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An Initial Appreciation of the Dialect Situation in Saluan and Batui (Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia)

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An Initial Appreciation of the Dialect Situation in Saluan and Batui (Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia) DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2015-013 An Initial Appreciation of the Dialect Situation in Saluan and Batui (Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia) David Mead and Edy Pasanda An Initial Appreciation of the Dialect Situation in Saluan and Batui (Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia) David Mead and Edy Pasanda Maps prepared by Matt Connor and John Noya SIL International® 2015 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2015-013, November 2015 © 2015 SIL International® All rights reserved Abstract In the eastern peninsula of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, the fifteenth edition of the Ethnologue (Gordon 2005) lists two Saluan languages: Coastal Saluan and Kahumamahon Saluan. Based on a survey of the Saluan area conducted in July, 2006, we conclude that this division is unjustified—only one Saluan language need be recognized, though with various dialects as we explore in this paper. Our conclusions are based on a consideration of lexical similarity (lexicostatistics), historical sound change, and informal sociolinguistic interviews. During the course of this survey, we also collected information on the small Batui lect, also known in the literature as Baha, and previously classified as a dialect of Pamona. In actuality Batui is a language closely related to Saluan. With the merger of Coastal and Kahumamahon Saluan as a single language and the recognition of Batui as a separate language, the total number of recognized languages in the Saluan-Banggai microgroup remains at six languages. An appendix presents eleven wordlists from Saluan and one from Batui. Contents Abstract Ringkasan 1 Introduction 1.1 Current administrative boundaries 1.2 Research sites 1.3 Saluan and Batui in the literature 1.3.1 Mondono (also Mandona, Mandano, Mandana, Mandono, Mondonu, Mondone, Modone, Mendono) 1.3.2 Loinang (also La-Inang, Loindang, Lojnang, Loinan, Luinan, Loenan, Toloina) 1.3.3 Saluan 1.3.4 Madi 1.3.5 Baha and Batui 2 The evidence from lexicostatistics 3 The evidence from sound changes 3.1 Final long vowels in Saluan and Batui 3.2 Merger of final *l and *n 4 The evidence from sociolinguistic interviews 4.1 Village-by-village responses 4.2 Summary 5 Conclusions Appendix A: Lexical similarity matrices (Swadesh 100) Appendix B: Wordlists References iii Ringkasan Tulisan ini merupakan laporan atas survei kami pada daerah bahasa Saluan dan Batui. Saluan merupakan salah satu bahasa daerah induk di semenanjung timur Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Menurut sebagian dari atlas-atlas bahasa (Sneddon 1983, Wurm 1994), hanya ada satu bahasa Saluan. Referensi bahasa lain, bagaimanapun juga, seperti edisi ke-15 Ethnologue (Gordon 2005) membedakan ada dua bahasa: bahasa Saluan Pesisir dan bahasa lainnya yang disebut Saluan Kahumamahon. Tentu saja memungkinkan untuk mengidentifikasi suku yang disebut dengan suku Kahumamahon, yang telah diperhitungkan sebagai suku terasing yang berada di pedalaman kecamatan Nuhon, namun diragukan apakah bahasa kelompok ini dapat dianggap sebagai bahasa yang terpisah. Untuk tujuan penyelidikan yang lebih mendetil, pada bulan Juli 2006, dengan dukungan kantor Badan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Daerah di Palu dan Luwuk, kami mengadakan penjajakan di daerah Saluan. Dari kecamatan Nuhon hingga kecamatan Boalemo di pantai utara dan dari Kecamatan Luwuk Timur hingga Kecamatan Batui di pantai selatan, kami mengunjungi dua belas lokasi, dengan tujuan untuk mengumpulkan informasi mengenai perbendaharaan kata dan menyebarkan angket kuisioner sosiolingustik. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa tidak perlu membedakan diantara kedua bahasa Saluan. Hanya ada satu bahasa Saluan, yang kami bagi dalam tiga dialek, yaitu: dialek Loinang, dialek Luwuk dan dialek Kintom-Pangimana-Boalemo (Kipabo). Dialek Loinang ternyata mengandung tiga subdialek yaitu Lingketeng, Baloa’ dan Kahumama'on. Dialek Loinang dipakai pada bagian pedalaman dulu, khususnya sepanjang sungai Sensean dan Lobu, namun sepanjang abad yang lalu, orang-orang ini telah meninggalkan desa-desa asal mereka dan telah berdikari di berbagai lokasi sepanjang pantai. Dialek Luwuk dipakai umumnya di kecamatan Luwuk dan Luwuk Timur. Dialek Kimtom-Pagimana-Boalemo (Kipabo) tentu dipakai di kecamatan Kintom, Pagimana dan Boalemo dan juga di bagian-bagian tertentu di kecamatan Bunta dan Nuhon. Hubungan diantara ketiga dialek ini adalah sebagai berikut. Luwuk dapat dianggap sebagai dialek inti. Dialek Luwuk sangat mirip dengan dialek Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo dalam hal perbendaharaan kata, sebab banyak kata yang sama diantara kedua dialek ini. Bagaimanapun, dialek Luwuk juga mirip dialek Loinang dalam hal konsonan l pada akhir kata menjadi n. Coba perhatikan kata-kata berikut ini. Loinang Luwuk Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo tuli mabongon mabongon mabongol tumpul mokujun mokujun mokujul sukar mahan mahan mahal celana saluan saluan salual Meskipun perbedaan ini dan perbedaan dalam perbendaharaan kata, dilaporkan kepada kami bahwa orang yang berbicara dalam tiga dialek tersebut dapat saling mengerti satu dengan yang lain. Namun, tidak demikian dengan jenis bahasa yang bernama Batui, yang dipakai di kelurahan Balantang, Tolando, Sisipan dan Batui di Kecamatan Batui. Ketika membandingkan dua ratus kata dalam perbendaharaan kata yang mendasar, Batui berbeda dengan dialek-dialek Saluan lainnya rata-rata seperempat kali. Cobalah perhatikan kata-kata berikut ini: Batui Loinang Luwuk Kintom-Pagimana-Boalemo telur ontolu nggalau' nggalau' nggalau' kelapa potil niuː niuː niuː dinding hinding pimpi' pimpi' pimpi' baik kopian ma'ima' ma'ima' ma'ima' jahat mahamu' ma'idek ma'idek ma'idek iv v Disebabkan oleh perbedaan yang mencolok ini, dan juga karena pendapat yang kuat dari orang- orang Batui sendiri, kami menganggap Batui adalah bahasa yang terpisah, meskipun sangat berhubungan dekat dengan bahasa Saluan.1 Di sini diberikan penjelasan singkat, bagian per bagian sinopsis dari karya ilmiah ini. Bagian 1 adalah gambaran umum pengetahuan terkini mengenai situasi bahasa di Kabupaten Banggai dan alasan mengapa kami meneliti di daerah bahasa Saluan. Bagian 1.1 merupakan gambaran umum mengenai kondisi pembagian geografis dan politik di Kabupaten Banggai. Bagian 1.2 merupakan penjelasan mengenai dua belas tempat dimana kami mengumpulkan data selama penelitian kami. Bagian 1.3 merupakan kilasan nama-nama lain dimana bahasa Saluan pernah disebut selama masa penjajahan Belanda, yaitu bahasa Mendono, bahasa Loinang, bahasa Saluan dan bahasa Madi. Kami juga menjelaskan mengapa seorang ahli bahasa Belanda Adriani salah mengklasifikasi Batui (yang mana dia sebut dengan bahasa Baha) sebagai suatu dialek bahasa Pamona. Bagian 2 menyajikan hasil-hasil dari perbandingan leksikal. Sepasang demi sepasang, setiap pasangan daftar kata dibandingkan dengan tujuan untuk menghitung persentasi tertentu dari kesamaan leksikal (jumlah kata-kata yang dianggap sama, dibagi dengan jumlah jawaban-jawaban dikalikan dengan angka 100). Kami menghitung dengan membandingkan dua ratus kata (kata seperti ‘kepala,’ ‘rambut,’ ‘mata,’ ‘hidung,’ ‘mulut,’ dsb., sampai dengan dua ratus kata) berdasarkan daftar standar yang disebut dengan daftar Swadesh 200. Secara umum, bila dua daftar kata bernilai diatas 80% sama secara leksikal, mereka dapat dianggap termasuk dalam bahasa yang sama. Hasil-hasil ini disajikan dalam bentuk bagan dan grafik. Bagian 3 merupakan diskusi mengenai perubahan bunyi historis, yang menunjukkan bahasa Batui, Babongko, Andio dan Saluan sangat erat hubungan diantaranya dari perspektif hubungan kekerabatan. Bagian 3.1 merupakan diskusi mengenai bunyi vokal panjang akhir dalam bahasa Saluan dan Batui. Contohnya, ketika kami mengukur cara orang Saluan mengucapkan kata siku ‘siku’ dan iku ‘ekor,’ kami dapat melihat bahwa bunyi vokal akhir u dari iku diartikulasikan hampir dua kali lebih panjang (sepanjang ~ 0.30 detik) dibandingkan dengan bunyi vokal akhir u dari siku (~ 0.15 detik).2 Simbol yang digunakan para ahli bahasa untuk vokal yang panjang adalah tanda titik dua yang menggunakan persegi tiga ( ː ), sehingga untuk Saluan ditulis ikuː ‘ekor.’ Secara umum, semua daerah Saluan konsisten dalam hal bunyi vokal akhir mana yang diartikulasikan lebih panjang, namun beberapa kata Saluan dengan bunyi vokal panjang akhir diartikulasikan dengan bunyi vokal pendek di daerah Batui, contohnya Saluan pusoː ‘pusat’ (diartikulasi dengan bunyi vokal panjang pada akhir kata) dibandingkan Batui puso (diartikulasikan dengan bunyi vokal yang biasa). Bagian 3.2 mendiskusikan perubahan bunyi historis dalam hal mana bunyi l akhir menjadi bunyi n akhir dalam dialek Luwuk dan Loinang di bahasa Saluan. Migrasi orang Loinang dari daerah pedalaman ke daerah pesisir pada abad ke-20 juga didiskusikan. 1Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam risalah oleh Charles dan Barbara Dix Grimes (1987:viii), “Orang awam seringkali berpendapat bahwa bila hanya menjumlah kecil orang memakai suatu bahasa, maka bahasa tersebut tak dapat disebutkan ‘bahasa,’ tetapi ‘dialek’ saja. Namun demikian, para ahli bahasa tidak membedakan antara bahasa dan dialek berdasarkan jumlah pemakai bahasa, tetapi berdasarkan faktor-faktor lain, misalnya, persentasi kesamaan kosa kata, kesamaan sistem bunyi, kesamaan struktur, faktor pengertian, faktor-faktor sosial, dsb.” Dari enam bahasa yang merupakan rumpun bahasa Saluan-Banggai, ada tiga bahasa dengan ribuan penutur—Saluan, Banggai and Balantak—namun ada juga tiga bahasa yang penuturnya hanya dua ribu atau kurang, yaitu Bobongko (di kepulauan Togian), Andio (di Kecamtan Masama) dan Batui. 2Bunyi vokal panjang adalah akibat monoftongisasi diftong di akhir kata, misalnya kata dalam bahasa Austronesia
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