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Development of the Ph.D. Program in United States in the Nineteenth Century

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Development of the Ph.D. Program in United States in the Nineteenth Century DEVELOPMENT OF THE PH.D. PROGRAM IN UNITED STATES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By '/et'mce. Mary/yBean, B.A., A.M. * • » » t J ' I 1 I •> 3 ! • » • » » : i ' * i -J j > j C * • I » 3 . J » » » i . ) < > J ! » » * « ) ) J J , 1 J > »•* II I ) J 1 I J j ■ > The Ohio State University 1953 Approved byx ACKNO WLED GEMENTS This study was begun in 1933. Due to ill health it was not finished With improved health it was taken up in 1951. During the first year Dr. Arthur J. Klein, now Dean Emeritus, was adviser. The writer wishes to express appreciation for the inspiration and interest received from. Dr. Klein for the field of university education. The subject of this study, on a phase of university education, stems from that interest. I wish to' express appreciation to my family, Mr. and Mrs. «J. Russell Bean and to friends, Mr. and: Mrs. H. K. Filler, who encouraged me to take up the work and finish it. My deep and sincere debt of gratitude goes to Dr. Roscoe H. Eckelberry who has acted as advisor during the writing of the dissertation. The unlimited time he has made available through­ out the progress of this dissertation, the valuable criticisms and suggestions, his interest in the subject, his general knowledge and helpfulness have made this work a pleasant task. M. B. - ii - \ 16889 TABLE OP CONTENTS CHAPTER Pago GENERAL INTRODUCTION...................... x PAST I EUROPEAN BACKGROUNDS............................ 1 I ORIGIN IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE ...................... I Bologna, the earliest university . ......... 4 Statutes giving the university form. ...... '5 Course of study ............................. 8 Scholasticism, its influence................. 10 Contribution of Bologna to its successors. 11 University of Paris .................. 12 Position of the Rector....................... 14 Course of study ............................. 15 II UNIVERSITIES OF OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE ........... 18 The o rigin of Oxford University . ...... 18 The Chancellor ......... ............. 19 The college ................................. 20 The H a l l s ..................................... 22 Professorships.......... 23 Origin of fellowships ..!..... ......... 24 Course of study ............................... 25 The University as a w h o l e ..................... 26 Cambridge University............. 27 III RISE OF THE MODERN UNIVERSITY IN G E R M A N Y .......... 31 Universities of Halle ....................... 31 The University of Gottingen. ........... 34 University of B e r l i n ...........................34 Universities, state institutions ............ 35 Freedom of teaching and learning ..............36 The philosophical faculty .................... 39 PART II EXPLORATORY PERIOD IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1800 TO 1875 .................................. 43 - iii - TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) CHAPTER Page IT YALE••!»••••••••••••••••«•• 46 Status of the sciences at Yale College at the opening of the nineteenth century ...... .. 46 Establishment of first journal in United States for publishing research................ 51 Appointment of "University Professors" to offer advanced work......................... 54 Department of Philosophy and the Arts, 1847 . • 56 First Ph.D. in United States conferred in 1861. 60 Requirements for the Ph.D. degree at Yale 1861 to 1875.......................... 64 HARVARD................................... 71 Founding of Harvard in 1636 . 71 Resident graduates 1642................. 73 Lawrence Scientific School 1847........... 84 'University L0Ctures from 1860 to 1 8 7 1 .... 88 •••TI CORNELL................................... 108 Founded with emphasis on technical eduoation. 108 Ph.D. offered from outset................ 112 Course of study......... ... 119 VII MICHIGAN.................................. 129 A state university as par’ of the public educational system of une state. .......... 129 The elective system...................... 135 Advanced courses of instruction instituted in 1858............................... 137 Seminar introduced by Charles It. Adams . 139 Doctor of Philosophy degree offered, not conferred....................... 141 VIII JOHNS HOPKINS............................. 146 The privately endowed university ............. 146 Daniel Coit Gilman, president. ..... ... 148 The faculty.......................... 150 Students ................................. 153 IX SUMMARY OF PART I I ...................... 157 - iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) CHAPTER Pago PART III PERIOD OF STANDARDIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1876 TO 1900...................... 160 X YALE 1876-1900................. ................ 161 Courses o f graduate instruction .................. 161 Requirements for the Ph.D. degree................. 171 From courses of graduate instruction to graduate s c h o o l . ............ 172 Enrollments and degrees conferred................. 177 XI HARVARD 1876-1900................................... 185 Courses of graduate instruction ................ 185 Requirements for the Ph.D. degree................. 199 From graduate department to graduate school. ■ 202 Enrollments and degrees conferred................. 205 XII CORNELL 1876-1900................................... 220 Courses of graduate Instruction. ................ 220 Requirements for the Ph. Q. degree................ 230 The University faculty......................... ..233 Enrollments and degrees conferred................. 234 XIII MICHIGAN 1876-1900.................................. 245 Post-graduate courses. ...... .......... - • 245 Requirements for the Ph.D. degree. ........ ...252 From Department of Literature, Science and the Arts to Graduate School..........................257 Enrollments and degrees conferred................. 259 XIV JOHNS HOPKINS 1876-1900.............................. 268 Courses of instruction ...... ............ • 268 Requirements for the Ph.D. degree..................279 The University. ................................... 283 Enrollments and degrees conferred* .............. 284 XV SUMMARY OF PART III.................................. 292 XVI GENERAL SUMMARY...................................... 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................309 AUTOBIOGRAPHY 320 LIST OF TABLES TABLE Pago I COURSES OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION AT YALE UNIVERSITY FROM 1800 TO 1900................................... 162 II DEPARTMENTAL GRADUATE CLUBS AT YALE UNIVERSITY FROM 1886 TO 1900....................... 169 III UNIVERSITY AND GRADUATE ENROLMENTS AMD NUMBER OF PH.D. DEGREES CONFERRED AT YALE UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900. 179 IV NUMBER OF PH.D. DEGREES CONFERRED ON MEN AND WOMEN AT YALE U1HVERSITY FROM 1894 TO 1900.................... 180 V COURSES "PRIMARILY FOR GRADUATES" AT HARVARD UNIVER­ SITY FROM 1876 TO 1881................................ 186 VI ELECTIVE STUDIES OF HARVARD COLLEGE FROM 1876 TO 1881. 188 VII A COMPARISON OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF INSTRUCTION AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IN 1882, 1890, AND 1900........... 193 VIII COURSES OF GRADUATE INSTRUCTION AS SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR TYPES AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY FROM 1890 TO 1900. 195 IX A COMP ARISON OF THE NUMBER OF DEPARTMENTAL NON-CREDIT CLUBS AND DEPARTlfflNTAL CONFERENCES (OR SOCIETIES) AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IN 1892 AND IN 1900............... 198 X CANDIDATES FOR HIGHER DEGREES VIZ. TO SUBJECT AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1895................. 210 XI RESIDENT GRADUATES NOT CANDIDATES FOR A DEGREE AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1885................. 212 XII NON-RESIDENT CANDIDATES FOR A DEGREE AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900........................ 212 XIII NUMBER OF DEGREES CONFERRED VIZ. SUBJECT AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900........................ 214 XIV PROPORTIONATE NUMBER OF CANDIDATES GRADUATES OF HARVARD AID OTHER INSTITUTIONS AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900................................... 216 - vi - LIST OF TABLES (cont.) TABLE Pag© XV NUMBER OF PH.D. DEGREES CONFERRED TO CANDIDATES M 10 HELD THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE FROM HARVARD OR FROM OTHER COLLEGES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900. 216 XVI COURSES OF STUDY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900 UNDER ELECTIVE SYSTEM OF STUDIES.................. 221 XVII A COMPARISON OF LABORATORIES AND OTHER RESEARCH FACILITIES AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY IN 1876, 1890, 1895 AND 1900......................................... 228 XVIII MUSEUMS AS RESEARCH FACILITIES AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY IN 1876, 1890, 1895 AND 1900 ......................... 229 XIX UNIVERSITY AND RESIDENT GRADUATE ENROLLMENTS AND PH.D.'DEGREES CONFERRED AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900.......................................... 235 XX RESIDENT GRADUATES WHO HELD THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE FROM CORNELL UNIVERSITY AND THOSE VJHO HELD THE BACHELOR’S FROM OTHER COLLEGES AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900............................... 238 XXI RESIDENT GRADUATES AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY VIZ. PROPOR­ TION OF MEN AND VS/OMEN FROM 1876 TO 1900............... 238 XXII NUMBER OF PH.D. DEGREES' CONFERRED ON MEN AND Y/OMEN AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY FROM 1876 TO 1900 239 XXIII MAJORS AMD MINORS OF PH.D. CANDIDATES AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY FROM 1890 TO 1900.......................... 241 XXIV LEADING TEN STATES REPRESENTED AMONG CANDIDATES FOR PH.D. DEGREE AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY IN 1890, 1895 AND 1900.................................................. 242 XXV COMPARISON OF COURSE OFFERINGS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IN 1876 AND IN 1885.......................... 249 XXVI COURSES
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