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Radiation Protection Studies of International Space Station Extravehicular Activity Space Suits

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Radiation Protection Studies of International Space Station Extravehicular Activity Space Suits NASA/TP-2003-212051 Radiation Protection Studies of International Space Station Extravehicular Activity Space Suits Francis A. Cucinotta, Mark R. Shavers, Editors Lyndon 6. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas Premkumar 6. Saganti, Editor Prairie View A & M University Prairie View, Texas Jack Miller, Editor Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California I I .. .. .. .. *:.:.I. .., ,: .. ./ .. , , . ..: . *:.:.I, ,: ._.. .. .... :. .. ... .. ." _._.:. ... .. ,.: ,_..I ... '... :.. :L .. -'i :..: . December 2003 The NASA STI Program Office . in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA Scientific and Technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key meetings sponsored or cosponsored by part in helping NASA maintain this important NASA. role. SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by technical, or historical information from Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA programs, projects, and mission, NASA’s scientific and technical information. often concerned with subjects having The NASA STI Program Office provides access substantial public interest. to the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- in the world. The Program Office is also language translations of foreign scientific NASA’s institutional mechanism for and technical material pertinent to NASA’s disseminating the results of its research and mission. development activities. These results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Specialized services that complement the STI Series, which includes the following report Program Office’s diverse offerings include types: creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of results . even providing videos. completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of For more information about the NASA STI NASA programs and include extensive data Program Office, see the following: or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data Access the NASA STI Program Home Page and information deemed to be of continuing at http://www.sti.nasa.gov reference value. NASA’s counterpart of peer-reviewed formal professional papers E-mail your question via the Internet to but has less stringent limitations on [email protected] manuscript length and extent of graphic pres entat ions. Fax your question to the NASA Access Help Desk at (301) 621-0134 TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific and technical findings that are preliminary Telephone the NASA Access Help Desk at or of specialized interest, e.g., quick release (301) 621-0390 reports, working papers, and bibliographies that contain minimal annotation. Does not Write to: contain extensive analysis. NASA Access Help Desk NASA Center for Aerospace Information CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and 7121 Standard technical findings by NASA-sponsored Hanover, MD 21076-1320 contractors and grantees. NASA/TP-2003-212051 Radiation Protection Studies of International Space Station Extravehicular Activity Space Suits Francis A. Cucinotta, Mark R. Shavers, Editors Lyndon 6. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas Premkumar 6. Saganti, Editor Prairie View A & M University Prairie View, Texas Jack Miller, Editor Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California National Aeronautics and Space Ad m i nistrati on Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058-3696 December 2003 Available from: NASA Center for Aerospace Information National Technical Information Service 7 121 Standard 5285 Port Royal Road Hanover, MD 2 1076- 1320 Springfield, VA 22 16 1 This report is also available in electronic form at http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/NTRS CONTENTS Page Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... vii Preface ........................................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1. Introduction to Radiation Issues for International Space Station Extravehicular Activities 1 1.1 Ionizing Radiation Environment and Exposures in Low Earth Orbit ....................................... 2 1.2 Dosimetric Quantities and Regulatory Dose Limits for Stochastic Radiation Effects ............... 8 1.2.1 Deterministic Effects ................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Environmental Monitoring, Crew Dosimetry and Alerts ............................................... 11 1.2.3 Radiation Dose Reduction ............................................................................................ 11 1.2.4 The EMU Space Suit ................................................................................................... 12 1.2.5 EMU Hard Upper Torso (HUT) ................................................................................... 13 1.2.6 EMU Helmet ............................................................................................................... 14 1.2.7 EMU Personal Life Support System ............................................................................. 14 1.2.8 Liquid Cooling Ventilation Garment ............................................................................ 14 1.2.9 Orlan-M Space Suit ..................................................................................................... 15 1.2.10 Human Phantom ........................................................................................................ 16 1.3 References ............................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 2, Proton and Electron Threshold Energy Measurements for Extravehicular Activity Space Suits .............................................................................................. 19 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 20 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Methods and Materials ........................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Suit Configurations ...................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Phantom ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 CT-Based Measurements ............................................................................................. 24 2.2.4 Electron and Proton Measurements .............................................................................. 24 2.3 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................... 26 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 31 2.5 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. 33 References .................................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 3, Radiation Tests of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Space Suit for the International Space Station Using Energetic Protons ..................................................................... 35 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 36 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Experimental Configurations .................................................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Detectors and Electronics............................................................................................. 38 3.2.2 Calibration................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Relation of AE in Silicon to LET ................................................................................. 40 3.3 Analysis of Bare-Beam Data .................................................................................................. 40 3.3.1 Beam Quality ...................................................................................................... 40 3.3.2 AE Spectra: Events Lost by Scattering .................................................................... 41 3.3.3 Event Pile-Up in the AE Spectra ............................................................................ 42 iii CONTENTS (contin ued) Page 3.3.4 High-AE Tails. Pile-Up Removal Methods ............................................................. 43 3.3.5 Interpretation of the High-AE Tails ........................................................................ 45 3.3.6 Beam Energies. Calibration Adjustment ................................................................. 46 3.3.7 Landau
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