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ISSUE 3 March 2007 Greetings all Flag Institute members and welcome to our third edition of eFlags. As you can see we have developed our logo a bit now….at least it’s memorable! This edition seems to have developed something of an African theme growing out of the chairman’s visit to the cinema to see the ‘Last King of Scotland’ (an amazing and flesh cringing film…well worth a visit by the way). Events have also moved fast in the Institute’s development, and we hope the final section will keep you all in touch. Please do think about coming to one of our meetings, they are great fun, ( its one of the few occasions when you can talk about flags and not face the ridicule of your family or friends!) and we have a line up of some fascinating presentations. As always any comments or suggestions would be gratefully received at [email protected] . THE EMPEROR, THE MIGHTY WARRIOR & THE LORD OF THE ALL THE BEASTS page 2 NEW FLAG DISCOVERED page 9 FLAGS IN THE NEWS page 10 SITES OF VEXILLOGICAL INTEREST page 11 PUTTING A FACE ON FLAGS page 12 FLAG INSTITUTE EVENTS page 13 NEW COUNCIL MEMBERS page 14 HOW TO GET IN TOUCH WITH THE INSTITUTE page 15 1 The Emperor, the Mighty Warrior and the Lord of All the Beasts. The 1970s in Africa saw the rise of a number of ‘colourful’ figures in the national histories of various countries. Of course the term ‘colourful’ here is used to mean that very African blend of an eccentric figure of fun, with brutal psychopath. Buoyed up by a number of factors, a vacuum caused by rapid de-colonisation, colonial powers still wishing to wield influence, and the cold war ethos of my enemy’s enemy is my friend (to name but three); regimes were built up and then supported which made the image of the be-uniformed president for life, an almost compulsory part of African Government. In order of ascending vexillilogical interest however and towering head and shoulders about the other more common or garden dictators of the time were three individuals whose very names can still cause pain and anguish (and surprising devotion) amongst the citizens of their lands, namely Idi Amin Dada; Jean Bedel Bokassa and Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. Amin Bokassa Mobutu All three of these ‘gentlemen’ developed a fascination for the trappings of power. Throughout their time in power they showered medals, decorations, honours, titles, and flags upon themselves. In fact it was said of Mobutu that every time he want to war his country lost, but he was promoted, rising in rank from a mere Colonel in 1965 when he staged his first Coup, to that of a (if not the) Marshal of Zaire in 1983. Idi Amin, the President of Uganda managed to combine the Jocular with the psychopathic in ways unseen maybe since the time of the Caligula. Recently brought to life so chillingly in an Oscar winning performance by Forrest Whittaker in the film, The Last King of 2 Scotland , he was famous for appearing like a glistening Christmas tree in military uniforms bedecked with medals and decorations of dubious provenance 1. His award to himself of the Victoria Cross and the CBE. 2 must have caused Spink & Co a real headache. After a series of negotiations it appears a "Victorious Cross" medal was made, with a few subtle differences from an original Victoria Cross. For example the wording ‘for valour’ was replaced with "For Supreme Valour " and the crown lion replaced with a bust of the president himself .3 In 1977, after breaking diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom Radio Uganda solemnly read out the whole of his new title: "His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular. " 4 . It is therefore somewhat surprising that someone who spent so much time and energy on his prestige took, it appears so little thought to flags. As president of Uganda he was entitled to flag the presidential standard, adopted on 26th September 1963, in preparation for Uganda’s transition into a republic on the first anniversary of her independence, 9th October 1963. Whilst the design still appears in a number of publications there does appear to be little if any evidence of its actual use since the time of the first president Edward Mutebi Mutesa II The flag itself is obviously a derivative of the Ugandan National flag, itself thrown together rather hurriedly using the colours of Milton Obote’s Uganda National Congress Party 5 after his surprise victory in the pre independence elections 6. 1 As a sergeant, Amin had been trained as a parachutist by the Israelis, and wore an Israeli parachutist's wings on his uniform. Howeverit is now known he failed his tests but was given the wings as a momento. 2 Conqueror of the British Empire 3 A full description of the medal can be found at: http://www.iol.ie/~coinsandmedals/Foreign.htm 4 See Obituary of Amin Patrick Keatley Monday August 18, 2003 The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1020657,00.html 5 The Colours of the UNC were later changed to black red and blue following its merger with the Uganda People’s Congress to form the Ugandan Peoples Congress party, see: http://www.upcparty.net/constitution/index.htm 6 The Ugandan Democratic Party won the most seats, but Obote negotiated a surprise alliance with the Bugandan Royalist party Kabaka Yekka . Which would see him as prime minister and the Bugandan King as president. 3 The previous blue green and yellow designed flag being in the ‘wrong party colours’. Obote was alleged to have said on seeing the design ‘I’ll be buggered if I’m saluting that!’. Maybe it was only at the end that Amin embraced the Joys of vexillology, the Chinese Xinhua News agency reporting that as he fled Kampala he took with him the original drawings of the National Flag, emblem and coat of arms 7 Jean Bedel Bokassa went one step further than Amin, realizing that the only way up from ‘President for Life’ was to be declared Emperor of a newly established Central African Empire. The new imperial show of vain-glory outshone even the antics of Amin, culminating on 4th December 1977 in a lavish Napoleonic style coronation 8 in the national stadium which cost the impoverished country a quarter of its GDP, over $20m. The pomp and circumstance 9 included a 32-lb. coronation robe covered with 785,000 pearls and 1,220,000 crystal beads and what was Joking referred to as the longest train in Central Africa and an 7 Source: the Chinese agency Xinhua (16 January 2005) (in French). 8 For description of event see description from Time Magazine Archives: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945849-1,00.html 9 A video of the coronation ceremony can be found on youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tat5fTdidRw 4 Imperial crown topped with a 138-carat diamond which alone cost $2m. Exactly a year before hand on 4 December 1976, a new Constitution was promulgated replacing the Central African Revolution Council with an Imperial Government. And the Life President was proclaimed as Emperor Bokassa I. Symbols were obvious on his mind as the opening articles of the new constitution read: Art. 1. "... The emblem of Emperor Bokassa the First is the Eagle inside a Sun…..” Art. 3. "The emblem of the Central African Empire is the flag made of 4-horizontal strips (blue-white-green-yellow) crossed at right angles on its half by a same sized strip in red and in the inside-upper hoist there is a yellow five pointed star." As Bokassa spent the days before his great Jamboree holed up in the now newly Imperial Palace he watched footage of Queen Elizabeth II‘s coronation and it seems, no detail was overlooked, to enhance the Imperial maJesty of the New Emperor. As president Bokassa had inherited a presidential standard, which following French colonial tradition of in reality being the National flag with a heavily fringed border. The New Emperor looked to his hero and fellow military commander turner royal, Napoleon Bonaparte for inspiration. Bokassa’s new Imperial Standard was to be green, Napoleon’s favourite colour, bedecked by an imperial eagle and the sun from the taken from the arms of the state all described in article one of the imperial constitution. Likewise there appeared to be a wide use of the imperial monogram ‘B’ modelled no doubt on Napoleon’s use of the letter N. It can be 5 clearly seen as a background decoration in the film 10 of the coronation, and in an even more elaborate form combined with an eagle as the head rest of his chair at the banquet following the coronation This however was not the Emperor’s first encounter into the world of Vexillography during 1976. Earlier in the summer in an attempt to bolster much needed economic aid, Bokassa flirted briefly with Islam as a sop towards a new open purse, in the guise of Libya’s Colonel Gadaffi. Indeed during a visit to Central Africa by the Colonel on 17th October 1976 Bokassa and his cabinet very publicly converted to Islam, Bokassa adopting the Islamic name of Salah el Din Ahmed.
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