Explore Prince Edward Island Information, Images and More

Explore Prince Edward Island Information, images and more

This article is about the Canadian province. For the South African sub-Antarctic islands, see Prince Edward Islands. “PEI” redirects here. For other meanings of “PEI”, see Pei (disambiguation).

Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; French: Île-du- Prince-Édouard) is a province of Canada consisting of the island of the same name, as well as several much smaller islands. It is one of the three Maritime Provinces and is the smallest province in both land area and population. It is the only province of Canada to have no land boundary. The island has several informal names: “Garden of the Gulf,” referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and “Birthplace of Con- federation” or “Cradle of Confederation”,[4] referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI did not join Confederation until 1873, when it became the seventh Canadian province. The backbone of the economy is farming, as it produces 25% of Canada’s potatoes. Historically, PEI is one of Canada’s older settlements and demographically still reﬂects older immigration to the country, with Celtic, Anglo Saxon and French last names being overwhelmingly dominant to this day. According to the 2011 census, the province of Prince Ed- 1834 Edward Scriven engraving of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent ward Island has 140,204 residents. It is located about 200 and Strathearn, after W. Beechey’s portrait km north of Halifax, Nova Scotia and 600 km east of Quebec City. It consists of the main island and 231 mi- • Prince Edward Battery, Victoria Park, Charlotte- [5] nor islands. Altogether, the entire province has a land town area of 5,685.73 km2 (2,195.27 sq mi).[2] • The main island is 5,620 km2 (2,170 sq mi) in size,[5] Kent College (Established in 1804 by Lieutenant which is slightly larger than the U.S. state of Delaware, Governor Edmund Fanning and his Legislative is the 104th-largest island in the world, and is Canada’s Council, the college would eventually become the 23rd-largest island. University of Prince Edward Island), Charlottetown • Kent Street, Charlottetown

• West Kent Elementary School

1 Etymology • Kent Street, Georgetown

The island is named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and The island is known in Scottish Gaelic as Eilean a' Phri- Strathearn (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George onnsa (lit. “the Island of the Prince”, the local form of the III and the father of Queen Victoria. Prince Edward has longer 'Eilean a' Phrionnsa Iomhair/Eideard') or Eilean been called “Father of the Canadian Crown.”[6] The fol- Eòin for some Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia though not lowing island landmarks are also named after the Duke on PEI (lit. “John’s Island” in reference to the island’s of Kent: former name of St. John’s Island: the English translation

1 2 2 GEOGRAPHY

of Île Saint-Jean); in Míkmaq as Abegweit or Epekwitk roughly translated “land cradled in the waves”.

2 Geography

Main article: Geography of Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island is located in the Gulf of St.

The landward side of sand dunes in Cavendish

Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne of Green Gables (1908). Today, many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the island are en- A wooden boardwalk in Prince Edward Island National Park in joyed by tourists who visit year-round. They enjoy a va- Greenwich riety of leisure activities, including beaches, various golf courses, eco-tourism adventures, touring the countryside, Lawrence, west of Cape Breton Island, north of the Nova and enjoying cultural events in local communities around Scotia peninsula, and east of New Brunswick. Its south- the island. ern shore bounds the Northumberland Strait. The island has two urban areas. The largest surrounds Charlotte- The smaller, rural communities as well as the towns and town Harbour, situated centrally on the island’s southern villages throughout the province, retain a slower-paced, shore, and consists of the capital city Charlottetown, and old-world flavour. Prince Edward Island has become suburban towns Cornwall and Stratford and a develop- popular as a tourist destination for relaxation. The econ- ing urban fringe. A much smaller urban area surrounds omy of most rural communities on the island is based on Summerside Harbour, situated on the southern shore 40 small-scale agriculture. Industrial farming has increased km (25 mi) west of Charlottetown Harbour, and consists as businesses buy and consolidate older farm properties. primarily of the city of Summerside. As with all natural The coastline has a combination of long beaches, dunes, harbours on the island, Charlottetown and Summerside red sandstone cliffs, salt water marshes, and numerous harbours are created by rias. bays and harbours. The beaches, dunes and sandstone The island’s landscape is pastoral. Rolling hills, woods, cliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material with a high iron concentration, which oxidises upon exposure reddish white sand beaches, ocean coves and the famous red soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation as to the air. The geological properties of a white silica sand found at Basin Head are unique in the province; the sand a province of outstanding natural beauty. The provincial government has enacted laws to preserve the landscape grains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against each through regulation, although there is a lack of consistent other when walked on, and have been called the “singing enforcement, and an absence of province-wide zoning sands”. and land-use planning. Under the Planning Act of the Large dune fields on the north shore can be found on province, municipalities have the option to assume re- barrier islands at the entrances to various bays and har- sponsibility for land-use planning through the develop- bours. The magnificent sand dunes at Greenwich are of ment and adoption of official plans and land use bylaws. particular significance. The shifting, parabolic dune sys- Thirty-one municipalities have taken responsibility for tem is home to a variety of birds and rare plants; it is also planning. In areas where municipalities have not assumed a site of significant archeological interest. responsibility for planning, the Province remains respon- Despite Prince Edward Island’s small size and reputa- sible for development control. tion as a largely rural province, it is the most developed The island’s lush landscape has a strong bearing on its and densely populated province in Canada, as it lacks economy and culture. The author Lucy Maud Mont- the vast amounts of undeveloped and sparsely populated gomery drew inspiration from the land during the late wilderness common to the other provinces. 2.3 Water supply 3

2.1 Climate Group.[14] Although commercial deposits of minerals have not been The climate of the island is considered to be moderate [8][9] found, exploration in the 1940s for natural gas beneath and strongly influenced by the surrounding seas. As the northeastern end of the province resulted in the dis- such, it is milder than inland locations owing to the warm [15] [10] covery of an undisclosed quantity of gas. The Is- waters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The climate is land was reported by government to have only 0.08tcf characterized by changeable weather throughout the year; of “technically recoverable” natural gas. Twenty explo- it has some of the most variable day to day weather in ration wells for hydrocarbon resources have been drilled Canada in which specific weather conditions seldom last [9] on Prince Edward Island and offshore. The first reported for long. well was Hillsborough No.#1, drilled in Charlottetown During July and August, the average daytime high in PEI Harbour in 1944 (the world’s first offshore well), and the is 23 °C (73 °F); however, the temperature can sometimes most recent was New Harmony No.#1 in 2007. Since exceed 30 °C (86 °F) during these months. In the win- the resurgence of exploration in the mid-1990s, all wells ter months of January and February, the average daytime that have shown promising gas deposits have been stim- high is −3.3 °C (26 °F). The Island receives an average ulated through hydraulic fracture or “fracking”. All oil yearly rainfall of 855 mm and an average yearly snowfall and natural gas exploration and exploitation activities on of 285 cm. the Island are governed by the Oil and Natural Gas Act R.S.P.E.I. 1988, Cap. 0-5 and its associated regulations Winters are moderately cold and long but are milder and orders.[16] than inland locations, with clashes of cold Arctic air and milder Atlantic air causing frequent tempera- [9] ture swings. The climate is considered to be more 2.3 Water supply continental than oceanic since the Gulf of St. Lawrence freezes over, thus eliminating any moderation.[9] The [10] The Province of Prince Edward Island is totally depen- mean temperature is −7 °C (19 °F) in January. Dur- dent on groundwater for its source of drinking water. ing the winter months, the island usually has many storms As groundwater flows through an aquifer it is naturally (which may produce rain as well as snow) and blizzards filtered. The water for City of Charlottetown is ex- since during this time, storms originating from the North [9] tracted from thirteen wells in three wellfields and dis- Pacific or the Gulf of Mexico frequently pass through. tributed to customers. The water removed is replenished Springtime temperatures typically remain cool until the by precipitation.[17] sea ice has melted, usually in late April or early May. Summers are moderately warm, but rarely uncomfort- Infrastructure in Charlottetown that was installed in 1888 able, with the daily maximum temperature only occasion- is still in existence. With the age of the system in the older ally reaching as high as 30 °C (86 °F). Autumn is a pleas- part of Charlottetown, concern has been raised regarding ant season, as the moderating Gulf waters delay the onset lead pipes. The Utility has been working with its residents of frost, although storm activity increases compared to on a lead replacement program. A plebiscite in 1967 the summer. There is ample precipitation throughout the was held in Charlottetown over fluoridation, and residents year, although it is heaviest in the late autumn, early win- voted in favour. Under provincial legislation, the Utility ter and mid spring. is required to report to its residents on an annual basis. It is also required to do regular sampling of the water and an overview is included in each annual report.[17] The Winter 2.2 Geology River watershed provides about 92 per cent of the 18 million litre water supply for the city of Charlottetown,[18] which had difficulty in each of 2011, 2012 and 2013 with Between 250 to 300 million years ago, freshwater streams [18][19][20] [19] flowing from ancient mountains brought silt, sand and its supply, until water meters were installed. gravel into what is now the Gulf of St. Lawrence. These Minister of Communities, Land and Environment Robert sediments accumulated to form a sedimentary basin, and Mitchell tabled a discussion paper on the proposed Wa- make up the island’s bedrock. When Pleistocene glaciers ter Act for the province on 8 July 2015. The use of receded about 15,000 years ago, glacial debris such as groundwater came under scrutiny as the potato industry, till was left behind to cover most of the area that would which accounts for $1 billion every year and 50% of farm become the island. This area was connected to the main- receipts,[21] has pressed the government to lift a morato- land by a strip of land, but when ocean levels rose as the rium on high-capacity water wells for irrigation. The re- glaciers melted this land strip was flooded, forming the lease of the discussion paper was to set off a consultation island. As the land rebounded from the weight of the ice, process in the autumn of 2015.[22] the island rose up to elevate it further from the surround- [11][12][13] Detailed information about the quality of drinking wa- ing water. ter in PEI communities and watersheds can be found Most of the bedrock in Prince Edward Island is com- at the Department of Environment, Labour and Justice. posed of red sandstone, part of the Permian aged Pictou It provides a summary of the ongoing testing of drink- 4 3 HISTORY

ing water done by the Prince Edward Island Analytical 3.1.1 Battle at Port-la-Joye (1745) Laboratories. Average drinking water quality results are available, and information on the following parameters After the Siege of Louisbourg (1745) during the War of are provided: alkalinity, cadmium, calcium, chloride, the Austrian Succession, the New Englanders also cap- chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, nitrate, tured Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island). An English pH, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfate, as well detachment landed at Port-la-Joye. Under the command as the presence of pesticides.[23] Water testing services of Joseph de Pont Duvivier, the French had a garrison are provided for a variety of clients through the PEI Ana- of 20 French troops at Port-la-Joye.[27] The troops ﬂed lytical Laboratories, which assesses according to the rec- and New Englanders burned the capital to the ground. ommendations of the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Duvivier and the twenty men retreated up the Northeast Water Quality published by Health Canada.[24] River (Hillsborough River), pursued by the New Englan- ders until the French troops received reinforcements from the Acadian militia and the Mi'kmaq.[28] The French troops and their allies were able to drive the New Englan- 2.4 Unique ﬂora and fauna ders to their boats, nine New Englanders killed, wounded or made prisoner. The New Englanders took six Aca- In 2008, a new ascomycete species, Jahnula apiospora dian hostages, who would be executed if the Acadians or (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes), was collected from sub- Mi'kmaq rebelled against New England control.[28] The merged wood in a freshwater creek on Prince Edward Is- New England troops left for Louisbourg. Duvivier and land, Canada.[25] his 20 troops left for Quebec. After the fall of Louis- bourg, the resident French population of Ile Royal were deported to France. The Acadians of Ile Saint-Jean lived under the threat of deportation for the remainder of the 3 History war.[29]

Main article: History of Prince Edward Island Before the inﬂux of Europeans, the Mi'kmaq First Na-

Lighthouse on Panmure Island

tions inhabited Prince Edward Island. They named the Island Epekwitk, meaning “cradled on the waves"; Euro- peans represented the pronunciation as Abegweit.[26] The natives believed that the island was formed by the Great Spirit placing on the Blue Waters some dark red crescent- Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raﬀetot shaped clay.

3.1.2 Battle at Port-la-Joye (1746) 3.1 French colony Main article: Battle at Port-la-Joye In 1534, Jacques Cartier was the ﬁrst European to see the island.[26] As part of the French colony of Acadia, the The New Englanders had a force of two war ships and island was called Île Saint-Jean. 200 soldiers stationed at Port-La-Joye. To regain Aca- 3.2 British colony 5

dia, Ramezay was sent from Quebec to the region to join anger. The land had been given to the absentee landlords forces with the Duc d'Anville Expedition. Upon arriv- with a number of conditions attached regarding upkeep ing at Chignecto, he sent Boishebert to Ile Saint-Jean and settlement terms; many of these conditions were not on a reconnaissance to assess the size of the New Eng- satisfied. Islanders spent decades trying to convince the land force.[30] After Boishebert returned, Ramezay sent Crown to confiscate the lots, however the descendants of Joseph-Michel Legardeur de Croisille et de Montesson the original owners were generally well connected to the along with over 500 men, 200 of whom were Mi'kmaq, to British government and refused to give up the land. [31] Port-La-Joye. In July 1746, the battle happened near In 1853, the Island government passed the Land Purchase York River.[32] Montesson and his troops killed forty New Act which empowered them to purchase lands from those Englanders and captured the rest. Montesson was com- owners who were willing to sell, and then resell the land mended for having distinguished himself in his first inde- [33] to settlers for low prices. This scheme collapsed when the pendent command. Island ran short of money to continue with the purchases. Many of these lands also were fertile, and were some of 3.1.3 Expulsion of the Acadians the key factors to sustaining Prince Edward Island’s economy. Roughly one thousand Acadians lived on the island, many of whom had fled to the island from mainland Nova Scotia during the first wave of the British-ordered expulsion in 3.2.2 Raid on Charlottetown (1775) 1755, reaching a population of 5,000.[34] However, many more were forcibly deported during the second wave of During the American Revolutionary War Charlottetown [35] the expulsion after the Siege of Louisbourg (1758). was raided in 1775 by a pair of American-employed In the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign (1758) General Jeffery privateers.[38] Two armed schooners, Franklin and Han- Amherst ordered Colonel Andrew Rollo to capture the cock, from Beverly, Massachusetts, made prisoner of the island. Many Acadians died in the expulsion en route to attorney-general at Charlottetown, on advice given them France; on December 13, 1758, the transport ship Duke by some Pictou residents after they had taken eight fishing William sank and 364 died. A day earlier the Violet sank vessels in the Gut of Canso.[39] and 280 died; several days later the Ruby sank with 213 on board.[36] During and after the American Revolutionary War, from 1776 to 1783, the colony’s efforts to attract exiled Loyalist refugees from the rebellious American colonies met with 3.2 British colony some success. Walter Patterson’s brother, John Patterson, one of the original grantees of land on the island, was Great Britain obtained the island from France under the a temporarily exiled Loyalist and led efforts to persuade terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 which settled the others to come. Seven Years’ War. The British called their new colony St. The 1787 dismissal of Governor Patterson and his re- John’s Island (also the Island of St. John’s). call to London in 1789 dampened his brother’s efforts, The first British governor of St. John’s Island, Walter Pat- leading John to focus on his interests in the United States terson, was appointed in 1769. Assuming office in 1770, (one of John’s sons, Commodore Daniel Patterson, be- he had a controversial career during which land title dis- came a noted United States Navy hero, and John’s grand- putes and factional conflict slowed the initial attempts to sons, Rear Admiral Thomas H. Patterson and Lt. Carlile populate and develop the island under a feudal system. Pioou). Edmund Fanning, also a Loyalist exiled by the In an attempt to attract settlers from Ireland, in one of his Revolution, took over as the second governor, serving un- first acts (1770) Patterson led the island’s colonial assem- til 1804. His tenure was more successful than Patterson’s. bly to rename the island “New Ireland”, but the British On November 29, 1798, during Fanning’s administration, Government promptly vetoed this as exceeding the au- Great Britain granted approval to change the colony’s thority vested in the colonial government; only the Privy name from St. John’s Island to Prince Edward Island to [37] Council in London could change the name of a colony. distinguish it from similar names in the Atlantic, such as the cities of Saint John, New Brunswick and St. John’s in Newfoundland. The colony’s new name honoured the 3.2.1 Land distribution fourth son of King George III, Prince Edward Augustus, In the mid-1760s, a survey team divided the Island into the Duke of Kent (1767–1820), who subsequently led the 67 lots. On July 1, 1767, these properties were allocated British military forces on the continent as Commander- to supporters of King George III by means of a lottery. in-Chief, North America (1799–1800), with his head- Ownership of the land remained in the hands of landlords quarters in Halifax. (Prince Edward later became the fa- in England, angering Island settlers who were unable to ther of the future Queen Victoria.) gain title to land on which they worked and lived. Signif- During the 19th century the colony of Prince Edward icant rent charges (to absentee landlords) created further Island began to attract “adventurous Victorian families 6 3 HISTORY looking for elegance on the sea. Prince Edward Island Sites of Canada located in Prince Edward Island.[43][44] became a fashionable retreat in the nineteenth century for Main article: Prince Edward Island Timeline British nobility.”[40]

1500s - 1700s 3.3 Confederation (1534) Jacques Cartier of France reached the Island In September 1864, Prince Edward Island hosted the (1603) Named Ile Saint-Jean by Samuel de Champlain Charlottetown Conference, which was the first meeting (1720) First continuous French settlement established at in the process leading to the Quebec Resolutions and the Port La Joie creation of Canada in 1867. Prince Edward Island did not find the terms of union favourable and balked at join- (1755) Acadians settled French colony, Ile Saint-Jean, af- ing in 1867, choosing to remain a colony of the United ter British-ordered explusion of Nova Scotia Kingdom. In the late 1860s, the colony examined various (1758) British seized control of Ile Saint-Jean, French options, including the possibility of becoming a discrete settlers deported dominion unto itself, as well as entertaining delegations (1763) Ile Saint-Jean annexed to Nova Scotia from the United States, who were interested in Prince Ed- ward Island joining the United States of America. (1764 - 1766) Survey divided land into three counties, each 500,000 acres, counties divided into 100,000 acre parishes (1769) Established as separate colony, Charlottetown became capital (1798) Great Britain renamed colony to Prince Edward Island 1800s (1803) Scottish immigrants settled on Island (1813 - 1815) Numerous settlements attacked by plagues Prince Edward Island, then St. John’s Island, map 1775 of mice (1816) Volcanic eruption in Pacific lowered tempera- In 1871, the colony began construction of a railway and, tures, harvest yields (Year Without a Summer) frustrated by Great Britain’s Colonial Office, began ne- (1851) Responsible government granted to colony, first gotiations with the United States. In 1873, Canadian elected administration took office Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald, anxious to thwart American expansionism and facing the distraction of the (1864) Colonial conference held in Charlottetown Pacific Scandal, negotiated for Prince Edward Island to (1868) Best year for shipbuilding - 120 vessels launched join Canada. The Dominion Government of Canada as- from Island shipyards sumed the colony’s extensive railway debts and agreed to finance a buy-out of the last of the colony’s absentee (1873) Prince Edward Island entered confederation landlords to free the island of leasehold tenure and from (1880s) Shipbuilding industry collapsed, thousands of is- any new immigrants entering the island (accomplished landers migrated to find work through the passage of the Land Purchase Act, 1875).[41] Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1, 1900s 1873.[42] (1908) Automobiles banned from Island roads As a result of having hosted the inaugural meeting of (1917) All roads opened to auto traffic Confederation, the Charlottetown Conference, Prince (1922) Women won right to vote and hold provincial of- Edward Island presents itself as the “Birthplace of Con- fice federation” and this is commemorated through several buildings, a ferry vessel, and the Confederation (1924) Driving on the right side of the road went into Bridge (constructed 1993 to 1997). The most promi- effect nent building in the province honouring this event is the (1950) Alberta, B.C., Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan Confederation Centre of the Arts, presented as a gift and P.E.I. signed agreement to build Trans-Canada high- to Prince Edward Islanders by the 10 provincial govern- way ments and the Federal Government upon the centenary of the Charlottetown Conference, where it stands in Char- (1971) Trans-Canada highway completed lottetown as a national monument to the "Fathers of Con- (1993) Catherine Callbeck elected first female premier of federation". The Centre is one of the 22 National Historic 4.2 Religion 7

province (1996) Progressive Conservative Party won elections (1997) Confederation bridge opened, linked Prince Ed- ward Island to New Brunwick 2000s (2004) RCMP investigated threatening letters sent to Charlottetown government buildings (2005) Same-sex marriage legislation passed Mother tongue in Prince Edward Island (red: English, blue: French) (2007) Liberal Party won elections (2008) Canada, P.E.I. signed new immigration agree- and a 'non-official language'; 495 of both English and ment to process applications quicker for skilled interna- French; 10 of English, French, and a 'non-official lan- tional workers guage'; and about 1,640 people who either did not re- (2009) Fire at electricity substation left 55,000 without spond to the question, or reported multiple non-official power languages, or else gave another unenumerated response. (2010) Prime Minister Harper announced a new wind (Figures shown are for the number of single language farm to be established on most northern point of P.E.I. responses and the percentage of total single-language [51] for power generation responses.) (2011) Liberal Party won elections, Robert Ghiz re- elected as Premier 4.2 Religion (2012) Two major trout fishing streams will be closed to angling following a devastating fish kill Traditionally the population has been evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant affiliations. The 2001 (2015) Liberal party won elections, Wade MacLauchlan census indicated number of adherents for the Roman elected as Premier Catholic Church with 63,240 (47%) and various Protes- tant churches with 57,805 (43%). This included the United Church of Canada with 26,570 (20%); the Pres- 4 Demographics byterian Church with 7,885 (6%) and the Anglican Church of Canada with 6,525 (5%); those with no re- Main article: Demographics of Prince Edward Island ligion were among the lowest of the provinces with 8,705 (6.5%).[52] If one considers that the founders of the United Church of Canada were largely Presbyterians in According to the 2011 National Household Survey,[47][48] Prince Edward Island, the Island has one of the highest the largest ethnic group consists of people of Scottish percentages of Presbyterians in the Province. The Island descent (39.2%), followed by English (31.1%), Irish also has one of the largest number of Free Church of (30.4%), French (21.1%), German (5.2%), and Dutch Scotland buildings in Canada, though attendance at many (3.1%) descent. Prince Edward Island’s population is of these churches is very low today. largely white; there are few visible minorities. Chinese Canadians are the largest visible minority group of Prince Edward Island, comprising 1.3% of the province’s population.[47] Almost half of respondents identified their 5 Economy ethnicity as “Canadian.” * among provinces. † Preliminary 2006 census estimate. Source: Statistics Canada[49][50]

4.1 Language

The Canada 2006 Census showed a population of 135,851. Of the 133,570 singular responses to the census question concerning mother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were as follows: In addition, there were also 105 responses of both En- glish and a 'non-oﬃcial language'; 25 of both French File:CAN-S1932a-Bank of Prince Edward Island-10 8 5 ECONOMY

Dollars (1872).jpg province is limited in terms of heavy industry and man- ufacturing, though the McCain’s food conglomerate runs expansion operations from PEI. 1872 $10 Bank of Prince Edward Island banknote Agriculture remains the dominant industry in the provin- depicting fishing cial economy, as it has since colonial times. The Island has a total land area of 1.4 million acres with approximately 594,000 acres cleared for agricultural use.[53] In 2006, the Census of Agriculture counted 1700 farms on the Island.[54] During the 20th century, potatoes replaced mixed farming as the leading cash crop, accounting for one-third of provincial farm income. The number of acres under potato production in 2010 was 88,000,[21] while soy accounted for 55,000.[55] There are approximately 330 potato growers on PEI, with the grand ma- jority of these being family farms, often with multiple generations working together.[21] The province currently accounts for a third of Canada’s total potato production, producing approximately 1.3 billion kilograms annually.[21] Comparatively, the state of Idaho produces approximately 6.2 billion kilograms annually, with a pop- Fisheries form one of the major industries of Prince Edward Is- ulation approximately 9.5 times greater.[56] The province land is a major producer of seed potatoes, exporting to more than twenty countries around the world.[21] An estimated total of 70% of the land is cultivated and 25% of all potatoes grown in Canada originate from P.E.I.[57] The pro- cessing of frozen fried potatoes, green vegetables, and berries is a leading business activity.[58] As a legacy of the island’s colonial history, the provincial government enforces extremely strict rules for non- resident land ownership, especially since the PEI Lands Protection Act of 1982.[59] Residents and corporations are limited to maximum holdings of 400 and 1,200 hectares respectively. There are also restrictions on non-resident ownership of shorelines.[59] The island’s economy has grown significantly over the last decade in key areas of innovation. Aerospace, Bio- Sandstone cliffs at North Cape enshrouded in fog science, ICT and Renewable energy have been a focus for growth and diversification. Aerospace alone now accounts for over 25% of the province’s international ex- ports and is the island’s fourth largest industry at $355 million in annual sales. Many of the province’s coastal communities rely upon shellfish harvesting, particularly lobster fishing[60] as well as oyster fishing and mussel farming. The sale of carbonated beverages such as beer and soft drinks in non-refillable containers, such as aluminum cans or plastic bottles, was banned in 1976 as an environmental measure in response to public concerns over litter. Beer and soft drink companies opted to use refillable glass bottles for their products which were redeemable at stores and bottle depots.

Rolling hills characterise a signiﬁcant portion of the island’s Though often environmental and economic agendas may landscape. be at odds, the ‘ban the can’ legislation along with being environmentally driven, was also economically motivated The provincial economy is dominated by the seasonal as it protected jobs. Seamans Beverages, a bottling com- industries of agriculture, tourism, and the ﬁshery. The pany and carbonated beverage manufacturer, was estab- 9

has set renewable energy targets as high as 30-50% for electricity consumed by 2015. Until wind generation, the province relied entirely on electricity imports on a submarine cable from New Brunswick. A thermal oil- ﬁred generating station in Charlottetown is also available. Electricity rates in the province were in 2011 the highest in Canada, at a domestic rate of 0.161 $/kWh. The province imports about 85 per cent of its power through New Brunswick. The maintenance shutdown of Point Lepreau nuclear plant forced the province to acquire most of its electrons on the expensive open market. The result was a steep price hikes of about 25 per cent in the three years to 2011 but the province later subsidised rates.[67] Residents were to pay 11.2 per cent more for electricity when the harmonized sales tax was adopted in April 2013, according to the P.E.I. Energy Accord that was tabled in the legislature on 7 December 2012.[68] and passed as the Electric Power (Energy Accord Continua- tion) Amendment Act, which establishes electric pricing from 1 April 2013 to 1 March 2016. Regulatory powers are derived for IRAC from the Electric Power Act.[69] Since 1918 Maritime Electric has delivered electricity to customers on the Island. The utility is currently owned and operated by Fortis Inc.[70] The average family income on Prince Edward Island is $62,110/year,[71] and the minimum wage of $10.50/hour as of July 1, 2015.[72] Farmland on Prince Edward Island.

lished in 1939 and a major employer in Charlottetown, 6 Government and politics Prince Edward Island.[61] Making it illegal to retail cans led to a bigger share of the carbonated beverage mar- Main articles: Government of Prince Edward Island and ket for Seamans. Seamans Beverages was eventually ac- Politics of Prince Edward Island quired by Pepsi Bottling Group Inc in 2002 prior to the lifting of the legislation.[62] The provincial government is responsible for such areas The introduction of recycling programs for cans and plas- as health and social services, education, economic devel- tic bottles in neighbouring provinces in recent years (also opment, labour legislation and civil law. These matters using a redemption system) has seen the provincial gov- of government are carried out in the provincial capital, ernment introduce legislation to reverse this ban with the Charlottetown. restriction lifted on May 3, 2008.[63][64][65] Prince Edward Island is governed by a parliamentary gov- Prince Edward Island has Canada’s highest provincial re- ernment within the construct of constitutional monarchy; tail sales tax rate, currently (2008) established at 10%. the monarchy in Prince Edward Island is the foundation The tax is applied to almost all goods and services except of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[73] The some clothing, food and home heating fuel. The tax is sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head also applied to the Federal Goods and Services Tax. of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries, each of The provincial government provides consumer protection Canada’s nine other provinces, and the Canadian federal in the form of regulation for certain items, ranging from realm, and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. apartment rent increases to petroleum products includ- As such, the Queen’s representative, the Lieutenant Gov- ing gas, diesel, propane and heating oil. These are reg- ernor of Prince Edward Island (presently Harry Frank ulated through the Prince Edward Island Regulatory and Lewis), carries out most of the royal duties in Prince Ed- Appeals Commission (IRAC).[66] IRAC is authorised to ward Island.[74] limit the number of companies who are permitted to sell The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures petroleum products. in any of these areas of governance is limited; in practice, At present, approximately fifteen percent of electricity their use of the executive powers is directed by the Exec- consumed on the island is generated from renewable en- utive Council, a committee of ministers of the Crown re- ergy (largely wind turbines); the provincial government sponsible to the unicameral, elected Legislative Assembly 10 7 TRANSPORTATION and chosen and headed by the Premier of Prince Edward Island (presently Wade MacLauchlan), the head of government. To ensure the stability of government, the lieutenant governor will usually appoint as premier the person who is usually the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty’s Loyal Opposition (presently Steven Myers) and is part of an ad- versarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[75] Each of the 27 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district. General elections are called by the lieutenant governor on the first Monday in October four years after the previous election, or may be called, on the advice of the premier, should the government lose a confidence vote in the legislature.[76] Traditionally, politics in the province have been dominated by both the Liberal Party and the Cardigan River, one of The Three Rivers Progressive Conservative Party.

The Mi'kmaq Confederacy of PEI is the tribal council doned by CN in 1989 in favour of an agreement with the and provincial territorial organization in the province that federal government to improve major highways. represents both the Lennox Island and Abegweit First Na- tions. Until 1997, the province was linked by two passenger- vehicle ferry services to the mainland: one, provided by Marine Atlantic, operated year-round between Borden 6.1 Municipalities and Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick; the other, provided by Northumberland Ferries Limited, operates sea- See also: List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island sonally between Wood Islands and Caribou, Nova Scotia. A third ferry service provided by CTMA operates all year round with seasonal times between Souris and Cap-aux- Meules, Quebec, in the Magdalen Islands.

Confederation Bridge

On June 1, 1997, the Confederation Bridge opened, connecting Borden-Carleton to Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick. The world’s longest bridge over ice-covered [77] 7 Transportation waters, it replaced the Marine Atlantic ferry service. Since then, the Confederation Bridge’s assured transportation link to the mainland has altered the province’s Prince Edward Island’s transportation network has tra- tourism and agricultural and ﬁsheries export economies. ditionally revolved around its seaports of Charlottetown, Summerside, Borden, Georgetown, and Souris —linked Several airlines service the Charlottetown Airport to its railway system, and the two main airports in (CYYG); the Summerside Airport (CYSU) is an addi- Charlottetown and Summerside, for communication with tional option for general aviation. mainland North America. The railway system was aban- The Island has the highest concentration of roadways in 11

Canada. The provincially managed portion of the net- Commission scolaire de langue française. The English work consists of 3,824 kilometres (2,376 mi) of paved language districts have a total of 10 secondary schools and roadways and 1,558 kilometres (968 mi) of non-paved or 54 intermediate and elementary schools while the Fran- clay roads. cophone district has 6 schools covering all grades. 22 The province has very strict laws regarding use of road- per cent of the student population is enrolled in French side signs. Billboards and the use of portable signs are immersion. This is one of the highest levels in the coun- banned. There are standard direction information signs try. on roads in the province for various businesses and at- Today 23.5 per cent of residents aged 15 to 19 have bilin- tractions in the immediate area. Some municipalities’ by- gual skills, an increase of 100 per cent in a decade. Prince laws also restrict the types of permanent signs that may be Edward Island, along with most rural regions in North installed on private property. America, is experiencing an accelerated rate of youth em- There is an extensive bicycling / hiking trail that spans the igration. The provincial government has projected that island. The Confederation Trail is a 470 kilometres (290 public school enrollment will decline by 40% during the mi) recreational trail system. The land was once owned 2010s. and used by Canadian National Railway (CN) as a rail line on the island. 9 Health care

8 Education See also: Health care in Canada The province has a single health administrative region (or

Panorama of the banks of the River Clyde in New Glasgow

Holland College

Prince Edward Island is home to one university, the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), located in the city of Charlottetown. The university was created by the Island legislature to re- place Prince of Wales College and St. Dunstan’s Univer- The coast of Prince Edward Island around Cavendish sity. UPEI is also home to the Atlantic Veterinary Col- lege, which offers the region’s only veterinary medicine district health authority) called Health PEI. Health PEI program. receives funding for its operations and is regulated by the Department of Health and Wellness. Prince Edward Island is also home to Maritime Christian College, the only Bible college in the Maritimes. It is also Many PEI homes and businesses are serviced by cen- home to Immanuel Christian School, a private Christian tral sewage collection and/or treatment systems. These School in Charlottetown. are operated either by a municipality or a private utility. Many industrial operations have their own wastewater Holland College is the provincial community college, treatment facilities. Staff members with the Department with campuses across the province, including specialised of Environment, Labour and Justice provide advice to facilities such as the Atlantic Police Academy, Marine operators, as needed, on proper system maintenance.[79] Training Centre, and the Culinary Institute of Canada. The IRAC regulates municipal water and sewer in the Prince Edward Island’s public school system has an province,[80] now under the Environmental Protection English school district named the English Language Act.[81] Since around 1900, the residents of the City School Board,[78] as well as a Francophone district, the of Charlottetown have benefited from a central sanitary 12 10 CULTURE AND SPORTS sewer service. Early disposal practices, while advanced Some specialist services require patients to be referred to for their time, eventually were found to compromise the clinics and specialists in neighbouring provinces. Special- ecological integrity of the nearby Hillsborough River and ist operations and treatments are also provided at larger the Charlottetown Harbour. By 1974, the Commission tertiary referral hospitals in neighbouring provinces such had spearheaded the development of a primary wastewa- as the IWK Health Centre and Queen Elizabeth II Health ter treatment plant, known as the Charlottetown Pollution Sciences Centre in Nova Scotia or the Saint John Re- Control Plant, together with the construction of several gional Hospital, Moncton Hospital, and Dr. Georges-L.- pumping stations along the City’s waterfront, and outfall Dumont University Hospital Centre in New Brunswick. piping deep into the Hillsborough River.[82] Ground ambulance service in Prince Edward Island is There are eight hospitals in the province. provided under contract by Island EMS. Air ambulance service is provided under contract by LifeFlight. • Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Charlottetown) In recent decades, Prince Edward Island’s population has • Prince County Hospital (Summerside) shown statistically significant and abnormally high rates of diagnosed rare cancers, particularly in rural areas. • Kings County Memorial Hospital (Montague) Health officials, ecologists and environmental activists point to the use of pesticides for industrial potato farming • Community Hospital (O'Leary) as a primary contaminant.[83] • Souris Hospital (Souris) Prince Edward Island is the only province in Canada • Western Hospital (Alberton) that does not provide abortion services through its hospitals. The last abortion was performed in the province • Hillsborough Hospital (Charlottetown) - the in 1982 prior to the opening of the Queen Eliza- province’s only psychiatric hospital beth Hospital which saw the closure of the Roman Catholic-affiliated Charlottetown Hospital and the non- Prince Edward Island offers programs and services in ar- denominational Prince Edward Island Hospital; a con- eas such as acute care, primary care, home care, pal- dition of the “merger” being that abortions not be per- liative care, public health, chronic disease prevention, formed in the province. In 1988, following the court de- and mental health and addictions, to name a few. The cision R. v. Morgentaler, the then-opposition Progressive provincial government has opened several family health Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island tabled a mo- centres in recent years in various rural and urban com- tion demanding that the ban on abortions be upheld at munities. A provincial cancer treatment centre at the the province’s hospitals; the then-governing Prince Ed- Queen Elizabeth Hospital provides support to those deal- ward Island Liberal Party under Premier Joe Ghiz ac- ing with various types of cancer-related illnesses. A fam- quiesced and the ban was upheld.[84] The Government ily medicine residency program was established in 2009 of Prince Edward Island will fund abortions for women with the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine as a who travel to another province. Women from Prince Ed- means to encourage new physicians to work in Prince Ed- ward Island may also travel to the nearest private user- ward Island. pay, Morgentaler Clinic in Fredericton, New Brunswick, where they must pay for the procedure using their own Long-term-care services are also available with several funds.[85][86][87][88][89] (See also abortion in Canada) programs in place to support seniors wishing to remain independent in their communities. Many medications for seniors are subsidized through a provincial pharmaceuti- cal plan, however, Prince Edward Island remains one of 10 Culture and sports the only provinces lacking a catastrophic drug coverage program for its residents. See also: Music of Prince Edward Island The provincial government has several programs for early illness detection, including mammography and pap screening clinics. There are also asthma education and di- abetes education programs, as well as prenatal programs, 10.1 Arts immunization programs and dental health risk prevention programs for children. The government is also attempt- The island’s cultural traditions of art, music and creative ing to implement a comprehensive integrated Electronic writing are supported through the public education sys- Health Record system. tem. There is an annual arts festival, the Charlottetown The provincial government has recently committed to en- Festival, hosted at the Confederation Centre of the Arts. hancing primary care and home care services and has in- Lucy Maud Montgomery, who was born in Clifton (now vested in health care facilities in recent capital budgets; New London) in 1874, wrote some 20 novels and numer- mostly replacements and upgrades to provincial govern- ous short stories that have been collected into anthologies. ment operated nursing homes and hospitals. Her first Anne book Anne of Green Gables was published 10.2 Sports 13

10.2 Sports

• Water sports are very popular on Prince Edward Is- land during the summer, perhaps because the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Northumberland Strait are warmer than the Atlantic Ocean off the shores of nearby New England. • In 1991, Prince Edward Island hosted the Canada Winter Games. • In 2009, Prince Edward Island hosted the Canada Summer Games. Sandstone arch off the coast of Darnley • Charlottetown Islanders play in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. • Island Storm play in the National Basketball League of Canada. in 1908. The musical play Anne of Green Gables has run every year at the Charlottetown festival for more than • In 2008 and 2009, Prince Edward Island hosted the four decades. The sequel, Anne & Gilbert, premiered in Tour de PEI, a province wide cycling race consisting the Playhouse in Victoria in 2005. The actual location of of women from around the world. Green Gables, the house featured in Montgomery’s Anne • books, is in Cavendish, on the north shore of PEI. The most common sports participated in on the island are hockey, curling, golf, horse racing, base- Elmer Blaney Harris founded an artists colony at Fortune ball, soccer, rugby, football, broomball and basket- Bridge and set his famous play Johnny Belinda on the is- ball. land. Robert Harris was a well-known artist. Prince Edward Island’s documented music history begins in the 19th century with religious music, some written 10.3 Notable people by the local pump and block maker and organ-importer, • Milton James Rhode Acorn - poet/playwright Watson Duchemin. Several big bands including the Sons of Temperance Band and the Charlottetown Brass Band • Francis Bain – author, scientist, farmer were active. Today, Acadian, Celtic, folk, and rock music prevail, with exponents including Gene MacLellan, his • Catherine Callbeck - elected first female premier of daughter Catherine MacLellan, Al Tuck, Lennie Gallant, province Two Hours Traffic and Trinity Bradshaw. The celebrated • Dave Cameron - professional ice hockey coach singer-songwriter Stompin' Tom Connors spent his for- mative years in Skinners Pond. Celtic music is certainly • Alex Campbell – former politician/premier the most common traditional music on the island, with fiddling and step dancing being very common. This tra- • George Coles – former premier, Father of Confed- dition, largely Scottish, Irish and Acadian in origin is very eration similar to the music of Cape Breton and to a lesser extent, • Jared Connaughton – former Olympic sprinter Newfoundland and is unique to the region. A March 4/4 for bagpipes was composed in honour of Prince Edward • Lloyd Duffy – thoroughbred jockey, harness horses Island.[90] driver There is also an annual jazz festival, the P.E.I. Jazz • Mike Duffy –television journalist, politician and Blues Festival.[91] The one-week-long series of con- certs takes place at a multitude of venues including Mur- • Gerard Gallant – professional ice hockey head coach phy’s Community Center, outdoor stages and churches • at Charlotteville. The moving of its date to mid Au- Millie Gamble - early amateur photographer gust caused in 2011 a serious loss in funding from Ot- • Joe Ghiz - former provincial premier tawa’s regional development agency ACOA.[92] The mu- sician’s line up in 2011 included Oliver Jones, Sophie • George Godfrey - boxer Milman, Matt Dusk, Jack de Keyzer, Jack Semple, • Meaghan Smith, Meaghan Blanchard, Hupman Broth- Francis Longworth Haszard - politician, jurist ers, Alex Dean, Charlie A'Court, Sean Ferris, Jimmy • Haywire – musical band Bowskill, West End Blues Band, Bad Habits, Brian Mc- Connell and Mellotones. • Lorie Kane - professional golfer 14 12 REFERENCES

• Joey Kitson - singer 11 See also • David Laird - Framer of the Indian Act and ﬁrst resident Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Terri- Main article: Outline of Prince Edward Island tories

• Amber MacArthur - broadcasting personality and • Acadiensis, scholarly history journal covering At- author lantic Canada • Alexander Wallace Matheson - politician • Index of Canada-related articles • John Alexander Mathieson - educator, politician, ju- • List of people from Prince Edward Island rist • David (Eli) MacEachern – Olympic gold medalist and world champion in bobsledding 12 References

• Martha MacIsaac – actress [1] “Land and freshwater area, by province and territory.”. Statistics Canada. February 1, 2005. Retrieved August • Adam McQuaid – professional ice hockey player 5, 2012. • Lucy Maud Montgomery - author [2] “Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces • Heather Moyse - two-time Olympic gold medalist in and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses”. Statcan.gc.ca. February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012. bobsledding [3] “Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province • Steve Ott - professional ice hockey player and territory (2011)". Statistics Canada. November 19, • Claire Rankin - actress 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013. • Brad Richards – professional ice hockey player [4] Prince Edward Island. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 2013. • James Jeﬀrey Roche – poet and diplomat [5] Natural Resources Canada (August 2009). “The Atlas of • Jacob Gould Schurman – educator and diplomat Canada - Sea Islands”. Retrieved August 5, 2012. • Michael Smith – chef and television host [6] Tidridge, Nathan. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent: Father of the Canadian Crown. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2013. • Mark Strand - poet [7] “Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000”. Environment • Joe O'Brien - harness horses driver, trainer Canada. Retrieved 5 October 2012. • Lemuel Cambridge Owen - shipbuilder, banker [8] “Prince Edward Island”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 May 2015. • Edward Palmer - lawyer, politician [9] “The Climate of Prince Edward Island”. The Climates of • Paper Lions- pop band Canada. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 7 June 2015. • James Colledge Pope - businessman, former premier [10] “Climate and Weather”. Government of Prince Edward • William Henry Pope - land agent, lawyer, jurist Island. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

• Jonathan Torrens – actor and television host [11] Prince Edward Island - The Canadian Encyclopedia Re- trieved: April 6, 2011 • Two Hours Traﬃc – pop band [12] Russel, F. The Atlantic Coast. The Illustrated Natural His- • Weston Thomas “Bucko” Trainor - hockey player tory of Canada. Natural Science of Canada Ltd. Toronto. 1970. pp. 30-31. LCCCN 70109048 • Alexander Bannerman Warburton - former premier • [13] Parks Canada, Teacher Resource Centre, Prince Edward George Wood- professional baseball player Island National Park of Canada Retrieved: April 6, 2011

[14] Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units. “Pictou Group”. 10.4 Sister province Retrieved June 16, 2013.

Hainan Province, China, has been the sister province of [15] thecanadianencyclopedia.ca: “Prince Edward Island - Mining” Prince Edward Island since 2001. This came about after Vice-Governor Lin Fanglue stayed for two days to hold [16] nrcan.gc.ca: “Prince Edward Island’s Shale and Tight Re- discussions about partnership opportunities and trade.[93] sources” 15

[17] carlottetown.pe.ca: “Water Utility” [41] “Assembly Timeline” (PDF). Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island. Government of Prince Edward Is- [18] cbc.ca: “Water supply worries prompt Charlottetown land. Retrieved October 22, 2011. meeting”, 30 Nov 2011 [42] Library and Archives Canada. “Canadian Confederation, [19] cbc.ca: “Charlottetown opens emergency water supply”, Provinces and Territories, Prince Edward Island”. Re- 10 Jul 2012 trieved December 27, 2009.

[20] cbc.ca: “Charlottetown relies on secondary water source”, [43] “Prince Edward Island”. Directory of Designations of Na- 14 Aug 2013 tional Historic Signiﬁcance of Canada. Parks Canada. Re- trieved October 23, 2011. [21] “PEI Potato”. PEI Potato. Retrieved July 2015. [44] Confederation Centre of the Arts National Historic Site of [22] cbc.ca: “Water Act white paper tabled by P.E.I. govern- Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved ment”, 8 Jul 2015 October 23, 2011. [23] gov.pe.ca: “Environment - Drinking Water Quality” [45] “Population urban and rural, by province and territory”. [24] gov.pe.ca: “Getting your water tested” [46] “Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces [25] “Freshwater ascomycetes: Jahnula apiospora (Jahnulales, and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data”. Dothideomycetes), a new species from Prince Edward Is- land, Canada”. Retrieved 29 September 2013. [47] , National Household Survey (NHS) Proﬁle, 2011

[26] Island Information: Quick Facts, website of the Govern- [48] Statistics Canada (2002). “Population of Canada’s ment of Prince Edward Island, 2010-04-27. Retrieved on Provinces”. Retrieved April 3, 2007. October 25, 2010. [49] PEI population trend (Statistics Canada). [27] Harvey, p. 110 [50] Population urban and rural, by province and territory [28] Harvey, p. 111 (Statistics Canada, 2005).

[29] Harvey, p. 112 [51] “Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Oﬃcial Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Cen- [30] Boishebert Canadian Biography On Line sus)". 2.statcan.ca. December 7, 2010. Retrieved Febru- ary 23, 2011. [31] John Clarence Webster’s, “Memorial on Behalf of Sieur de Boishebert” (Saint John: Historical Studies No. 4, [52] “Religions in Canada”. 2.statcan.ca. Retrieved February Publications of the New Brunswick Museum, 1942) at p. 23, 2011. 11. [53] gov.pe.ca: “Agriculture on Prince Edward Island” [32] “Mi'kmaw History - Timeline (Post-Contact)". Muiniskw.org. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2012-05-19. [54] statcan.gc.ca: “Census of Agriculture counts 1700 farms in Prince Edward Island” [33] “LEGARDEUR DE CROISILLE ET DE MONTES- SON, JOSEPH-MICHEL - Dictionary of Canadian Bi- [55] maisonneuve.org: “When the Monks Come to Town”, 18 ography Online”. Biographi.ca. 2007-10-18. Retrieved Jun 2013 2012-05-19. [56] “Idaho Potato Production”. Potatopro.com. November [34] The Canadian Encyclopedia, Hurtig Publishers, Edmon- 12, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ton, Alberta, (1988) p. 1753. [57] Weihs, Jean (1995). Facts about Canada, its provinces and [35] Johnston, A. J. B. (2007). Endgame 1758: The Promise, territories. New York: H.W. Wilson Co. p. 159. ISBN the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg’s Last Decade. 9780824208646. University of Nebraska Press. p. 366. [58] Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.). Encyclopædia Britannica [36] Earl Lockerby. The Deportation of the Acadians from Inc. 2013. Prince Edward Island. [59] irac.pe.ca: “The Prince Edward Island Lands Protection [37] Brendan O'Grady, Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers Act - Frequently Asked Questions Including Information of Prince Edward Island, p. 15) on Non-Resident, Corporate & Global Permit Applica- tions for Land Acquisition in Prince Edward Island” [38] PEI Provincial Government. “Historical Milestones”. Re- trieved August 17, 2007. [60] Lobster Fishing

[39] Julian Gwyn. Frigates and Foremasts. University of [61] “Government of Prince Edward Island”. British Columbia. 2003. p. 58 [62] “Pepsi Bottling Group To Acquire Seaman’s Beverages”. [40] PEI history Government of Canada SmartBrief. 2002-04-03. Retrieved 2014-01-14. 16 13 FURTHER READING

[63] Government of PEI. “PEI Bans the Can”. Archived from [84] Boesveld, Sarah (December 23, 2011). “P.E.I. to 'stay the original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2007. with status quo' on abortions”. National Post. Retrieved August 25, 2012. [64] CBC (April 26, 2007). “End to can ban receives full support of legislature”. CBC News. Retrieved April 27, 2007. [85] Wright, Teresa (July 7, 2008). “Abortion policy to remain same: Ghiz”. The Guardian (Charlottetown, PUI). [65] Government of PEI. “Government to lift “can-ban” May Retrieved May 13, 2010. 3 beverage container management system encourages re- turns and recycling”. Retrieved April 26, 2008. [86] “P.E.I. won't change abortion policy”. CBC News. July [66] Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission (PEI Govern- 19, 2000. Retrieved May 13, 2010. ment). [87] “Abortion information line disconnected”. CBC News. [67] cbc.ca: “Electricity in Prince Edward Island”, 30 Mar January 29, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2010. 2011 [88] Arthur, Joyce (November 2000). “Canada Health Act Vi- [68] cbc.ca: “Electricity rates rising 11.2% next year”, 7 Dec olates Abortion Services: Five Basic Principles Not Met”. 2012 Pro-Choice Action Network. Retrieved May 13, 2010.

[69] irac.pe.ca: “Electric Regulation” [89] “Your province and tax-funded abortions”. Life Canada Inc. 2003. Archived from the original on October 6, [70] maritimeelectric.com: “About Us” 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2010. [71] “Summary Tables”. 0.statcan.ca. Retrieved 2012-05-19. [90] Archie Cairns - Book 1 Pipe Music 'Prince Edward Island' [72] Government of PEI. “Minimum Wage Order”. Archived March 4/4, 1995 from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015. [91] “P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival”. Retrieved August 10, 2011. [73] Canadian Heritage (February 2009). “Department of Canadian Heritage Portfolio” (PDF) (2nd ed.). Queen’s [92] “Jazz festival loses ACOA funding”. CBC news (cbc.ca). Printer for Canada: 3–4. ISBN 978-1-100-11529-0. Re- Aug 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011. trieved May 23, 2011. [93] “Ilê-du-Prince-Edouard: Communiqué (Vice-Governor [74] Oﬃce of the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Is- from Chinese Sister Province Visits Prince Edward Is- land. “Role > Role and Responsibilities”. Queen’s Printer land)". Gov.pe.ca. Retrieved 2012-05-19. for Prince Edward Island. Retrieved September 13, 2012.

[75] Library of Parliament. “The Opposition in a Parliamen- tary System”. Queen’s Printer for Canada. Retrieved May 13 Further reading 23, 2011.

[76] Elizabeth II (2008). “Election Act” (PDF). 4.1(2)(b): • Arsenault, Georges (1989). The Island Acadians, Queen’s Printer for Prince Edward Island. Retrieved 1720–1980. Charlottetown: Ragweed Press. ISBN September 13, 2012. 978-0-920304-81-5. OCLC 42887917.

[77] “Confederation Bridge”. September 2009. (oﬃcial web- • Baglole, Harry (1977). Exploring Island History: A site). Guide to the Historical Resources of Prince Edward [78] “New School Board”. Island. Belfast, P.E.I.: Ragweed Press. ISBN 0- 920304-01-X. OCLC 4114534. [79] gov.pe.ca: “Central Wastewater Systems” • Bolger, Francis (1973). Canada’s Smallest Province: [80] irac.pe.ca: “PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND - MUNICI- A History of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown: PAL WATER & SEWERAGE UTILITIES - GENERAL Prince Edward Island 1973 Centennial Commission. RULES & REGULATIONS” OCLC 1031515. Also under OCLC 223434609 [81] irac.pe.ca: “CHAPTER E-9 - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT - DRINKING WATER AND • Beck, E Boyde; Burden, P John (1996). Prince WASTEWATER FACILITY OPERATING REGULA- Edward Island : an (un)authorized history. TIONS” Charlottetown: Acorn Press. ISBN 978-0- 9698606-1-7. OCLC 36817364. [82] charlottetown.pe.ca: “City of Charlottetown Wastewater Treatment Expansion & Upgrading” (ca 2001) • Bumsted, JM (1987). Land, settlement, and pol- [83] Mittelstaedt, Martin (December 6, 2006). “Pesticides are itics on eighteenth-century Prince Edward Island. what’s killing our kids”. The Globe and Mail. Archived Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen’s University Press. from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April ISBN 978-0-7735-0566-7. OCLC 17199722. Re- 3, 2007. trieved September 16, 2009. 17

• Clark, Andrew Hill (1959). Three Centuries and • PEI info the Island. A Historical Geography of Settlement and Agriculture in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Coordinates: 46°15′N 063°00′W / 46.250°N 63.000°W Toronto: University of Toronto Press. OCLC 203962. A very broad look at the historical geography of P.E.I. • Ives, Edward D (1999). Drive Dull Care Away: Folksongs from Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown: Institute of Island Studies. ISBN 978-0-919013-34-6. OCLC 123276052. Retrieved September 16, 2009. • Johnston, A.J.B.; Francis, Jesse (2013). Ni'n na L'nu: The Mi'kmaq of Prince Edward Island. Char- lottetown: Acorn Press. ISBN 978-1-894838-93-1. • MacKinnon, Frank (1995). Church politics and education in Canada : the P.E.I. experience. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-55059-104-0. OCLC 35292426. • MacKinnon, Wayne (1973). The Life of the Party: A History of the Liberal Party in Prince Edward Is- land. Summerside, P.E.I.: Prince Edward Island Liberal Party. • Sharpe, Errol (1976). A people’s history of Prince Edward Island. Toronto: Steel Rail. ISBN 0- 88791-003-3. OCLC 2893908. • Verner Smitheram; David Milne; Satadal Dasgupta (1982). The Garden transformed: Prince Edward Island, 1945-1980. Charlottetown: Ragweed Press. ISBN 978-0-920304-10-5. OCLC 9469420. • Livingston, Walter Ross (1931). Responsible Gov- ernment in Prince Edward Island: A Triumph of Self-Government under the Crown. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. OCLC 1678512. Re- trieved September 16, 2009. • Weale, David; Baglole, Harry (1973). The Island and Confederation: the end of an era. Summerside, P.E.I.: Williams and Crue. OCLC 1340051.

14 External links

• The Government of Prince Edward Island Govern- ment oﬃcial website • Prince Edward Island at DMOZ • The Government Prince Edward Island Visitor’s Guide • CBC Digital Archives – PEI Elections: Liberal land- slides and Tory tides • Confederation Bridge • City of Charlottetown 18 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.1 Text

• Prince Edward Island Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island?oldid=695590560 Contributors: Firepink, Brion VIBBER, Stephen Gilbert, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, Eclecticology, Danny, Zoe, Kirjtc2, Montrealais, Ram-Man, Patrick, Kd4nuh, Stewacide, Ron Davis, Kaihsu, John K, Ghewgill, The Tom, Timwi, Daniel Quinlan, WhisperToMe, Timc, IceKarma, Vancouverguy, Peregrine981, Tpbradbury, Joy, Indefatigable, Michael Glass, Denelson83, Bearcat, Robbot, Earl Andrew, Fredrik, RedWolf, Ain- driahhn, Halthecomputer, Sunray, Wereon, Nickjbor, Lupo, Angilbas, Dina, Acm, Stroback, Shidho~enwiki, Psb777, DocWatson42, Jao, Fudoreaper, Ido50, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Jjamison, DO'Neil, Solipsist, JillandJack, Formeruser-83, Avala, Jackol, Pne, Bob- blewik, Golbez, Rsloch, Dhughes, Formeruser-81, Sonjaaa, Evertype, Mamizou, Plasma east, CaribDigita, Mzajac, Neutrality, Ukex- pat, Grunt, Qui1che, Mike Rosoft, PZFUN, Bourquie, RossPatterson, Discospinster, Guanabot, Qutezuce, Vsmith, 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(GMG), Arjayay, Ember of Light, Snout1, Kakofonous, Gray101, Aitias, Subash.chandran007, Rollo Bay 1758, Atrion, SoxBot III, 5800FX, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, NERIC-Security, Kiwehtin, Piotron, PretentiousSnot, XLinkBot, LivvBigg, Koumz, Dark Mage, Katlou21, Facts707, Cmr08, Gogogorman, Menthaxpiperita, Good Olfactory, RyanCross, Zildjian drummer 09, Wyatt915, Corath, Jhendin, Lordoliver, Narayansg, Betterusername, Peibioguy, Ronhjones, Cheese023, Vishnava, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jańczuk, Fluffernutter, WonderPetDinosaur, NjardarBot, Nosaelg, LaaknorBot, Daicaregos, Glane23, Ld100, Butrocker, Favonian, Kyle1278, Gsbsmith, Sophie-hugo, Tassedethe, Fail Fail Fail Fail, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Romanskolduns, Lnewmans, Zorrobot, Swarm, Kurtis, Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D, Eddycaper, Fraggle81, Amirobot, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Santryl, Maxí, KamikazeBot, Paraplegicemu, Daniel 1992, Eric-Wester, MacTire02, Bility, N1RK4UDSK714, AnomieBOT, Message From Xenu, IRP, Broganalonzo, Piano non troppo, Cyanidethistles, Ulric1313, Bosonic dressing, Bluerasberry, ImperatorExercitus, The High Fin Sperm Whale, E2eamon, Maxis ftw, JohnnyB256, Frankenpuppy, ArthurBot, Xqbot, LucieMC, Khajidha, Nasnema, Anna Frodesiak, BritishWatcher, GrouchoBot, Miesianiacal, Ant501UK, Jdeell, Sniff, BCFUNNY, BC Rox, Doulos Christos, Moxy, Shadowjams, Phlegmily, Dougofborg, Dan6hell66, BoomerAB, RetiredWikipedian789, FrescoBot, Blahz123, LucienBOT, Wikipe-tan, Recognizance, Carnage GOS, HJ Mitchell, Nickoth- ode, HarleyMip, BenzolBot, Kwiki, Abbyhachey101, Jakewotto101, Chuusharon, 117Avenue, Pancreasclub, Jack Gorham, DrilBot, Win- terst, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, HRoestBot, Rpougnet, Hamtechperson, Fat&Happy, Hoo man, MastiBot, Wildernessman, Macdon- aldryan, Lissajous, Jauhienij, White Shadows, DC, TobeBot, Lotje, Callanecc, Fox Wilson, Dinamik-bot, Kmw2700, Vrenator, Fynire, Clarkcj12, Chnou, Rr parker, Canuckian89, Jhessian Zombie, Fry1989, Hwy43, Www-dot-applinksystems-dot-com, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Bento00, Slaja, Salvio giuliano, Slon02, EmausBot, John of Reading, Vsalloti, Hantsheroes, ScottyBerg, RA0808, Kimbae, NotAnony- mous0, Sillyjones, Po' buster, Tommy2010, Winner 42, Wikipelli, AvicBot, Ida Shaw, Josve05a, Chuggiewuggie, Agassiz830, Xabier Armendaritz, A930913, Kelsey404, UrbanNerd, Christina Silverman, Wayne Slam, Ocaasi, Highvale, Erianna, Clarence1011, L Kensing- 15.2 Images 19

ton, Enblndn, MonoAV, Donner60, KindredSpiritMichael, Status, DeltaQuad.alt, TYelliot, DASHBotAV, McCaster, Xanchester, ClueBot NG, Mcenteeep01, Lucky97, Jack Greenmaven, Inkowik, CocuBot, Joefromrandb, Bped1985, DonaldRichardSands, Frietjes, The High Fin Sock Whale, Widr, Folly1960, Autotypo, Newyorkadam, Kburke559, IgnorantArmies, Helpful Pixie Bot, Andrew Gwilliam, Heuer- ham, Lowercase sigmabot, Vagobot, Wiki13, MusikAnimal, Ployer1, PaintedCarpet, Tidridge, DPL bot, Snow Blizzard, Creepysam, Serindy, MyReleventKnowledge, Oldclashfan, PRRO, Thejessebarbour, Oren Balaban, Iowastate2000, Webcontentpei, BattyBot, Sim- simi123, Pooyork1, Wiltemore, Peterkrummeck, Cyberbot II, Hi250, Greengablespei, Khazar2, Khry, Harrietbf, JYBot, Lightbulb2012, Mogism, Ssbbplayer, Jjtkk, Fête, Hair, Rosebud92, SassyLilNugget, Stevebenjamins, Godot13, Charles.millar, Simsimi222, Dwscomet, GigaMega123, DavidLeighEllis, Sammyd505505, Cameron Ehteshami, Bullman1234567891, Bolthouse30, Pechar689, Abbiesﬂow, Glen- meister, AddWittyNameHere, Agfnj10, Steelepr01, Merlin the 2nd, L Manju, Ericmebelli9, Grimgramgrom, Breckthegod, Melcous, Monkbot, Rylee.currie, Rylee-currie4811, Amortias, EncyclopediaCanadensis, Sigehelmus, Mustafa123445, Narky Blert, Some Gad- get Geek, Mkoebel13, EdouardChunyuan, Noah allen14, Miraclexix, KasparBot, PReFix44, Kdsfafafdsafda, Henri880624, Barbequeue, Stev3214, Rapors10, Jack rinestone and Anonymous: 1006

15.2 Images • File:CAN-S1932a-Bank_of_Prince_Edward_Island-10_Dollars_(1872).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/ec/CAN-S1932a-Bank_of_Prince_Edward_Island-10_Dollars_%281872%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Image by Godot13 Original artist: National Museum of American History • File:CardiganRiver_2008.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/CardiganRiver_2008.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Verne Equinox • File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Prince_Edward_Island.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/Coat_of_Arms_of_ Prince_Edward_Island.png License: Fair use Contributors: http://www.vector-image.com Original artist: Lucy Maud Montgomery • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Confederation_Bridge_from_Prince_Edward_Island_16x9.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/ Confederation_Bridge_from_Prince_Edward_Island_16x9.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: WikiPedant • File:Day256jgreenwichd.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Day256jgreenwichd.JPG License: CC- BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Chensiyuan at en.wikipedia • File:Dunes_on_PEI.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Dunes_on_PEI.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: I(Danielc192 (talk)) created this work entirely by myself. Original artist: Danielc192 (talk) • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_ Island.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. E Pluribus Anthony~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Holland_College_Prince_Edward_Island.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Holland_College_ Prince_Edward_Island.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Skeezix1000 using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Koolchik99 at English Wikipedia • File:Ile-du-Prince-Edouard_langues.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Ile-du-Prince-Edouard_ langues.png License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Piotron • File:Landscape_of_PEI.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Landscape_of_PEI.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Dylan Kereluk from White Rock, Canada • File:Maple_Leaf_(from_roundel).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_ roundel%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: • Roundel_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_(1946-1965).svg Original artist: Roundel_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_(1946- 1965).svg: F l a n k e r • File:Marquis_de_Boishébert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boishébert_et_de_Raffetot_(1753)_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish% C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the McCord Museum under the access number M967.48 Original artist: Anonymous • File:Newglasgowpano2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Newglasgowpano2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Sniff. Original artist: Chensiyuan at English Wikipedia • File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project 20 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:PEI-basemap.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/PEI-basemap.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Klaus M. (Mikmaq), de-wiki, cropped and translated by Qyd • File:Panmure_island_lighthouse.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Panmure_island_lighthouse.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: chensiyuan Original artist: chensiyuan • File:Peiredcliff.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Peiredcliff.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work by the original uploader Original artist: User:Chensiyuan • File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: OpenClipart Original artist: OpenClipart • File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:PrinceEdwardIsland_map_1874.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Prince_Edward_Island_map_1775.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number R3908-8-5-E (formerly NMC 23350) and under the MIKAN ID number 3705866 Original artist: Samuel Holland • File:Prince_Edward_Island_in_Canada_(special_marker).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/6/68/Prince_Edward_Island_in_Canada_%28special_marker%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0- 1.0 Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. Original artist: TUBS • File:Prince_edward_island_cavendish_red_cliffs.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Prince_edward_island_ cavendish_red_cliffs.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: chensiyuan Original artist: chensiyuan • File:Prince_edward_island_farm_rainbow.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Prince_edward_island_farm_rainbow. JPG License: GFDL Contributors: chensiyuan Original artist: chensiyuan • File:Prince_edward_island_fish.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Prince_edward_island_fish.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: flickr Original artist: Vic Brincat • File:Prince_edward_island_sandstone_arch.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Prince_edward_island_sandstone_arch. jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: flickr Original artist: Vic Brincat • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Scriven_Prince_Edward.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Scriven_Prince_Edward.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Edward Scriven engraving of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathern (1834) after W. Beechey’s portrait. Hand-coloured. 11x8,5cm. Original artist: Edward Scriven engraving of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathern (1834) after W. Beechey’s portrait. Hand-coloured. 11x8,5cm. • File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contribu- tors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil • File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw

15.3 Content license

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