Universidad De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Físicas Y Matemáticas Departamento De Geología

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Universidad De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Físicas Y Matemáticas Departamento De Geología UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS Y MATEMÁTICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOLOGÍA INSIGHTS ON THE HOLOCENE CLIMATE OF SOUTHERNMOST SOUTH AMERICA FROM PALEOGLACIER RECONSTRUCTIONS IN PATAGONIA AND TIERRA DEL FUEGO (46°-55°S) TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS MENCIÓN GEOLOGÍA SCOTT ANDREW, REYNHOUT PROFESOR GUÍA: MAISA ROJAS CORRADI MIEMBROS DE LA COMISIÓN: VALENTINA FLORES AQUEVEQUE MICHAEL KAPLAN ESTEBAN SAGREDO TAPIA GABRIEL VARGAS EASTON SANTIAGO DE CHILE 2019 RESUMEN DE LA TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE: Doctor en Ciencias, mención Geología POR: Scott Andrew Reynhout Reynhout FECHA: 03/09/2019 PROFESOR GUIA: Maisa Rojas Corradi “INSIGHTS ON THE HOLOCENE CLIMATE OF SOUTHERNMOST SOUTH AMERICA FROM PALEOGLACIER RECONSTRUCTIONS IN PATAGONIA AND TIERRA DEL FUEGO (46°-55°S)” This dissertation presents preliminary and final results of four paleoglacier reconstructions in the regions of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (46°-55°S), with the objective of identifying trends in Holocene climate in southernmost South America. Two complete chronologies and one partial chronology of Holocene glacier fluctuations are determined by geomorphologic mapping, cosmogenic surface exposure dating of glacial landforms, dendroglaciology, and radiocarbon dating. Former glacier surfaces from four sites across the region are reconstructed to evaluate spatial variability of equilibrium-line altitude depression associated with age-constrained glacier advances. Glaciar Torre (Chapter 3; 49.3°S / 73.0°W) advanced to pre-Holocene maxima at c. 17 ka and c. 13 ka, coincident with the onset of the Last Glacial Termination and the end of the Antarctic Cold Reversal, respectively. While the record at the Dalla Vedova glacier (Chapter 4; 54.6°S / 69.1°W) is less well-constrained, the few dates available suggest potentially synchronous advances occurred at these times. Glaciar Torre subsequently readvanced several times in the Holocene, registering progressively less-extensive advances at 9.4 ka, 6.8 ka, 6.1 ka, 4.5 ka, and 0.5 ka. Preliminary ages of glacier advances from Cerro Castillo (Chapter 5; 46.1°S / 72.2°W) show advances from c. 10-8 ka and at c. 2.3 ka; an additional six glacier advances occurred between these dates, although no numerical age constraint yet exists for these advances. Paleoglacier reconstructions at Glaciar Torre, Cerro Castillo (Chapter 5), and an already dated glacier advance at Río Tranquilo (47.5°S / 72.4°W), show that Holocene advances in Patagonia corresponded to snowline depressions of 160-200 m. On the other hand, the earliest dated Holocene advance of the Dalla Vedova glacier in Tierra del Fuego occurred at 0.9 ka, which coincided with a much smaller snowline depression of 65 m. The directly dated early Holocene glacier maxima observed in this study have not been previously defined in Patagonia; subsequent glacier advances align well with well-constrained glacier advances in the region. These data collectively define a new pattern of Holocene glaciation in Patagonia and suggest the older “Neoglacial” model must be reconsidered. The glacial sequence identified at Glaciar Torre corresponds to cold/wet periods inferred from other paleoenvironmental proxies, tentatively linked to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Patagonian glaciers therefore seem to have responded coherently to persistent SAM-like phases throughout the Holocene, which may also explain the out-of-phase advances observed in the Cordillera Darwin, which is inferred as a consequence of enhanced precipitation superposed upon generalized warming during positive SAM-like phases. RESUMEN DE LA TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE: Doctor en Ciencias, mención Geología POR: Scott Andrew Reynhout Reynhout FECHA: 03/09/2019 PROFESOR GUIA: Maisa Rojas Corradi “NUEVOS CONOCIMIENTOS DEL CLIMA DE PATAGONIA Y TIERRA DEL FUEGO (46°-55°S) EN EL HOLOCENO BASADOS EN RECONSTRUCCIONES PALEOGLACIALES” En esta tesis se aborda el análisis de los controles fundamentales sobre cambios climáticos holocénicos en las regiones de Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (46°-55°S) en base del registro glacial. Mapeo geomorfológico se combina con técnicas geocronológicas para evaluar nuevamente la cronología glacial de la zona de estudio. A su vez, cronologías nuevas y preexistentes se utilizan para modelar cambios históricos en las alturas de las líneas de equilibrio (“ELA”) desde los 18,000 años antes del presente hasta tiempos modernos. Glaciar Torre (Capítulo 3; 49.3°S / 73.0°O) registró avances pleistocenos a los 17.1 ka y 13.5 ka, que coincidieron con el inicio de la terminación del último máximo glacial y la “Inversión Fría Antártica”, respectivamente. Trazas de avances glaciales que corresponden a estos eventos quedaban al frente del Glaciar Dalla Vedova (Capítulo 4; 54.6°S / 69.1°O). Los paralelos entre sitios sugieren que ambas regiones estaban sujetas a cambios climáticos síncronos durante el fin del pleistoceno. En cambio, el registro glacial de Patagonia continental demuestra un patrón distinto que sus equivalentes en la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego durante el Holoceno. Glaciar Torre registró avances a los 9.7 ka, 6.8 ka, 6.1 ka, 4.5 ka, y 0.5 ka, cada uno de una magnitud decreciente. Este patrón se replica en Cerro Castillo (Capítulo 5; 46.1°S / 72.2°O), donde el sistema glacial registró al mínimo 8 avances decrecientes entre los ~10.5-8.4 ka y ~2.7-1.8 ka. El patrón decreciente de avances desde el Holoceno temprano aparece también en Río Tranquilo (47.5°S / 72.4°O). Reconstrucciones de estos glaciares revelan que avances holocénicos en Patagonia correspondieron a depresiones en la ELA de 160-200 m. Por otra parte, el avance glacial más extenso en Dalla Vedova ocurrió a los 0.9 ka, y correspondió a una depresión menor en la ELA de 65 m. Los avances extensos en el Holoceno temprano aún no han sido reconocidos en Patagonia. Avances subsecuentes son paralelas a eventos previamente reconocidos en la región, y junto con los avances en el Holoceno temprano definen un patrón nuevo de glaciación holocénica en Patagonia; en base de estos nuevos datos, se sugiere que el modelo “Neoglacial” merece reevaluación. El nuevo patrón decreciente de avances glaciales holocénicos en Patagonia paralela el de los glaciares en Nueva Zelandia, y se opone al patrón creciente en el hemisferio norte. Se propone que cambios en la intensidad de insolación del verano puede explicar este fenómeno. La nueva cronología glacial del Holoceno en Patagonia corresponde a eventos “fríos/húmedos” registrado por otros archivos paleoclimáticos, vinculados a cambios parecidos al funcionamiento moderno del Modo Anular del Sur / oscilación antártica (SAM). El SAM puede explicar la cadencia de avances glaciales en Patagonia, y también el avance desfasado en Tierra del Fuego, por cambios sistemáticos en temperatura y precipitación a lo largo de ambas regiones. Para los huérfanos dónde estén y quiénes sean AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo no habría sido posible si no fuera por el aporte financiero de las dos encarnaciones del Núcleo Milenio Paleoclima y el programa de Becas de Doctorado de la Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, FONDECYT 1160488, FONDECYT 1171773, FONDECYT 1180717, FONDAP-CONCIYT 15110009, NSF-EAR 09- 02363, y NSF-EAR 18-04816. A mi profesora guía, Maisa, muchas gracias por su ayuda y todas las largas conversaciones. Gracias a los Drs. Sagredo y Kaplan, quienes me regalaron la oportunidad de hacer estos años de estudios. Finalmente, agradezco todos los comentarios de la comisión y de todxs mis co-autores, que me ayudaron en producir y mejorar el producto final. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 – Introduction ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Preface .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Theoretical framework ................................................................................................ 3 1.2.1 Glacier response to climate change ....................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Glacial geology ...................................................................................................... 9 1.2.3. Dating glacial events by bracketing ................................................................... 12 1.2.4 Dating glacial events with surface exposure dating ........................................... 16 1.2.5 Dendroglaciology ................................................................................................ 22 1.2.6 ELA reconstruction ............................................................................................. 22 Chapter 2 – Setting and prior work ............................................................ 24 2.1 Geographic and tectonic framework ......................................................................... 24 2.1.1 Geographic features of the study area ................................................................ 24 2.1.2 Tectonic setting ................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Present climatology of Patagonia ............................................................................. 26 2.3 Past climate of Patagonia .......................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Records of paleoclimate in Patagonia ................................................................ 31 2.3.1 State of the science: Paleoglacier records in Patagonia 41°-55°S
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