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Interest of Amici Curiae Nos. 08-1119, 08-1225 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States MILAVETZ, GALLOP & MILAVETZ, P.A., ET AL. Petitioners, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent. ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CONSUMER BANKRUPTCY ATTORNEYS, CONNECTICUT BAR ASSOCIATION, BRENNAN CENTER FOR JUSTICE, AND AARP IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS BARRY S. FEIGENBAUM JONATHAN S. MASSEY ROGIN NASSAU LLC Counsel of Record nd City Place I, 22 Floor MASSEY & GAIL, LLP 185 Asylum Street 1325 G Street, N.W. Hartford, CT 06103 Suite 500 (860) 256-6300 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 652-4511 JULIE NEPVEU AARP Foundation 601 E Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20049 (202) 434-2060 BATEMAN & SLADE, INC. BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................... iii INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE .............................. 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .................................. 4 ARGUMENT ............................................................. 6 I. THE UNCONTROVERTED RECORD DEMONSTRATES THE CONSTITUTIONAL FLAWS IN THE DEBT RELIEF AGENCY PROVISIONS. .................... 6 II. SECTION 526(a)(4) IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL IF APPLIED TO ATTORNEYS. ............ 14 A. Section 526(a)(4) Triggers Strict Scrutiny. ....................... 15 B. Section 526(a)(4) Is Unconstitutional Under Any Level of First Amendment Scrutiny. ............ 16 C. The Government’s Saving Construction of Section 526(a)(4) Is Flawed. ................ 17 ii 1. The Government’s Construction of Section 526(a)(4) Is Not Textually Supportable. ................. 17 2. The Government’s Construction Creates A New Vice of Vagueness. ................... 20 3. The Structure of Section 526 Does Not Support The Government’s Argument. .................... 22 4. The Government Ignores the Second Half of Section 526. ...... 23 III. SECTION 528 IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL IF APPLIED TO ATTORNEYS. ............ 24 A. Section 528 Fails First Amendment Scrutiny. ............ 25 B. Section 528, If Applied To Attorneys, Would Extend To Lawyers For Clients Other Than Debtors. .............. 28 iii C. The Government’s Justifications for Section 528 Lack Merit. ....................... 30 IV. THIS COURT SHOULD AVOID SERIOUS CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS BY INTERPRETING THE STATUTE TO EXCLUDE ATTORNEYS FROM THE CATEGORY OF “DEBT RELIEF AGENCIES.” .......... 33 CONCLUSION ....................................................... 36 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES FEDERAL CASES: Borgner v. Florida Bd. of Dentistry, 537 U.S. 1080 (2002) ...................................... 28 Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc., 466 U.S. 485 (1984) .................................. 6 Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41 (1999) .......................................... 21 City of Los Angeles v. Preferred Communications, Inc., 476 U.S. 488 (1986) .................................. 6 Coates v. Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611 (1971) ........................................ 21 iv Connecticut Bar Assn. v. United States, 394 B.R. 274 (D. Conn. 2008) .......................... 2 Conrad, Rubin & Lesser v. Pender, 289 U.S. 472 (1933) .................................... 5, 18 Davis v. Federal Election Comm’n, 128 S.Ct. 2759 (2008) ..................................... 16 Edenfield v. Fane, 507 U.S. 761 (1993) .......................................... 7 Florida Bar v. Went For It, 515 U.S. 618 (1995) ........................................ 15 Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030 (1991) ................................ 16, 17 Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975) ........................................ 35 Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243 (2006) ........................................ 35 Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451 (1987) ........................................ 22 Ibanez v. Fla. Dept. of Pro. & Bus. Regulation, 512 U.S. 136 (1994) ........................................ 27 In re Charles, 334 B.R. 207 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2005) ........... 19 Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829 (1978) .......................................... 7 v Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez, 531 U.S. 533 (2001) .............................. 4, 15, 16 NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415 (1963) ........................................ 15 Peel v. Attorney Registration & Disciplinary Comm’n, 496 U.S. 91 (1990) .......................... 28 Plummer v. City of Columbus, 414 U.S. 2 (1973) (per curiam) ...................... 21 Randall v. Sorrell, 548 U.S. 230 (2006) .......................................... 7 Riley v. National Fed’n of the Blind of N.C., Inc., 487 U.S. 781 (1988) ........................................ 27 Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co., 514 U.S. 476 (1995) .................................... 7, 17 Turner Broadcasting Sys. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622 (1994) .......................................... 6 U.M.W. v. Illinois Bar, 389 U.S. 217 (1967) ........................................ 15 Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383 (1981) .......................................... 2 Winters v. New York, 333 U.S. 507 (1948) ........................................ 21 Ysursa v. Pocatello Educ. Ass’n, 129 S.Ct. 1093 (2009) ..................................... 15 vi Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio, 471 U.S. 626 (1985) ............................... 5, 25-28 STATE CASES: Attorney Grievance Comm’n of Maryland v. Culver, 381 Md. 241 (2004) ......................................... 19 FEDERAL STATUTES: United States Code 11 U.S.C. § 101 ................................... 29, 33, 34 11 U.S.C. § 101(12A) .......................... 28, 29, 33 11 U.S.C. § 101(4A) ........................................ 29 11 U.S.C. § 521 ......................................... 31, 33 11 U.S.C. § 523 ............................................... 19 11 U.S.C. § 526 ....................................... passim 11 U.S.C. § 527 ........................................... 1, 34 11 U.S.C. § 528 ....................................... passim 11 U.S.C. § 707 ......................................... 19, 20 11 U.S.C. § 1114 ............................................. 30 11 U.S.C. § 1326 ............................................... 9 18 U.S.C. § 2 ................................................... 19 18 U.S.C. §§ 152-157 ...................................... 19 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(b) ......................................... 19 vii LEGISLATIVE HISTORY: Bankruptcy Reform, Joint Hearing Before House Judiciary Comm. and Senate Judiciary Comm., 106th Cong., 1st Sess. 94 (1999) .............................. 21 Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1999 (Part II), Hearing on H.R. 833 Before House Judiciary Comm., 106th Cong. 123 (1999) .................................................... 32 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2003, Hearing on H.R. 975 before House Judiciary Comm., 108th Cong., 1st Sess. 55 (2003) ................................................................. 32-33 OTHER AUTHORITIES: ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct R. 1.2(d) ............................................................... 19 Deborah Thorne, Elizabeth Warren, & Teresa A. Sullivan, Generation of Struggle 1 (2008) (assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/ consume/2008_11_debt.pdf .............................. 3 David U. Himmelstein, MD, Deborah Thorne, PhD, Elizabeth Warren, JD, Steffie Woolhandler, MD, MPH, et al., Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007, 122 Am. J. Med., 741, 743 (2009), available at http://pnhp.org/new_ bankruptcy_study/Bankruptcy-2009.pdf ........ 3 INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE This brief amici curiae supporting Petitioners Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A., et al., is filed by two bar associations (the Connecticut Bar Association (“CBA”) and the National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys (“NACBA”) (collectively, the “Bar Associations”)), the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law (“Brennan Center”), and AARP.1 The Bar Associations have an important interest in this case because their members are governed by the statutory provisions at issue here, which are part of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (“BAPCPA”), codified in the Bankruptcy Code at 11 U.S.C. §§ 526, 527, and 528 (“the Debt Relief Agency Provisions”). These provisions impose various restrictions on the speech and activities of a newly minted category of entities defined by the statute as “debt relief agencies,” which the Government and Court of Appeals have interpreted as encompassing attorneys. So construed, the Debt Relief Agency Provisions violate the First Amendment to the Constitution. The Bar Associations can offer an important perspective on the questions presented by this case. Their members include experienced attorneys familiar with the day-to-day realities of the bankruptcy system and the real-world impact of BAPCPA. Many Americans face bankruptcy as a 1 Counsel of record for the parties received timely notice of the intent to file this brief and granted written consent, which is on file with the Clerk. No counsel for a party authored this brief in whole or in part, nor did any person or entity, other than amici or their counsel, make a monetary contribution to the preparation or submission of this brief. 2 result of the recent economic downturn. They face personal and family tragedies – loss of a job, loss of a home, or serious illnesses. They are in dire need of complete and uncensored advice from bankruptcy attorneys. This Court has recognized that the attorney- client relationship
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