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Abutilon Theophrasti) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Agronomy & Horticulture -- Faculty Publications Agronomy and Horticulture Department 2005 Influence of soybean row width and velvetleaf emergence time on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Shawn M. Hock University of Nebraska-Lincoln Stevan Z. Knezevic University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Alex R. Martin University of Nebraska-Lincoln John L. Lindquist University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Hock, Shawn M.; Knezevic, Stevan Z.; Martin, Alex R.; and Lindquist, John L., "Influence of soybean row width and velvetleaf emergence time on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)" (2005). Agronomy & Horticulture -- Faculty Publications. 415. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/415 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agronomy and Horticulture Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agronomy & Horticulture -- Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Weed Science, 53:160±165. 2005 In¯uence of soybean row width and velvetleaf emergence time on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Shawn M. Hock Row spacing and the relative time of velvetleaf emergence affects the time of soybean Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, canopy closure relative to velvetleaf, in¯uencing the growth and development of University of Nebraska±Lincoln, velvetleaf. Field studies were conducted in northeastern Nebraska in 2002 and 2003 Lincoln, NE 68583-0915 to describe velvetleaf growth as in¯uenced by soybean presence or absence (velvetleaf grown with soybean or in monoculture), soybean row spacing (19 and 76 cm), and Stevan Z. Knezevic relative time of velvetleaf emergence. Velvetleaf seed production, leaf area (LA), and Corresponding author. Haskell Agricultural total dry matter (TDM) were greater in 76-cm- than in 19-cm-wide soybean rows. Laboratory, University of Nebraska±Lincoln, LA, TDM, and seed production of velvetleaf were reduced with later emergence 57905 866 Road, Concord, NE 68728-2828; times in both monoculture and with soybean. Velvetleaf LA, TDM, and seed pro- [email protected] duction decreased when grown with soybean compared with when grown in mono- culture. Practical implications of this study suggest that narrowing crop row spacing Alex R. Martin and controlling early-emerging velvetleaf in soybean can be an effective part of an John L. Lindquist integrated weed management strategy. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska±Lincoln, Nomenclature: Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti ABUTH; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Lincoln, NE 68583-0915 Merr. Key words: Integrated weed management, plant architecture, velvetleaf growth, weed emergence, weed seed production. One method of reducing our reliance on chemical weed (Ngouajio et al. 2001), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) control is through the development and use of integrated (Smith et al. 1990). Although velvetleaf has been evaluated weed management (IWM) (Knezevic and Horak 1998). under varying shade and water regimes under controlled en- IWM suggests managing weed populations through mortal- vironments (Sailsbury and Chandler 1993), no studies re- ity and ®tness-reducing events (Williams et al. 1998). The ported any evaluation of velvetleaf growth under ®eld con- basic premise of an IWM program is to use a combination ditions in soybean with soybean row width and the relative of preventive, cultural, mechanical, and chemical practices emergence time of velvetleaf taken under consideration. that reduce weed interference with the crop (Swanton and Therefore, objectives of this study were to describe velvetleaf Weise 1991). Cultural practices that improve crop compet- growth as in¯uenced by soybean presence or absence (vel- itiveness can be a useful part of an IWM program (Pyon et vetleaf grown with soybean or in monoculture), soybean row al. 1997). Examples of cultural practices that improve crop spacing (19 and 76 cm), and time of velvetleaf emergence competitiveness may include: timing and placement of fer- relative to the crop's growth stage. tilizer, modifying seeding rate, and reducing crop row spac- ing (Walker and Buchanan 1982). Several studies indicated that soybean planted in narrow vs. wide rows was more Materials and Methods competitive against weeds (Knezevic et al. 2003a, 2003b; Site Description Mulugeta and Boerboom 2000). Knezevic et al. (2003a, 2003b) also suggested that planting soybean in narrow rows Field experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at improved early season crop tolerance to weeds, delayed the the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory in Concord, NE. The critical time for weed removal, and required less intensive soil type was Kennebec series silty clay loam 0 to 2% slopes weed management programs than in wide rows. (®ne-silty mixed, mesic Cumulic Haplusolls). Soil organic To establish effective IWM in soybean, an understanding matter was 4.3% with a pH of 6.7. of the biology of major weed species is necessary. Velvetleaf has been reported as a problem weed in corn (Zea mays L.) Experimental Design and soybean (Warwick and Black 1988). Most velvetleaf emerge during the early part of the season, whereas some The experiment was conducted as a strip-plot design (A. can emerge during the midgrowing season (Egley and Wil- K. Gomez and A. A. Gomez 1984), with one strip (two liams 1991). Velvetleaf can complete its life cycle even when soybean row spacings) perpendicular to the second strip grown under a crop canopy (Mitich 1991) and can produce (three growing scenarios consisting of velvetleaf monocul- up to 17,000 seeds per plant seed (Warwick and Black ture, soybean monoculture, or velvetleaf with soybean) and 1988). Velvetleaf competitive effects have been studied in a random complete block for three relative emergence times many crops, including soybean (Dekker and Meggitt 1983; (velvetleaf planted at soybean planting, emergence, or ®rst Lindquist et al. 1995; Patterson 1992; Regnier and Stoller trifoliate leaf stage) within the ®rst strip. The interaction 1989), corn (Lindquist and Mortensen 1998, 1999; Mc- between the two strips is designated as the intersection area. Donald and Riha 1999), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) A total of 12 treatments with four replications had two in- 160 x Weed Science 53, March±April 2005 TABLE 1. Velvetleaf planting and emergence date and soybean leaf in¯orescence. The leaf area (LA) of velvetleaf was measured stage at the time of weed emergence in mixture and monoculture with a LI-COR1 3100 leaf area meter. Plant components plots for 2002 and 2003. were dried at 70 C until dry matter achieved constant mass. Planting Soybean Velvetleaf plants were harvested on September 27, 2002, Year datea Emergence dateb leaf stage and October 1, 2003. Plants were harvested from a 4-m 2002 May 31 June 10 VE length of the middle row in each plot. Seed capsules were June 10 June 19 V1 collected from the designated harvest areas as they matured June 18 July 9 V4 before ®nal harvest. Seeds that had shattered onto the 2003 June 5 June 16 VE ground before or at the ®nal harvest were not collected, and June 13 June 25 V1 seed loss was not estimated. Seed quality was not evaluated June 30 July 10 V4 in this study but is assumed to be equal among treatments. Plants were clipped at the soil surface, dried, and weighed. a Three planting dates of velvetleaf in each year. Planting dates were the same in both weed±soybean and monoculture plots. Subsamples of 200 seeds were counted from each treatment b Three emergence dates of velvetleaf in each year in monoculture plots. and weighed. Seed number was then estimated using the In 2002, only the ®rst emergence dates occurred in velvetleaf±soybean plots. total seed weight and the subsample seed weight. Seeds in 2003 were collected weekly after seed capsules ripened. This methodology ensured more accurate seed production num- tersection areas: (1) intersection area of soybean row spacing bers in 2003 than 2002 when seed collection occurred only vs. velvetleaf (hereafter referred to as the velvetleaf±soybean once during ®nal harvest. area) and (2) intersection area of soybean row spacing vs. soybean monoculture. Experimental units were 9 m long and 10 m wide with twelve 76-cm rows or forty-eight 19- Statistical Analyses cm rows of soybean. Analyses of variance were performed using PROC Observations were taken from the center 6 m of each MIXED (SAS 1999) to test data normality and signi®cance intersection area, leaving a 2-m border at the front and back. (P , 0.05) of growing scenario, soybean row spacing, vel- Within each plot area, there were six designated harvest ar- vetleaf relative emergence date, and interactions between rel- eas (1-m length) that were taken at soybean ®rst trifoliate ative emergence date and soybean row for each measured (V1), third trifoliate (V3), ®fth trifoliate (V5), seventh tri- growth parameter. The effects of inter±intraspeci®c com- foliate (V7), full ¯ower (R2), and full pod (R4) (Ritchie et petition, soybean row width, and relative emergence date al. 1993) stages and from a designated ®nal harvest area (4- were signi®cant in most cases (P , 0.05). Years were ana- m length) that was harvested at physiological maturity. Kne- lyzed and presented separately because of signi®cant year zevic and Horak (1998) used a similar experimental design interactions (P , 0.05). while studying effects of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) on The Gompertz model (Knezevic et al. 2002) was used to redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retro¯exus L.) growth and de- relate dry matter as a function of thermal time as in¯uenced velopment. by growing scenario soybean row spacing and relative emer- gence date: Experimental Procedures Y 5 a exp(2b exp(2kT )) [1] Fields were disked and then cultivated in the spring be- where Y is the total dry matter (TDM) of velvetleaf, a is fore the experiment was planted.
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