DOCSLIB.ORG

Eflags03.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eflags03.Pdf ISSUE 3 March 2007 Greetings all Flag Institute members and welcome to our third edition of eFlags. As you can see we have developed our logo a bit now….at least it’s memorable! This edition seems to have developed something of an African theme growing out of the chairman’s visit to the cinema to see the ‘Last King of Scotland’ (an amazing and flesh cringing film…well worth a visit by the way). Events have also moved fast in the Institute’s development, and we hope the final section will keep you all in touch. Please do think about coming to one of our meetings, they are great fun, ( its one of the few occasions when you can talk about flags and not face the ridicule of your family or friends!) and we have a line up of some fascinating presentations. As always any comments or suggestions would be gratefully received at [email protected] . THE EMPEROR, THE MIGHTY WARRIOR & THE LORD OF THE ALL THE BEASTS page 2 NEW FLAG DISCOVERED page 9 FLAGS IN THE NEWS page 10 SITES OF VEXILLOGICAL INTEREST page 11 PUTTING A FACE ON FLAGS page 12 FLAG INSTITUTE EVENTS page 13 NEW COUNCIL MEMBERS page 14 HOW TO GET IN TOUCH WITH THE INSTITUTE page 15 1 The Emperor, the Mighty Warrior and the Lord of All the Beasts. The 1970s in Africa saw the rise of a number of ‘colourful’ figures in the national histories of various countries. Of course the term ‘colourful’ here is used to mean that very African blend of an eccentric figure of fun, with brutal psychopath. Buoyed up by a number of factors, a vacuum caused by rapid de-colonisation, colonial powers still wishing to wield influence, and the cold war ethos of my enemy’s enemy is my friend (to name but three); regimes were built up and then supported which made the image of the be-uniformed president for life, an almost compulsory part of African Government. In order of ascending vexillilogical interest however and towering head and shoulders about the other more common or garden dictators of the time were three individuals whose very names can still cause pain and anguish (and surprising devotion) amongst the citizens of their lands, namely Idi Amin Dada; Jean Bedel Bokassa and Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. Amin Bokassa Mobutu All three of these ‘gentlemen’ developed a fascination for the trappings of power. Throughout their time in power they showered medals, decorations, honours, titles, and flags upon themselves. In fact it was said of Mobutu that every time he want to war his country lost, but he was promoted, rising in rank from a mere Colonel in 1965 when he staged his first Coup, to that of a (if not the) Marshal of Zaire in 1983. Idi Amin, the President of Uganda managed to combine the Jocular with the psychopathic in ways unseen maybe since the time of the Caligula. Recently brought to life so chillingly in an Oscar winning performance by Forrest Whittaker in the film, The Last King of 2 Scotland , he was famous for appearing like a glistening Christmas tree in military uniforms bedecked with medals and decorations of dubious provenance 1. His award to himself of the Victoria Cross and the CBE. 2 must have caused Spink & Co a real headache. After a series of negotiations it appears a "Victorious Cross" medal was made, with a few subtle differences from an original Victoria Cross. For example the wording ‘for valour’ was replaced with "For Supreme Valour " and the crown lion replaced with a bust of the president himself .3 In 1977, after breaking diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom Radio Uganda solemnly read out the whole of his new title: "His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular. " 4 . It is therefore somewhat surprising that someone who spent so much time and energy on his prestige took, it appears so little thought to flags. As president of Uganda he was entitled to flag the presidential standard, adopted on 26th September 1963, in preparation for Uganda’s transition into a republic on the first anniversary of her independence, 9th October 1963. Whilst the design still appears in a number of publications there does appear to be little if any evidence of its actual use since the time of the first president Edward Mutebi Mutesa II The flag itself is obviously a derivative of the Ugandan National flag, itself thrown together rather hurriedly using the colours of Milton Obote’s Uganda National Congress Party 5 after his surprise victory in the pre independence elections 6. 1 As a sergeant, Amin had been trained as a parachutist by the Israelis, and wore an Israeli parachutist's wings on his uniform. Howeverit is now known he failed his tests but was given the wings as a momento. 2 Conqueror of the British Empire 3 A full description of the medal can be found at: http://www.iol.ie/~coinsandmedals/Foreign.htm 4 See Obituary of Amin Patrick Keatley Monday August 18, 2003 The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1020657,00.html 5 The Colours of the UNC were later changed to black red and blue following its merger with the Uganda People’s Congress to form the Ugandan Peoples Congress party, see: http://www.upcparty.net/constitution/index.htm 6 The Ugandan Democratic Party won the most seats, but Obote negotiated a surprise alliance with the Bugandan Royalist party Kabaka Yekka . Which would see him as prime minister and the Bugandan King as president. 3 The previous blue green and yellow designed flag being in the ‘wrong party colours’. Obote was alleged to have said on seeing the design ‘I’ll be buggered if I’m saluting that!’. Maybe it was only at the end that Amin embraced the Joys of vexillology, the Chinese Xinhua News agency reporting that as he fled Kampala he took with him the original drawings of the National Flag, emblem and coat of arms 7 Jean Bedel Bokassa went one step further than Amin, realizing that the only way up from ‘President for Life’ was to be declared Emperor of a newly established Central African Empire. The new imperial show of vain-glory outshone even the antics of Amin, culminating on 4th December 1977 in a lavish Napoleonic style coronation 8 in the national stadium which cost the impoverished country a quarter of its GDP, over $20m. The pomp and circumstance 9 included a 32-lb. coronation robe covered with 785,000 pearls and 1,220,000 crystal beads and what was Joking referred to as the longest train in Central Africa and an 7 Source: the Chinese agency Xinhua (16 January 2005) (in French). 8 For description of event see description from Time Magazine Archives: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945849-1,00.html 9 A video of the coronation ceremony can be found on youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tat5fTdidRw 4 Imperial crown topped with a 138-carat diamond which alone cost $2m. Exactly a year before hand on 4 December 1976, a new Constitution was promulgated replacing the Central African Revolution Council with an Imperial Government. And the Life President was proclaimed as Emperor Bokassa I. Symbols were obvious on his mind as the opening articles of the new constitution read: Art. 1. "... The emblem of Emperor Bokassa the First is the Eagle inside a Sun…..” Art. 3. "The emblem of the Central African Empire is the flag made of 4-horizontal strips (blue-white-green-yellow) crossed at right angles on its half by a same sized strip in red and in the inside-upper hoist there is a yellow five pointed star." As Bokassa spent the days before his great Jamboree holed up in the now newly Imperial Palace he watched footage of Queen Elizabeth II‘s coronation and it seems, no detail was overlooked, to enhance the Imperial maJesty of the New Emperor. As president Bokassa had inherited a presidential standard, which following French colonial tradition of in reality being the National flag with a heavily fringed border. The New Emperor looked to his hero and fellow military commander turner royal, Napoleon Bonaparte for inspiration. Bokassa’s new Imperial Standard was to be green, Napoleon’s favourite colour, bedecked by an imperial eagle and the sun from the taken from the arms of the state all described in article one of the imperial constitution. Likewise there appeared to be a wide use of the imperial monogram ‘B’ modelled no doubt on Napoleon’s use of the letter N. It can be 5 clearly seen as a background decoration in the film 10 of the coronation, and in an even more elaborate form combined with an eagle as the head rest of his chair at the banquet following the coronation This however was not the Emperor’s first encounter into the world of Vexillography during 1976. Earlier in the summer in an attempt to bolster much needed economic aid, Bokassa flirted briefly with Islam as a sop towards a new open purse, in the guise of Libya’s Colonel Gadaffi. Indeed during a visit to Central Africa by the Colonel on 17th October 1976 Bokassa and his cabinet very publicly converted to Islam, Bokassa adopting the Islamic name of Salah el Din Ahmed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Heraldry in the Republic of Macedonia (1991-2019)
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 1 September 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0027.v1 Article Heraldry in the Republic of Macedonia (1991-2019) Jovan Jonovski1, * 1 Macedonian Heraldic Society; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +38970252989 Abstract: Every country has some specific heraldry. In this paper, we will consider heraldry in the Republic of Macedonia, understood by the multitude of coats of arms, and armorial knowledge and art. The paper covers the period from independence until the name change (1991-2019). It co- vers the state coat of arms of the Republic of Macedonia especially the 2009 change. Special atten- tion is given to the development of the municipal heraldry, including the legal system covering the subject. Also personal heraldry developed in 21 century is considered. The paper covers the de- velopment of heraldry and the heraldic thought in the given period, including the role of the Macedonian Heraldic Society and its journal Macedonian Herald in development of theoretic and practical heraldry, as well as its Register of arms and the Macedonian Civic Heraldic System. Keywords: Heraldry in Macedonia; Macedonian civic heraldry; Republic of Macedonia. 1. Introduction The Republic of Macedonia became independent from the Socialist Federative Re- public of Yugoslavia with the Referendum of 8 September 1991. The Democratic Federal Macedonia was formed during the first session of the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the Na- tional Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) on 2 August 1944 (it later became the People’s Republic of Macedonia, a federal unit of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia).
    [Show full text]
  • British Royal Banners 1199–Present
    British Royal Banners 1199 – Present Geoff Parsons & Michael Faul Abstract The presentation begins with the (accepted) date of 1199, the death of King Richard I, the first king known to have used the three gold lions on red. It continues to show how King Edward III added the French Royal Arms, consequent to his claim to the French throne. There is then the change from “France Ancient” to “France Modern” by King Henry IV in 1405, which set the pattern of the arms and the standard for the next 198 years. The story then proceeds to show how, over the ensuing 234 years, there were no fewer than six versions of the standard until the adoption of the present pattern in 1837. The presentation includes pictures of all the designs, noting that, in the early stages, the arms appeared more often as a surcoat than a flag. There is also some anecdotal information regarding the various patterns. Anne (1702–1714) Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011 © 2011 North American Vexillological Association (www.nava.org) 799 British Royal Banners 1199 – Present Figure 1 Introduction The presentation begins with the (accepted) date of 1199, the death of King Richard I, the first king known to have used the three gold lions on red. Although we often refer to these flags as Royal Standards, strictly speaking, they are not standard but heraldic banners which are based on the Coats of Arms of the British Monarchs. Figure 2 William I (1066–1087) The first use of the coats of arms would have been exactly that, worn as surcoats by medieval knights.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalan Modernism and Vexillology
    Catalan Modernism and Vexillology Sebastià Herreros i Agüí Abstract Modernism (Modern Style, Modernisme, or Art Nouveau) was an artistic and cultural movement which flourished in Europe roughly between 1880 and 1915. In Catalonia, because this era coincided with movements for autonomy and independence and the growth of a rich bourgeoisie, Modernism developed in a special way. Differing from the form in other countries, in Catalonia works in the Modern Style included many symbolic elements reflecting the Catalan nationalism of their creators. This paper, which follows Wladyslaw Serwatowski’s 20 ICV presentation on Antoni Gaudí as a vexillographer, studies other Modernist artists and their flag-related works. Lluís Domènech i Montaner, Josep Puig i Cadafalch, Josep Llimona, Miquel Blay, Alexandre de Riquer, Apel·les Mestres, Antoni Maria Gallissà, Joan Maragall, Josep Maria Jujol, Lluís Masriera, Lluís Millet, and others were masters in many artistic disciplines: Architecture, Sculpture, Jewelry, Poetry, Music, Sigillography, Bookplates, etc. and also, perhaps unconsciously, Vexillography. This paper highlights several flags and banners of unusual quality and national significance: Unió Catalanista, Sant Lluc, CADCI, Catalans d’Amèrica, Ripoll, Orfeó Català, Esbart Català de Dansaires, and some gonfalons and flags from choral groups and sometent (armed civil groups). New Banner, Basilica of the Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011 © 2011 North American Vexillological Association (www.nava.org) 506 Catalan Modernism and Vexillology Background At the 20th International Conference of Vexillology in Stockholm in 2003, Wladyslaw Serwatowski presented the paper “Was Antonio Gaudí i Cornet (1852–1936) a Vexillographer?” in which he analyzed the vexillological works of the Catalan architectural genius Gaudí.
    [Show full text]
  • Vexillum, June 2018, No. 2
    Research and news of the North American Vexillological Association June 2018 No. Recherche et nouvelles de l’Association nord-américaine de vexillologie Juin 2018 2 INSIDE Page Editor’s Note 2 President’s Column 3 NAVA Membership Anniversaries 3 The Flag of Unity in Diversity 4 Incorporating NAVA News and Flag Research Quarterly Book Review: "A Flag Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of National Symbols" 7 New Flags: 4 Reno, Nevada 8 The International Vegan Flag 9 Regional Group Report: The Flag of Unity Chesapeake Bay Flag Association 10 Vexi-News Celebrates First Anniversary 10 in Diversity Judge Carlos Moore, Mississippi Flag Activist 11 Stamp Celebrates 200th Anniversary of the Flag Act of 1818 12 Captain William Driver Award Guidelines 12 The Water The Water Protectors: Native American Nationalism, Environmentalism, and the Flags of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protectors Protests of 2016–2017 13 NAVA Grants 21 Evolutionary Vexillography in the Twenty-First Century 21 13 Help Support NAVA's Upcoming Vatican Flags Book 23 NAVA Annual Meeting Notice 24 Top: The Flag of Unity in Diversity Right: Demonstrators at the NoDAPL protests in January 2017. Source: https:// www.indianz.com/News/2017/01/27/delay-in- nodapl-response-points-to-more.asp 2 | June 2018 • Vexillum No. 2 June / Juin 2018 Number 2 / Numéro 2 Editor's Note | Note de la rédaction Dear Reader: We hope you enjoyed the premiere issue of Vexillum. In addition to offering my thanks Research and news of the North American to the contributors and our fine layout designer Jonathan Lehmann, I owe a special note Vexillological Association / Recherche et nouvelles de l’Association nord-américaine of gratitude to NAVA members Peter Ansoff, Stan Contrades, Xing Fei, Ted Kaye, Pete de vexillologie.
    [Show full text]
  • STELLAR FLAGS by Scott Mainwaring Stellar Flags 1 Tion of That Word
    Portland Flag Association Publication 1 Portland Flag Association ―Free, and Worth Every Penny!‖ Issue 11 October 2006 INSIDE THIS ISSUE: STELLAR FLAGS By Scott Mainwaring Stellar Flags 1 tion of that word. Never mind that real stars are twinkling point sources Pirate Flags 2 Flag design has long looked to the natural world and its phenomena as a of light (except for certain stars ob- Some Flag Related Websites 3 source of inspiration and symbolism. served through powerful telescopes October 2006 Flutterings 3 Much of this vocabulary is earth- which can resolve an actual disc of Next Meeting Announcement 4 bound, making use of plants, ani- light) that bear, at most, a very rough Flags in the News 4 mals, and landscape features. But resemblance to the decagonal shapes Correction 4 perhaps as much of it is celestial, one learns to draw as a child. Just The Flag Quiz 7 making use of astronomical objects say that it‘s our cultural convention to depict stars in this way, and that like the Sun, the Moon, and the stars – this last being the focus of this arti- depiction of a natural object is what cle. Let's call a flag with such a rela- indeed is going on in almost all cases. tionship a stellar flag. At first glance, This may be the case, but if so, this is ―stellar flag‖ is a huge category – a very weak sense of ―stellar.‖ It stars on flags are in no short supply. seems more apt to say that, even if As a rough (under-) estimate, originally inspired by the natural as- Wikipedia (as of 10/4/06) lists 403 tronomical object, most stars on current and historical flags with one most flags (like most stars in most or more stars.
    [Show full text]
  • THE EAST LOTHIAN FLAG COMPETITION the Recent
    THE EAST LOTHIAN FLAG COMPETITION The recent competition held to select a flag for the county of East Lothian, elicited four finalists; three of these were widely criticised for falling short of good design practice, as promoted for several years, by such bodies as the North American Vexillological Association and the Flag Institute. The latter’s Creating Local & Community Flags guide , as recently advertised by the Flag Institute's official Twitter feed on Monday 8th October 2018, states on page 7, that "Designs making it to the shortlist of finalists must meet Flag Institute design guidelines to ensure that all potential winning designs are capable of being registered." and further notes that "Flags are intended to perform a specific, important function. In order to do this there are basic design standards which need to be met." Page 8 of the same guide, also declares, "Before registering a new flag on the UK Flag Registry the Flag Institute will ensure that a flag design: Meets basic graphical standards." This critique demonstrates how the three flags examined, do not meet many of the basic design standards and therefore do not perform the specific and important intended functions. As a result, on its own grounds, none of the three can be registered by the Flag Institute. Flag B Aside from the shortcomings of its design, Flag B fails to meet the Flag Institute's basic requirement that any county flag placed on the UK Flag Registry cannot represent a modern administrative area. The Flag Institute’s previously cited, community flag guide, describes on page 6, the categories of flags that may be registered; "There are three types of flag that might qualify for inclusion in the UK Flag Registry: local community flags (including cities, towns and villages), historic county flags and flags for other types of traditional areas, such as islands or provinces.
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Report Final UK
    JOINT COMMISSION ON VEXILLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES of The Flag Institute and North American Vexillological Association ! ! THE COMMISSION’S REPORT ON THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF FLAG DESIGN 1st October 2014 These principles have been adopted by The Flag Institute and North American Vexillological Association | Association nord-américaine de vexillologie, based on the recommendations of a Joint Commission convened by Charles Ashburner (Chief Executive, The Flag Institute) and Hugh Brady (President, NAVA). The members of the Joint Commission were: Graham M.P. Bartram (Chairman) Edward B. Kaye Jason Saber Charles A. Spain Philip S. Tibbetts Introduction This report attempts to lay out for the public benefit some basic guidelines to help those developing new flags for their communities and organizations, or suggesting refinements to existing ones. Flags perform a very powerful function and this best practice advice is intended to help with optimising the ability of flags to fulfil this function. The principles contained within it are only guidelines, as for each “don’t do this” there is almost certainly a flag which does just that and yet works. An obvious example would be item 3.1 “fewer colours”, yet who would deny that both the flag of South Africa and the Gay Pride Flag work well, despite having six colours each. An important part of a flag is its aesthetic appeal, but as the the 18th century Scottish philosopher, David Hume, wrote, “Beauty in things exists merely in the mind which contemplates them.” Different cultures will prefer different aesthetics, so a general set of principles, such as this report, cannot hope to cover what will and will not work aesthetically.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colours of the Fleet
    THE COLOURS OF THE FLEET TCOF BRITISH & BRITISH DERIVED ENSIGNS ~ THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE WORLDWIDE LIST OF ALL FLAGS AND ENSIGNS, PAST AND PRESENT, WHICH BEAR THE UNION FLAG IN THE CANTON “Build up the highway clear it of stones lift up an ensign over the peoples” Isaiah 62 vv 10 Created and compiled by Malcolm Farrow OBE President of the Flag Institute Edited and updated by David Prothero 15 January 2015 © 1 CONTENTS Chapter 1 Page 3 Introduction Page 5 Definition of an Ensign Page 6 The Development of Modern Ensigns Page 10 Union Flags, Flagstaffs and Crowns Page 13 A Brief Summary Page 13 Reference Sources Page 14 Chronology Page 17 Numerical Summary of Ensigns Chapter 2 British Ensigns and Related Flags in Current Use Page 18 White Ensigns Page 25 Blue Ensigns Page 37 Red Ensigns Page 42 Sky Blue Ensigns Page 43 Ensigns of Other Colours Page 45 Old Flags in Current Use Chapter 3 Special Ensigns of Yacht Clubs and Sailing Associations Page 48 Introduction Page 50 Current Page 62 Obsolete Chapter 4 Obsolete Ensigns and Related Flags Page 68 British Isles Page 81 Commonwealth and Empire Page 112 Unidentified Flags Page 112 Hypothetical Flags Chapter 5 Exclusions. Page 114 Flags similar to Ensigns and Unofficial Ensigns Chapter 6 Proclamations Page 121 A Proclamation Amending Proclamation dated 1st January 1801 declaring what Ensign or Colours shall be borne at sea by Merchant Ships. Page 122 Proclamation dated January 1, 1801 declaring what ensign or colours shall be borne at sea by merchant ships. 2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction The Colours of The Fleet 2013 attempts to fill a gap in the constitutional and historic records of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth by seeking to list all British and British derived ensigns which have ever existed.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Subject of Vexillology
    Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes Mod Vexillology On the Subject of Vexillology For every flag you make that does not exist, think of a new country name. Good waste of time while defusing a bomb. The module consists of 8 colour buttons, a flag and a submit button on top of the flagpole. The flagpole shows three colours in an order with a longer break. The colour Grey does not count! Follow the steps below and paint the flag as instructed. There can’t be any duplicate colours on the flag. If after the taken steps duplicate colours exist, transpose them in accordance with section “Colour Transposing”. The colours are Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Aqua, White and Black. If the painted flag already exists according to the Country Table below, submit the flag when the timer has the "Submit" digit in any position. Otherwise, submit the flag when the timer has the last digit of the serial number in any position. Submitting a wrong flag or submitting at the wrong moment results in a strike. Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes Mod Vexillology First Colour All statements in this section are related to the top of the flagpole. Horizontal Bars If three of the same colour are shown, the first colour is Black. Otherwise, if two Oranges, two Greens or two Blacks are shown, the first colour is Green. Otherwise, if the third position is Orange or White, the first colour is Yellow. Otherwise, if the first position is Blue or Green, the first colour is Orange. Otherwise, if Black and Aqua are shown in any position, the first colour is Blue.
    [Show full text]
  • Info-FIAV No
    Info-FIAV No. 51, June 2020 ISSN 1560-9979 Fédération internationale www.FIAV.org des associations vexillologiques www.Facebook.com/FIAV.org IMPORTANT NOTICE ICV 29 UPDATE 16 – 21 July 2021, Ljubljana (Slovenia) The Board would like to advise members that it has been agreed with the organisers that in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, a final decision on ICV29 will be taken in December 2020. The outcome of the decision will be communicated to members via Info-FIAV No. 52 and on the FIAV and ICV29 websites in January 2021. Until then, please assume that the Congress will take place as planned. _____________________________________________ IN THIS ISSUE …. ICV29 update ………………. 1 FIAV flag & Gavel …. 4 World Vexillology Forthcoming dates to note…. 2 In Memoriam ………. 11 Day ………… 15 Membership Application FIAV Board Actions .. 12 Membership Instructions ………… 2 FIAV President Directory Update … 15 Eighth Laurate of FIAV – Report-back ...13 Thanks to the Tracey Mee ………… 3 Member previous editor …… 15 Anniversaries...14 FORTHCOMING DATES TO NOTE All dates are subject to change pending the situation relating to travelling as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. All deadline dates are calculated as ending on 23h59 UTC +2 (Central European Summer Time / Central African Time). * Dates determined by the Art. 7.b and 18 of the FIAV Constitution. January 13, 2021* Deadline to submit membership applications to the FIAV Board through the Secretary-General for placement on the agenda for consideration at the Twenty-Seventh Session of the FIAV General Assembly (send to [email protected]). March 13, 2021 Deadline to submit items, other than membership applications, to the Secretary-General for placement on the agenda for the Twenty-Seventh Session of the FIAV General Assembly (send to [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Florida's State Flag the History of Florida's State Flag Robert M
    Nova Law Review Volume 18, Issue 2 1994 Article 11 The History of Florida’s State Flag Robert M. Jarvis∗ ∗ Copyright c 1994 by the authors. Nova Law Review is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nlr Jarvis: The History of Florida's State Flag The History of Florida's State Flag Robert M. Jarvis* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........ .................. 1037 II. EUROPEAN DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST ........... 1038 III. AMERICAN ACQUISITION AND STATEHOOD ......... 1045 IV. THE CIVIL WAR .......................... 1051 V. RECONSTRUCTION AND THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ..................... 1056 VI. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ................... 1059 VII. CONCLUSION ............................ 1063 I. INTRODUCTION The Florida Constitution requires the state to have an official flag, and places responsibility for its design on the State Legislature.' Prior to 1900, a number of different flags served as the state's banner. Since 1900, however, the flag has consisted of a white field,2 a red saltire,3 and the * Professor of Law, Nova University. B.A., Northwestern University; J.D., University of Pennsylvania; LL.M., New York University. 1. "The design of the great seal and flag of the state shall be prescribed by law." FLA. CONST. art. If, § 4. Although the constitution mentions only a seal and a flag, the Florida Legislature has designated many other state symbols, including: a state flower (the orange blossom - adopted in 1909); bird (mockingbird - 1927); song ("Old Folks Home" - 1935); tree (sabal palm - 1.953); beverage (orange juice - 1967); shell (horse conch - 1969); gem (moonstone - 1970); marine mammal (manatee - 1975); saltwater mammal (dolphin - 1975); freshwater fish (largemouth bass - 1975); saltwater fish (Atlantic sailfish - 1975); stone (agatized coral - 1979); reptile (alligator - 1987); animal (panther - 1982); soil (Mayakka Fine Sand - 1989); and wildflower (coreopsis - 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Union Flag Or Union Jack?
    UNION FLAG OR UNION JACK? An Official Flag Institute Guide INDEX Foreword by the Chairman of the Flags & Heraldry Committee ...............................................................1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................2 David Lister .............................................................................................................................................2 The Many Names of the Flag ...................................................................................................................3 Derivation of the Word “Jack” .................................................................................................................3 Origins of Flags in the Fore of Ships .........................................................................................................3 The Name of the Flag in Royal Proclamations ......................................................................................... 4 The Name of the Flag in Official Statements ........................................................................................... 6 Writers About Flags ................................................................................................................................ 6 The Jack and the Jack-Staff ...................................................................................................................... 8 Conclusion: Union Flag or Union Jack? .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]