DOCSLIB.ORG

School Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate of Cornell University for the Degree of in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements Doctor of Philosophy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
School Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate of Cornell University for the Degree of in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements Doctor of Philosophy TRADITIONALISM AND THE ASCENDANCY Of THE MALAY RUUNG CLASS IN COLONIAL MALAYA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by• Donna Jeanne Amoroso May 1996 © Donna Jeanne Amoroso 1996 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INFORMATION TO USERS The negative microfilm copyofthis dissertation was prepared and inspected by the school granting the degree. We are using this film without further Inspection or change. If there are any questions about the content, please write directly to the school. The quality of this reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original material. The following explanation oftechniques Is provided to help clarifynotationswhich may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not posslble.to obtain missing pages. a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap pears to Indicate this. 3. OversIze materials (maps. drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand corner and continu ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro fiche but lack clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to the Dissertations Cus tomer Services Department. I Th ill Dissertation UIVL1 Information Service University MicttiIms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I. 4 2 . —. : . aava.Ls gnaw aaa.a.g sw..auandw — it .a.a. .na.a....aaue.aa.gaa ..Lneaaac ,a.%•...-.--’-a.,.a...ga.w..aar,.re..awa.:aaaaag M4tfld.M.4 ..a..a.sswi.a a.a.t.i p . UMI Number: 9624880 Copyright 1996 by Amorogo, Donna Jeanne Mt rights reserved. IThU Microform 9624880 Copyright 1996, by Ultil Company. Alt rights reserved. This microform edition Is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Ull 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Mi 48103 . p. •.• 4••%” . I. t . — •i••.t• . •%•.• .3.. ...t... BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Donna Jeanne Amoroso was born and raised in New Jersey. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in International Affairs from Lafayette College in 1982. She is currently assistant professor of history at Wright State University. in To Dominic Amoroso with love and respect iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank those who served on my committee and/or read drafts of this dissertation: Benedict Anderson, Sherman Cochran, Charles Hirschman, Isabel Hull, Audrey Kahin, Takashi Shiraishi, and David Wyatt. I have learned from all of you and appreciate your patience and guidance over the years. A special thank you goes to William Roff who was my first teacher of things Southeast Asian. And I am especially grateful to the Southeast Asia Program for making my field research possible. In Malaysia, many people helped me find resources and pointed out avenues of research, especially the librarians and archivists at the Arkib Negara Malaysia, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, University of Malaya library, and Universifi Kebangsaan library. I would especially like to thank Zainal Abidin bin Abdul Wahid, who originally sponsored my research, and Khoo Kay Kim, who offered advice to a confused graduate student fresh to the field. Others were generous with their time and insight and simply made me feel welcome doing research in their country: firdaus Haji Abdullah, Engku Maimunah Md. Tahir, an4 Rustam A. Sam. for their excellent companionship during my time in Malaysia, I thank the entire Mandal household, Sarah Maxim, Patricia Pelley, and Suriani Suratman. My short research trips to England were made abundantly productive by the staff at the Public Record Office and the Rhodes House Library. My non- research hours were made enjoyable by the companionship and kindness of Danilyn Rutherford, John Sidel, and Florence Tajasque. V Back in the United States, before and after doing research, I have benefited from the advice and assistance of the following people: Barbara Watson Andaya, Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Cheah Boon Kheng, George Kahin, Michael Leigh, and Oliver Wolters. One always forms a special bond with other dissertation writers and I would like to acknowledge their fellowship during the writing-up period: Thanet Aphornsuwan, David Baldwin, Suzanne Brenner, Jose Cruz, Daniel Dhakidae, Anne foster, Christoph Giebel, Lotta Hedman, Shawn McHale, Michael Montesano, Jim Oakey, Geoff Robinson, John Sidel, and Thaveeporn Vasavakul. for their friendship in Ithaca and elsewhere, for making this stage of my life one I look back on with happiness, I would also like to thank: Andrew Abalahin, Ben Abel, Dominique and Bing-Bing Caouette, Evelyn Ferretti, Penny Dietrith, Jeff Hadler, Carol Hau, Kyaw Yin Hlaing, Jamal Abdullah, Douglas Kammen, Anita Kendrick, Roberta Ludgate, Sumit Mandal, John Najemy, Dolina Millar, James Powers, Teresa Palmer, Hazel Prentice, Saya Shiraishi, Benny Subianto, San San Hnin Tun, Benito Vergara, and Amrih Widodo. Finally, special thanks to Vincent Boudreau and Mary Callahan, who have made my life these past few years so much richer; to Coeli Barry, whose friendship has been so crucial in the final stages; to Dominic and Georgette Amoroso, whose home is always a haven of love and encouragement; and to the two Pats—steadfast in different ways, you both never gave up on me. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS v List of ‘lables •1•• ix List of Abbreviations x chapter 1: trtt.roduction 1 Preservation and Change under Colonial Rule 5 Traditionalism as a Mechanism of Survival 11 The Ideological Struggle underlying Nationalism 17 •The Stt.td3r and the Scnirces . ... 25 Chapter 2: British Power and the Reordering of Malay Politics 30 Britain as Paramount . 32 The Wages of Resistance: Payoffs and Payrolls 49 The Standardization of the Malay State: Internal and External 61 The Bureaucratization of Malay Chiefs 72 Chapter 3: Rituals of State and the New Malay Rulers 93 Centralizing Impulses of Malay Rulers and British Imperialists 96 I’lie I’.Jev Malay Ruler 105 ‘Ilte Lo3ral Person 106 Public Ceremonial 112 The Ruler’s Tisibi]it3r 118 Self—Invention or British Creature? 124 Colonialism and the Reification of Malay Tradition 132 Chatr 4: Challenges to Traditionalism 141 S,,ciety change iii. l’reiirar Ifalay I 142 Var arid (cctti3ation Colonial Iestoration 163 Political and Press Freedom under Restored Colonial Rule 170 ChapterS: Aristocratic Ascendancy and the Use of Tradition 191 The Malayan Union Struggle 193 Rulers and Chiefs in the Malayan Union Struggle 199 The Crisis of Protection 204 Tradition vs. Progress 215 I.AJ)ralt)r 22’)’ A New Tradition—Malay Rulers as Icons of the Malay Nation 230 vii Ckiapter 6: Politics and l’Jationalisrri.......,...., .......... 236 The Development of a National Political Public.,..,..............236 I’.Iaffoiiallsrri and tite of l’olitics • 245 Proj,aganda and the Press ........ 246 A Modern Hero: Onn bin Jaafar as national leader 261 Symbols of Nation 270 Gathering in Defense of Bangsa Melayu: I)eilLoristratiora.s and l)rilling 278 Cliajter 7: Epiogtie ..... ....• 296 Iepcliticizing t”Jatiorialisixt ... * .. 296 Traditionalism, Nationalism, and the State in Late and E’ost—Coloxtial !va.lay’a 313 Bibliogra,hyi....,........ .. ..• 321 c3lossar)r .,......... •. .., *1*041* . .... 332 viii LIST Of TABLE$ Table 1. Selected EsHmates of Newspaper Circulation during the British I4ihitar)r i.diitinistration ..................................,..... ....... 176 ix LIST Of ABBREVIATIONS API Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (Generation of Aware Youth) BMA British Military Administration CO Colonial Office fMS federated Malay States FR Fortnightly Report JMBRAS Journal of the Matayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JSEAH Journal of Southeast Asian History J$EAS Journal of Southeast Asian Studies KMM Kesatuan Meiayu Muda (Young Malay Union) MCP Malayan Communist Party MIR Monthly Intelligence Review MNP Malay Nationalist Party fPartai Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya) MPAJA Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army MU Malayan Union PIJ Malayan Security Service, Political Intelligence Journal UMNO United Malays National Organization (Perttibuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu) UMS Unfederated Malay States WIR Weekly Intelligence Review WO War Office x Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The Malay is courteous and self-effacing. His world is full of nobility and he is never far from his rajas and chiefs. [Tihe vast majority of Malays are feudalist and wish to remain so... It is the rulers who have in the past furnished, and continue to present the Malay character of Malaya. Remove them, and the last vestige of traditional Malaya would disappear. It is the old values and ways of life which have held the Malays back, cutting them off from the changes continually taking place in the rest of the country and the world.1 1969 was a turning point in postcolonial Malaysian history. In the May elections of that year, class and ethnic tensions erupted into riots following the relatively poor showing of the dominant Malay political party, the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Constitutional government was suspended while a plan was devised to deal with the social, economic, and political divisions within Malaysian society. The following year saw the publication of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Assesment of Measurement Application for Timber
    i THE ASSESMENT OF MEASUREMENT APPLICATION FOR TIMBER TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSE YUSNANI BT HUSLI A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources University Malaysia Pahang MEI 2011 ii “I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering” Signature : ……………………………. Name of Supervisor : MR MOHAMMAD AFFENDY BIN OMARDIN Date : 4 MEI 2011 iii “I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the Degree of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources”. I also certify that the work described here is entirely my own except for excerpts and summaries whose sources are appropriately cited in the references.” Signature :………………………… Name : YUSNANI BT HUSLI Date : 4 MEI 2011 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, thanks to Allah S.W.T., my lovely family and friends who has inspired me to accomplished this final year project as a requirement to graduate and acquire a bachelor degree in civil engineering from University Malaysia Pahang (UMP). And do not forget also to thanks a lot to my adored and beloved supervisor MOHAMMAD AFFENDY BIN OMARDIN. During this final year project, we face lots of impediment and many meaningful challenges. There are lots of lacks and flaws due to the first time exposure towards this project. With his present teachings and guidance, has made my final year project progress gone smooth and recognized by the university.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysia, September 2006
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Malaysia, September 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: MALAYSIA September 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Malaysia. Short Form: Malaysia. Term for Citizen(s): Malaysian(s). Capital: Since 1999 Putrajaya (25 kilometers south of Kuala Lumpur) Click to Enlarge Image has been the administrative capital and seat of government. Parliament still meets in Kuala Lumpur, but most ministries are located in Putrajaya. Major Cities: Kuala Lumpur is the only city with a population greater than 1 million persons (1,305,792 according to the most recent census in 2000). Other major cities include Johor Bahru (642,944), Ipoh (536,832), and Klang (626,699). Independence: Peninsular Malaysia attained independence as the Federation of Malaya on August 31, 1957. Later, two states on the island of Borneo—Sabah and Sarawak—joined the federation to form Malaysia on September 16, 1963. Public Holidays: Many public holidays are observed only in particular states, and the dates of Hindu and Islamic holidays vary because they are based on lunar calendars. The following holidays are observed nationwide: Hari Raya Haji (Feast of the Sacrifice, movable date); Chinese New Year (movable set of three days in January and February); Muharram (Islamic New Year, movable date); Mouloud (Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday, movable date); Labour Day (May 1); Vesak Day (movable date in May); Official Birthday of His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (June 5); National Day (August 31); Deepavali (Diwali, movable set of five days in October and November); Hari Raya Puasa (end of Ramadan, movable date); and Christmas Day (December 25). Flag: Fourteen alternating red and white horizontal stripes of equal width, representing equal membership in the Federation of Malaysia, which is composed of 13 states and the federal government.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Political Development and Demographic Features
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/36062 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Xiaodong Xu Title: Genesis of a growth triangle in Southeast Asia : a study of economic connections between Singapore, Johor and the Riau Islands, 1870s – 1970s Issue Date: 2015-11-04 Chapter 2 Political Development and Demographic Features A unique feature distinguishing this region from other places in the world is the dynamic socio-political relationship between different ethnic groups rooted in colonial times. Since then, both conflict and compromise have occurred among the Europeans, Malays and Chinese, as well as other regional minorities, resulting in two regional dichotomies: (1) socially, the indigenous (Malays) vs. the outsiders (Europeans, Chinese, etc.); (2) politically, the rulers (Europeans and Malay nobles) vs. those ruled (Malays, Chinese). These features have a direct impact on economic development. A retrospective survey of regional political development and demographic features are therefore needed to provide a context for the later analysis of economic development. 1. Political development The formation of Singapore, Johor and the Riau Islands was far from a sudden event, but a long process starting with the decline of the Johor-Riau Sultanate in the late eighteenth century. In order to reveal the coherency of regional political transformations, the point of departure of this political survey begins much earlier than the researched period here. Political Development and Demographic Features 23 The beginning of Western penetration (pre-1824) Apart from their geographical proximity, Singapore, Johor and the Riau Islands had also formed a natural and inseparable part of various early unified kingdoms in Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Development of the Federalism System in Malaysia: Prior to Independence
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 75 2016 International Seminar on Education, Innovation and Economic Management (SEIEM 2016) Historical Development of the Federalism System in Malaysia: Prior to Independence Wan Kamal Mujani * Wan Hamdi Wan Sulaiman Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Islamic Studies Faculty of Islamic Studies The National University of Malaysia The National University of Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Malaysia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—This article discusses the development of the Australia etc. According to the book Comparing Federal federalism system in Malaysia prior to independence. During its Systems in the 1990s, Bodin states that even though this administration in Malaya, the British introduced the residents system requires city-states to hand over territorial sovereignty system to facilitate administrative affairs there. Hence in 1895, to the central government, this does not mean that the the Treaty of Federation was made and the Federated Malay territories will lose their identities. Meanwhile, the book States was formed by the British. The introduction of this treaty Decline of the Nation-State asserts that this type of marks the beginning of a new chapter in the development of the administrative system became more influential when the federalism system in Malaya. One of the objectives of this United States of America, which became independent from research is to investigate the development of the federalism British influence in 1776, chose this system to govern the vast system in Malaysia prior to independence. This entire research country.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Branding a Nation Online: Discourses on Polish Nationalism and Patriotism
    Re-Branding a Nation Online Re-Branding a Nation Online Discourses on Polish Nationalism and Patriotism Magdalena Kania-Lundholm Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Sal IX, Universitets- huset, Uppsala, Friday, October 26, 2012 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Kania-Lundholm, M. 2012. Re-Branding A Nation Online: Discourses on Polish Nationalism and Patriotism. Sociologiska institutionen. 258 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-506-2302-4. The aim of this dissertation is two-fold. First, the discussion seeks to understand the concepts of nationalism and patriotism and how they relate to one another. In respect to the more criti- cal literature concerning nationalism, it asks whether these two concepts are as different as is sometimes assumed. Furthermore, by problematizing nation-branding as an “updated” form of nationalism, it seeks to understand whether we are facing the possible emergence of a new type of nationalism. Second, the study endeavors to discursively analyze the ”bottom-up” processes of national reproduction and re-definition in an online, post-socialist context through an empirical examination of the online debate and polemic about the new Polish patriotism. The dissertation argues that approaching nationalism as a broad phenomenon and ideology which operates discursively is helpful for understanding patriotism as an element of the na- tionalist rhetoric that can be employed to study national unity, sameness, and difference. Emphasizing patriotism within the Central European context as neither an alternative to nor as a type of nationalism may make it possible to explain the popularity and continuous endur- ance of nationalism and of practices of national identification in different and changing con- texts.
    [Show full text]
  • JOHOR Linked to Singapore at the Tip of the Asian Continent, Johor Is The
    © Lonely Planet 255 Johor Linked to Singapore at the tip of the Asian continent, Johor is the southern gateway to Malaysia. While it’s the most populous state in the country, tourism has taken a back seat to economic development (see the boxed text, p257 ) leaving the state with some great off-the-beaten-path destinations for those who are up to the challenge. Some of Malaysia’s most beautiful islands, within the Seribuat Archipelago, lie off the state’s east coast. They attract their fair share of Singaporean weekenders, but remain near empty during the week. Many of these islands are prime dive territory, with similar corals and fish that you’ll find at popular Tioman Island ( p274 ) but with fewer crowds. These islands are also blessed with some of the finest white-sand beaches in the country, which fringe flashy turquoise waters and wild jungles. For more adventure head to Endau-Rompin National Park or climb the eponymous peak at Gunung Ledang National Park. These jungles offer the same rich flora, (very elusive) fauna and swashbuckling action that visitors flock to experience at Taman Negara in Pahang, but JOHOR JOHOR once again crowds are rare. Anywhere you go to in the state beyond the capital will involve some determination: either by chartering a boat or joining a tour. The effort, however, is well rewarded. HIGHLIGHTS Swimming, diving and beach bumming it to the max in the Seribuat Archipelago ( p266 ) Seribuat Archipelago Discovering the surprisingly charming waterfront and colonial backstreets of Johor Endau-Rompin Bahru
    [Show full text]
  • Varieties of American Popular Nationalism.” American Sociological Review 81(5):949-980
    Bonikowski, Bart, and Paul DiMaggio. 2016. “Varieties of American Popular Nationalism.” American Sociological Review 81(5):949-980. Publisher’s version: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/81/5/949 Varieties of American Popular Nationalism Bart Bonikowski Harvard University Paul DiMaggio New York University Abstract Despite the relevance of nationalism for politics and intergroup relations, sociologists have devoted surprisingly little attention to the phenomenon in the United States, and historians and political psychologists who do study the United States have limited their focus to specific forms of nationalist sentiment: ethnocultural or civic nationalism, patriotism, or national pride. This article innovates, first, by examining an unusually broad set of measures (from the 2004 GSS) tapping national identification, ethnocultural and civic criteria for national membership, domain- specific national pride, and invidious comparisons to other nations, thus providing a fuller depiction of Americans’ national self-understanding. Second, we use latent class analysis to explore heterogeneity, partitioning the sample into classes characterized by distinctive patterns of attitudes. Conventional distinctions between ethnocultural and civic nationalism describe just about half of the U.S. population and do not account for the unexpectedly low levels of national pride found among respondents who hold restrictive definitions of American nationhood. A subset of primarily younger and well-educated Americans lacks any strong form of patriotic sentiment; a larger class, primarily older and less well educated, embraces every form of nationalist sentiment. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and partisan identification, these classes vary significantly in attitudes toward ethnic minorities, immigration, and national sovereignty. Finally, using comparable data from 1996 and 2012, we find structural continuity and distributional change in national sentiments over a period marked by terrorist attacks, war, economic crisis, and political contention.
    [Show full text]
  • Tareqat Alawiyah As an Islamic Ritual Within Hadhrami's Arab in Johor
    Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 14 (12): 1708-1715, 2013 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.14.12.3564 Tareqat Alawiyah as an Islamic Ritual Within Hadhrami’s Arab in Johor Nurulwahidah Fauzi, Tarek Ladjal, Tatiana A. Denisova, Mohd Roslan Mohd Nor and Aizan Ali Mat Zin Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Academy of Islamic Studies, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia INTRODUCTION Abdul Majid was furthermore a descendant of Sayid Idrus and was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Sultanate The state of Johor Darul Takzim is deemed to be one of Johor Lama from 1688-1697 [5]. Other official data of the most unique states in Malaysia. The uniqueness of regarding the population of Arab communities; especially the state is reflected in its historical roots where the state with regards to the Hadrami Arabs cannot be accurately was ruled across two different eras of the Sultanate. In the determined as Johor was under the control of the first era first era, the state was controlled under the Sultanate of of Sultanate with exception to a few historical chronicles Johor-Riau (1511-1685) which is also known as Johor as mentioned above. The reason for this is mainly Lama [1-3] where the administrative centre was located at because during such a time Johor was still passing Tanjung Batu. The second era shows the birth of the through a demanding stage requiring it to defend its Modern Johor Sultanate known as Johor Baru from 1686 freedom from threats stemming from the Portuguese and until today.
    [Show full text]
  • Libraries in West Malaysia and Singapore; a Short History
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 059 722 LI 003 461 AUTHOR Tee Edward Lim Huck TITLE Lib aries in West Malaysia and Slngap- e; A Sh History. INSTITUTION Malaya Univ., Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). PUB DATE 70 NOTE 169p.;(210 References) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS Foreign Countries; History; *Libraries; Library Planning; *Library Services; Library Surveys IDENTIFIERS *Library Development; Singapore; West Malaysia ABSTRACT An attempt is made to trace the history of every major library in Malay and Singapore. Social and recreational club libraries are not included, and school libraries are not extensively covered. Although it is possible to trace the history of Malaysia's libraries back to the first millenium of the Christian era, there are few written records pre-dating World War II. The lack of documentation on the early periods of library history creates an emphasis on developments in the modern period. This is not out of order since it is only recently that libraries in West Malaysia and Singapore have been recognized as one of the important media of mass education. Lack of funds, failure to recognize the importance of libraries, and problems caused by the federal structure of gc,vernment are blamed for this delay in development. Hinderances to future development are the lack of trained librarians, problems of having to provide material in several different languages, and the lack of national bibliographies, union catalogs and lists of serials. (SJ) (NJ (NJ LIBR ARIES IN WEST MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE f=t a short history Edward Lirn Huck Tee B.A.HONS (MALAYA), F.L.A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spreading of Vernacular Architecture at the Riverways Of
    Indonesian Journal of Geography Vol. 5151 No.No. 2,3, August December 2019 2019 (199-206) (385 - 392) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.44914http://dx.doi.org/ 10.22146/ijg.43923 RESEARCH ARTICLE Thee Eect Spreading of Baseline of Vernacular Component Architecture Correlation at the on theRiverways Design of of South GNSS Sumatra, IndonesiaNetwork Conguration for Sermo Reservoir Deformation Monitoring Yulaikhah1,3, Subagyo Pramumijoyo2, Nurrohmat Widjajanti3 Maya Fitri Oktarini 1Ph.D. Student, Doctoral Study Program of Geomatics Engineering, Department of Geodetic Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia 2Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia 3Department of Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Received: 2019-03-13 Abstract: The development of past settlements was supported by riverways connecting many Accepted: 2019-12-09 regions with ethnic diversities. Inter-ethnic dissemination and contact created new cultural Received: 2019-05-18 Abstract e condition of the geological structure in the surrounding Sermo reservoir shows combinations. In the southern part of Sumatra, there are two types of stilt houses: highland Accepted: 2019-07-29 that there is a fault crossing the reservoir. Deformation monitoring of that fault has been carried architecture and lowland architecture. Both architectures are developed by different ethnic out by conducting GNSS campaigns at 15 monitoring stations simultaneously. However, those Keywords: groups spread along different riverways. This study focuses on identifying and analyzing the Vernacular Architecture, campaigns were not well designed. With such a design, it took many instruments and spent influence of the riverway in the typology of the vernacular stilt house.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Types of Nationalism in Europe?
    Russian and Euro-Asian Bulletin Vol.7 No.12 December 1997 Published by the Contemporary Europe Research Centre University of Melbourne Two Types of Nationalism in Europe? Stefan Auer Dec 1997 While intellectuals and some politicians in a radical change in the relationship between the West have seen Europe approaching the polity and culture, and that this in turn pro- ‘postmodern’ age, in which the conception duced nationalism. The salient feature of the of a national state would become outdated preceding agrarian societies was, according and would be replaced by a new multina- to Gellner, cultural diversity and fragmenta- tional and multicultural entity, the ‘back- tion in small autonomous sub-communities, ward’ neighbours in the East have been said each of which lived in its own specific id- to be prone to succumb to a resurgence of iom. A peasant had no need to communicate nationalism. Thus, analysts like Schöpflin1 with the elite of high culture who existed saw confirmed the old concept2 of two es- beyond his/her experience (which was usu- sentially different forms of nationalism: the ally limited to the size of his/her valley). The enlightened Western, that is supportive of modern industrial and predominantly urban democracy, and the backward Eastern, that society required mass literacy and a high de- is an obstacle to any genuinely democratic gree of social mobility, which could only be society. The differences are, however, not achieved by nearly universal access to a well described by this reference to geogra- state-sponsored ‘national’ educational sys- phy. Rather, two (or more) different concep- tem.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Concerning Sovereignty Over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore)
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) JUDGMENT OF 23 MAY 2008 2008 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE RECUEIL DES ARRE|TS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES AFFAIRE RELATIVE Av LA SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) ARRE|T DU 23 MAI 2008 Official citation: Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,p.12 Mode officiel de citation: Souveraineté sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks et South Ledge (Malaisie/Singapour), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008,p.12 Sales number ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente: 937 ISBN 978-92-1-071046-6 23 MAY 2008 JUDGMENT SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) 23 MAI 2008 ARRE|T 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs 1. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-15 2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS 16-19 3. GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 20-29 4. HISTORY OF THE DISPUTE 30-36 5. SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH 37-277 5.1. Arguments of the Parties 37-42 5.2. The question of the burden of proof 43-45 5.3. Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh before the 1840s 46-117 5.3.1. Original title to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 46-80 5.3.2.
    [Show full text]