄r, 136, 140, 254 Achaemenids, 92 Torkābād, 115, 159, 400 antiquity, 437–450 “” see dakhme Avesta, 46–47, 57 travel(s) / traveler(s) Christian, 460–464 European, 7, 28, 79, 104, 116, 117, 157, cosmogony, 248, 250, 255, 257 158, 159–160, 163, 172, 402, 458; ethics, 323 see also Anquetil‐Duperron, Abraham Hebrew, 426–434 Hyacinthe impact of Western, 16, 168, 423; see also Iranian, 183, 184, 195, 531, 539 Dhalla Parsi, 166, 168, 180, 404, 507, 540, 549, Islamic, 496–498 550 law, 290–291, 296, 303 triton, 135 Manichaean, 480–485 truth see aṣ̌a Pahlavi, 211–234, 271, 331 Turfan, 150, 155

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Turfan sources, 145, 468, 477, 481 see also Vısp(e)rad̄ in “Index Locorum” Turkey, 120, 124, 276, 446, 451, 452, 454, Vı̄štāspa (mythological king, also Wištāsp, 455, 469, 474, 502 Goštāsp) Turkic (language), 2, 530 conversion to Zoroastrianism, 74, 88, 228, Turkmenistan, 130, 479 229, 243, 264, 268–269 see also BMAC; Oxus hymn, 320, 520 Turks, 87, 106, 112, 113, 142, 487 Hystaspes, Median king, 459 ‘kingdom’ of, 22 United Arab Emirates (country) see Arabia Zarathustra’s supporter, 37, 54, 71, 87, urine, 493–494; see also bull, urine 228, 277 Urvā (country), 25, 26, 27, 28 in Zarātoštnāma, 75, 531 USA, 200, 201, 203, 207, 299, 306, 308, Vohu Manah (= Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta, ‘Good 309, 310, 311, 402 Thought / Mind’, also W(V)ahman, Uzbekistan, 26, 27, 114, 136, 142, 144, 400 Bahman), 43, 46, 49, 55, 56 and Ahura Mazdā, 46, 51, 74 Vaek̄ ərəta (country), 25 antagonist of see Aka Manah Vaiiu (Skr. Vāyu, ‘Air / Wind’, also Wāy), 27, ceremony, 279 28, 29, 49, 142, 274, 417, 418 festival, 389 connection to Indra, 417 iconography, 78, 132, 276 hymn, 522 month, 384 iconography, 132, 276 Ōmanos, 446 Oešō , 132 prayer to, 365; see also Aṣ̌əm Vohū Siva,́ 134–135 triad, divine, 55 Varəṇa (country), 25, 26, 28, 29 and Zarathustra, 23, 74, 266 Venus (planet), 242, 248, 252 Vourukaṣ̌a Sea (mythological body of water), name of, Ahuric, 254 36, 243, 244, 247 see also Anāhitā, Venus Vərəθraγna (deity, ‘Victory’, also Wahrām, Wahrām see Vərəθraγna Bahrām) Waran (demon, ‘Lust’), 325, 326, Artagnes, 446 327, 418 fire of, 396; see also Ātaš Bahrām water, 23–24, 26, 66, 98, 107 hymn, 522 ahurānıš̄ -epithet of, 32 iconography, 141, 276 element, 245, 439, 502 Mars, associated with, 248, 253, 254 Hauruuatāt ̰and, 62 Miθra and, 455 oblation, 41 name, 419 rite, 124 numismatics, 132, 136 worship, 130, 132, 133 Vahagn, 469 see also Ābān; Anāhitā; Apām Napāt̰ and Vṛtra, 420 Waxš see Oxus Vıdē vdā ̄d (‘Law against the Demons’, also wedding, 159, 161, 179, 194, 280, 282, Vendıdā ̄d, Wıdē wdā ̄d), 290, 520 356, 373–374, 418, 518 liturgy, 320, 321, 322, 372 weh-den̄ (= MP ‘Good Religion’) see daenā ̄ see also (Pahlavi)Vıdē vdā ̄d in “Index Wešparkar̄ (deity, ‘Wind’), 277 Locorum” see also Vaiiu, Sivá Vısp(e)rad̄ (text, liturgy, ‘All the ratus’), 45, Widengren, Geo (Swedish scholar), 11, 12, 47, 48, 524 272, 460 liturgy, 35, 320, 372, 382, 100, 320, 372, Wilson, John (Scottish missionary), 162, 519, 520 167, 547, 552

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wind, 132, 142, 255, 257, 275, 277, 395, 316, 320, 321, 333, 334, 336, 417, 433, 439, 482, 522 337–338, 339, 520 see also Vaiiu; Wešparkar̄ liturgy, 80, 266, 280, 339, 372, 397 wine, 72, 285, 372, 434, 473 see also Yasna in “Index Locorum” winter, 25, 28, 91, 138, 240, 243, 263–264, yazata (deities / gods, ‘Worshipful’, also yazad, 270, 318, 321, 333, 340, 380, 383, yazd(ān)), 70, 74, 132, 219, 225, 228, 384, 440, 503 231, 232, 246, 247, 274, 275, 276, wolf, 28, 226, 270, 352, 433 277, 280, 333, 337, 338–339, 342, wood, 139, 280, 281, 360, 369, 371, 375, 343, 352, 353, 364, 379, 380–381, 386, 389, 399, 433, 447 384, 387–390, 397, 405, 415, 478, 482 see also plant(s) Yazd (province), 173, 186, 190, 347, 357, word, 40, 52, 70, 214, 282, 318, 322, 348, 365, 386, 388, 390, 391, 400, 404, 496 405, 506, 507, 513, 541 sacred, 138, 213–214, 229, 231, 333, see also Pı̄r-e Sabz; Šarı̄fābād; Torkābād 334, 335–336, 337 Yazd (town), 11, 15, 114, 116, 118, 167, world 173, 175, 176, 177, 182, 183, material, “living” see getı̄ ḡ 186–187, 190, 201, 384, 385, 388, spiritual see menō ̄g 390, 391, 400, 404, 405, 406, 506, World Alliance of Parsi Zarthoshtis 507, 508, 510, 511, 512, 513, 530, (WAPIZ) (community, organization), 170 535, 541 Yazdgird I (Sasanian king), 471, 480 Xerxes I (Achaemenid king), 89, 130, 240, Yazdgird II (Sasanian king), 97, 471 437, 441, 443 Yazdgird III (Sasanian king), 106, 151, 155, Xneṇta (country), 25 474 xrafstar(s) (noxious creatures), 216, 218, Ye ŋ́he Hātam̨ (prayer), 36, 45, 46, 275, 520; 270, 292, 335, 352, 365, 471, 480 see also Yasna 27.15 in “Index Locorum” see also animal(s), maleficent; ant; frog; Yezidis (adherents of Yezidi religion), 499–504 honeybee; silkworm; snake; triton; Yima (mythological king, also Jam, Jamšed,̄ wolf Jamšı̄d) Xšaθra Vairiia (= Aməṣ̌a Spəṇta, ‘Desirable adherent of Ahura Mazdā’s religion, 31, Rule’, also Šahrevar,̄ Šahrıwar),̄ 43, 46, 37, 277 49, 276, 418 frauuašị of, 137 xvarənah (‘Charisma / (Royal) Glory / hawk, 133 Fortune’, also xwarrah, farr), 25, 133, killing of, 262, 264 244, 246, 263, 264, 271, 509 millennium, 240, 387 deity, 276, 522 myths, 263, 330, 413 hymn, 522 name, 42, 133 royal, 111, 133, 261, 262 numismatics, 137 Zarathustra’s, 265, 266 rebellion of, 37, 42 xwedō ̄dah (next-of-kin, consanguineous sugar, 383 marriage), 142, 153, 261, 267, 283, vara‐, 243 293, 297, 434, 449, 461, 462, 467, 468 Yama and, 263, 413

Yarsan (religion, tradition), 499–504, 501, Zaehner, Robert Charles (British scholar), 11, 504 257, 346–347 Yasna (text, liturgy), 45, 46–47, 520 zand (translation cum commentary, exegesis), Haptaŋhāiti (‘Yasna of the Seven Sections’), 46, 99, 100, 214, 234, 240, 268, 272, 32, 35, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 62, 217, 291

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zaotar (priest‚ libator), 48, 64, 278, 419 temptation, 76, 267 Zarathustra (also Zaraθuštra, Zarathushtra, time, 21–22, 29, 32–38, 61 Zart(d)ošt, ) truth‐follower, 73 Abraham, 473 wife of, 265 astrologer, 71–72 see also Čıdaḡ Andarz ı ̄ Pōryōtkesā ̄n in “Index authorship of Gāthās / Avesta, 40, 48, 51, Locorum”; Denkard̄ in “Index Locorum”; 69–72, 80, 81, 228 Wizıdagı̄ hā ̄ ı ̄ Zādspram in “Index biography, 10, 74–75, 76, 526, 527, Locorum”; Zand ı ̄Wahman Yasn in “Index 530–531 Locorum”; Zarātoštnāma in “Index birth, 31 Locorum” children, 40, 67, 73, 277 Zarmān (demon, ‘Old Age’), 219 death, 270, 531 zodiac, 131, 240, 241, 245, 250, 251, 254, eschatology, 394, 527 255, 256, 257, 469 festival of birthday, 185, 389–390, 370 Zoroastrian studies (field of study), 1–18, 61, festival of death, 389, 390 147–148, 156, 160, 212 followers of, 23, 31, 337, 348, 460, 531, see also Anklesariā, Tehmuras Dinsá ̄h; 532; see also Jāmāspa Antia, Edulji Kersaspji; Bartholomae, Greek and Roman sources, 71–72, 437–450 Christian; Benveniste, Émile; Boyce, historicity, 10, 32, 46, 47, 50, 51, 59, Mary; Cama, Kharshedji Rustamji; 60–61, 69–70, 75, 87 Darmesteter, James; Dhalla, Maneckji homeland, 21–24, 32–38, 61, 145 Nusservanji; Duchesne‐Guillemin, iconography, 77–80, 390 Jacques; Geldner, Karl Friedrich; Haug, Iranian culture, 189 Martin; Jackson, Abraham Valentine killing of, 269, 442 Williams; Jones, William; Kanga, Kavasji king of Bactria, 442 Edulji; Modi, Jivanji Jamsedji;́ Molé, maθ̨ ran, 43, 48, 56, 64, 70, 335 Marijan; Nyberg, Henrik Samuel; Mazdā-worshiper, 37, 38, 51, 67, 76, 228, Pūrdāvūd, Ebrāhım;̄ Ṣafā, Ẕabı̄h’ollāh; 336 Spiegel, Friedrich von; Tafazż olı̇ ̄, Aḥmad; messenger of Ahura Mazdā, 74 Tavadia, Jehangir; Widengren, Geo; “monotheism” of, 184 Wilson, John; Zaehner, Robert Charles name, 32, 39–40, 81, 145, 149, 463 Zoroastrian Studies (organization), 170, 548 narratives, 63–64, 74–75, 76–77, 464 Zurvanism, 86, 97–98, 221, 240, 256, 259, parents, 31, 73 462, 468, 482, 484 patron of see Vı̄štāspa Zurwān (deity, ‘Time’) poet-sacrificer, 60, 63, 64–67 Brahmā-, 134, 151 priest, 9, 37, 38, 419 deity of time, 220, 240, 493 prophet, 37, 39, 74–75, 228, 268, 316, “Father of Greatness / Light,” 481, 482 329, 331, 329, 341 father of twins, 97, 221, 439, 444 “reform,” 316, 416 father of two spirits, 100 religion, 5 myth, 439–440, 449, 535 revelation of, 23–24, 53, 57, 73–74, 119, onomastics, 221 229 sacrifice of, 240 sacrificing cow / bull, 41 Saturn, 253 “song(s),” 4, 39–67, 69–71, 344, 348, sculpture of, 151 416; see also Gāthās time, finite / infinite, 238–239, 257, 482 sources, 10, 22, 23, 71–73, 76–77, 214, Žun, 133 228–229, 441, 463, 464 see also dualism

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